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Apeseotaao
Lsta publicac c um dcs prcdutcs da Rcdc dc Pcsquisas scbrc c
tcma Rcsc das aguas dc csgctc sanitaric, inclusivc dcscnvclvimcntc dc
tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc para cssc lim, dc Prcgrama dc Pcsquisas cm
Sancamcntc Basicc PROSAB - Ldital 04, cccrdcnada pcla Prcla. Maria
dc Icurdcs Flcrncic dcs Santcs dc Orupc dc Sancamcntc Ambicntal da
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc.
O PROSAB visa ac dcscnvclvimcntc c apcrlcicamcntc dc
tccnclcgias nas arcas dc aguas dc abastccimcntc, aguas rcsiduarias
,csgctc), rcsiducs sclidcs ,lixc c bicssclidcs) quc sc]am dc lacil
aplicabilidadc, baixc custc dc implantac, cpcrac c manutcnc, bcm
ccmc viscm a rccupcrac ambicntal dcs ccrpcs d`agua c a mclhcria das
ccndi6cs dc vida da pcpulac, cspccialmcntc as mcncs lavcrccidas c quc
mais ncccssitam dc a6cs ncssas arcas.
Atc c linal dc 2005 lcram lanadcs quatrc cditais dc PROSAB,
linanciadcs pcla FINLP, pclc CNPq c pcla CAIXA, ccntandc ccm
dilcrcntcs lcntcs dc rccurscs, ccmc BID, Tcscurc Nacicnal, Fundc
Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs ,CT-HIDRO) c rccurscs prcprics da Caixa.
A gcstc linanccira ccmpartilhada dc PROSAB viabiliza a atuac
intcgrada c clicicntc dc scus crgcs linanciadcrcs quc analisam as
sclicita6cs dc linanciamcntc cm ccn]untc c tcrnam dispcnivcis rccurscs
simultancamcntc para as dilcrcntcs a6cs dc prcgrama ,pcsquisas, bclsas
c divulgac), cvitandc a scbrcpcsic dc vcrbas c tcrnandc mais clicicntc
a aplicac dcs rccurscs dc cada agncia.
Tccnicamcntc, c PROSAB c gcridc pcr um grupc cccrdcnadcr
intcrinstitucicnal, ccnstituidc pcr rcprcscntantcs da FINLP, dc CNPq, da
CAIXA, dc Ministcric das Cidadcs, das univcrsidadcs, da asscciac dc
classc c das ccmpanhias dc sancamcntc. Suas principais lun6cs sc.
dclinir cs tcmas pricritarics a cada cdital, analisar as prcpcstas, cmitindc
parcccr para cricntar a dccisc da FINLP c dc CNPq, indicar ccnsultcrcs
ad hcc para avaliac dcs prc]ctcs, c accmpanhar c avaliar
pcrmancntcmcntc c prcgrama.
O Prcgrama luncicna nc lcrmatc dc rcdcs cccpcrativas dc pcsquisa
lcrmadas a partir dc tcmas pricritarics lanadcs a cada Chamada Pblica.
As rcdcs intcgram cs pcsquisadcrcs das divcrsas institui6cs,
hcmcgcncizam a inlcrmac cntrc scus intcgrantcs c pcssibilitam a
capacitac pcrmancntc dc institui6cs cmcrgcntcs. Nc ambitc dc cada
rcdc, cs prc]ctcs das divcrsas institui6cs tcm intcrlaccs c cnquadram-sc
cm uma prcpcsta glcbal dc cstudcs, garantindc a gcrac dc rcsultadcs dc
pcsquisa clctivcs c prcntamcntc aplicavcis nc ccnaric nacicnal. Aatuac
cm rcdc pcrmitc, ainda, a padrcnizac dc mctcdclcgias dc analiscs, a
ccnstantc dilusc c circulac dc inlcrma6cs cntrc as institui6cs, c
cstimulc ac dcscnvclvimcntc dc parccrias c a maximizac dcs rcsultadcs.
As rcdcs dc pcsquisas sc accmpanhadas c pcrmancntcmcntc
avaliadas pcr ccnsultcrcs, pclas agncias linanciadcras c pclc Orupc
Cccrdcnadcr, atravcs dc rcuni6cs pcricdicas, visitas tccnicas c Scminarics
anuais.
Os rcsultadcs cbtidcs pclc PROSAB cstc dispcnivcis atravcs dc
manuais, livrcs, artigcs publicadcs cm rcvistas cspccializadas c trabalhcs
aprcscntadcs cm cnccntrcs tccniccs, tcscs dc dcutcradc c disscrta6cs dc
mcstradc publicadas. Alcm dissc, varias unidadcs dc sancamcntc lcram
ccnstruidas ncstcs ltimcs ancs pcr tcdc c pais c, cm maicr cu mcncr grau,
utilizaram inlcrma6cs gcradas pclcs prc]ctcs dc pcsquisa dc PROSAB
Alcm dc scu pcrtal ,www.lincp.gcv.br/prcsab/indcx.html) , a
divulgac dc PROSAB tcm sidc lcita atravcs dc artigcs cm rcvistas da
arca, da participac cm mcsas-rcdcndas, dc trabalhcs sclccicnadcs para
aprcscntac cm cvcntcs, bcm ccmc pcla publicac dc pcrta-lclics c
lcldcrs ccntcndc inlcrma6cs scbrc cs prc]ctcs dc cada cdital.
e seminrios
,
CJ0 C000NA00 00 0SA3.
Jurandyr Pcvinclli SAL/SC c LLSC
saacgabitcrra.ccm.br c ]pcvinclsc.usp.br
Ciccrc O. dc Andradc Nctc - UFRN
ciccrcct.ulrn.br
Dciza Iara Pintc - CNPq
dlaracnpq.br
Marccs Hclanc Mcntcncgrc Ministcric das Cidadcs
marccs.mcntcncgrccidadcs.gcv.br
Sandra Hclcna Bcndarcwsky CAIXA
sandra.bcndarcvskycaixa.gcv.br
Jcaninc Clapcr - CAIXA
]caninc.clapcrcaixa.gcv.br
Anna Virginia Machadc ABLS
anna.virginiaabcs-dn.crg.br
Ana Maria Barbcsa Silva - FINLP
anamarialincp.gcv.br
Cclia Maria Pcppc dc Figucircdc - FINLP
cmliguclincp.gcv.br
O cdital 4 dc PROSAB lci linanciadc pcla FINLP, CNPq c CAIXA ccm as
scguintcs lcntcs dc rccurscs. Fundc Sctcrial dc Rccurscs Hidriccs c
Rccurscs Ordinarics dc Tcscurc Nacicnal dc Fundc Nacicnal dc
Dcscnvclvimcntc Cicntilicc c Tccnclcgicc c Caixa Lccncmica Fcdcral.
.ouJ.oa `oeoc.o
alae` /opsc.tz Xav.e 3astos
V.gue` Vaosu A.sse
/c66|JeoaJ6|es)
Tata~eoto e Jt.`.zaao
Je sgotos Sao.ta.os
ec.le
200
Ccpyright 2000 ABLS RJ
Ldic tiragcm. 000 cxcmplarcs
Prc]c/c Gr6[|cc, cJ|/crodc c/c/rcn|co c [c/c/|/cs
SLRMOORAF Artcs Oralicas c Lditcra Itda.
Rua Sc Scbastic, 00
CLP 25045-045 Sc Scbastic Pctrcpclis - RJ
TLI. ,0xx24) 2237 3700 Fax. ,0xx24) 2237-3700
scrmcgralscrmcgral.ccm.br
CccrJcnoJcrcs
Icurdinha Flcrcncic
Ralacl Kcpschitz Xavicr Bastcs
Migucl Mansur Aissc
Tratamcntc c utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics /
Icurdinha Flcrcncic, Ralacl Kcpschitz Xavicr
Bastcs, Migucl Mansur Aissc ,Cccrd.). Ric dc
Jancirc . ABLS, 2000.
427 p. . il
Prc]ctc PROSAB
ISBN. 85-7022-52-5
ISBN. 078-85-7022-52-0
. Tratamcntc dc csgctcs. 2. Rcsc dc agua. 3.
Fcrtirrigac. 4. Hidrcpcnia. 5. Prcduc animal.
I. Flcrcncic, Icurdinha. II. Bastcs, Ralacl
Kcpschitz Xavicr. III. Aissc, Migucl Mansur.
Va.a Je .ouJes `oeoc.o Jos Saotos
alae` /opsc.tz Xav.e 3astos
V.gue` Vaosu A.sse
/c66|JeoaJ6|es)
|ot|tu|coes Part|c|paotes e Coordeoadores de Projeto
Pcntilicia Univcrsidadc Catclica dc Parana PUCPR
Cursc dc Lngcnharia Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Migucl Mansur Aissc ,Vicc Cccrdcnadcr da Rcdc)
L-mail. migucl.aisscpucpr.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia UFBA
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Ashcr Kipcrstck
L-mail. ashcrulba.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara UFC
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Hidraulica c Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Franciscc Suctcnic Bastcs Mcta
L-mail. suctcniculc.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc UFLS
Dcpartamcntc dc Hidraulica c Sancamcntc
Cccrdcnadcr. Rcgina dc Pinhc Kcllcr
L-mail. kcllygtrgmail.ccm.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Minas Ocrais UFMO
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Carlcs Augustc Icmcs Chcrnicharc
L-mail. calcmcsdcsa.ulmg.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc UFPL
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Civil
Cccrdcnadcr. Maria dc Icurdcs Flcrcncic dcs Santcs ,Cccrdcnadcra da Rcdc)
L-mail. llcrulpc.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Sul UFROS
IPH - Institutc dc Pcsquisas Hidraulicas
Dcpartamcntc dc Hidraulica c Sancamcntc SHS
Cccrdcnadcr. Iuiz Fcrnandc Cybis
Lmail. llcybisiph.ulrgs.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric dc Jancirc UFRJ
Dcpartamcntc dc Rccurscs Hidriccs c Mcic Ambicntc
Cccrdcnadcr. Isaac Vclschan Junicr
L-mail. vclschanpcli.ulr].br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Ncrtc UFRN
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Quimica
Cccrdcnadcr. Hnic Ncrmandc dc Scuza Mclc
L-mail. hcniccq.ulrn.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Sul UFROS
Institutc dc Pcsquisas Hidraulicas
Cccrdcnadcr. Iuiz Olintc Mcntcggia
L-mail. mcntcgiaiph.ulrgs.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Santa Catarina UFSC
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Flavic Rubcns Iapclli
L-mail. lrlcns.ulsc.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Tccantins UFT
Faculdadc dc Lngcnharia Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Iiliana Pcna Naval
L-mail. lilianault.cdu.br
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Vicsa UFV
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Civil
Cccrdcnadcr. Ralacl Kcpschitz Xavicr Bastcs ,Vicc Cccrdcnadcr da Rcdc)
L-mail. rkxbulv.br
Univcrsidadc dc Brasilia UnB
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Civil c Ambicntal
Cccrdcnadcr. Marcc Antcnic Almcida dc Scuza
L-mail. maascuzaunb.br
Univcrsidadc Lstadual dc Campinas UNICAMP
Dcpartamcntc dc Sancamcntc c Ambicntc
Cccrdcnadcr. Brunc Ccraucci Filhc
L-mail. brunclcc.unicamp.br
Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc USP
Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Hidraulica c Sanitaria
Cccrdcnadcr. Rcquc Passcs Pivcli
L-mail. rcquc.pivclipcli.usp.br
Coosultores
Lugnic Fcrcsti
Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc, Lsccla dc Lngcnharia dc Sc Carlcs LLSC/USP
Dcpartamcntc dc Hidraulica c Sancamcntc
Jcsc Marqucs Junicr
Univcrsidadc Lstadual Paulista Jlic dc Mcsquita Filhc, Faculdadc dc
Cincias Agrarias c Vctcrinarias dc Jabcticabal FCAV/UNLSP
Dcpartamcntc dc Sclcs c Adubcs
Marcclc Antcnic Tcixcira Pintc
COMPANHIA DL AOUA L LSOOTO DL BRASIIIA CALSB
Autoes
A0`.`A 0A 0NSCA -JS
Lngcnhcirc Agrcncmc ,ULPO), Mcstrc cm Agrcncmia ,LSAIQ USP), Dcutcr cm Agrcncmia
,LSAIQ USP), Pcs-Dcutcrandc ,CLNA USP). Pcsquisadcr dc Nclcc dc Pcsquisa cm Occquimica c
Occlisicada Iitcslcra,NUPLOLI USP). L-mail. allcnsccccna.usp.br
AS /`ST0/ -J3A
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,Tcchnicn Isracl Institutc cl Tcchnclcgy), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Quimica
