Solutions to Practice Questions for Exponents and Logarithms Test

3
1. 2(5x+1) = 1 +
5x
3
10(5x) = 1 + x (M1)
5
2x x
10(5 ) = 5 + 3 (M1)
10(52x) – 5x – 3 = 0
(5(5x) – 3)(2(5x) + 1) = 0 (M1)
3
5x = (A1)
5
3
x = log5 (M1)
5
x = –1 + log5 3 (A1) (C6)
[6]
 y 
(b) For switching variables  x = ln  (M1)
 y+2

y
ex = (M1)
y+2

ye x − y =y (e x − 1) =−2e x (A1)

2e x  2e x 2 
f −1 ( x) =
− x  == x −x  (A1) (C4)
e −1  1 − e e −1 
[6]
15

∑ a = (ln x ) + (ln x ) + (ln x )

2 2 3 2
( )
2 2 2
2. n + ... + ln x 15 (M1)
n =1

= (ln x)2 + (2 ln x)2 + (3 ln x)2 +...+ (15 ln x)2 (M1)

2 2 2 2 2
= (ln x) [1 + 2 + 3 +...+ 15 ] (A1)
15
= (ln x)2 (16)(31) (M1)(A1)
6
= 1240 (ln x)2 (A1) (C6)
[6]
3. 9 log5 x = 25 logx 5
25
⇒ 9 log5 x = M1A1
log 5 x
25
⇒ (log5 x)2 = M1
9
±5
⇒ log5 x = A1
3
5 −5
⇒ x = 5 3 or x = 5 3 (accept p = ±5, q = 3) A1A1 N0
[6]

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 2x + 3 x+1
4. 2 −2 −3=0

Let p = 2x (M1)
8p2 − 2p − 3 = 0 A1
(2p + 1) (4p − 3) = 0
1 3
p=− or p = A1
2 4
3
2x = A1
4
x = log2 3 − log2 4
= −2 + log2 3 (a = −2, b = 3 ) A1A1 N0
[6]
2
5. 2 (ln x) − 3 ln x + 1 = 0 (A1)
Attempting to factorize or using the quadratic formula (M1)
1
ln x = , ln x = 1 A1A1
2
x= e , x=e A1A1 N2
[6]
x
6. (a) Let y = 4
1
⇒ 2y + =3
y

⇒ 2y2 − 3y + 1 = 0 M1
⇒ (2y − 1)(y − 1) = 0
1
⇒ y= or 1
2
1
⇒ 4x = 1 or 4x =
2
1
⇒ x=− or x = 0 A1A1 N3
2
(b) (i) EITHER
a x = e 2 x +1
x ln a = 2x + 1 M1
⇒ x(ln a − 2) = 1
1
⇒ x= A1
ln a − 2
OR
a x = e 2 x +1

log a a x = log a e 2 x + 1
x = (2 x + 1) log a e M1

log a e
x= A1
1 − 2 log a e

2
 (ii) EITHER
The equation has no solution when ln a = 2 A1
(⇒ a = e )
2

OR
The equation has no solution when 1 − 2loga e = 0
1
⇒ log a e = A1
2
(⇒ ln a = 2 ⇒ a = e )
2

[6]
7. Attempting to solve |0.1x2 − 2x + 3| = log10 x numerically or graphically. (M1)
x = 1.52, 1.79 (A1)(A1)
x = 17.6, 19.1 (A1)
(1.52 < x < 1.79) ∪ (17.6 < x < 19.1) A1A1 N2
[6]
8. logx+1 y = 2
1
logy+1 x =
4
2
so (x + 1) = y A1
1
(y + 1) 4 =x A1

EITHER
x4 – 1 = (x + 1)2 M1
x = –1, not possible R1
x = 1.70, y = 7.27 A1A1
OR
1
( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 4 – x = 0 M1
attempt to solve or graph of LHS M1
x = 1.70, y = 7.27 A1A1
[6]
9. EITHER
4 ln 2 – 3 ln 22 = –ln k M1
4 ln 2 – 6 ln 2 = –ln k (M1)
–2 ln 2 = –ln k (A1)
–ln 22 = –ln k M1
k=4 A1
OR
ln 24 – ln 43 = –ln k M1
24
ln 3 = ln k–1 M1A1
4
4
2 1
3
= A1
4 k
4 3 64
⇒ k= 4 = =4 A1
2 16

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 [5]
10. log3(x + 17) – 2 = log3 2x
log3(x + 17) – log3 2x = 2
 x + 17 
log 3   =2 M1A1
 2x 
x + 17
=9 M1A1
2x
x + 17 = 18x
17 = 17x
x=1 A1
[5]

