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Apêndices
Apêndice A - Áreas das figuras geométricas
1. log a a = 1 2. log a 1 = 0
3. log a A.B = log a A + log a B 4. log a A n = n. log a A; n N
1 sen x 1 cos x
1. tan x = = 2. cot x = =
cot x cos x tan x sen x
1 1
3. sec x = 4. csc x =
cos x sen x
5. sen x = cos (90 – x) 6. sen x + cos2 x = 1
2
9. sen(x y) = sen x.cos y sen y.cos x 10. cos(x y) = cos x.cos y sen x.sen y
tan x tan y
11. tan(x y) = 12. sen 2x =2.sen x.cos x
1 tanx.tany
2.tan x
15. cos 2x = 2. cos2 x – 1 16. tan 2x =
1 - tan 2 x
x 1 - cos x x 1 + cos x
17. sen = 18. cos =
2 2 2 2
x 1 − cos x
19. tan = 20. cos2 x = ½ (1+ cos2x)
2 1 + cos x
21. sen x. cos y = ½ [sen(x-y) + sen(x+y)] 22. sen x. sen y = ½ [cos(x-y) - cos(x+y)]
Apêndice E - Limites
lim f ( x ) = L
Existe lim f ( x ) se x→a − e escreve − se lim f ( x ) = L
x →a
xlim f (x) = L x →a
→a +
Propriedades:
lim c = c
x →a
lim x = a
x →a
f (x) lim f ( x )
lim = x→a ; lim g( x ) 0
x →a g ( x )
lim g( x ) x→a
x →a
lim g ( x )
lim[f ( x )]g ( x ) = [lim f ( x )]x→a
x →a x →a
sen x tan x
lim =1 lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
1
lim (1 + x )1 / x = e lim (1 + ) x = e
x →0 x → x
a x −1
lim = ln a
x →0 x
Apêndices - 3
Álgebra vetorial
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
A = A1 i + A 2 j + A 3 k ; B = B1 i + B2 j + B3 k ; C = C1 i + C 2 j + C3 k ;
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → →
A + B = B + A; A + (B+ C) = (A + B) + C); A − B = A + (− B)
→ → → → → → → → → →
(r + s)(A + B) = r (A + B) + s(A + B) = r A + r B+ s A + s B;
Produto escalar
→ → → →
A • B =| B | . | A | . cos ;
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
i • i = 1; j • j = 1; k • k = 1; i • j = 0; j • k = 0; k • i = 0;
→ →
A • B = A1.A 2 + B1.B2 + C1.C 2 ;
→ → → → → → → → →
Ba = (B• a ) a = | B | . | a | cos AB. a = | B | cos AB. a
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
A • B = B • A; A• (B + C) = A• B + A • C; m(A • B) = m. A• B = A• m B
Produto vetorial
→ → → → →
A B =| B | . | A | .sen . n
→ → → → → →
i i = 0; j j = 0; k k = 0;
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
i • j = k; j • k = i ; k • i = j ; j • i = − k; k • j = − i ; i • k = − j ;
→ → → → → → →
A B = −(A B) i j k
→ →
→ → → → A X B = A1 A2 A3
A B = 0 A // B)
B1 B2 B3
→ →
A B = Área de parale log ramo
→ → → → → → → →
m(A B) = (m A) B = A (m B) = (A B )m
→ → → → → → →
A (B+ C) = A B + A C (Propr. distributiva )
Produtos triplos
→ → → → → →
(A • B) C A ( B • C) → →
A1 A 2
→
A3
→ → → → → → → → → → → → A• (B C) = B1 B2 B3
A • (B C) = B • ( C A) = C • (A B) = A • B C
C1 C2 C3
→ → → → → →
A (B C) (A B) C (Propr. associativa não se aplica a produto vetorial )
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
A (B C) = − (A • B) C + (A • C) B (A B) C = − (B • C) A + (A • C) B
4 Circuitos Elétricos II
1. y = x → y´ = 0; 2. y = x → y´ = 1;
u v.u´−u.v´
5. y = u . v → y´ = u.v´ + v.u´; 6. y = → y´=
v v2
u´
9. y = eu → y´ = eu . u´ 10. y = log a u → y´= log a e
u
u´
11. y = ln u → y´= 12. y = uv → y´= v.uv-1.u´+ uv.ln u.v´(u > 0)
u
u´ u´
19. y = arc sen u → y´= 20. y = arc cos u → y´= −
1− u2 1− u2
u´ u´
21. y = arc tan u → y´= 22. y = arc cot u → y´= −
1+ u2 1+ u2
u´ − u´
23. y = arc sec u; | u | 1 → y´= ; 24. y = arc csc u;| u | 1 → y´= ;
| u | u 2 −1 | u | u2 −1
25. y = senh u → y´= cosh u.u´ 26. y = cosh u → y´= senh u.u´
27. y = tanh u → y´= sech2 u.u´ 28. y = coth u → y´= - csch2 u.u´
29. y = sech u → y´ = - sech u.tanh u.u´ 30. y = csch u → y´ = - csch u.coth u.u´
u´ u´
31. y = arg senh u → y´= 32. y = arg cosh u → y´= ;u 1
u +1
2
u 2 −1
u´ u´
33. y = arg tanh u → y´= ; | u | 1 34. y = arg coth u → y´= ; | u | 1
1− u2 1− u2
− u´ − u´
35. y = arg sec h u → y´= ;0 u 1 36. y = arg csc h u → y´= ;u0
u 1− u2 | u | 1+ u2
Apêndices - 5
du
1. du = u + C 2. u
= ln | u | + C
u n +1 au
3. u .du =
n
+ C; n −1 4. a .du =
u
+C
n +1 ln a
du u
15. csc u. cot u.du = − csc u + C 16. a −u2 2
= arc sen
a
+C
du 1 u du 1 u
17. = arc tan + C 18. u = arc sec | | + C
a +u
2 2
a a u −a2 2 a a
23. sec h u. tanh u.du = − sec h u + C 24. csc h u. cot h u.du = − csc h u + C
du du 1 u+a
25. u a
2 2
= ln | u + u 2 a 2 | + C 26. a 2
−u 2
= ln
2a u − a
+C
du 1 a + a2 u2
27. u a 2 u 2 a ln
= −
u
+C
6 Circuitos Elétricos II
x Re
O número complexo z pode ser expresso na
forma polar como: Figura I.1– Número complexo
z = r
y
Onde: r = x 2 + y 2 e = arctan (Para x ou y < 0 verificar quadrante);
x
x = r.cos e y = r.sen .
1 = 10º
j.1 = − 1 = 190º
j. j = − 1 − 1 = −1 = 1180º
j. j. j = − 1 − 1 − 1 = −1 − 1 = − j = 1270º
j. j. j. j = ( − 1 − 1)( − 1 − 1) = (−1).(−1) = 1 = 1360º