Sumário

INTRODUÇÃO À FISIOLOGIA ........................................................................................................ 4

FISIOLOGIA CELULAR .................................................................................................................... 6
A Membrana Plasmática .................................................................................................................. 6
Transporte através da membrana ................................................................................................... 8
Células Excitáveis............................................................................................................................ 11
Comunicação Celular ..................................................................................................................... 15
NEUROFISIOLOGIA ........................................................................................................................ 17
Organização do Sistema Nervoso .................................................................................................. 17
Fisiologia Sensorial ......................................................................................................................... 18
Controle Motor................................................................................................................................ 21
FISIOLOGIA DA CIRCULAÇÃO ................................................................................................... 24
O Sangue .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Fisiologia do Coração ..................................................................................................................... 25
Microcirculação e trocas capilares ................................................................................................ 30
Circulação Linfática ....................................................................................................................... 31
Regulação da Pressão Arterial ....................................................................................................... 32
FISIOLOGIA DA RESPIRAÇÃO .................................................................................................... 35
FISIOLOGIA ENDÓCRINA E DA REPRODUÇÃO ..................................................................... 40
FISIOLOGIA RENAL ....................................................................................................................... 44
SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO .................................................................................................................. 48
 Leituras sugeridas:
LIVROS
COSTANZO, L.S. Fisiologia 4. ed. RJ. Elsevier Editora, 2011.
BERNE, M.R.; LEVY, M.N Fundamentos de Fisiologia 4. ed. Rio Janeiro: Elsevier,
2006.
CURI, R. Fisiologia Básica 2. ed. Guanabara Koogan, 2012.
GUYTON, A.C.; HALL, J.E. Tratado de Fisiologia Médica 12. ed. RJ. Guanabara
Koogan, 2013.
MOURÃO JÚNIOR, C.A. Fisiologia essencial. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan,
2013.
TORTORA, G.J. Corpo humano fundamentos de anatomia e fisiologia 8. ed. Porto
Alegre: Artmed, 2012.
WINDMAIER, E.P. Fisiologia humana os mecanismos das funções corporais 12. ed.
Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koongan, 2013.

SITES
www.afh.bio.br

http:/www.ead.ftc.br/portal/upload/bio/5p/02-AnatomiaeFisiologiaHumana.pdf

http://fisio2.icb..usp.br.4882/?page_id=1075
 INTRODUÇÃO À FISIOLOGIA
Faça um desenho ilustrativo mostrando os níveis de organização do corpo humano:
células, tecidos, órgão, sistemas e o corpo.
Níveis de organização do corpo humano

01) Quais as principais contribuições que os cientistas Claude Bernard e Walter Cannon
à fisiologia?
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02) O que é meio interno?

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 03) A fisiologia é uma ciência que procura compreender os mecanismos que
determinam o funcionamento dos organismos vivos. No centro deste vasto campo de estudo,
encontra-se o conceito de homeostase ou homeostasia. Explique o significado da sentença:
Homeostase- Constância dinâmica.
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04) A membrana que envolve cada célula, membrana plasmática, separa o organismo
em dois compartimentos: intracelular e extracelular. Faça um desenho ilustrando esses
compartimentos.
Compartimentos corporais

05) Explique como a água está distribuída entre os compartimentos corporais.

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 06) O meio interno deve ser mantido em condições constantes. Para tanto é necessário
que ocorram as seguintes ações: Monitoração contínua para detecção de alterações do meio
interno; Envio de informações sobre o meio interno; Interpretação das informações; Elaboração
de respostas de acordo com as informações; Envio de comandos para corrigir ou manter as
condições do meio interno; Execução dos comandos. Que estruturas de nosso corpo participa
de cada uma dessas etapas?
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07) Qual a relação entre Homeostase e Saúde?

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FISIOLOGIA CELULAR
A Membrana Plasmática
As membranas celulares têm como principais constituintes as proteínas e os lipídios.

01) Quais os tipos de lipídios da membrana?

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02) Como estão arranjados os lipídios da membrana?

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 03) Descreve a estrutura química de um fosfolipídio da membrana e faça um desenho.
Desenho de um fosfolipídio Descrição da estrutura
química de um fosfolipídio

04) Descreva as funções das proteínas da membrana

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05) O que são glicoproteínas e glicolipídios

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06) O que é glicocálice e qual sua função?

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 07) Faça um desenho ilustrativo da membrana plasmática
Membrana Plasmática

08) Descreva as propriedades da membrana plasmática.