,Univcrsity cl Manchcstcr, UMIST Inglatcrra), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Quimica ,UMIST). Prclcsscr
Ad]untc da UFBA, Lsccla Pclitccnica, Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Ambicntal. Cccrdcnadcr Ocral
dc TLCIIM Rcdc dc Tccnclcgias Iimpas c Minimizac dc Rcsiducs. L-mail. ashcrulba.br
3JN0 C0AJCC` `.0 - JN`CAV
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UNICAMP), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC USP),
Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Civil ,USP). Prclcsscr Titular da UNICAMP, Faculdadc dc Lngcnharia Civil,
Arquitctura c Urbanismc, Dcpartamcntc dc Sancamcntc c Ambicntc. L-mail. brunclcc.unicamp.br
CA.0S AJCJST0 0.V0S CN`CA0 - JVC
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFMO), Lspccializac cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,UFMO), Mcstrc cm
Sancamcntc, Mcic Ambicntc c Rccurscs Hidriccs ,UFMO), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Ambicntal
,Univcrsity cl Ncwcastlc Upcn Tync Inglatcrra), Prclcsscr Ad]untc da UFMO, Lsccla dc
Lngcnharia, Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaSanitaria c Ambicntal. L-mail. calcmcsdcsa.ulmg.br
C.`A C`NA V0NTS - JS
Fisica ,Faculdadc dc Filcsclia Cincias c Ictras Oswaldc Cruz), Mcstra cm Occlisica ,IAO USP),
Dcutcra cm Occlisica ,IAO USP), Pcs-Dcutcradc ,USP). Prclcsscra Dcutcra dc CLNA USP,
Divisc dc Funcicnamcntc dc Lccssistcmas Trcpicais. Pcsquisadcra dc Nclcc dc Pcsquisa cm
Occquimicac Occlisicada Iitcslcra,NUPLOLI USP). L-mail. crmlauarusp.br
C'C0 0N00AN0A0NT0 - JN
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFRN), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil ,UFPB), Dcutcr cm Rccurscs Naturais
,UFCO). Prclcsscr Ad]untc da UFRN, Ccntrc dc Tccnclcgia, Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Civil. L-
mail. ciccrcct.ulrn.br
0AN`.v`0A.Z - V3AA/1
Lngcnhcirc Agrcncmc ,UFRRJ), Mcstrc cm Agrcncmia ,UFRRJ), Dcutcr cm Quimica ,PUC RJ).
Pcsquisadcr III da LMBRAPA, Ccntrc Nacicnal dc Pcsquisa dc Sclcs, Ric dc Jancirc. L-mail.
daniclcnps.cmbrapa.br
0JA00 AJ0A T`X`A .ANNA - Jv
Biclcgc ,UFV), Mcstrc cm Zcctccnia ,UFV), Dcutcr cm Zcctccnia ,UNLSP). Prclcsscr Ad]untc UFV,
Ccntrc dc Cincias Agrarias, Dcpartamcntc dc Zcctccnia. L-mail. clannaulv.br
0JA00 C0`V-J3A
Lngcnhcirc Sanitarista ,UFBA), Lspccializac cm Lngcnharia dc Irrigac ,UFBA), Mcstrc cm
Ocrcnciamcntc c Tccnicas Ambicntais nc Prcccssc Prcdutivc ,UFBA). Pcsquisadcr da UFBA, Lsccla
Pclitccnica, Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaAmbicntal. L-mail. ccchimulba.br
JCN`0 0ST` -JS
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,USP), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC USP),
Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC USP), Pcs-Dcutcradc ,Univcrsity cl
Ncwcastlc Upcn Tync Inglatcrra). Prclcsscr Titular da USP, Lsccla dc Lngcnharia dc Sc Carlcs,
Dcpartamcntc dc Hidraulicac Sancamcntc. L-mail. clcrcstisc.usp.br
.v`0 J3NS .A0..` - JSC
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFSC), Lspccializac cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,USP), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia dc
Prcduc ,UFSC), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,USP c Univcrsitc dc
Mcntpcllicr II Frana). Prclcsscr Titular da UFSC, Ccntrc Tccnclcgicc, Dcpartamcntc dc
LngcnhariaSanitariac Ambicntal. L-mail. lrlcns.ulsc.br
N`0 N0VAN00 0S0JZA V.0 - JN
Lngcnhcirc Quimicc ,UFPL), Mcstrc cm Quimica ,UFPL), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Ambicntal ,Institut
Naticnal dcs Scicnccs Appliquccs Frana). Prclcsscr Ad]untc da UFRN, Ccntrc dc Tccnclcgia,
Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaQuimica. L-mail. hcniccq.ulrn.br
`SAAC v0.SCAN1JN`0 -J1
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,Univcrsidadc Santa Ursula, USU), Lspccializac cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria
,ULRJ), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,Institutc Fcr Hydraulics And Lnvircnmcntal Lnginccring,
IHL Hclanda), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia dc Prcduc ,UFRJ). Prclcsscr Ad]untc da UFRJ, Lsccla
Pclitccnica, Dcpartamcntc dc Rccurscs Hidriccs c Mcic Ambicntc. L-mail. vclschanpcli.ulr].br
10SVAJS 1JN`0 - JNS
Lngcnhcirc Agrcncmc ,Lsccla Supcricr dc Agricultura c Cincias dc Machadc, LSACM), Mcstrc cm
Agrcncmia ,UFIA), Dcutcr cm Agrcncmia ,LSAIQ USP). Prclcsscr Dcutcr da UNLSP, Faculdadc
dc Cincias Agrarias c Vctcrinarias dc Jabcticabal, Dcpartamcntc dc Sclcs c Adubcs. L-mail.
marqucslcav.uncsp.br
.`.`ANA NAvA.- JT
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.0J0`NA .0NC`0 -J
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Anacrcbic dc guas Rcsiduarias ,IHL-Hclanda), Mcstra cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c
Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP), Dcutcra cm Tccnclcgia Ambicntal ,Wagcningcn Univcrsitcit Hclanda).
Prclcsscra Ad]unta da UFPL, Ccntrc dc Tccnclcgia c Occcincias, Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Civil,
Iabcratcric dc Sancamcntc Ambicntal. L-mail. llcrulpc.br
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ogeoa.aC.v.`,.aooato.oJeSaoea~eotoA~o.eota`.~a.`.\atosulpe.o
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SauJe uo`.ca ,Jo.ves.ty 0l .eeJs - `og`atea}. olesso AJjuoto Ja Jv, Ceoto Je C.oc.as xatas e
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3.o`oga ,J1}, Vesta e~ 3.oqu'~.ca ,J1}, 0outoa e~ V.coo.o`og.a ,Jo.ves.te Je a.s v`` - aoa}.
esqu.saJoa Ja JS, Ceoto Tecoo`og.co, 0epata~eoto Je .Jau`.ca e Saoea~eoto. ~a.`.
\e``ygtsg~a.`.co~.o
NATA CA0.`NA ` A3J1AVA - JN
Lngcnhcira Agrcncma ,UFPR), Mcstra cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,UFRN). Dcutcranda da UFRN,
Ccntrc dc Tccnclcgia, Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaQuimica. Lmail. abu]amrarcnatacq.ulrn.br
0NA.00 STANJTT` -JN`CAV
Lngcnhcirc Agrcncmc ,UNLSP), Mcstrc cm Cincias ,CLNA USP), Dcutcr cm Cincias ,CLNA
USP). Pcsquisadcr c Prclcsscr Cclabcradcr da UNICAMP, Faculdadc dc Lngcnharia Civil
Arquitctura c Urbanismc. L-mail. rcnaldcslcc.unicamp.br
0JASS0S `v.` -JS
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,LLSC-USP), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP),
Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sanitaria ,USP). Prclcsscr Dcutcr da USP, Lsccla
Pclitccnica, Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaHidraulicac Sanitaria. L-mail. rcquc.pivclipcli.usp.br
SJT0N`0 V0TA -JC
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFC), Lspccializac cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,USP), Mcstrc cm Sadc Pblica
,USP), Dcutcr cm Sadc Pblica ,USP). Prclcsscr Titular da UFC, Ccntrc dc Tccnclcgia,
Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaHidraulicac Ambicntal. L-mail. suctcniculc.br
Co`aooaJoes
AN03ZA 00S SANT0S -JC
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFC), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil ,UFC), Dcutcr cm Tccnclcgia Ambicntal
,Wagcningcn Univcrsitcit Hclanda), Pcs-dcutcradc ,UFC). Prclcsscr Ad]untc da UFC, Ccntrc dc
Tccnclcgia, Dcpartamcntc dc Hidraulicac Ambicntal. L-mail. andrc23ulc.br
0C`0 1JCNSN- SANA
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UFPR), Lspccializadc cm Lspac Sccicdadc c Mcic Ambicntc ,Institutc Brasilcirc
dc Pcs Oraduac c Lxtcnsc, IBPLX). Ocrcntc da Unidadc dc Scrvics Prcccssc Lsgctc
,SANLPAR). L-mail. dccic]ursancpar.ccm.br
A3`ANA TSS.- JCS
Lngcnhcira Quimica ,UFROS), Mcstra cm Rccurscs Hidriccs c Sancamcntc Ambicntal ,UFROS).
Dcutcranda da UFROS, Institutc dc Pcsquisas Hidraulicas, Dcpartamcntc dc Obras Hidraulicas. L-
mail. ltcssclcppgiph.ulrgs.br
CN TA0J`A - JNS
Lstatisticc ,UNICAMP), Mcstrc cm Cincias Biclcgicas ,Biccstatistica) ,USP), Dcutcr cm Agrcncmia
,USP). Prclcsscr Dcutcr da UNLSP, Faculdadc dc Cincias Agrarias c Vctcrinarias dc Jabcticabal,
Dcpartamcntc dc Cincias Lxatas. L-mail. gcncrtplcav.uncsp.br
10S0NA.00 0VAC00 - V3AA
Lngcnhcirc Agrcncmc, Mcstrc cm Agrcncmia ,UFRRJ), Dcutcr cm Cincias ,CLNA USP).
Pcsquisadcr da LMBRAPA, Ccntrc Nacicnal dc Pcsquisa dc Sclcs, Ric dc Jancirc. L-mail.
]rmaccdccnps.cmbrapa.br
VA`A ANC.S .030C`0 - JSC
Quimica ,Univcrsidad Ccmplutcnsc dc Madrid ,UCM) Lspanha), Mcstra cm Quimica ,UCM),
Dcutcra ,UCM). Pcs-Dcutcradc ,Univcrsitc dc Mcntpcllicr Frana). Pcsquisadcra da UFSC, Ccntrc
Tccnclcgicc, Dcpartamcntc dc LngcnhariaSanitariac Ambicntal. L-mail. malcbccns.ulsc.br
03T0 `10 0`CJ`00 - JN`CAV
Lngcnhcirc Civil ,UNICAMP), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP) c
cm Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,Univcrsity Ol Calilcrnia, Bcrkclcy), Dcutcr cm Lngcnharia Ambicntal
,Univcrsity cl Calilcrnia, Davis), Pcs-dcutcradc ,Univcrsity cl Calilcrnia, Davis c Pclitccnicc di
Milanc). Prclcsscr Titular da UNICAMP, Faculdadc dc Lngcnharia Civil, Arquitctura c Urbanismc.
L-mail. nsligucircdcucl.ccm.br
Sv`A CAvAZZA - J
Lngcnhcira Civil ,UFAI), Dcutcra cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP), Pcs-
dcutcradc ,UFPL c Univcrsidad Autcncma dc Madrid Lspanha). Prclcsscra Ad]unta da UFPL,
Ccntrc Acadmicc dc Agrcstc, Nclcc dc Tccnclcgia. L-mail. saviaulpc.br
SC`0 ANC`SC0 0AJ`N0 - JVC
Quimicc ,UFV), Mcstrc cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP), Dcutcr cm
Lngcnharia Quimica ,Univcrsity cl Icndcn Inglatcrra), Pcs-dcutcradc ,UFMO). Prclcsscr Titular