11. 22x+2 – 10 × 2x + 4 = 0
y = 2x
4y2 – 10y + 4 = 0 M1A1
2y2 – 5y + 2 = 0
By factorisation or using the quadratic formula (M1)
1
y= y=2 A1
2
1
2x = 2x = 2
2
x = –1 x=1 A1A1
[6]

12. 22x–2 = 2x + 8 (M1)

1 2x
2 = 2x + 8 (A1)
4
22x – 4 × 2x – 32 = 0 A1
(2x – 8)(2x + 4) = 0 (M1)
2x = 8 ⇒ x = 3 A1
Notes: Do not award final A1 if more than 1 solution is given.
[5]
13. g(x) = 0
log5|2log3x| = 0 (M1)
|2log3x| = 1 A1
1
log3x = ± (A1)
2
1
±
x= 3 2 A1
1 1
−
so the product of the zeros of g is 32 ×3 2 =1 A1 N0
[5]

14. ln(x2 – 1) – ln(x + 1)2 + lnx(x + 1) (A1)

x( x 2 − 1)( x + 1)
= ln (M1)A1
( x + 1) 2
x( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
= ln (A1)
( x + 1) 2
= ln x(x – 1) (= ln(x2 – x)) A1
[5]

15. (a) C has equation x = 2y (A1)

4
 ie y = log2 x (A1) (C2)
OR Equation of B is x = log2y (A1)
Therefore equation of C is y = log2 x (A1) (C2)
(b) Cuts x-axis ⇒ log2 x = 0
x = 2° (A1)
x=1
Point is (1, 0) (A1) (C2)
[4]
16. (a) f : x  ex ⇒ f –1 : x  1n x ⇒ f –1(3) = ln 3
g : x  x + 2 ⇒ g–1 : x  x – 2 ⇒ g–1(3) = 1
f –1(3) × g–1(3) = 1n 3
(b) f ° g (x) = f (x + 2) = ex+2
ex+2 = 3 ⇒ x + 2 = ln 3
x = ln 3 – 2
[6]

17. (a) A1A1

Note: Award A1 for − 0.414, 2.41 and A1 for correct inequalities.

(b) check for ,

16 > 9 so true when A1

assume true for

M1

Note: Award M0 for statements such as “let ”.

Note: Subsequent marks after this M1 are independent of this mark and can be awarded.

prove true for

M1

(M1)

(from part (a)) A1

which is true for ≥ 3 R1

Note: Only award the A1 or the R1 if it is clear why. Alternate methods are possible.

hence if true for true for , true for so true for all ≥ 3 R1
Note: Only award the final R1 provided at least three of the previous marks are awarded.
[9]

18. Let f (n) = 5n + 9n + 2 and let Pn be the proposition that f(n) is divisible by 4.
Then f (1) = 16
So P1 is true

5
 Let Pn be true for n = k ie f (k) is divisible by 4
Consider f (k + l) = 5k+1 + 9k+l + 2
= 5k(4 + 1) + 9k(8 + 1) + 2
= f (k) + 4(5k + 2 × 9k)
Both terms are divisible by 4 so f (k +1) is divisible by 4.
Pk true ⇒ Pk+l true
+
Since P1 is true, Pn is proved true by mathematical induction for n ∈ .
[9]
n
1 n
19. Let P(n) be the proposition ∑ (2r −1)(2r +1) = (2n +1)
r =1
1
1 1 1
P(1) : ∑ (2r −1)(2r +1) = 3 = 2 (1) +1
1
so P(1) is true

Assume that P(k) is true

k +1
1 k 1
P(k + 1) : ∑ (2r −1)(2r +1) = (2k +1) + (2k +1)(2k + 3)
1

k (2k + 3) + 1
=
(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
=
(k + 1)(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
=
(k + 1)
(2k + 1) + 1
+
Therefore P(1) is true and P(k) ⇒ P(k + 1) so P(n) is true ∀ n ∈
[6]

 1  1   1 
20. Let P(n) be the proposition: (1 + 1) 1 + 1 + ...1 +  = n + 1 (M1)
 2  3   n
P(1) is true since (1 + 1) = 2 and n + 1 = 2 when n = 1 (M1)
Assume P(k) is true for some integer k ≥ 1.
 1  1   1
That is, (1 + 1) 1 + 1 + ...1 +  = k + 1 (M1)
 2  3   k
 1  1   1  1 
Then, (1 + 1) 1 + 1 + ...1 + 1 + 
 2  3   k  k + 1
 1 
= (k + 1) 1 +  (M1)
 k + 1
= (k + 1) + 1
Thus, P(k) ⇒ P(k + 1), and so P(n) is true for all integers n ≥ 1
[6]

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