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Transporte através da membrana

Para entrar e sair das células as partículas ou substâncias precisam atravessar a

membrana. Esse transporte pode ocorrer diretamente pela bicamada lipídica, através das
proteínas transportadoras ou por meio de vesículas membranosas.

09) Explique por que algumas substâncias conseguem atravessar a bicamada lipídica e
outras não. Dê exemplos.
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 10) Faça um desenho do transporte através de proteínas canais, carreadoras e bombas.
Canais

Carreadoras

Bombas

11) Explique o que é:

Difusão simples
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Difusão facilitada
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Osmose
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Transporte passivo
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Transporte ativo primário
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Transporte ativo secundário
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Co-transporte
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Contra-transporte
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Transporte vesicular
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12) O que é pressão osmótica e qual sua relação com a osmose?

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13) Faça um desenho ilustrando os processos de endocitose e exocitose
Endocitose Exocitose
 14) Quais as condições necessárias para que ocorra o transporte de uma substância
através da membrana?
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Células Excitáveis
15) Explique o que é:
Potencial de membrana
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Membrana Polarizada
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16) Faça um desenho para ilustrar cada um dos conceitos acima descritos
Potencial de membrana Membrana polarizada

17) Explique as alterações do potencial da membrana:

Despolarização
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Repolarização
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Hiperpolarização
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18) Descreva os fatores envolvidos no potencial de repouso.

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19) Que canais iônicos podem provocar uma despolarização e por que?
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20) Que canais iônicos podem provocar uma repolarização e por que?
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21) Que canais iônicos podem provocar uma hiperpolarização e por que?
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 22) Dê a definições de:
Célula excitável
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Potencial de repouso
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Estímulo
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Impulso
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Limiar de excitação
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Potencial de ação
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Lei do “tudo ou nada”
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 23) Faça um desenho gráfico ilustrando as fases do potencial de ação, indicando
também que tipos de canais iônicos estão envolvidos em cada uma delas.
Potencial de ação neural

24) Explique o que é período refratário absoluto e relativo.

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25) Qual a importância da bainha de mielina na condução dos impulsos nervosos?

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 Comunicação Celular

26) As células se comunicam umas com as outras através de sinais químicos e elétricos.
Explique como ocorre a comunicação elétrica entre uma célula e outra e faça um desenho
ilustrativo.
Desenho ilustrativo Descrição como ocorre a
comunicação elétrica entre as células

27) Descreva a sequência de eventos da comunicação química.

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28) Faça um desenho ilustrativo dos tipos de comunicação química entre as células.
 Comunicação autócrina e parácrina

Comunicação sináptica Comunicação endócrina

29) Faça um desenho ilustrativo da transmissão sináptica química

Sequência de eventos da comunicação sináptica química

30) Faça um desenho ilustrativo da comunicação endócrina de acordo coma

localização da proteína receptora:
 Receptores da membrana

Receptores citoplasmático Receptores nucleares

NEUROFISIOLOGIA

Organização do Sistema Nervoso

01) Descreva as subdivisões do sistema nervoso e suas funções.
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 Fisiologia Sensorial
O sistema nervoso monitora continuamente o ambiente interno e externo, a fim de manter
a homeostase. Esse trabalho de captação de informação do ambiente é feito por estruturas
chamadas receptores sensoriais. Depois de captadas, as informações são levadas pelo
nervo sensoriais até o sistema nervoso central (SNC), onde serão analisadas e
interpretadas, exigindo ou não uma resposta motora.
Toda e qualquer informação que elevada ao SNC é chamada de sensação, quer atinja o
nível de consciência ou não. A sensação que atinge o nível da consciência é chamada de
percepção.

02) Complete o quadro com exemplos de sensação conscientes e subconscientes.

Sensação subconscientes Sensação conscientes

03) Classifique os receptores sensoriais quanto à modalidade do estímulo captado.

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 04) Faça um desenho ilustrativo dos receptores sensoriais:
Receptores sensoriais da pele

Cones e Bastonetes Botão gustativo

Receptores do olfato Receptores do ouvido

05) O que são nociceptores e onde estão localizados?

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A informação que atinge o receptor sensorial serve como estímulo para abertura de
canais iônicos, alterando assim seu potencial de repouso. Ao ser atingido o limiar de
excitação, inicia-se o impulso elétrico ou potencial de ação, o qual é transmitido até o SNC
pelos nervos sensoriais e de uma parte a outra do SNC pelas vias sensoriais. No SNC a
informação será então interpretada em áreas especificas.

