Es nuevo el etanol combustible

Produccin de etanol

Brazilian Production of Sugarcane, Sugar and Ethanol

450.000 400.000 25.000
Sugarcane (1000t)

30.000

350.000 300.000 250.000 15.000 200.000 150.000 100.000 5.000 50.000 0

70/71 72/73 74/75 76/77 78/79 80/81 82/83 84/85 86/87 88/89 90/91 92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05

20.000

10.000

Crop Season Sugarcane

Crop Season 05/06 partial results

Sugar

Total Ethanol

Sugar (1000t ) and Ethanol (1000m3)

COMBUSTIBLE

Materias primas

Caa Azucar:Sugarcane Source of Green Energy

JUICE SUGAR

BAGASSE

Ethanol

LEAVES & TOPS

CO-GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

Flowsheet of Sugar and Ethanol Production

Juice

Ethanol from Molasses and Sugars = Suc + SUGARCANE Juice Glu + Fru
MILLING JUICE FOR SUGAR
FACTORY MASH

JUICE FOR ETHANOL

DISTILLERY

MOLASSES
ETHANOL FROM MOLASSES ETHANO L FROM SUGARS

FERMENTATION DISTILLATION

SUGAR

ETHANOL

Fermentation Process
Basic information Final ethanol content: 9 %vol Final yeast concentration:13% Fermentation time: 6-11h Average production rate : 450 m3/day Total fermenter capacity: 3000 m3 Yield (stoichiometric): up to 91% Temperature: 34-36C

Evolution of Ethanol Yield %

92 91 90 89 88
(%)

87 86 85 84 83 82 1975

1980

1985

1990
Year

1995

2000

2005

Evolution of Fermentation Time (h)

16 15 14 13 12
(h)

11 10 9 8 7 6 1975 1980 1985 1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Distillation Flow Diagram

gua Quente gua Fria H H H E E E gua Quente H H H H1 gua Fria H H H E E E gua Quente H H gua Quente gua Fria H H H E E E gua Quente H H gua Quente Tanques medidores gua Quente 01 02

gua Fria I I1

,Ciclohexano

gua Fria I I1

Ciclohexano

gua Fria I

Ciclohexano

gua Fria I

Ciclohexano

,
Armazenagem de lcool

I1

I1

Vinhaa Sada

A
K

C
P
gua Quente

Vinhaa Sada I

A
K

C
P
gua Quente

Vinhaa Sada I

A
K

C
P

I2

C
P
Vapor de escape

I2 gua Quente

Vinhaa Entrada gua Fria

Vinhaa Entrada gua Fria

Vinhaa Entrada

gua Quente

Vapor de escape

Condensado

Condensado

Vapor de escape

Condensado

gua Fria

Aparelho - 04

lcool

Aparelho - 01

Aparelho - 02

Setor de Destilao

Aparelho - 03

Distillation
Steam consumption: 3-5 kg / L ethanol Yield: > 99% Residues: Vinasse (12-15 L/L): recycled as ferti-irrigation at the cane fields Water consumption: 100-120 L / L ethanol (hydrated 93% by weight ) 140-170 L / L (anhydrous 99.4% by weight) Dehydration: Azeotropic (cyclohexane) Extractive (monoethyleneglycol) Molecular sieves

Cane ethanol: From Ethanol fuel

It is available as a by-product of sugar mills producing sugar. It can be used as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. It is becoming an alternative to gasoline and instead of sugar may be produced as a primary product out of sugar canes processing. The energy transformation: Now 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil. The cane delivered to processing plant is called burned and cropped (b&c) and represents 77% of the mass of raw cane. This reduction is caused because stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and they ashes are left in the field as fertilizer) and from the roots that remain in ground to sprout for next crop. Average cane production is 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year. Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Since the higher heating value of sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ/kg of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse. Per hc per year, biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W/ m2. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per m2, photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%. 135 kg of sucrose found in 1ton of b&c are transformed into 70 liters of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ. Practical sucrose-ethanol conversion efficiency is, 76% (compare with the theoretical 97%). One hc of sugar cane yields 4000 liters of ethanol/ year (bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). This does not include the energy used in tilling, transportation, and so on. Thus, the solar energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13%.