Cursos Técnicos Superiores Profissionais

Fundamentos de Matemática
Folha prática – Cálculo algébrico

1. Indique, das expressões designatórias seguintes, quais são polinómios e indique o grau de cada
um deles:
1 √ √
(a) x5 − x3 + 1; (b) 2x2 + 3; (c) x2 + 6 x + 3;
4
x−1 x−1 −2 1
(d) ; (e) ; (f) + x2 + ;
3 x x 2
1
(g) x4 − 3x 2 + 2; (h) 2x4 − 3x8 + 5; (i) x2 − 3;

2. Considere as expressões:
1 1
A (x) = − x2 + 2x − 5 B (x) = 4x3 − 5x + 1 C (x) = −2x3 + x2 + 7x
2 3
Determine:
(a) A + B; (b) A − B + C; (c) 2A − (3C − B) .

3. Simplifique as seguintes expressões designatórias:

(a) (x + 3) (2x + 1) ; (b) (2x − 4) (3x + 1) ; (c) (−a + 1) (2 − a) ;
  
2 x 2 x−2 1 − 3x
(d) (3b − 1) (2b − 5b + 1) ; (e) (x + 5) + (x2 + 6x) ; (f) 4 ;
2 3 3 2

2
(g) (2x2 − x + 1) ; (h) 3 (3 − x) − 5 (1 − x) ; (i) 2x (3 − x) ;

(j) (2x + 4) (3 − 2x) ; (k) (2x − 4)2 ; (l) (2x + 4)2 .

4. Complete as seguintes igualdades:

(a) (2 + 2x)2 = 4 + .... + 4x2 ; (b) (.... + y)2 = 16 + .... + y 2 ;
2
(c) (y 2 + ....) = .... − 10y 2 + 25; (d) (.... + ....)2 = 4x2 + 12x + 9;

(e) 16a2 − 9 = (.... + ....) (.... − ....); (f) 5x2 − 2 = (.... + ....) (.... − ....);

5. Resolva cada uma das seguintes equações:

(a) (3x − 2) (3x + 2) = 9 (x2 + 1) − x; (b) 4 (x + 4)2 − 4 (x + 2) (x − 2) = 0;

(c) (5x − 2) (5x + 2) = (5x − 1) (5x + 1) − 12x; (d) (4x − 3)2 − (8x + 3) (2x − 3) = 0.

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 6. Efetue a divisão do polinómio p2 pelo polinómio p1 , indicando o quociente (q) e o resto (r) da
divisão.
(a) p2 (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x − 1, p1 (x) = x2 + x + 1
(b) p2 (x) = 6x5 − 9x4 + x3 + x2 − x, p1 (x) = 3x3 − x − 1
(c) p2 (x) = x6 + 1, p1 (x) = x − 1
(d) p2 (x) = (x3 + x2 + x + 1) , p1 (x) = x + 1

7. Decomponha num produto de fatores do 1.o grau cada um dos seguintes polinómios:
(a) −5x + 20 (b) −4x + 4 (c) x2 − 4
(d) −2x2 + 18 (e) 2x3 − 16x (f) −2x3 + 18x2
(g) x2 − 4x + 4 (h) x (x + 4) − (x + 4)2 (i) x4 − 5 x3 + 4 x2

8. Simplifique cada uma das frações e indique o domínio no qual a simplificação é válida:
5 (x − 2)2 x3 − x x2 − 6x + 5
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ;
x2 − 2x 1 − x4 25 − x2
(x − 5)2 − (3x − 1)2 3x2 − 2x x3 + x
(d) ; (e) ; (f) .
x2 + 4x + 4 9x3 + 9x2 − 4x − 4 x3 − x2 − 2x

9. Determine A e B de modo que se verifiquem as igualdades:

2x + 3 3A B 3 A B
(a) = + ; (b) = − ;
(x − 1) (x + 2) x−1 x+2 (x − 1) (x + 3) x−1 x+3
2x + 4 A B x+1 A B
(c) = − ; (d) = + ;
x (x − 2) x−2 x (x − 3) (x + 2) x−3 x+2
4x − 6 A B 4 A B
(e) 2
= + ; (f) = + .
x −4 x−2 x+2 x2 + 3x + 2 x+1 x+2