06) Desenhe ou cole uma figura que apresenta as áreas do encéfalo envolvidos na
interpretação das diferentes sensações.
Áreas sensoriais do encéfalo

07) Uma vez que toda informação é transmitida através de sinais elétricos, como o
cérebro consegue distinguir entre um tipo de sensação e outro (exemplo, como distinguir entre
a temperatura e o toque sobre a pele), como ele consegue localizar e identificar a intensidade
do estímulo que foi aplicado ao corpo?
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 08) Faça uma pesquisa sobre o sentido da propriocepção.
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Controle Motor

09) O que é controle motor?

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10) Quais as etapas do controle motor?

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11) O que é controle motor somático e autônomo?

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12) Explique o funcionamento do músculo esquelético.

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13) Expliquei o funcionamento do músculo liso.

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14) Complete o quadro com as funções de cada estrutura no controle motor.

Estrutura Função
Medula espinhal

Tronco encefálico

Cérebro
Tálamo

Hipotálamo

Córtex cerebral

Núcleos da base

Nervos motores

Músculos

Receptores sensoriais

Nervos sensoriais

15) Complete o quadro dos efeitos autonômicos sobre alguns órgãos:

Órgão Componente
Simpático Parassimpático
Coração

Vasos

Brônquios
Glândulas salivares

Olhos

Trato gastrointestinal

Bexiga

Fígado

Vesícula Biliar

Pâncreas

Órgãos genitais

FISIOLOGIA DA CIRCULAÇÃO

01) Quais os componentes do sistema circulatório?

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02) Como o sistema circulatório contribui para a manutenção da homeostase?

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 O Sangue
03) Descreva a composição do sangue.
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04) O que é hemostasia e coagulação sanguínea?

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05) Faça um desenho ilustrativo das etapas da hemostasia.

Etapas da hemostasia

Fisiologia do Coração
06) Descreva os tipos de células cardíacas.
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 07) Descreva o trajeto do sangue pelo coração.
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08) Faça um desenho ilustrando o sistema excito-condutor cardíaco.

Sistema excito-condutor cardíaco

09) Descreva os tipos de potenciais de ação cardíaco.

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10) Faça um gráfico ilustrando os potenciais de ação das células marcapasso e das
células ventriculares.
Potencial de ação marcapasso Potencial de ação ventricular

11) Explique cada fase do potencial de ação da célula marcapasso e das células
ventriculares, relacionando a fase com os tipos de íons envolvidos.
Potencial de ação da célula marcapasso:
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Potencial de ação ventricular:
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12) Explique o que é:

Pré-carga
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Pós-carga
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Lei de Frank-Starling
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13) Faça um esquema representativo dos membros do ciclo cardíaco.

Eventos do ciclo cardíaco
 14) Faça um desenho ou cole uma figura da árvore vascular, ilustrando os diferentes
tipos de vasos sanguíneos.
Vasos sanguíneos

15) Explique os fatores que influenciam a resistência vascular.

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16) Descreva as características da circulação venosa e os elementos que determinam o

retorno venoso da parte superior e inferior do corpo.
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 Microcirculação e trocas capilares
A microcirculação é aquela que ocorre nos vasos microscópicos, onde há as trocas de
substâncias entre o sangue e os tecidos.

17) Faça um desenho da estrutura da microcirculação.

Microcirculação

18) A troca de substância entre os capilares sanguíneos e as células ocorre através de

difusão, filtração e absorção. Descreva as forças que determinam a filtração e a absorção.
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 Circulação Linfática

19) Faça um desenho ou cole uma figura ilustrando a organização estrutural do

sistema linfático.
Circulação Linfática

20) Descreva a composição da linfa

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21) Cite qual a importância dos capilares linfáticos.
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 22) Explique porque nos capilares linfáticos ocorre apenas a absorção e não ocorre a
filtração.
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23) Explique como ocorre o fluxo da linfa através do sistema linfático.

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Regulação da Pressão Arterial

24) Qual a importância da pressão arterial?

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25) Dê a definição de:
Pressão sistólica
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Pressão diastólica
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Pressão diferencial ou de pulso
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Pressão arterial média
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26) Descreva como é classificada a pressão arterial

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27) O débito cardíaco e a resistência vascular periférica total são os determinantes

diretos da pressão arterial. Explique os fatores que influenciam o débito cardíaco e a
resistência vascular e, portanto, a pressão arterial, podendo fazê-la aumentar ou diminuir.
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28) Descreva o papel do endotélio na regulação da pressão arterial.

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29) Explique o reflexo barorreceptor e seu papel na regulação da pressão arterial.

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30) Explique o que é hipotensão arterial e suas causas.
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31) Explique o que é sincope vasovagal e suas causas.