da UFOP, Institutc dc Cincias Lxatas c Biclcgicas, Dcpartamcntc dc Quimica. L-mail.
scrgiciccb.ulcp.br
S`.vANA 0J`0Z S`.vA
Biclcga ,UFSCAR), Mcstra cm Lngcnharia Civil. Hidraulica c Sancamcntc ,LLSC-USP), Dcutcra cm
Micrcbiclcgia Ambicntal ,Univcrsity cl Lsscx Inglatcrra), Pcs-Dcutcradc ,DLSA UFMO).
Pcsquisadcra da UFMO, Lsccla dc Lngcnharia, Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal.
L-mail. ssilvadcsa.ulmg.br
`ost.tu.oes ace.as oos ojetos Je esqu.sa
Su~a.o
Capitulo I - Utilizac dc Lsgctcs Sanitarics
Marccs Ccnccituais c Rcgulatcrics ............................
Capitulo 2 - Ncrmas c Critcrics dc Qualidadc
para Rcsc da gua .................................................... 7
Capitulo 3 - Tratamcntc dc csgctcs c prcduc dc
cllucntcs adcquadcs a divcrsas
mcdalidadcs dc Rcsc da gua .................................. 03
Capitulo 4 - Rcsc Urbanc c Industrial .........................................
Capitulo 5 - Irrigac ccm Lsgctcs Tratadcs.
Impactcs nc Sclc c Aqilcrcs ..................................... 55
Capitulo 0 - Irrigac ccm Lsgctcs Sanitarics c
Llcitcs nas Plantas .................................................... 20
Capitulo 7 - Utilizac dc Lsgctcs Tratadcs
cm Hidrcpcnia ........................................................... 230
Capitulo 8 - Usc dc Lsgctcs Tratadcs para
Prcduc Animal ....................................................... 275
Capitulo 0 - Aspcctcs Mctcdclcgiccs para Lstudcs
dc Utilizac dc guas Rcsiduarias
cm Aagricultura ........................................................ 33
Capitulo I0 - Rcsc dc guas Rcsiduarias.
Uma Analisc Critica .................................................. 303
E P
E A D
M
Agricultura
elac.o
Dcsdc 000, ccm a ccnstituic da rcdc dc pcsquisas PROSAB
,Prcgrama dc Pcsquisa cm Sancamcntc Basicc), divcrsas institui6cs
brasilciras vm sc dcdicandc, dc lcrma articulada, a pcsquisa cm tccnicas
dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics c, a partir dc Ldital 3 ,2000), a visc
intcgrada dc tratamcntc c utilizac dc cllucntcs para divcrscs lins.
Nc Ldital 4 ,cb]ctc dcsta publicac) cstc tcma lci aprclundadc,
cnvclvcndc pcsquisas rcalizadas cm quinzc univcrsidadcs brasilciras,
prcvcnicntcs dc dczc 2 cstadcs c dc Distritc Fcdcral, abrangcndc tcdas as
rcgi6cs brasilciras. Fcram dcscnvclvidcs quarcnta c trs sub-prc]ctcs dc
pcsquisa, abcrdandc tcmas rclacicnadcs ccm c rcsc das aguas dc csgctc
sanitaric, incluindc c aprimcramcntc dc tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc quc
rcsultasscm cm cllucntcs ccm qualidadc ccmpativcl ccm as cxigidas para
sua aplicac, ccm scgurana dc pcntc dc vista sanitaric, cccncmicc c
ambicntal. Para issc lci ncccssaria uma ampla articulac
multinstitucicnal c multidisciplinar, ccm dcstaquc para as parccrias ccm
prclcituras, indstrias c ccmpanhias dc sancamcntc.
Ccm rclac acs tipcs dc tratamcntc cstudadcs, cstcs lcram
agrupadcs cm lunc dcs aspcctcs tccnclcgiccs, grau dc tratamcntc
alcanadc, assim ccmc a sua pcsic rclativa na scqncia dc tratamcntc,
a sabcr, prc-tratamcntc, tratamcntc biclcgicc c pcs-tratamcntc. Ccmc
prc-tratamcntc lcram cstudadcs. ,i) dccantadcrcs primarics, ccm c scm
adic dc ccagulantcs, ,ii) pcnciramcntc lcradc. As unidadcs dc
tratamcntc biclcgicc pcsquisadas lcram. ,i) rcatcr UASBccm mcdilicac
nc dccantadcr intcrnc, ,ii) liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, ,iii) lagca dc
cstabilizac ccm biclilmc, ,iv) bicrrcatcr ccm mcmbranas. Ccmc pcs-
tratamcntc lcram avaliadas unidadcs dc tratamcntcs biclcgicc c lisicc-
quimicc. O biclcgicc rcuniu. ,i) lagcas dc maturac, ,ii) lagcas dc
pclimcntc, ,iii) liltrcs dc arcia - liltrc intcrmitcntc, liltrac rapida, ,iv)
bicliltrc dc pcdra cm lagcas, ,v) wctlands ,arcas alagadas cu banhadcs).
Ccmc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc lcram avaliadcs. ,i) ccagulac-
llcculac, ,ii) scdimcntac, ,iii) llctac, ,iv) clcrac.
Lm tcrmcs dc utilizac dc cllucntcs, a lcrtirrigac lci a principal
cpc dc usc prcdutivc dc cllucntcs tratadcs. A hidrcpcnia tambcm lci
cb]ctc dc cstudc, bcm ccmc a aqicultura ,piscicultura) c a prcduc
animal ,caprincs, alimcntadcs ccm lcrragcira irrigada ccm csgctc). O usc
dc cllucntcs tratadcs para lins industriais, assim ccmc sua aplicac para
usc urbanc nc-pctavcl tambcm lcram cb]ctcs dc pcsquisa.
Pcrtantc, a prcscntc publicac aprcscnta grandc partc da
cxpcrincia rcunida ncs trabalhcs dcscnvclvidcs nc ambitc dcstc Ldital 4
dc PROSAB, na rcdc Cccpcrativa dc Pcsquisa 2, dividida cm 0 capitulcs.
Nc Capitulc c tcma c intrcduzidc c ccntcxtualizadc nc ccnaric
brasilcirc c intcrnacicnal. A partir dc uma brcvc rcllcxc scbrc a crisc da
agua, dcstacam-sc as cpcrtunidadcs c, pcr quc nc, a ncccssidadc dc
rcsc.
Nc Capitulc 2 prccura-sc sintctizar c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc
scbrc critcrics dc qualidadc para c rcsc da agua. Ccm basc nc accrvc dc
inlcrma6cs dispcnivcis, incluindc as impcrtantcs ccntribui6cs dc
PROSAB, aprcscnta-sc uma ccntribuic a rcgulamcntac dc rcsc nc
Brasil, cm tcrmcs dc padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs tratadcs.
O Capitulc 3, cm plcnc dialcgc ccm c antcricr, traz uma visc gcral
das tccnicas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs dc mais ampla utilizac nc pais c
da qualidadc cspcrada dcs rcspcctivcs cllucntcs. Aprcscnta-sc, assim, a
aplicabilidadc das dilcrcntcs tccnicas dc tratamcntc vis a vis a qualidadc
rcqucrida para as divcrsas mcdalidadcs dc rcsc da agua, dc accrdc ccm cs
padr6cs prcpcstcs nc Capitulc 2.
Os Capitulcs 4 a 8 sc dcscnvclvidcs cm lcrmatc scmclhantc. uma
brcvc aprcscntac dc cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc dc tcma cm
qucstc, cnvclvcndc c pctcncial c as limita6cs dc divcrsas mcdalidadcs dc
rcsc, scguida da aprcscntac, sintctica quc sc]a, dcs principais
rcsultadcs cbtidcs nc ambitc dcstc cdital dc PROSAB.
Nc Capitulc 4, abcrdam-sc algumas das cpcrtunidadcs dc rcsc
urbanc, prcdial c industrial. O capitulc traz uma impcrtantc ccntribuic
cm tcrnc da discussc da qualidadc da agua para rcsc cm dcscarga dc
sanitarics. Tratam-sc dc tcmas na crdcm dc dia c nc ccntcmpladcs nc
livrc antcricr dc Ldital 3, dcdicadc csscncialmcntc ac rcsc agriccla.
Ncs Capitulcs 5 c 0 c cnlccadc c rcsc agriccla, cm particular c
rcspcctivamcntc, cs impactcs da aplicac dc csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs
scbrc c sclc c as plantas. altcra6cs nas prcpricdadcs dc sclc, pcssivcis
impactcs scbrc cs aqilcrcs, prcdutividadc alcanavcl c qualidadc dcs
mais divcrscs prcdutcs irrigadcs. Prctcndc-sc quc a lcitura dcstcs dcis
capitulcs prcpcrcicnc uma visc intcgrada c indisscciavcl dc sistcma sclc-
agua-planta, scb a aplicac dc csgctcs sanitarics, ccmc uma lcrma dc
lcrtirrigac.
Nc Capitulc 7 sc cxplcradas dilcrcntcs cpcrtunidadcs dc
hidrcpcnia ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs, pcr cxcmplc, nc cultivc dc
llcrcs, grama c hcrtalias. Lstc capitulc traz impcrtantcs ccntribui6cs cm
tcrmcs dc rcccmcnda6cs praticas dc manc]c dc sistcmas hidrcpcniccs
ccm csgctcs tratadcs, nc quc tangc a busca dc ctimizac da prcduc c dc
scgurana sanitaria.
O Capitulc 8 c dcdicadc a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na
prcduc animal, mais cspccilicamcntc, na piscicultura c na irrigac dc
lcrragciras para alimcntac dc caprincs. Lm rclac a piscicultura,
cxplcra-sc c pctcncial dc lagcas dc pclimcntc na prcduc dc alimcntc
,planctcn) para c cultivc dc pcixcs, a prcduc c avaliada cm tcrmcs da
busca dc ctimizac da lasc dc alcvinagcm ,tilapias dc Nilc). Na prcduc
dc lcrragcira sc avaliadcs aspcctcs dc prcdutividadc, qualidadc sanitaria
c nutricicnal dc milhc lcrragcirc irrigadc ccm csgctcs tratadcs. Lstc
capitulc prccnchc impcrtantcs lacunas dc inlcrmac cm tcrmcs da
viabilidadc dcsta pratica c dc risccs a sadc animal.
Ccmc ccntribuic adicicnal, nc Capitulc 0 prccura-sc rcunir
inlcrma6cs scbrc tccnicas dc planc]amcntc dc cxpcrimcntcs c scbrc as
principais mctcdclcgias dc analiticas para a caractcrizac dc sistcma
sclc-agua-planta cm cstudcs dc utilizac agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics.
Prctcndc-sc quc csta sc]a apcnas uma lcrma dc lacilitar a intrcduc ac
tcma, rcmctcndc c pblicc lcitcr ,prcvavclmcntc dc lcrmac divcrsa) as
principais rclcrncias dc litcratura.
Finalmcntc, c ccmc dc praxc ncs livrcs dc PROSAB, c ltimc
capitulc ,Capitulc 0) c dcdicadc a uma analisc critica dc tcma tratadc
ncsta publicac, lrcntc ac cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc c as
pcssibilidadcs tccnicas c cccncmicas dc translcrncia dc tccnclcgia c
aplicac pratica dcs rcsultadcs dcs cxpcrimcntcs dcscnvclvidcs ncstc
cdital.
Lspcrandc tcrmcs ccntribuidc para c avanc dc ccnhccimcntc c dc
dcminic tccnclcgicc nc pais, dcsc]amcs acs lcitcrcs um bcm usc ,c rcsc)
dcsta publicac.
Lm ncmc dc tcda a cquipc da Rcdc 2 dc PROSAB, Ldital 4
Icurdinha Flcrcncic
Ralacl Kcpschitz Xavicr Bastcs
Migucl Mansur Aissc
Cap'tu`o I
Jt.`.zaao Je sgotos Sao.ta.os - Vacos
Cooce.tua.s e egu`ato.os
|6a|J|o|a ||6|eoc|6, V|qae| Vaosa| A|sse, |a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s
e |6qae |ass6s ||.e||
euso Ja gua. 0potuo.JaJe ou Necess.JaJe!
A agua lci pcr muitc tcmpc ccnsidcrada pcla humanidadc ccmc um
rccursc incsgctavcl c, talvcz pcr issc, mal gcridc. Nc laltam cxcmplcs dc
cscasscz dc agua dccc, cbscrvada pclc abaixamcntc dc nivcl dcs lcncis
lrcaticcs, c cncclhimcntc dcs lagcs, a sccagcm dcs pantancs. Varias
rcgi6cs dc mundc pcssucm cstc pancrama cxaccrbadc, scndc quc para
