TESTE DE PROFICÊNCIA

– Habilidade Leitora –
Nome: CPF:

Data: ______/______/______ Total de escores: _________

Escores obtidos: _________ Nota: _________

PROFICIÊNCIA EM INGLÊS – ÁREA 05

Antropologia, Arqueologia, Ciências Política, Ciências Sociais, Filosofia,
Licenciatura em Geografia (crítica/geográfica), Licenciatura em História,
Psicologia, Sociologia;

INSTRUÇÕES
1 – O aparelho celular deverá estar desligado durante a avaliação, sob pena de ser DESCLASSIFICADO(A);
2 – Esta avaliação deverá ser feita de caneta com cor azul ou preta;
3 – A duração desta avaliação é de 3h (três horas);
4 – Ao término desta, a avalição deverá ser entregue ao fiscal de sala;
5 – NÃO será aceita a resposta de alguma questão que estiver a lápis, ou seja, perderá os escores dessa questão;
6 – É permitido o uso SOMENTE de dicionário impresso;
7 – É VEDADO o uso de dicionário eletrônico;
8 – As respostas de cada questão deverão ser em Língua Portuguesa;
9 – Esteja atendo à linguagem formal da Língua Portuguesa, observando as normas de uso gramaticais e
ortográficas.

TOPIC MODELING THE RED PILL

J. B. Mountford Independent Researcher, Brighton BN1 4SG, UK; jbm112358@gmail.com

Introduction
01 The internet permits more taboo and extreme expressions through anonymity
02 (Lyons 2017) and post-geographical connectedness (Sardar 1995). Therefore, many
03 of the most extreme and insightful new gender performances are observed online
04 before being identified offline. Furthermore, given the vast scale of textual data that
05 is produced by users online everyday (estimated to be 2.5 quintillion bytes daily in
06 2013 (Wu et al. 2014)), the resources required to process that data in open and
07 closed coding practices become infeasible, due to the quantity of content the coder
08 has to process. Natural Language Processing (NLP) methodologies are the solution
09 to this problem. Using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) (Deerwester et al. 1990) and
10 Word2vec (Mikolov et al. 2013), topics within documents can be grouped and words
11 can be queried to find similarities to other words, which can give insights into the
12 author’s overall views without having to read a significant portion of their corpus. This
13 methodology could be extended by taking into account more sources, including
14 online forums (Mountford 2015) and other websites, such as those listed in Schmitz
15 and Kazyak (2016), and assertions could be made about shifts over time, the
16 movement’s methodology and more. Linked to the increasingly influential Alt-Right
17 (a coalition of far right, traditionalist Christian, disenfranchised geeks, and pickup
18 artists (Lyons 2017; Kelly 2017)), and part of the anti-feminist online movement
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
19 called the manosphere (Ging 2017), the Men’s Rights Activism (MRA) movement
20 and The Red Pill (TRP) are online groups creating novel performances of hegemonic
21 masculinity (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005). Hegemonic masculinity is a
22 performance of masculinity that aims to maintain a dominant position for men typified
23 by subordinating women and non-traditional performances of masculinity through a
24 variety of techniques, including violence, societal structure, and discrimination
25 (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005).
26 TRP is a group based around a philosophy that rejects modern feminism and
27 progressivism, believing instead in a genetically deterministic conception of gender:
28 it asserts that genders have inherent roles due to their physical characteristics
29 (Beynon 2001; Ging 2017). The movement originated in 2009 (Ging 2017) and is
30 centred around online discussion boards, with core personalities and thinkers using
31 blogs and vlogs as platforms for distributing their thinking. The potentials of natural
32 language processing (NLP) to infer topics, sentiment, and more from naturally
33 produced text, to yield insights without the researcher having to read through the
34 content, are significant (Jacobi et al. 2016). Natural language processing is a field of
35 research that aims to allow computers to process text and to identify the same
36 meanings, subjects, and associations as a human would (Forsythand and Martell
37 2007). The use of NLP data models will allow a degree of reproducibility and
38 reliability that coding methodology performed by researchers, while being highly
39 insightful and useful, is unable to offer, with manual coding liable to being influenced
40 by the coders and limited by the scale of the data that can be coded (Jacobi et al.
41 2016). This paper demonstrates that faster and more robust insights can be made
42 about a community by using a combination of two data models—one for fine detail
43 in small scale, and one with a wider scope and larger scale. The trained models can
44 then be shared in online code repositories, and can be reused by other researchers
45 for comparison, combination, and calibration of further data sets. See Supplementary
46 Materials. The NLP data models this paper will use are Latent Dirichlet Allocation
47 (LDA) (Deerwester et al. 1990) and Word2vec (Mikolov et al. 2013). LDA
48 (Deerwester et al. 1990) is a data model that assumes that if words are found in the