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32) Por que o consumo de sal (NaCl) pode alterar a pressão arterial?
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FISIOLOGIA DA RESPIRAÇÃO

01) Qual o objetivo da respiração?

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 02) Cite as etapas da respiração.
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03) Descreva a composição do ar atmosférico.

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04) Defina pressão intrapleural e explique por que essa pressão é negativa.
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05) Dê definição de:

Elasticidade
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Complacência
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Tensão superficial
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Surfactante
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 06) Faça um desenho ilustrando os processos de inspiração e expiração, destacando as
forças envolvidas.
Inspiração Expiração

07) Explique por que, que condições normais em repouso, a inspiração é um processo
ativo e a expiração é passiva.
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08) Descreva o papel de cada músculo respiratório no processo de ventilação pulmonar.

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 09) Descreva os fatores que alteram a resistência das vias aéreas.
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10) Defina os volumes e capacidades pulmonares.

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11) Quais os fatores determinantes da difusão dos gases entre os alvéolos e capilares
pulmonares?
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 12) Faça uma comparação entre o transporte de O2 e do CO2 pelo sangue.
Transporte do O2 Transporte do CO2

13) Desenhe o gráfico da curva de dissociação da hemoglobina em função da PO2 e

explique seu significado.
Curva de dissociação da hemoglobina em função da PO2

Significado:
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 14) Explique como ocorre a regulação da ventilação.
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FISIOLOGIA ENDÓCRINA E DA REPRODUÇÃO

01) Dê a definição de:

Hormônio
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Célula-alvo
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Proteína receptora
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02) Descreva a natureza química dos hormônios

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03) Explique como os hormônios são transportados através do sangue.

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04) Explique como ocorre o mecanismo da ação hormonal.

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05) Cite os hormônios liberados pelos órgãos endócrinos e suas funções:

Coração
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Estômago
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Intestino
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Tecido adiposo
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Rins
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Hipotálamo
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Hipófise posterior
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Hipófise anterior
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Glândula pineal
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Tireoide
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Paratireoides
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Adrenais
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Pâncreas
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Testículos
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Ovários
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06) Faça um desenho ilustrativo do ciclo menstrual feminino, identificando suas fases,
características e a atuação hormonal.
Ciclo menstrual e seu controle hormonal

07) Qual a composição do sêmen e sua importância para a função reprodutiva?

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FISIOLOGIA RENAL

01) Quais funções dos rins?

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02) desenho ou cole uma figura da estrutura vascular renal.

Estrutura vascular renal

03) Por que o rum é um órgão selecionador?

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04) Explique cada etapa da seleção do sangue e formação da urina:

Filtração
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Reabsorção
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Secreção
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Excreção
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05) A figura abaixo contém uma ilustração do néfron, a unidade funcional do rim.
Identifique cada um de seus componentes: glomérulos, cápsulas de Bowman, arteríola aferente,
arteríola eferente, capilares glomerulares, capilares peritubulares, túbulo proximal, alça de
Henle, túbulo coletor, vênula.
Néfron
 06) Explique a regulação renal da osmolaridade, destacando o papel do ADH,
osmorreceptores e aquaporinas.
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07) O que é pH?

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08) Qual a faixa normal de pH dos líquidos corporais?

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09) Explique o que é acidose e alcalose.

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 10) Descreve o papel dos tampões, do sistema respiratório e dos rins na regulação do
pH.

Sistemas tampão
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Sistema respiratório
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Rins
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11) Explique a regulação renal da pressão arterial e a ação hormonal nesse processo.
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SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO

01) Desenhe ou cole uma figura ilustrando o sistema digestório.

 Sistema Digestório

02) Explique as funções da mastigação e seu controle pelo sistema nervoso.

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03) Sobre a secreção salivar, explique:

Composição
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Função
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Regulação da secreção
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04) Explique as fases da deglutição e seu controle.

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05) Descreva os tipos de movimentos do estômago e a importância de cada um.

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06) Descreva a composição das secreções gástricas, suas funções e sua regulação.
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07) Cite os tipos de movimentos do intestino delgado e a importância de cada um.

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08) Descreva a composição das secreções do intestino delgado, suas funções e sua
regulação.
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09) Descreva a composição das secreções pancreáticas e biliar, suas funções e sua
regulação.
Secreção biliar
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Secreção pancreática
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10) Quais as funções do intestino grosso?

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11) Descreva os tipos de movimentos e as secreções do intestino grosso e a importância

de cada um:
Movimento
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12) Explique o reflexo gastrocólico

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