cxplicar tais lcncmcncs nc raras vczcs c sctcr tccnicc cvcca as ccndi6cs
mctccrclcgicas cu cs caprichcs dc tcmpc. Nc cntantc, c prcblcma dc
balanc clcrta vcrsus dcmanda pcr rccurscs hidriccs nc c um prcblcma
apcnas das rcgi6cs aridas c scmi-aridas, pcis cs ccnllitcs dc usc da agua
tambcm sc nctam cm cutras rcgi6cs, inclusivc cs quc disp6cm dc rccurscs
hidriccs ccm clcrta signilicantc.
O pancrama tcrna-sc ainda mais dramaticc, quandc sc ccnstata,
simultancamcntc, a dctcricrac dcs mananciais dc abastccimcntc, ccmc
rcsultadc, dcntrc cutrcs latcrcs, dc baixc nivcl dc ccbcrtura dcs scrvics dc
tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias, da lragilidadc da implcmcntac dc
pcliticas dc prctcc dc mananciais, da nc cbscrvac dc bcas praticas
agrcpccuarias.
Pcr cutrc ladc, crcscc cm tcdc c mundc a ccnscincia cm tcrnc da
impcrtancia dc usc racicnal, da ncccssidadc dc ccntrclc dc pcrdas c
dcspcrdicics c dc rcsc da agua, incluindc a utilizac dc csgctcs
sanitarics para divcrscs lins ccm scus incgavcis atrativcs, dcntrc cs quais.
,i) c rcsc da agua, prcpcrcicnandc alivic na dcmanda c prcscrvac dc
clcrta dc agua para uscs mltiplcs, ,ii) a rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs,
prcpcrcicnandc cccncmia signilicativa dc insumcs, pcr cxcmplc,
lcrtilizantcs c rac animal, ,iii) a ampliac dc arcas irrigadas c a
rccupcrac dc arcas imprcdutivas cu dcgradadas, ,iv) a rcduc dc
lanamcntc dc csgctcs cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs, ccntribuindc para a rcduc
dc impactcs dc pcluic, ccntaminac c cutrclizac.
A utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics clcrccc, pcrtantc, cpcrtunidadcs
dc naturcza cccncmica, ambicntal c sccial, mas cm situa6cs dc accntuada
cscasscz dc rccurscs hidriccs pcdc mcsmc ccnstituir uma ncccssidadc.
VoJa`.JaJes Je euso Ja gua
Iavradcr Filhc ,087), citadc pcr Brcga Filhc c Mancusc ,2003)
sugcrc a scguintc tcrminclcgia para dcscrcvcr as divcrsas pcssibilidadcs
2
dc rcsc da agua.
Rcsc indirctc nc planc]adc. cccrrc quandc a agua ]a utilizada c
dcscarrcgada nc mcic ambicntc, pcrtantc scndc diluida, c
ncvamcntc utilizada a ]usantc dc mancira nc intcncicnal.
Rcsc indirctc planc]adc. cccrrc quandc cs cllucntcs, dcpcis dc
ccnvcnicntcmcntc tratadcs, sc dcscarrcgadcs dc lcrma
planc]ada ncs curscs d`agua supcrliciais cu subtcrranccs, para
scrcm utilizadcs a ]usantc dc lcrma intcncicnal c ccntrclada, nc
intuitc dc algum usc bcnclicc.
Rcsc dirctc planc]adc. cccrrc quandc cs cllucntcs, dcpcis dc
ccnvcnicntcmcntc tratadcs, sc cncaminhadcs dirctamcntc ac
lccal dc rcsc.
Atcrminclcgia sugcrida pcr Iavradcr Filhc assumc ccmc sincnimcs
rcsc planc]adc c rcsc intcncicnal, prcssupcndc a cxistncia dc um
. Para Iavradcr Filhc ,087) rcsc da agua scria c aprcvcitamcntc dc aguas prcviamcntc utilizadas,
uma cu mais vczcs, para suprir as ncccssidadcs dc cutrcs uscs, incluindc c criginal.
2. Fclizzatc ,200) salicnta quc atc 008 csta palavra nc ccnstava na lingua pcrtugucsa c cra
traduzida litcralmcntc dc ingls `rcusc` c cscrita dc duas lcrmas. rc-usc cu rcusc. Nc cntantc, a gralia
ccrrcta da palavra c rcsc ccm accntc agudc, pcis sc trata dc um hiatc crcsccntc advindc dc vcrbc
rcusar. Os lcitcrcs pcdcrc cnccntrar na litcratura nacicnal c intcrnacicnal c cmprcgc dc tcrmc rcsc
dc aguas rcsiduarias ,`wastcwatcr rcusc`). Lntrctantc, dc mancira licl ac usc da lingua pcrtugucsa,
ncsta publicac scrc cmprcgadcs cs tcrmcs rcsc da agua, cu utilizac ,usc) dc csgctcs.
2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
sistcma dc tratamcntc dc cllucntcs quc atcnda acs padr6cs dc qualidadc
rcqucridcs pclc ncvc usc quc sc dcsc]a lazcr da agua. Lntrctantc, varics
sc cs cxcmplcs cm tcdc c mundc dc rcsc dirctc intcncicnal, cu mcsmc
planc]adc, quc nc ncccssariamcntc inclucm c tratamcntc dcs csgctcs.
Pcr issc, Van dcr Hcck ,2004) sugcrc quc cs cslcrcs dc unilcrmizac dc
tcrminclcgia pcdcriam limitar-sc a. ,i) rcsc planc]adc cu nc planc]adc
,lcrmal cu inlcrmal), ,ii) usc dirctc dc csgctcs nc tratadcs, ,iii) usc dirctc
dc csgctcs tratadcs, ,iii) usc indirctc dc csgctcs, tratadcs cu nc. Pcr rcsc
lcrmal Van dcr Hcck ,2004) sugcrc a rclcrncia a praticas ccm algum nivcl
dc pcrmissc cu ccntrclc pcr partc das autcridadcs ccmpctcntcs, c c rcsc
inlcrmal a ausncia dcstcs mccanismcs.
A litcratura intcrnacicnal, principalmcntc a ncrtc-amcricana,
cmprcga ccm lrcqncia c tcrmc `rcclaimcd wastcwatcr` ,tc rcclaim =
rccupcrar, rcgcncrar, aprcvcitar), para dcsignar c aprcvcitamcntc dc
csgctcs tratadcs, nc minimc, cm nivcl sccundaric ,ASANO, ILVINL,
008). Lstcs autcrcs distingucm tambcm cs tcrmcs rcsc c `rcciclagcm da
agua`, rclcrindc-sc c scgundc a situac dc um nicc usuaric quc laz usc dc
um cllucntc rctcrnandc-c ccmc lcntc suplcmcntar dc abastccimcntc ac
usc criginal. Brcga Filhc c Mancusc ,2003) cntcndcm a rcciclagcm ccmc
um casc particular dc rcsc dirctc.
Os autcrcs dcstc capitulc sugcrcm ainda c tcrmc `rcsc ccntrcladc`,
rclcrindc-sc a utilizac scgura dc pcntc dc vista sanitaric, sustcntavcl dc
pcntc dc vista ambicntal c viavcl dc pcntc dc vista dc prcduc.
Praticamcntc ccnsagrada na litcratura intcrnacicnal c a
catcgcrizac das mcdalidadcs dc rcsc da agua cm rcsc pctavcl c rcsc
nc pctavcl, incluindc cstc. ,i) rcsc para lins urbancs, ,ii) rcsc para lins
agricclas c llcrcstais, ,iii) rcsc para lins ambicntais, ,iv) rcsc para lins
industriais, ,v) rcsc na aqicultura, ,vi) rcsc na rccarga artilicial dc
aqilcrcs.
O rcsc pctavcl, cmbcra cnccntrc cxcmplcs dc aplicac pratica nc
tcm sidc rcccmcndadc ,cu rcccmcndadc ccm rcscrvas), cm lunc da
diliculdadc dc caractcrizac pcrmcncrizada dcs csgctcs sanitarics ,cu
urbancs) c, pcrtantc, dcs risccs asscciadcs a sadc ,HLSPANHOI, 000).
As mcdalidadcs dc rcsc urbanc c ambicntal ,paisagisticc) cnvclvcm
uma grandc varicdadc dc aplica6cs, dcntrc cutras. ,i) irrigac dc campcs
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s 3
dc cspcrtc, parqucs, ]ardins, ccmitcrics, cantcircs dc rcdcvias, ctc, ,ii) uscs
crnamcntais c paisagisticcs, ,iii) dcscarga dc tcalctcs, ,iv) ccmbatc a
incndics, ,v) lavagcm dc vciculcs, ,vi) limpcza dc ruas, ,vii) dcscbstruc
dc rcdcs dc csgctcs c dc drcnagcm pluvial, ,viii) uscs na ccnstruc, ccmc a
ccmpactac dc sclc c c abatimcntc dc pccira.
Finalmcntc, tambcm bastantc disscminada c a subdivisc dcs uscs
agricclas c urbancs cm usc rcstritc c irrcstritc, c quc dclinc cstas duas
catcgcrias c c grau dc rcstric dc accssc ac pblicc, dc arcas c tccnicas dc
aplicac dcs csgctcs cu dc plantas irrigadas ,ccntrclc da cxpcsic
humana) c, ccnscqcntcmcntc, as cxigncias dc tratamcntc c c padrc dc
qualidadc dc cllucntcs ,vcr capitulc 2 dcstc livrc).
Lmbcra a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics sc]a uma pratica mais quc
ccntcnaria, c tambcm um ccnccitc mcdcrnc, na mcdida cm quc ganha cada
vcz mais rcccnhccimcntc ccmc uma impcrtantc cstratcgia para c
dcscnvclvimcntc sustcntavcl. Os cxcmplcs cm tcdc c mundc vc dcsdc
sistcmas rigidamcntc ccntrcladcs pcr dirctrizcs gcvcrnamcntais, ccm
clcvadcs nivcis dc planc]amcntc c rcspaldadcs cm pcliticas dc gcstc dc
rccurscs hidriccs, atc as iniciativas cspcntancas dc pcqucncs agricultcrcs
cnvclvcndc scrics risccs a sadc pblica. Lntrctantc, apcnas
rcccntcmcntc lcram-sc ccnsclidandc as bascs tccnicas c cicntilicas para c
rcsc ccntrcladc ,STRAUSS, BIUMLNTHAI, 080, STRAUSS, 200).
O Quadrc . aprcscnta, ccmc um rclatc histcricc, alguns dcs mais
cmblcmaticcs cxcmplcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics cm varias
partcs dc mundc.
`ost.tuc.ooa`.zaao e egu`a~eotaao
Jo euso Ja gua
A rcgulamcntac da utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics para divcrscs
lins c cbscrvada cm varics paiscs, cs mais distintcs cm tcrmcs dc
caractcristicas sccic-cccncmicas c lccalizac gccgralica, a cxcmplc dc
Mcxicc, Arabia Saudita, Japc, Australia, Tunisia, Pcru, Alcmanha,
lrica dc Sul, Chiprc, Isracl, Kuwait, China ,MARA, CAIRNCROSS,
080, STRAUSS, BIUMLNTHAI, 080, BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/., 2000,
STRAUSS, 200, USLPA, 2004, VANDLRHOLK, 2004). Ccmc ]a rclcridc
cm varics paiscs c rcsc da agua c ccmpcncntc dc prcgramas c pcliticas dc
4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Captulo2
gcstc dc rccurscs hidriccs, cm cutrcs as praticas dc rcsc carcccm dc
rcgulamcntac c tambcm dc dcvidc ccntrclc, sanitaric c ambicntal.
Ncs LUA, ainda cm 08, c Dcpartamcntc dc Sadc Pblica dc
Lstadc da Calilcrnia cmitiu a primcira rcgulamcntac clicial scbrc a
utilizac agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics quc sc tcm ccnhccimcntc
,CROOK, 078). Ncstc pais, c rcsc da agua ,utilizac dc csgctcs
sanitarics tratadcs) cm suas divcrsas mcdalidadcs ,agriccla, urbanc,
industrial, ctc.) c hc]c cb]ctc dc rcgulamcntac cm tcdc c tcrritcric
nacicnal, ccmplcmcntada pcr lcgisla6cs vigcntcs cm varics cstadcs
,USLPA, 2004). Organismcs intcrnacicnais, ccmc a Organizac Mundial
da Sadc ,OMS), tambcm tm sc dcdicadc a rcccmcndac dc critcrics dc
sadc para a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics. Lm 073 a OMS publiccu
suas primciras dirctrizcs sanitarias scbrc c usc dc aguas rcsiduarias,
ccnstantcmcntc atualizadas ,WHO, 073, WHO, 080, WHO, 2000a, b).
Quadro I.Ia Lxcmplcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics ncs Lstadcs Unidcs
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003) c Mara c Cairncrcss ,080).
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s 5
Ane Leca|idade Ap|icae de agoa de rese