49 same context, then the words are semantically similar. Based on the words found in
50 documents, LDA searches for underlying similarities in term usage within
51 documents, to isolate patterns of similarity that form semantic topics (Deerwester et
52 al. 1990). The Word2vec data model (Mikolov et al. 2013) builds a word’s similarity
53 based on the terms that surround it every time it is used. The Word2vec model then
54 looks for terms with similar surrounding words, and will return these as semantically
55 similar to the original (Mikolov et al. 2013). Neither model requires priming with data
56 that has been translated by a researcher, to “teach” it how to interpret, making both
57 models “unsupervised algorithms” (Mikolov et al. 2013; Deerwester et al. 1990),
58 which will be free from researcher bias in how they assemble semantic similarities;
59 the models can only base their results on the text they ingest TRP is a community
60 focused on creating a masculinity to counter what it believes is an insidious feminist
61 campaign to dismantle traditional masculinity, and to intentionally harm men (Kelly
62 2017). By recommending or prescribing their audience to perform this masculinity
63 through lifestyle and self-help content, TRP and Return of Kings (RoK) can be seen
64 as prescribing a new form of masculinity that is consciously constructed in reaction
65 to feminist and societal shifts; this is the prescribed masculinity that this paper seeks
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
66 to understand. This masculinity is orientated to achieve the traditional hegemonic
67 aims of sexual conquest, social dominance, and self-improvement using
68 misogynistic philosophy (Gotell and Dutton 2016; Connell and Messerschmidt 2005),
69 which delegitimises feminism’s arguments through anecdotal rebuttals (Ging 2017).
70 There is significant insight potential, as this new development shows the directions
71 and methods that anti-feminist masculinities are likely to develop in the future. As
72 TRP is predominantly an online movement, making up part of the overwhelming
73 avalanche of written data uploaded to blogs, social networks, and message boards,
74 the quantity of data created is both a massive opportunity and a colossal challenge
75 to analyse. The most recent and in-depth study of the community, “Masculinities in
76 Cyberspace” (Schmitz and Kazyak 2016) initially used open coding, followed by
77 closed coding methodology, but was limited to fifty articles from twelve sites
78 distributed over twelve months from which to draw its insights.
79 This paper aims to add to this work by diving deeper into one of the sites
80 studied, Return of Kings (returnofkings.com), using topic modeling methodology to
81 attempt to replicate the coded themes identified in “Masculinities in Cyberspace”.
82 Return Of Kings (RoK) is a blog, run by Daryush Valizadeh under the pseudonym
83 Roosh V. RoK aims to “usher the return of the masculine man” with the caveat that
84 “yesterday’s masculinity is today’smisogyny”. Roosh is a writer and coach on men
85 on how to pick up women. RoK forms a central voice in TRP, and writes on topics
86 from political trends (Luthra 2017) to legalised rape (Valizadeh 2015), but mostly
87 focuses on arguments that western society has failed men. Using this methodology,
88 this paper demonstrates what insights topic modeling can provide into TRP’s
89 prescriptive masculinity. To prove that the methods are reliable, this paper compares
90 the topics produced by the data models against the topics manually created by
91 Schmitz and Kazyak. Furthermore, this paper aims to analyse the coherence of these
92 topics manually, to assess the insight potential of these clusters. By automating as
93 much of the research as possible, this paper demonstrates the practical time and
94 resource-saving potential of these methodologies, balanced against the limitations
95 of clarity and depth.
96
97 Literature Review
98 MRA and TRP can trace their lineage from anti-feminist reactionaries (Messner
99 2016), via a subversion of gender studies terminology and theory, such as the crisis
100 of masculinity and the feminist mystique, for example, proposing that men suffer from
101 gender roles more than women (Gotell and Dutton 2016). This perspective was
102 bolstered by the rise of post-feminism and public views that feminism had achieved
103 its aims (Lyons 2017). Disenfranchised, economically unstable, blue-collar men were
104 increasingly affected by the liberal and progressive societal changes (Messner
105 2016). Traditionally, these men would have performed a class-relevant form of
106 hegemonic masculinity, constituted by homophobia, objectification of women, and
107 subordination of others, or a masculinity that referenced the power that hegemonic
108 masculinity wielded.
109 Men turned to movements to give them answers on how to perform masculinity
110 (Kelly 2017). The seduction community was one of the first neo-masculinities that
111 scratched this itch, with ascetic hedonistic teachings and promises of being more
112 attractive to others, and ultimately self-improvement (Hendriks 2012). Ascetic
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
113 hedonism is the mindset and methodology used by pickup artist mentors, which