10. Resolva em R, as seguintes equações:

(a) (x − 3) (x2 − 9) = 0; (b) 5x3 + 2x2 − x = 0;
(c) (x3 + x) (2x2 + x − 3) = 0

11. Resolva, em R, as equações.

(a) −2x = 6; (b) −4 − 2x = 2; (c) 6 − 4x = 3 (2 − x) ;

3 − 4x 2x + 6
(d) −6 − 3x = 3x + 4; (e) = 2x; (f) = 3 (−x − 3) ;
3 2
2x + 3
(g) 4 + 4x = 0; (h) −6 − 3x = 3x + 4; (i) = 4;
3
 
x−6 4 2 2 3 5
(j) = 2x; (k) −2x + = x − 2; (l) x+ = 3x − .
3 5 3 3 4 2

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12. Determine as soluções reais das seguintes equações.
(a) x2 = 4; (b) x (2 − 3x) = −2x; (c) 2x2 − 2x = 4;

x2 1
(d) x2 − 4x = −4; (e) (1 − 2x) (2 + 3x) = −2 (−1 + x) ; (f) + x − 1 = 0;
8 4
x2 − 8 x
(g) = ; (h) x2 − 16 = 0; (i) x2 − 3x = 0;
4 2
x  x 2 2 3
(j) 2 (2 − x) = −2x (1 − x) ; (k) 4 − x2 = − (3x + 1) ; (l) x = x.
2 2 3 4

13. Resolva, em R, as seguintes equações.

(a) − 3 (4 − 2x) + 5 (2x − 2) = 3; (b) (5 + 2x)2 = (5 − 2x)2 ;

(c) (4 − 2x)2 = −x (8 − 4x) ; (d) − 2 (1 − x) (x + 3) = 0;

 
2 3
(e) (2x − 3) (2x + 3) − x − + 6x = 2; (f) 9x2 = 18;
3 2
(g) − x2 + 3x = 0; (h) − 2x2 = 4x − 6;
1
(j) − 4x (2 − x) = (1 + 2x)2 .


(i) 2 (x − 1) x − 2
= 3;

14. Resolva, em R, as seguintes inequações.

(a) 2x ≥ 6; (b) −2x ≥ 6; (c) 2x + 8 < −4;
(d) 4 − 4x < 3x; (e) −2 (x − 6) ≥ 8; (f) 4 + 2x > −3 (1 − 2x) ;
5 3 4 2−x
(g) x ≤ −2; (h) x≤− ; (i) ≥ −2;
2 2 3 4
3 5
(j) 1− x> ; (k) x (2 − x) ≤ −2x (x + 1) ; (l) x2 − 6 ≤ −x (2 − x) .
2 2

15. Determine o conjunto solução dos seguintes sistemas de equações lineares:


 x + 2y = 1
(a)
x + 3y = 0


 x − 3y = 9
(b)
2x + 3y = 6


 2x + 3y = 1
(c)
4x + 6y = 2


 4x + 5y = 1
(d)
12x + 15y = 0


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 Soluções – Cálculo algébrico
1.
(a) Polinómio grau 5; (b) Polinómio grau 2; (c) Não é polinómio;
(d) Polinómio grau 1; (e) Não é polinómio; (f) Não é polinómio;
(g) Não é polinómio; (h) Polinómio grau 8; (i) Polinómio grau 2;

2.
1 1
(a) 4x3 − x2 − 3x − 4; (b) − 6x3 − x2 + 14x − 6; (c) 10x3 − 2x2 − 22x − 9.
2 6

3.
(a) 2x2 + 7x + 3; (b) 6x2 − 10x − 4; (c) a2 − 3a + 2;
7 2 13 14 4
(d) 6b3 − 17b2 + 8b − 1; (e) x + x; (f) − 2x2 + x− ;
6 2 3 3
(g) 4x4 − 4x3 + 5x2 − 2x + 1; (h) 2x + 4; (i) − 2x2 + 6x;

(j) − 4x2 − 2x + 12; (k) 4x2 − 16x + 16; (l) 4x2 + 16x + 16.