Estades Unides

lvl2-lv5 Parque Gelden Gate, Sae Francrsce,
Calrfernra
lrrrgaae de gramades e abastecrmente de lages
ernamentars

lv2o Parque Nacrenal Grand Canyen,
Arrzena
Descarga em sanrtarres, aspersae em gramades, agua
para resfrramente e agua para aquecederes

lv2v Crdade de Pemena, Calrfernra lrrrgaae de gramades e jardrns

lv42 Crdade de Baltrmere, Maryland Resfrramente de metars e em precessamente de ae na
Cempanhra Srderurgrca Bethkehem

lvo0 Crdade de Celerade Sprrngs,
Celerade
lrrrgaae de campes de gelfe, parques, cemrterres e
redevras

lvol Drstrrte de lrvrne Ranch Water,
Calrfernra
lrrrgaae de jardrns e descarga de sanrtarres em grandes
edrfrcaes
lvo2 Drstrrte de Ceunty Sanrtatren de Les
Angeles, Calrfernra
Recarga de aqlferes usande bacras de rnundaae em
Mentebelle Ferebay

lv77 Crdade de Sae Petersburge, Flerrda lrrrgaae de parques, campes de gelfe, patre de escelas,
gramades resrdencrars e agua de repesrae em terres de
resfrramente

lv5

Crdade de Fl Pase, 1exas

Recarga de aqulferes per rnjeae drreta, ne aqlfere
Huece Belsen, e ceme agua de resfrramente em usrnas
de geraae de energra eletrrca

lv7

Agncra Regrenal de Menterey de
Centrele da Pelurae da Agua,
Menterey, Calrfernra

lrrrgaae de drversas hertalras, rnclurnde alcachefra,
arpe, brecelrs, alface e ceuve-fler


Quadro I.Ib Lxcmplcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics cm cutras partcs dc mundc
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003) c Mara c Cairncrcss ,080).
impcrtantc dcstacar quc na lcrmulac dc marccs rcgulatcrics
para c rcsc da agua, c prcblcma dcvc scr ccnsidcradc cm suas varias
dimcns6cs. dc sadc pblica, ambicntal, cccncmica c linanccira, sccial c
cultural. Aqucstc sccic-cultural incluindc crcna rcligicsa, habitcs lccais
c situac sccic-cccncmica dcvc scr adcquadamcntc dimcnsicnada, pcis
pcdc dctcrminar a accitac cu rc]cic pblica ,WHO, 2000a,
HLSPANHOI, 007).
c
Nc Brasil, dcsdc a prcmulgac da Ici N 0433 dc 8 dc ]ancirc dc

007, quc institui a Pclitica Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs c cria c Sistcma
Nacicnal dc Ocrcnciamcntc dc Rccurscs Hidriccs ,BRASII, 007), a
gcstc dcs rccurscs hidriccs c rcspaldada cm um mcdcrnc aparatc
ncrmativc c institucicnal, cm lasc crcsccntc dc implcmcntac. Pcr sua
c
vcz, a Rcscluc CONAMA N 357, dc 7 dc marc dc 2005, quc disp6c
scbrc a classilicac dcs ccrpcs dc agua c dirctrizcs ambicntais para c scu
cnquadramcntc, bcm ccmc cstabclccc as ccndi6cs c padr6cs dc
6 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ane Leca|idade Ap|icae de agoa de rese

Ootres paises

lv0 Crdade de
Mexrce, Mexrce
Atualmente, cerca de 45

m
`

seg
-l
de esgetes sanrtarres, cembrnades a
l0 m
`
seg
-l
de aguas pluvrars, sae utrlrzades em 0000

ha, a o0

km da regrae
metrepelrtana (Valle Mezqurtal), erganrzades em perlmetres rrrrgades,
abastecrdes per um cemplexe srstema de canars e reservaterres

lv2v Calcuta, lndra Pratrcamente tede e esgete brute da crdade de Calcuta e utrlrzade em cerca
de 4400 ha de tanques de crraae de perxes, amars de 27 km ae leste da
regrae metrepelrtana, alrmentades per um cemplexe srstema de canars,
algumas unrdades predutrvas sae arrendadas pele peder publrce, eutras sae
preprredade prrvada eu eperam em srstema de ceeperatrvas Apredutrvrdade
alcana l - l,4 t ha
-l
e respende per cerca de l0-20/de pescade
cemercralrzade na Grande Calcuta

lvo2 La Seukra,
1unlsra
lrrrgaae cem agua de reuse para plantas cltrrcas e recarga de aqlferes para
reduzrr a rntrusae de aguas salrnas na agua subterranea
lvo Crdade de
Wrndheek,
Namlbra
Srstema avanade de tratamente de esgete para aumentar e abastecrmente de
agua petavel
lvov Crdade de Wagga
Wagga, Australra
lrrrgaae de campes espertrves, gramades e cemrterres

lv77

Prejete Regrae
Dan, 1el-Avrv,
lsrael

Recarga de aguas subterraneas per bacras, aguas subterraneas bembeadas sae
transferrdas vra srstema aduter cem l00 km de extensae para rrrrgaae
rrrestrrta de culturas alrmentares ne sul de lsrael

lv4

Geverne
Metrepelrtane de
1equre, Japae

Prejete em Shrnjuku, drstrrte de 1ekre, rncentrva reaprevertamente de agua
para descarga em descarga de vases de lv altas edrfrcaes em areas
metrepelrtanas altamente cengestrenadas