114 teaches that in order for students to achieve their goals of sexual conquest, they
115 must reject this aim, and focus instead on the skills required to achieve this aim: a
116 paradox of ascetic rejecting of aiming to have sex with women, and hedonistic aiming
117 to improve the self to become more attractive to women. Hendricks noted the
118 complex discipline of self that led to the objectification of both self and others. The
119 motivation of this discipline was split initially between the male ideal of sexual
120 relationships and self-development.
121 TRP can be seen as a product of the online space; the unique formation and
122 spread of the movement is based on inherent characteristics of the internet. The
123 online space has been extensively studied for gender bending (playing characters of
124 different genders (Kendall 2002)), challenges to societal norms of gender
125 (Mowlabocus 2006), and as a space for gender formation (Light 2013; Hendriks
126 2012). It facilitates a common ground for users to gather and collectively explore
127 gender (Biricik and Hearn 2009). These features allow for TRP to develop a gender
128 identity that is strongly counter-cultural, without concern for physical distance or their
129 taboo views.
130 Research on the online space has identified several core characteristics, with
131 the most relevant to this research being its provision of an anonymous space for
132 some users to explore their performance of gender, and to consume content related
133 to gender. This canonymity, inherent to the online space, permits users with non-
134 socially-acceptable views to find others and strengthen their identity (Mowlabocus
135 2006), as in the case of gay men seeking high-risk sex (Dowsett et al. 2008) and in
136 the case of TRP’s anti-feminist, right-wing views. [...]
137 TRP is expanding its membership online using the innate features of the
138 internet, through a relational nature with feminist outrage. Gotell describes the
139 reactionary nature whereby critical feminist attention amplifies their message (Gotell
140 and Dutton 2016), potentially because of the TRP technique of presenting victimhood
141 at the hands of feminism. Furthermore, the anonymous nature of the internet can
142 facilitate more extreme representations of offline gender performances (Lyons 2017),
143 which would amplify and attract those seeking to solidify a gender that is increasingly
144 culturally unacceptable. Finally, the viral spread of TRP can be linked to the
145 reproducibility and searchability of the content that is produced (Johnson 1997);
146 where traditionally the collective gender identity would have to spread through
147 physical contact, the internet allows content to spread independent of its creator,
148 through social networks and content aggregation hubs. The speed of this viral
149 expansion is one of the reasons why fast, automatic research techniques are useful,
150 as they increase the speed in which insights into motivation and core concepts can
151 be identified.
152 TRP aims to build a prescriptive masculinity that can take advantage of this
153 worldview to maximise its audiences’ prescribed aims of sexual relationships and
154 self-growth (Schmitz and Kazyak 2016). These aims imply a masculinity that is
155 looking for answers on how to deal with the changing expectations of men, within
156 both the crisis of masculinity and the rejection of traditional masculinity. In this way,
157 men seeking guidance on how to construct their masculinity, because traditional role
158 models have been called into question (Schmitz and Kazyak 2016), are drawn to
159 strong characters and the provided proof and the reassurance of male superiority
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
 160 that the manosphere represents. The manosphere is one of the alternative
161 masculinities referenced in Light (2013) that is facilitated through the anonymity of
162 the internet.
163 In the ir analysis of the MRA and TRP communities, asking the question
164 “whatstrategiesdoonline MRA groups utilize to delegitimize feminism and the goals
165 of gender equality?”, Schmitz and Kazyak (2016) found two meta-themes:
166 “Cyberlads in search of masculinity” and “Virtual Victims in search of equality”,
167 containing three and five subthemes, respectively. These subthemes comprise the
168 method techniques that the studied websites use to increase their legitimacy, power,
169 and influence within the MRA group. The strategy that Cyberlads utilise is creating
170 hyper-masculine, lad-culture-influenced lifestyle content that empowers men. The
171 sub-themes of Cyberlads are the homosocial policing of masculinity through self-
172 help and lifestyle content, espousing the evils of feminism through “myth busting”
173 and portraying women as sexual commodities, by positioning them as the objects of
174 success throughpickup. Virtual Victims approach their aims differently. The sub-
175 themes within Virtua lVictims are portraying men in crisis, combating institutional
176 misandry and delegitimizing women’s issues. By repurposing sociological language
177 and theories, MRA writers position men as discriminated against by society, requiring
178 activism to empower men. [...]