4.
(a) (2 + 2x)2 = 4 + 8x + 4x2 ; (b) (4 + y)2 = 16 + 8y + y 2 ;
 2
(c) y + (−5) = y 4 − 10y 2 + 25;
2
(d) (2x + 3)2 = 4x2 + 12x + 9;
√ √
√ √

(e) 16a2 − 9 = (4a + 3) (4a − 3); (f) 5x2 − 2 = 5x + 2 5x − 2 .

   
5 1
5. (a) CS = {13} ; (b) CS = − ; (c) CS = ; (d) CS = {3} .
2 4
6.
(a) R(x) = −3; Q(x) = x + 2;
(b) R(x) = −3x + 1; Q(x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1;
(c) R(x) = 2; Q(x) = x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1;
(d) R(x) = 0; Q(x) = x2 + 1;

7.
(a) −5x + 20 = −5 (x − 4) ; (b) −4x + 4 = −4 (x − 1) ;
(c) x2 − 4 = (x − 2) (x + 2) ; (d) −2x2 + 18 = −2 (x − 3) (x + 3) ;
√
√

(e) 2x3 − 16x = 2x x − 8 x + 8 ; (f) −2x3 + 18x2 = −2x.x (x − 9) ;
(g) x2 − 4x + 4 = (x − 2) (x − 2) ; (h) x (x + 4) − (x + 4)2 = −4 (x + 4) ;
(i) x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 = x.x (x − 1) (x − 4) .

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 8.
5(x − 2) x
(a) ; D = R\{0, 2}. (b) − ; D = R\{−1; 1}.
x 1 + x2
1−x −2(4x − 6)
(c) ; D = R\{−5, 5}. (d) ; D = R\{−2}.
5+x x+2
x 2 2 x2 + 1
(e) ; D = R\{−1, − , }. (f) 2 ; D = R\{−1, 0, 2}.
(x + 1)(3x + 2) 3 3 x −x−2

9.
5 1 3 3
(a) A = ; B = . (b) A = ; B = . (c) A = 4; B = 2.
9 3 4 4
4 1 1 7
(d) A = ; B = . (e) A = ; B = . (f) A = 4; B = −4.
5 5 2 2

10.
( √ √ )
1 6 1 6
(a) CS = {−3, 3} ; (b) CS = 0, − + ,− − ;
5 5 5 5
 
3
(c) CS = − , 0, 1 ;
2

11.
(a) S = {−3} (b) S = {−3} (c) S = {0} (d) S = {−1}
   
3 5
(e) S = (f) S = {−3} (g) S = {1} (h) S = −
10 3
       
9 6 21 9
(i) S = (j) S = − (k) S = (l) S =
2 5 20 7

12.
 
4
(a) S = {−2, 2} ; (b) S = 0, ; (c) S = {−1, 2} ;
3
 
1
(d) S = {2} ; (e) S = 0, ; (f) S = {−4, 2} ;
6
(g) S = {−2, 4} ; (h) S = {−4, 4} ; (i) S = {0, 3} ;
 √ √
 
9
(j) S = − 2, 2 ; (k) S = {0, 1} ; (l) S = 0, .
8

13.
 
25
(a) S = ; (b) S = {0}; (c) S = {2}; (d) S = {−3, 1};
16
 √ √
(e) S = {11}; (f) S = − 2, 2 ; (g) S = {0, 3}; (h) S = {−3, 1};
   
1 1
(i) S = − , 2 ; (j) S = − ;
2 12

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 14.
(a) S = [3, +∞[ ; (b) S = ]−∞, −3] ; (c) S = ]−∞, −6[ ;
   
4 7
(d) S = , +∞ ; (e) S = ]−∞, 2] ; (f) S = −∞, ;
7 4
   
4 8
(g) S = −∞, − ; (h) S = −∞, − ; (i) S = ]−∞, 10] ;
5 9

(j) S = ]−∞, −1[ ; (k) S = [−4, 0] ; (l) S = ]−∞, 3] .

15. (a) (3, −1)

(b) (5, − 34 )
(c) ( 12 − 32 y, y)
(d) {}

Os cursos FA, PM, TA e VEH foram cofinanciados por:

Os cursos ARMI-D, ARMI-PL, COR e GQ foram cofinanciados por:

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