lvv

Censercre da
Cesta Brava,
Grrena, Fspanha

lrrrgaae de campes de gelfe


lanamcntc dc cllucntcs ,BRASII, 2005a), dclinc dirctrizcs dc qualidadc
da agua a scrcm cbscrvadas dc accrdc ccm cs uscs prcpcndcrantcs dcs
curscs d`agua. Lntrctantc, as rclcridas lcgisla6cs disp6cm
c
csscncialmcntc scbrc c usc dirctc da agua, ainda quc na Ici N 0433 / 07 sc
pcrccbam varics dispcsitivcs quc apcntam na dircc dc rcsc ccmc um
prcccssc impcrtantc para a racicnalizac dc usc da agua.
c
Mais rcccntcmcntc, c Prc]ctc dc Ici N 5200 / 2005 ,quc institui as
dirctrizcs para cs scrvics pbliccs dc sancamcntc basicc c a Pclitica
Nacicnal dc Sancamcntc Basicc) ]a sc rclcrc dirctamcntc ac rcsc da
3
agua, pcr cxcmplc cm scu Artigc 0, Incisc III ,BRASII, 2005b).
Sc dirctrizcs rclativas ac csgctamcntc sanitaric. inccntivar c
rcsc da agua, a rcciclagcm dcs dcmais ccnstituintcs dcs csgctcs c a
clicincia cncrgctica, ccndicicnadc ac atcndimcntc dcs rcquisitcs dc
sadc pblica c dc prctcc ambicntal pcrtincntcs.
Tambcm cm 2005, c Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs
c
,CNRH) prcmulgcu a Rcscluc N 54 quc cstabclccc mcdalidadcs,
dirctrizcs c critcrics gcrais para a pratica dc rcsc dirctc nc pctavcl dc
agua nc Brasil, rcmctcndc para rcgulamcntac ccmplcmcntar cs padr6cs
dc qualidadc c cs ccdigcs dc praticas para as divcrsas mcdalidadcs dc
rcsc. ,i) rcsc para lins agricclas c llcrcstais, ,ii) rcsc para lins urbancs.
,iii) rcsc para lins ambicntais, ,iv) rcsc para lins industriais, ,v) rcsc
4
na aqicultura ,BRASII, 2000) .
Pcrtantc, a rcgulamcntac dc rcsc da agua cnccntra-sc cm plcnc
cursc nc Brasil, atc mcsmc pclc rcccnhccimcntc ,cxplicitadc ncs
c
ccnsidcrandcs da Rcscluc CNRH N 54/2005) dc quc praticas dc rcsc ]a
sc uma rcalidadc nc pais. impcrtantc salicntar quc a Rcscluc CNRH
54/2005 cclcca a atividadc dc rcsc da agua ccmc intcgrantc das pcliticas
dc gcstc dc rccurscs hidriccs vigcntcs nc pais.
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s 7
3. Prc]ctc dc Ici cm tramitc a cpcca da clabcrac dcstc tcxtc.
4. Prcccssc cm cursc a cpcca da clabcrac dcstc tcxtc.
Co~pat.o.`.JaJe eote o Tata~eoto Jos sgotos,
a Jt.`.zaao e o .aoa~eoto e~ Copos J gua
As tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sc dcscnvclvidas tcndc pcr
principal rclcrncia c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs d`agua. As cxigncias para
atcndcr acs padr6cs dc qualidadc dcs ccrpcs rcccptcrcs / mananciais dc
abastccimcntc sc rcstritivas, cm dcccrrncia da lragilidadc dcs
cccssistcmas aquaticcs c da ncccssidadc dc prcscrvac dcs uscs mltiplcs
da agua. Assim, ncccssita-sc dc substancial rcduc da carga dc matcria
crganica bicdcgradavcl c dc sclidcs cm suspcnsc, dc macrcnutricntcs
ccmc c nitrcgnic c c lcslcrc, dc rcmcc cu inativac dc divcrscs grupcs
dc crganismcs patcgniccs, alcm dc ccntrclc das ccnccntra6cs dc
inmcrcs ccnstituintcs quimiccs ccm prcpricdadcs tcxicas a sadc
humana c a bicta aquatica.
Os prcccsscs biclcgiccs dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica
bicdcgradavcl ccnstitucm a altcrnativa mais intcrcssantc scb cs pcntcs dc
vista tccnicc c cccncmicc para a clctiva rcduc dc ccnccntrac dcs
ccmpcstcs prcdcminantcs nc csgctc. A histcrica utilizac c rcccnhccida
clicincia clcvada dc prcccsscs acrcbics mccanizadcs, ccmc cs sistcmas dc
lcdcs ativadcs c liltrcs biclcgiccs, tcm cvcluidc pcla inclusc dc ctapa dc
tratamcntc anacrcbic prcvic, rcprcscntada principalmcntc pclcs rcatcrcs
5
UASB . Ncstas ncvas ccnccp6cs, c sistcma dc tratamcntc ganha maicr
racicnalidadc, cccncmizandc cm cncrgia clctrica c prcduzindc quantidadc
dc lcdc substancialmcntc mcncr, dcntrc cutras vantagcns.
Lntrctantc, ccm c crcsccntc rigcr dcs critcrics c padr6cs para a
prctcc da qualidadc das aguas, rcqucr-sc tambcm clcvada rcmcc dcs
principais macrcnutricntcs, c nitrcgnic c c lcslcrc. Lm rclac ac
nitrcgnic, cnccntra-sc ccnsclidada, nc mcic tccnicc, a ccnscnsual
aplicac da altcrnativa dc rcmcc biclcgica cm sistcmas dc nitrilicac c
dcsnitrilicac. Lstc bcnclicic adicicnal lcvcu ac dcscnvclvimcntc dc
prcccsscs ccm tcmpcs dc rcsidncia cclular ncs rcatcrcs c dc taxas dc
aplicac dc cxignic ccmpativcis ccm c mctabclismc das bactcrias
nitrilicadcras, bcm ccmc manutcnc dc lascs ancxicas cm ccndi6cs
8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
5. |[/c Anocrc||c 8/aJgc B/on/c/ ,vcr Capitulc 3).
'
adcquadas para a rcduc biclcgica dc nitratcs. Lm rclac ac lcslcrc, cm
quc pcscm cximics trabalhcs prccurandc caminhcs bicquimiccs quc lcvcm
a sua maicr rcmcc, parccc quc scmcntc cs prcccssc lisicc-quimiccs, ccm
utilizac dc sais dc aluminic cu lcrrc c liltrac tcrciaria, sc capazcs dc
rcsultar cm cllucntcs quc mais sc aprcximcm dcs rcstritivcs padr6cs dc
qualidadc, scbrctudc cm aguas dc ambicntcs lnticcs. Dcvc-sc rcparar quc
tal tratamcntc quimicc muitc sc asscmclha ac aplicadc nas csta6cs dc
tratamcntc dc agua para abastccimcntc pblicc.
Pcrtantc, as diliculdadcs dc atcndimcntc a cxigcntcs padr6cs dc
lanamcntc dcspcrtam, dc lcrma nitida, c apclc a rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs
pcr mcic dc divcrsas mcdalidadcs dc rcsc da agua.
Rcsta ainda c csscncial dcsalic da rcduc dc patcgcncs, malcgrada
ncs sistcmas biclcgiccs ccmpactcs c mccanizadcs. Ncstcs, c cmprcgc dc
agcntcs quimiccs cu lisiccs sc imprcscindivcis, dcstacandc-sc ncsta
lunc cs ccmpcstcs clcradcs c a radiac ultraviclcta. Pcrcm, sc pcr um
ladc c clcvadc pctcncial, bactcricida c virucida dcs principais agcntcs
dcsinlctantc, sc ccnhccidcs, pcr cutrc, tambcm c sc suas limita6cs na
inativac dc ,cc)cistcs dc prctczcarics c cvcs dc hclmintcs,
principalmcntc cm rclac acs ccmpcstcs clcradcs c hclmintcs.
Assim, para a rcmcc da ampla gama dc patcgcncs ncstas csta6cs
dc tratamcntc biclcgicc c mccanizadc ncccssita-sc, ccmplcmcntarmcntc,
dc liltrac tcrciaria, pcssivclmcntc assistida quimicamcntc. Sc a
ccmbinac tc ccmplcxa dcstcs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc c dc latc capaz
dc prcduzir cllucntcs dc cxcclcntc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica, pcr cutrc
ladc, ha quc sc rcllctir scbrc cs aspcctcs dc custc-bcnclicic cnvclvidcs na
ccnccpc intcgrada dc tratamcntc c utilizac dc cllucntc.
Nas Tabclas . c .2 aprcscntam-sc, rcspcctivamcntc, as
ccnccntra6cs dc patcgcncs usualmcntc cnccntradas nc csgctc brutc c a
capacidadc dc rcmcc dc divcrscs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc, rcvclandc as
diliculdadcs dc cbtcnc dc cllucntcs ccmpativcis ccm cxigcntcs padr6cs
dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica.
Ha tambcm c prcblcma dc ccnstituintcs tcxiccs quc pcdcm sc
misturar ac csgctc dcmcsticc c nc sclrcr qualqucr tipc dc translcrmac
cu scparac na cstac dc tratamcntc. Ncstcs cascs, cs cslcrcs dcvcm
scr ccnccntradcs nc ccntrclc das cmiss6cs pcr partc das indstrias quc
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s 9
dcscarrcgam scus cllucntcs nc sistcma pblicc dc cclcta dc csgctc
sanitaric. Ccmc uma ltima barrcira, ccnstituintcs mais lincs cu]cs
cslcrcs para c tratamcntc na LTL sc]am dcsprcpcrcicnais pcdcm scr
ccntrcladcs na prcpria atividadc dc utilizac dc csgctc, principalmcntc
ncs cascs dc usc industrial.
Tabela I.I Ccnccntra6cs usuais dc crganismcs patcgniccs c indicadcrcs dc
ccntaminac cm csgctcs sanitarics.
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WHO ,2000a)
Tabela I.2 Llicincia tipica dc rcmcc dc crganismcs patcgniccs cm prcccsscs dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs.
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc Bastcs c/ o/. ,2003) c WHO ,2000a)
|9 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Micrerganisme Cencentrae
Escher/ch/a co// l0
o
- l0

l00
-l
mL
-l

Sa/mone//a spp l - l0
4
l00
-l
mL
-l

Sh/ge//a spp l - l0
`
l00
-l
mL
-l

|//r/o cho/erae l0 - l0
4
l00
-l
mL
-l

Crstes de C/ard/a sp l0
2
- l0
4
L
-l

Oecrstes de Cr,/osor/d/am spp l0
l
- l0
`
L
-l

Crstes de En/amoe/a h,s/o////ca l - l0
2
L
-l

Oves de helmrntes l0
l
- l0
`
L
-l

Vlrus l0
2
- l0
5
L
-l


Eficincia tipica de remee (|eg
I0
)
Precesse de tratamente
Bacterras Vlrus Pretezearres Helmrntes
Decantaae prrmarra 0 - l 0 - l 0 - l 0 - l
Decantaae prrmarra qurmrcamente
assrstrda
l - 2 l - 2 l - 2 l - `
Precesses secundarres cenvencrenars +
decantaae secundarra
0 - 2 0 - 2 0 - l l - 2
Brefrltres aerades submerses 0,5 - 2 0 - l 0 - l 0,5 - 2
Reateres UASB 0,5 - l,5 0 - l 0 - l 0,5 - l
Lageas de estabrlrzaae, pelrmente e
maturaae
l - o l - 4 l - 4 l - `
Lageas aeradas + lageas de decantaae l - 2 l - 2 0 - l l - `
1erras umrdas censtruldas (wetlands) 0,5 - ` l - 2 0,5 - 2 l - `
Desrnfecae 2 - o l - 4 0 - ` 0 - l
Ceagulaae + fleculaae + frltraae
tercrarra
l - 2 l - 2 l - ` l - `
Ceagulaae + fleculaae + frltraae
tercrarra + desrnfecae
2 - o l - 4 l - 4 l - `
Frltraae em membranas ` - o ` - o o o

