BARATA, Maria. Identidade, Autodeterminação e Relações Internacionais

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Identidade, Autodeterminação e Relações Internacionais. O Caso do Saara

Ocidental
Thesis · November 2012

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3658.9763
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Maria João Barata

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Imagem
Maria João Ribeiro Curado Barata
IDENTIDADE, AUTODETERMINAÇÃO E
RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS:
O CASO DO SAARA OCIDENTAL
Dissertação de Doutoramento na área científica de Relações Internacionais
Programa de Doutoramento em Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos
Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
Orientação do Professor Doutor José Manuel Marques da Silva Pureza
Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Março de 2012
Maria João Ribeiro Curado Barata
IDENTIDADE, AUTODETERMINAÇÃO E
RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS:
O CASO DO SAARA OCIDENTAL
Dissertação de Doutoramento na área científica de Relações Internacionais

Programa de Doutoramento em Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos
Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
Orientação do Professor Doutor José Manuel Marques da Silva Pureza
Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Março de 2012
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Agradecimentos
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Índice
Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................... v
Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... vii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... xi
Índice ............................................................................................................................................. xv
1 Introdução ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 A Autodeterminação Constitui os Selves que a Reivindicam ................................................. 2
1.2 O Caso do Saara Ocidental como um Conflito de Autodeterminação ................................... 4
1.3 Plano da Tese ........................................................................................................................ 8
2 A Autodeterminação no Sistema Internacional Contemporâneo ........................................... 11

2.1 O que Significa Autodeterminação ...................................................................................... 12
2.2 Como Evoluiu a Autodeterminação ..................................................................................... 21
2.2.1 A Autodeterminação como uma Força Histórica ............................................................ 21
2.2.2 Sobreposição e Contradição de Direitos de Autodeterminação ..................................... 25
2.2.3 A Identificação da Entidade Titular do Direito de Autodeterminação ............................ 26
2.2.4 A Preponderância do Território na Delimitação do Self ................................................. 32
2.3 A Autodeterminação no Sistema Internacional Contemporâneo I ...................................... 38
2.3.1 A Armadilha da Autodeterminação ................................................................................ 38
2.3.2 Uma Desvalorização Geral da Autodeterminação como Norma .................................... 43
2.3.3 Valorização de Formas de Autodeterminação Subestatais ............................................ 44
2.3.4 Democratização e Direitos Humanos .............................................................................. 45
2.4 A Autodeterminação no Sistema Internacional Contemporâneo II ..................................... 51
2.4.1 Povos Indígenas: Uma Categoria Política ........................................................................ 51
2.4.2 Relação com o Estado ..................................................................................................... 54
2.4.3 Autodeterminação e Desenvolvimento .......................................................................... 58
xv
2.4.4 Território e Recursos ...................................................................................................... 60
2.4.5 Reconhecimento Internacional ...................................................................................... 64
2.4.6 Autodeterminação e Resolução de Conflitos ................................................................. 66
2.5 O que Faz a Autodeterminação........................................................................................... 68
3 Autodeterminação, Self e RI .................................................................................................. 71

3.1 Uma Reformulação do Problema do Self em Questões de Autodeterminação .................. 71
3.2 Da Natureza do Self em RI .................................................................................................. 76
3.2.1 Do Individual ao Coletivo: A Abordagem Racionalista.................................................... 77
3.2.2 Uma Entidade Sui Generis: O Debate sobre a Identidade do Ator Internacional ........... 84
3.2.3 Identidade Corporativa e a Relação Generativa entre o Ator e o Sistema ..................... 91
3.3 Bases de uma Conceção Reflexiva do Self ........................................................................... 98
3.4 Pós-Estruturalismo e Identidade: Apreciação Crítica ........................................................ 102
3.5 As Normas do Poder… ....................................................................................................... 108
3.6 …e o Poder das Normas .................................................................................................... 114
3.7 Autodeterminação e Constituição de Selves Internacionais ............................................. 117
3.8 O Reconhecimento no Sistema Internacional ................................................................... 124
3.9 Pluridimensionalidade....................................................................................................... 137
4 Saara Ocidental: Caracterização do Conflito ........................................................................ 141

4.1 O Conflito .......................................................................................................................... 141
4.2 A Atuação da ONU ............................................................................................................ 148
4.3 Enquadramento Estratégico e Geopolítico ....................................................................... 155
4.4 Realismo, Identidade e (Ir)Resolução do Conflito I ........................................................... 160
5 Metodologia do Estudo Empírico......................................................................................... 167
6 Autodeterminação e Constituição do Self Saaráui ............................................................... 173

6.1 Autodeterminação ........................................................................................................... 177
6.1.1 A Luta Anti-Colonial ...................................................................................................... 177
6.1.2 Significados de Autodeterminação para a Identidade Saaráui ..................................... 192
6.1.2.1 Autodeterminação como Independência ............................................................ 193
6.1.2.2 Independência como Segurança e Sobrevivência................................................ 195
6.1.2.3 Independência como Liberdade e Dignidade ...................................................... 203
6.1.2.4 Autodeterminação como Direito Inalienável ....................................................... 210
6.1.3 A Luta Saaráui pela Independência .............................................................................. 213
6.2 O Self ................................................................................................................................. 224
6.2.1 Do Tribalismo à Unidade Nacional ............................................................................... 226
6.2.1.1 O Argumento Histórico ........................................................................................ 227
6.2.1.2 A Formação de uma Consciência Política Saaráui................................................ 238
6.2.1.3 Um Novo Contrato Social ..................................................................................... 242
6.2.1.4 O ‘Povo Perfeito’ .................................................................................................. 252
6.2.2 A Construção do Território ........................................................................................... 256
6.2.2.1 Delimitações ........................................................................................................ 256
6.2.2.2 Apropriação e Interiorização das Fronteiras Coloniais ........................................ 262
6.2.2.3 Território, Meio Ambiente e Identidade.............................................................. 265
6.2.3 A Identificação do Povo ................................................................................................ 272
xvi
6.2.3.1 Uma Identidade Dispersa ..................................................................................... 272
G%;%H%; Convergências ...................................................................................................... 277
6.2.3.3 Quantos São? ....................................................................................................... 283
6.2.3.4 Saaráuidade: Um Conceito Político e Contestado................................................ 285
6.3 Realismo, Identidade e (Ir)Resolução do Conflito II ........................................................... 290
7 Conclusão............................................................................................................................. 295
Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................... 299
xvii
xviii
1 Introdução
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BARATA, Maria. Identidade, Autodeterminação e Relações Internacionais

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BARATA, Maria. Identidade, Autodeterminação e Relações Internacionais

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Identidade, Autodeterminação e Relações Internacionais. O Caso do Saara

Thesis · November 2012

Maria João Barata

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Maria João Ribeiro Curado Barata

Dissertação de Doutoramento na área científica de Relações Internacionais

Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... vii

2 A Autodeterminação no Sistema Internacional Contemporâneo ........................................... 11

3 Autodeterminação, Self e RI .................................................................................................. 71

4 Saara Ocidental: Caracterização do Conflito ........................................................................ 141

5 Metodologia do Estudo Empírico......................................................................................... 167

6 Autodeterminação e Constituição do Self Saaráui ............................................................... 173

Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................... 299

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