Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Bibliografia recomendada
Jorge Rodrigues e Paulo Martins, Tecnologia Mecânica - vol.1 ed. Escolar Editora, 2010
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Importância do Comportamento Mecânico de Materiais:
Conhecer as capacidades e limitações dos materiais uma vez que são conhecidas algumas falhas
catastróficas de estruturas, componentes e equipamentos.
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Falhas? Roturas? Colapsos?
Em que condições?
-quando há defeitos internos nos materiais – Mecânica da fractura linear elástica e elasto-
plástica
-quando há defeitos superficiais e as solicitações são dinâmicas – Fadiga
-quando o meio é corrosivo - Corrosão
-quando a temperatura em serviço é >0,5 Tf – Fluência
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O que podemos fazer para evitar um acidente?
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Exemplos de acidentes
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O que fazer após um acidente?
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Programa da disciplina
Teoria de plasticidade e aspectos fenomenológicos. Ensaios mecânicos.
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Specimen geometry Round cross-section
Rectangular cross-section
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Elastic behavior
A tensile curve is comprised of elastic and plastic components
In the elastic part Hooke’s law is valid:
σ=𝐸ε
σ – Stress [Pa]
ε – Strain [m/m]
E – Young’s modulus/ modulus of elasticity [Pa]
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Elastic behavior (atomic scale)
Macroscopic elastic strain → small changes in interatomic spacing and stretching of interatomic
bonds
The Young’s modulus “measures” the resistance to separation of adjacent atoms (interatomic
bonding forces)
𝑑𝐹
𝐸∝
𝑑𝑟 𝑟0
F → force
𝑟0 → equilibrium
interatomic separation
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Typical Young’s modulus values
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Effect of temperature on Young’s modulus
Young’s modulus decreases with increasing temperature
Why?
Homework for next week
(tip: increasing temperature → increasing
interatomic distance)
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Still during elastic deformation
Usually a contraction perpendicular to the extension caused by the tensile test occurs
Poisson ratio, ν: defines the ratio between the lateral and axial strains
ε𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
ν=− But ν can be negative (the material becomes
ε𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 thicker perpendicular to the applied force)
Auxetic materials
Most materials behave this way Examples: polymeric foams, paper,
molecules, honey-comb structures, graphene
For metals and alloys ν ≈ 0.25 to 0.35
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Plastic deformation
Plastic deformation follows elastic deformation
Yield stress, σ𝑦 → stress at which the deformation changes from elastic to plastic
Two regimes during plastic deformation: uniform and non-uniform deformation
Maximum stress = Ultimate Tensile Strength, UTS = Tensile Strength, TS
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Further analysis of the stress-strain curve
Resilience → ability to absorb energy during elastic deformation and release it upon unloading
ε𝑦
1
𝑈𝑟 = න σ 𝑑ε = σ𝑦 ε 𝑦
0 2
Toughness → energy absorbed by the material prior to fracture
𝑙0
Strain [%] 19
Further analysis of the stress-strain curve
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True stress and true strain
Important notes:
σ𝑇 always increases
True curve is always above the engineering one
Between σ𝑌 and necking the following equation can
(normally) be used: Perfect plastic
K = σ𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 & n = 0
σ 𝑇 = 𝐾ε𝑛𝑇 → Hollomon equation
K → strength coefficient [Pa]
n → strain-hardening coefficient
n = 0 → perfect plastic solid
n = 1 → perfect elastic solid
n ranges between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals
At the point of necking → ε𝑇 = 𝑛
Homework
Determine the strain-hardening coefficient of Al
(force and displacement values will be provided)
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Difference between curves from tensile testing
Load vs displacement Engineering curve True curve
𝐹 𝐹
𝐹 σ= σ𝑇 =
𝐴0 𝐴
Note the
similarity
Δ𝑙 Δ𝑙
𝜀= ε𝑇 = ln(1 + ε)
𝑙0
An offset strain value (usually of 0.2 %) is then used to define the onset for plastic deformation
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