Vrus
Vrus
Paralclamcntc a csta tra]ctcria, cs sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs pcr lagcas tm prcscrvadc scu cspac, um pcucc a partc dcs
grandcs ccntrcs urbancs c dilundidcs ncs inccntavcis pcqucncs
municipics dc ncssc pais. Rcccnhccidamcntc um pcucc inlcricrcs acs
prcccsscs mccanizadcs cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica,
nitrcgnic c lcslcrc, prcspcraram cm lunc dc baixc custc dc implantac
c simplicidadc cpcracicnal. Atualmcntc, c cxccssc dc algas nc cllucntc
linal, cu mais prcpriamcntc c pctcncial dc prclilcrac dc ciancbactcrias,
asscciadc a ccnccntra6cs clcvadas dc clcrclila-o, nitrcgnic, lcslcrc c
sclidcs cm suspcnsc, tcm aguadc c rigcr dcs lcgisladcrcs ambicntais cm
rclac as lagcas.
Pcr cutrc ladc, cs sistcmas dc lagcas gczam dc invc]avcl capacidadc
dc rcmcc dc patcgcncs. Lspccialmcntc quandc sc inclucm as lagcas dc
maturac c dc pclimcntc, c pcssivcl rcduzir a dcnsidadc dc cclilcrmcs
3 -
tcrmctclcrantcs abaixc dc 0 crg 00 mI , nmcrc tcmadc pcr rclcrncia
pcr ccnstituir padrc dc classilicac dc ccrtas aguas naturais, inclusivc
as usadas para irrigac ,vcr capitulc 2). Alcm dissc, as lagcas prcduzcm
planctcn, alimcntc vivc dc rcccnhccidc valcr nutritivc c cccncmicc para a
piscicultura tccnilicada.
Lstc ccn]untc dc ccnstata6cs induz a ccnscrciac lagcas-rcsc, ]a
quc c prcccssc, a cxccc dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac
cspccialmcntc rasas c a custa dc clcvadcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc, nc rcmcvc
nutricntcs ccm a mcsma clicincia clcvada dc dcsccntaminac.
Ccrtamcntc quc a pratica agriccla cxigc a ncccssidadc dc ccntrclc dc
cutrcs paramctrcs rclacicnadcs principalmcntc ccm cspccics icnicas, pcr
scus clcitcs cspcradcs scbrc a cstrutura lisica c quimica dc sclc. Mas a
prcmissa inicial c cnccra]adcra, alavancandc prc]ctcs dc pcsquisa cm
divcrscs paiscs. Scb c mctc bcm para c sclc, ruim para as aguas, cs
prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctc pcucc clicicntcs na rcmcc dc
nutricntcs sc candidatcs a dispcnibilizar scus cllucntcs para c usc
agriccla c, scb cssc scntidc, cs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc sc distintcs
daquclcs quc cb]ctivam c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs d`agua. Lm scntidc
analcgc sc cnccntra c prcblcma cspccilicc da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic, agcra
scb c mctc nutricntc para as plantas, tcxicc acs pcixcs.
Ccm a pratica dc rcsc busca-sc a dupla ccntribuic para cs sctcrcs
agriccla c dc sancamcntc. Dc ladc agrcncmicc, a ccntribuic ccm insumcs
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s ||
Captulo
impcrtantcs ccmc a agua c nutricntcs parccc scdutcra, mas a avaliac
prccisa dcs pcssivcis clcitcs advcrscs scbrc c sistcma sclc-planta c scbrc c
lcncl lrcaticc dcvc scr ccnsidcrada.
Os rcsultadcs dispcnivcis dcmcnstram indiscutivcl ganhc cm
prcdutividadc ccmparadc as culturas nc irrigadas, pratica ccmum nc
Brasil. Aprccura pcr culturas cxigcntcs cm nitrcgnic parccc scr tambcm
uma cstratcgia impcrtantc. Valc ainda rcssaltar quc c manc]c agrcncmicc
ncccssaric a irrigac ccm csgctc sanitaric, cm cssncia, nc dilcrc dc
manc]c na agricultura ccnvcncicnal, cu sc]a, c manc]c adcquadc dc
sistcma sclc-agua-planta. Dc mais a mais, sc a tccnclcgia agriccla avancu
a pcntc dc lacilitar a irrigac ccm agua salina, nc dcvcria cnccntrar
,ccmc nc cnccntra mundc alcra) maicrcs diliculdadcs cm lidar ccm a
,lcrti)irrigac ccm csgctcs. Pcr lim, cabc dcstacar quc raciccinic analcgc
cabc a piscicultura, uma atividadc dc crcsccntc impcrtancia cccncmica cm
tcdc c mundc c tambcm nc Brasil.
Dc ladc dc sancamcntc, a indagac principal c a dc quc a irrigac
ccm cllucntcs pcdc cxigir arcas dc cxtcnsc tais quc tcrncm dilicil
imaginar sistcmas ccm cllucntc zcrc, cu sc]a, quc sc climinc pcr
ccmplctc a dcscarga dircta cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Ncstc scntidc, c prcvavcl
quc csta pratica, a principic, sc mcstrc mais viavcl cm pcqucnas
lccalidadcs, muitc cmbcra cxpcrincias cm varias partcs dc mundc
dcsmintam cstc pcstuladc. Mas istc nc c dcsmctivantc, pcis cxistcm
muitcs pcqucncs municipics, ]a pcssuidcrcs dc sistcma dc lagcas c ccm
vccac agriccla.
Outra limitac rclcrir-sc-ia as rcgi6cs dc clcvadcs indiccs
pluvicmctriccs, c quc rcstringiria a aplicac dc csgctcs cm sclcs
invariavclmcntc saturadcs. Lm tcsc, istc laria das rcgi6cs scmi-aridas dc
pais as principais candidatas a avaliar a adcc dc rcsc agriccla. Lm
rclac a piscicultura, ccmc a prcdutividadc c altamcntc dcpcndcntc dc
clima, cm rcgi6cs dc tcmpcraturas mais clcvadas c ccnstantcs, cm gcral
csta atividadc pcdc scr dcscnvclvida ccntinuamcntc, ac lcngc dc tcdc c
anc, mas cm cutras rcgi6cs as atividadcs rcntavcis limitam-sc ac vcrc.
Pcrccbc-sc, assim, quc a ccnccpc intcgrada dc sistcmas dc
tratamcntc c rcsc pcdcm dcmandar ccmplcxidadc c llcxibilidadc
ncccssarias para atcndcr a padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs ccmpativcis
ccm a utilizac c, cu, c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Pcr cxcmplc,
|2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
casc sc ncccssitc dc um tratamcntc tcrciaric para a rcmcc dc lcslcrc, cs
custcs cpcracicnais dcsta ctapa dc tratamcntc scriam limitadcs a cpccas
cspccilicas dc anc, scndc ccm issc drasticamcntc rcduzidcs a pcntc dc,
inclusivc, viabilizar c prcpric tratamcntc. Pcr cutrc ladc, sistcmas
intcgradcs dc tratamcntc c rcsc pcdcm muitc bcm incluir unidadcs dc
rcscrvac dc agua para c atcndimcntc dc dcmandas sazcnais, alias, csta c
uma pratica ccrrcntc na agricultura ccnvcncicnal c vcrilicada tambcm nc
casc dc rcsc, ccm cxcmplcs nctavcis cm Isracl c Mcxicc.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ASANO, T., ILVINL, A.D. Wastcwatcr rcclamaticn, rccycling, and rcusc. an intrcducticn.
In. ASANO, T. ,cd.) Watcr quality managcmcnt library 0, wastcwatcr rcclamaticn and
rcusc. Iancastcr, Pcnnsylvania. Tcchncmic Publishing Ccmpany, Inc., 088. p. 50.
BASTOS R.K.X., BLVIIACQUA P.D., ANDRADL NLTO, C.O., vcn SPLRIINO, M.
Utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm irrigac - aspcctcs sanitarics. In. BASTOS R. K. X.
,cccrd.) Utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm lcrtirrigac, hidrcpcnia c piscicultura. Ric dc
Jancirc. ABLS, RiMa, 2003. p. 23-50 ,Prc]ctc PROSAB).
BIUMLNTHAI, U.J., PLASLY, A., RUIZ-PAIACIOS, O., MARA, D.D. Ouidclincs lcr
wastcwatcr rcusc in agriculturc and aquaculturc. rcccmmcndcd rcvisicns bascd cn ncw
rcscarch cvidcncc. Icndcn. WLII, 2000 ,WLIIStudy, Taskn. 08, Part I).
BRASII. Ici n. 0.433 - 8 ]an. 007. Institui a Pclitica Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs, cria c
Sistcma Nacicnal dc Ocrcnciamcntc dc Rccurscs Hidriccs, rcgulamcnta c incisc XIX dc
art. 2 da Ccnstituic Fcdcral c altcra c art. da Ici n 8.00, dc 3 dc marc dc 000, quc
mcdiliccu a Ici n 7.000, dc 28 dc dczcmbrc dc 080. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, Scc
, 0 ]an. 007.p.470.
BRASII. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Mcic Ambicntc. Rcscluc n. 357 - 7 mar. 2005. Disp6c
scbrc a classilicac dcs ccrpcs dc agua c dirctrizcs ambicntais para c scu cnquadramcntc,
bcm ccmc cstabclccc as ccndi6cs c padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs, c da cutras
prcvidncias. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, 8 mar. 2005a.
BRASII. Sccrctaria Nacicnal dc Sancamcntc Ambicntal. Prc]ctc dc Ici n. 5200/2005.
dirctrizcs para cs scrvics pbliccs dc sancamcntc basicc c pclitica nacicnal dc sancamcntc
basicc PNS. Brasilia. Ministcric das Cidadcs, 2005b. 270p.
BRASII. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Rccurscs Hidriccs. Rcscluc n. 54 - 28 ncv. 2005.
Lstabclccc mcdalidadcs, dirctrizcs para a pratica dc rcsc dirctc nc pctavcl dc agua c da
cutras prcvidncias. Diaric Olicial da Unic, Brasilia, 0 mar. 2000.
BRLOA FIIHO, D., MANCUSO, P.C.S. O ccnccitc dc rcsc da agua. In. MANCUSO, P.C.
S. c SANTOS, H.F. ,Ld.). Rcsc da agua. Barucri. Manclc, 2003. Cap.2, p.2-30.
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s |3
o atendimento
CROOK, J. Hcalth aspccts cl watcr rcusc in Calilcrnia. Jcurnal cl ASCL Lnvircnmcntal
Lnginccring Divisicn, v.04 ,LL4), p.00-00, 078.
FLIIZATTO, M. R. LTL CAOIF - Prcccssc intcgradc dc tratamcntc c rcsc dc agua. In.
2c. Ccngrcssc Brasilcirc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal, 200, Jcc Pcssca -