Responda as questões abaixo com base no artigo.

1. Qual o principal assunto do texto? (05 escores)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Segundo os autores, a internet permite o maior uso de expressões tabus e extremas através
do anonimato (Lyons 2017). Portanto, muitas das novas performances de gênero mais
extremas são observadas on-line antes de serem identificadas offline; assim, dada a vasta
escala de dados textuais produzidos diariamente pelos usuários on-line, os recursos
necessários para processar esses dados em práticas de codificação abertas e fechadas
tornam-se inviáveis, devido à quantidade de conteúdo que o codificador deve processar.
Qual seria uma possível solução apontada no início deste artigo? Explique. (10 escores)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi

Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
3. Segundo o artigo, vinculado cada vez mais influente Alt-Right (uma coalizão de extrema
direita, cristãos tradicionalistas, gênios sem direitos civis e pick-up artistas (Lyons2017;
Kelly2017)) e parte do movimento feminista on-line chamado manosfera (Ging 2017), o
movimento ativismo dos direitos humanos (MRA) e Red Pill (TRP) são grupos online que
criam novas performances de masculinidade hegemônica. Defina masculinidade
hegemônica. (10 escores)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. O que é o movimento THE RED PILL (a pílula vermelha)? Como esse movimento se
originou e qual o seu objetivo? (20 escores)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. Sobre a realização desta pesquisa, responda: (20 escores)

a) quais os objetivos deste estudo?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b) e qual a metodologia utilizada?
________________________________________________________________________
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6. Segundo o artigo, o movimento - Men’s Rights Activism (MRA) e The Red Pill (TRP)
podem traçar sua linhagem de reacionários anti-feministas (Messner 2016), através de uma
subversão da terminologia e teoria de estudos de gênero, como a crise da masculinidade e
a mística feminista, por exemplo, propondo que os homens sofrem mais de papéis de
gênero do que as mulheres, como consequências os homens recorriam aos movimentos
que pretendiam “ensinar” como agir com masculinidade. Como os autores exemplificam
essas consequências (movimentos, atitudes, etc)? cite e comente-as. (15 escores)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

7. Traduza o trecho abaixo extraído do artigo, use termos apropriados e uma linguagem forma
em sua produção escrita. (20 escores)
TRP is expanding its membership online using the innate features of the internet,
through a relational nature with feminist outrage. Gotell describes the reactionary nature
whereby critical feminist attention amplifies their message (Gotell and Dutton 2016),
potentially because of the TRP technique of presenting victimhood at the hands of feminism.
Furthermore, the anonymous nature of the internet can facilitate more extreme
representations of offline gender performances (Lyons 2017), which would amplify and
attract those seeking to solidify a gender that is increasingly culturally unacceptable. Finally,
the viral spread of TRP can be linked to the reproducibility and searchability of the content
that is produced (Johnson 1997); where traditionally the collective gender identity would
have to spread through physical contact, the internet allows content to spread independent
of its creator, through social networks and content aggregation hubs. The speed of this viral
Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi
Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br
expansion is one of the reasons why fast, automatic research techniques are useful, as they
increase the speed in which insights into motivation and core concepts can be identified.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Núcleo de Línguas Estrangeiras – Itaperi

Fone: 3101 – 9673
E-mail: nucleo.itaperi@uece.br