!

"#$%&'#(
)*)#+(

 


  
 

#,#+ 

 #,)'#,-/()*)#+

 


  
 
 1
1

#,)'#,-/(
)*)#+

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

) 35678569;9

6 <3=  >?@
 6 6
@ A  
@ #  
@ A  

(6 7BC; 6 6 6D

@ E 6 6C  F
@  6 6    E 6 6  F
@  6 6    E 6 6C  F

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ G

(?7

 B 56 
BB= 

(?7
  B 6 <

5678569;  

(?7


 B 6 <
5678569;  5678;
 ;?78

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ H

?@
 

 
 6 6 6>3

= >?7 I678>56 
J;  7B6 <
5678569;  

,
  >6 7B  D

656; B5678569;  
667B

,


 6 7BD66
66

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ K

 7B  6 6 6?


>

6

" 6 6D



 

 378

 ?635678569;
  9

" 6 6D 


 

 > 3

978>B?9 
?76; 7B  6 6
?  ? 6 C 6 6?
; 6 6 6?569






 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ L

??6  78 7B

J  <@56 6 6D

 

 

(6 7B  6 6 6D

6 7BJ  

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+

+ 6 6 3?7   M

 6 6D6>  ? 6 6
C  >  6C   6 







  







E F EF E1F
 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+

' 
 6 6 >6@56 6 6D
 
56J 78
 5656;?7 ;69 


 >BJ 78
C< 56 56;?7  

 C< G 



 
6 6 6>J  M5678
569;96





=  

J 5678956

=  

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+

5678569;>?@? 56

567B67B9 ?<
   



 





 




⎧
⎪⎪
∑
 =  ⎧
⎪⎪
= 
⎨ ∑  = ⇔ ⎨
 +
 − (  ×
) = 
⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ ∑  =  ⎪⎩ ( (  ×
) ×  ) + (  ×  ) − (
 ×
) = 

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 

' 
 6 6>6@56 6 6D
 56 ?7
56;78


>35678569;
 
9D63=  



 
  

?7 ;69  D






56;78
 56 56?7 
C< GD56;7B
C< 

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

5678569;>; D@6 5678

 M=  M5678

⎧
⎪⎪
∑  =  ⎧
⎪⎪
 +  = 
⎨ ∑  = ⇔ ⎨
 +
 − (  ×
) = 
⎪ ⎪
⎩⎪ ∑   =  ⎪⎩ ( (  ×
) ×  ) + (  ×  ) − (
 ×
) = 



 
' 5678





⎧  = −  ⎧   = − 
⎪ ⎪   
⎨
 +
 =
 ⇔ ⎨
 = 
⎪
×
=   ⎪
= 



⎩  ⎩ 

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

' 
 6 61>6@56 6 6D


 56J = 
 565678569;


9
 





?7 ;69  D

56;78   


 56 56?7 





C< GD56;7B
C<  ? 


 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ G

5678569;>; D@6 5678

56 =  M5678

⎧
⎪⎪
∑  =  ⎧
⎪⎪
 +  = 
⎨ ∑  =  ⇔ ⎨
 +
 − (  ×
) = 
⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ ∑   =  ⎪⎩   + ( (  ×
) ×  ) + (  × ) − (

 ×
) = 



  5678D9 
56J 6?6789
56; =   
J 




678  6 6
C  >J>
  
 !6 


56B 666 
?6 6



 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ H

J9GO
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ K

'67BJ9GO
P





 566666
>56 M=  8@
M5678569;  
P 




 56BD? 6 
; 6 6 6; 
(66 7B  D<P  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ L

J9HO
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+

'67BJ9HO
P



 

 "#
$5666  6
>5656 =  
8 M5678569;  
P 




 56BD? 6 
; 6 6 6; 
(66 7B  D6PC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 

J9KO
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 

'67BJ9KO
P



 

 %#
$
5666  
66>56=  
8 M5678569;  
P 




 56BD? 6 
; 6 6 6; 
(66 7B  DPC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 

J9LO
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

'67BJ9LO
P





 566666
>56 M=  8@
M5678569;  
P 


 

 &#
$
5666C?C
;? 66 56 M
?7 = (3 
  ? 6 66




(66 7B  D MPC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

J9
O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ G

'67BJ9
O
P



 

 &#
$
566  
56=  8@ M
5678569;  
P 


 

 &#
$
5666C?C
;? 66 56 M
?7 = 
(66 7B  DPC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ H

J9 O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ K

'67BJ9 O
P



 

 "#
$56666
5656 =  
8@ M5678569;  
P 


 

 '#
$
5666C?C
;? 6 56
?7 = 
(66 7B  D PC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ L

J9 O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 

'67BJ9 O
P



 

 "#
$5666  
56=  8@
 M5678569;  6567B
569;56?; 7B >= 6>
?6=  
P 




 56BD? 6 
; 6 6 6; 
(66 7B  D6PC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

J9 O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

'67J9 O
P





 566666
56 M=  8@
M5678569;  
P 




 56D? 66 
;C56 M?7 = >
J  M; 78 >= 6>56 ?6 
M5678569;
(66 7B  D<P  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

J9 1O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 11

'67BJ9 1O
P



 

 "(#
$
56656 
  56 56 =  
8@5678569;  E 6 6F
P 


 

 '#
$
56D? 66
 ;C56?7 
= 
(66 7B  D 56 PC  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 12

J9 2O
 6 7B   6 6

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1G

'67BJ9 2O
P





 566666
56 M=  8@
M5678569;  
P 




 56D? 6 
;C56?7 = 
E;B;=J 6= ;56D?7JF>
J ; 78 >= 6>56 ?
6 5678569;
(66 7B  D<P  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1H

Q'R,"P'#+

 6 66; 7B66

 7B  D  

, 6 666J>;>

; 78>> > @J66
 7B    @6 <7B
J86D

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1K

Q'R,"P'#+

(6 7B; <6 O

F  3;56 6 

?789>  78>; 78J  
;  )

F  3  ? 6 66S 6 6

; T  *

1F (6 7B  D

 6 6O
α =  − 
 6 6O
α =  − 

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1L

J9 GO
 6 7B   6 66 <
J86D

  

  

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 1

'67BJ9 GO
  

+

,

-



  

F 7B.UJ M>566

;56   
F 7B)UJ M6>566
;56  7B
1F 7B*UJ M>56
;56  C< 
 7B

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

+ 67B67BJ9 GO
  

  

2F 7B/U7B 6;)/*/>56

;56 ";56 
 7B  ;)/*/>6 
;56  7B 6;
7B  6 6

(3  ;56 D

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

+ 67B67BJ9 GO

+


-

= ;56 6 6D ?

  6 6;   6 6; B
 M >661?7 

  

  

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 2

+ 67B67BJ9 GO

0
 

 
 -

α =  −  =  ×  −  = 

 6 6D M<C  

 


  
 
#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 21

Q'R,"P'#+')'$#-

 7D9 66 7B  

 D6 JBO
)7

α =  +  −  

)7

α =  +  − 

α O 6 7B  

& O 3; 7
' O 378
, O 3= 66

 


  
 

#,)'#,-/()*)#+ 22

Q'R,"P'#+')'$#-

 = 

 = 

 = 

α =  +  −   = 

 


  
 
 2G
2G

(&'#W($
),-/(