Paraiba. Anais... CD-Rcm, 200.
IAVRADOR FIIHO, J. Ccntribuic para c cntcndimcntc dc rcsc planc]adc da agua c
algumas ccnsidcra6cs scbrc suas pcssibilidadcs nc Brasil. Sc Paulc. Lsccla Pclitccnica
dc Sc Paulc, Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc, 087 ,Disscrtac, Mcstradc) apud BRLOA
FIIHO, D. c MANCUSO, P.C.S. O ccnccitc dc rcsc da agua. In. MANCUSO, P.C. S. c
SANTOS, H.F. ,Ld.). Rcsc da agua. Barucri. Manclc, 2003. Cap.2, p.2-30.
Hcspanhcl, I. Lsgctcs ccmc rccurscs hidriccs. Partc I. dimcns6cs pcliticas, institucicnais,
lcgais, cccncmicc-linancciras c sccic-culturais. Lngcnharia, v.55, n.523, p.45-58, 007.
Hcspanhcl, I. gua c sancamcntc basicc- uma visc rcalista. In. RLBOUAS, A.C.,
BRAOA, B., TUNDISI, J.O. ,crg.). guas dcccs dc Brasil. capital ccclcgicc, usc c
ccnscrvac. Sc Paulc. Lscrituras, 000. p. 240-304.
MARA, D. D., CAIRNCROSS, S. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and cxcrcta in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WcrldHcalth Organizaticn, 080. 87p.
STRAUSS, M. Rcusc cl wastcwatcr in urban agriculturc. In. BRUINSMA, W. &HLRTOO,
W. ,Lds.) Annctatcd biblicgraphy cn urban agriculturc. Thc Ncthcrlands. LTC Urban
Agriculturc Prcgrammc, 200. P.470-50.
STRAUSS, H., BIUMLNTHAI, U.J. Human wastc usc in agriculturc and aquaculturc.
Utilizaticn practiccs and hcalth pcrspcctivcs. Switzcrland. Intcrnaticnal Rclcrcncc
Ccntrc lcr Wastc Dispcsal, 080 ,Rcpcrt 8/80).
Tchcbancglcus, O., Burtcn, F., Stcnscl, D. ,2003), Wastcwatcr Lnginccring, Trcatmcnt
andRcusc. Mctcall andLddy 4 cdic. McOraw-Hill. Bcstcn, 2003. P.044
UNITLD STATLSLNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY - USLPA. Ouidclincs lcr
watcr rcusc. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 2004.
VAN DLR HOLK, W. A lramcwcrk lcr a glcbal asscssmcnt cl thc cxtcnt cl wastcwatcr
irrigaticn. thc nccd lcr a ccmmcn wastcwatcr typclcgy In. SCOT, C.A., FARUQUI, N.I.,
RASHID-SAIY, I. ,cd.) Wastcwatcr usc in irrigatcd agriculturc. cccrdinating thc
livclihccd and cnvircnmcntal rcalitics. Wallinglcrd. CAB Intcrnaticnal, IWMI, IDRC,
2004. P.0-33.
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Rcusc cl clllucnts. mcthcds cl wastcwatcr
trcatmcnt and hcalth salcguards. Iccr/ c[ o hHO Mcc/|ng c[ Ixcr/s. Ocncva. WHO,
073 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 57).
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Hcalth guidclincs lcr thc usc cl wastcwatcr
in agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 778).
|4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 2. Wastcwatcr usc in agriculturc. Ocncva. WHO. 2000a.
23p.
WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION - WHO. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 3. Wastcwatcr and cxcrcta usc in aquaculturc. Ocncva.
WHO. 2000b. 40p.
Cap. | J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s Va|c6s C6oce||aa|s e |eqa|a|||6s |5
Cap'tu`o 2
No~as e C.t.os Je ua`.JaJe
paa euso Ja gua
|a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s e |aa|a ||as 8e.||acqaa
`otoJuao
O ccntcdc dcstc capitulc c dcscnvclvidc ccm basc nas prcmissas dc
quc sc ccnvcncicncu dcncminar rcsc ccntrcladc. a utilizac scgura dc
pcntc dc vista sanitaric, sustcntavcl dc pcntc dc vista ambicntal c viavcl
dc pcntc dc vista dc prcduc. Ou sc]a, na discussc dcs critcrics dc
qualidadc da agua, sc ccnsidcradcs cs divcrscs paramctrcs lisiccs,
quimiccs c biclcgiccs dc intcrcssc para as distintas mcdalidadcs dc rcsc,
mais cspccilicamcntc, aquclas invcstigadas nc ambitc dc PROSAB. rcsc
urbanc, industrial, agriccla c para a prcduc animal. Ccmc cs aspcctcs dc
sadc intcrcssam a tcdas as mcdalidadcs, cstc tcpicc scra dcscnvclvidc
primcirc, cm suas bascs ccnccituais.
Aspectos Je SauJe
.sco SauJe Aspectos Cooce.tua.s
Os csgctcs sanitarics pcdcm ccntcr cs mais variadcs crganismcs
patcgniccs c cm ccnccntra6cs clcvadas. Pcrtantc, nc rcstam dvidas
scbrc a pcssibilidadc dc transmissc dc patcgcncs cm qualqucr
mcdalidadc dc rcsc da agua, cclccandc cm riscc dilcrcntcs grupcs
pcpulacicnais.
Dcpcndcndc dc sua crigcm cs csgctcs pcdcm tambcm ccntcr agcntcs
quimiccs, alguns dc tcxicidadc rclcvantc c cutrcs dc padrc dc cccrrncia c
signilicadc a sadc ainda pcucc ccnhccidc ,cs chamadcs quimiccs
cmcrgcntcs, tais ccmc cs disruptcrcs cndccrincs c cs rcsiducs
larmacuticcs). Lmbcra c riscc a sadc asscciadc a substancias quimicas
nc pcssa scr ncgligcnciadc ,CHANO., 2002, WHO, 2000a), bcm aqui sc
aplicam cs pcstuladcs dclcndidcs pcla Organizac Mundial da Sadc
,OMS) cm rclac ac ccnsumc humanc dc agua. cs risccs micrcbiclcgiccs
dc transmissc dc dccnas ,dc curtc prazc, inqucsticnavcis), sc, cm gcral,
dc maicr impactc quc cs risccs a sadc impcstcs pclas substancias
quimicas ,dc lcngc prazc, pcr vczcs nc muitc bcm lundamcntadcs dc
pcntc dc vista tcxicclcgicc c cpidcmiclcgicc) ,WHO, 2004).
Lntrctantc, mcsmc cm rclac acs risccs micrcbiclcgiccs, muita
ccntrcvcrsia pcrdura na dclinic dc padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs c,
pcr ccnscguintc, dc grau dc tratamcntc dcs csgctcs quc garantam a
scgurana sanitaria. Ncstc scntidc, prcvalcccm hc]c nc ccnaric tccnicc-
cicntilicc intcrnacicnal abcrdagcns bastantc distintas, as quais tm ccmc
panc dc lundc a ccnccituac dc riscc.
Dc inicic, c impcrtantc distinguir riscc pctcncial dc riscc rcal, tcrmcs
dc cmprcgc ccrrcntc na Lngcnharia Sanitaria ,mais cspccilicamcntc nc
tcma rcsc da agua) c ccrrcspcndcntcs acs ccnccitcs dc pcrigc c riscc na
arca da Lpidcmiclcgia. Pcrigc c uma caractcristica intrinscca dc uma
situac quc, pcdcndc cstar asscciada a dctcrminadc agcntc ,quimicc,
lisicc cu biclcgicc) ccm prcpricdadcs tcxicas cu inlcccicsas, pcdc vir a
causar clcitcs advcrscs a sadc. O ccnccitc dc riscc, cm sua pcrspcctiva
quantitativa, csta rclacicnadc a idcntilicac c, cu, caractcrizac dc
rcla6cs cntrc a cxpcsic a dctcrminadcs agcntcs c cs pctcnciais dancs
causadcs a sadc humana, c sua traduc cm um valcr numcricc, quc,
anccrada na tccria das prcbabilidadcs, pcssibilita a quantilicac cu
prcvisc dc cvcntcs cm sadc cm uma pcpulac cxpcsta.
Ncstc scntidc, a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics ccnstituiu um pcrigc
,riscc pctcncial), pcrcm a passagcm dc pcrigc ac riscc ,riscc rcal,
caractcrizadc pcla cccrrncia dc dccna cu agravc a sadc) dcpcndc da
ccmbinac dc uma scric dc latcrcs rclativcs. ,i) ac agcntc nc casc dc
agcntcs micrcbiancs, ciclc biclcgicc ,cx.. pcricdc dc latncia nc ambicntc,
cxistncia dc hcspcdcircs intcrmcdiarics, cxistncia dc rcscrvatcric
animal), rcsistncia acs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, scbrcvivncia
nc ambicntc, dcsc inlcctantc, patcgcnicidadc, virulncia, nc casc dc
agcntcs quimiccs, rcmcc pcr mcic dc prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs, cstabilidadc c pcrsistncia nc ambicntc, bicacumulac c, cu,
bicmagnilicac na cadcia trclicc-alimcntar, tcxicccinctica c
tcxiccdinamica, ,ii) a cxpcsic durac c intcnsidadc, ,iii) as pcpula6cs
cxpcstas suscctibilidadc, cstadc imunclcgicc, dcntrc cutrcs.
|8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Assim, para quc um crganismc patcgnicc prcscntc cm um cllucntc
chcguc a prcvccar dccna, c mcsmc tcria quc. ,i) rcsistir acs prcccsscs dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs, ,ii) scbrcvivcr nc ambicntc cm nmcrc sulicicntc,
cu sc multiplicar nc mcic ambicntc c atingir a dcsc inlcctantc, para
inlcctar um individuc suscctivcl ccm qucm vcnha a tcr ccntatc ,lavcrccidc
cu nc pclc tipc dc cxpcsic), ,d) a inlccc rcsultar cm dccna cu

transmissc pcstcricr ,cascs sccundarics) ,Figura 2.) .

Iigura 2.I Utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics c risccs dc transmissc dc dccnas
,adaptadc dc MARA c CAIRNCROSS, 080).
C.t.os paa a o~u`aao Je aJoes Je ua`.JaJe paa o
euso Ja gua
Atualmcntc rcccnhcccm-sc as scguintcs abcrdagcns pcssivcis para c
cstabclccimcntc dc critcrics dc qualidadc para a utilizac dc csgctcs
sanitarics ,BIUMLNTHAIc/ o/., 2000). ,i) a ausncia dc risccs pctcnciais
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa |9
. Raciccinic analcgc c aplicavcl acs agcntcs quimiccs.
,pcrigcs), caractcrizada pcla ausncia dc crganismcs indicadcrcs c, cu,
patcgniccs nc cllucntc, ,ii) a mcdida dc riscc atribuivcl a utilizac dc
csgctcs dcntrc uma pcpulac cxpcsta, ,iii) a aplicac da mctcdclcgia dc
Avaliac dc Riscc c a dclinic dc nivcis dc riscc accitavcis, cu sc]a, a
cstimativa da ccnccntrac dc patcgcncs nc cllucntc ccrrcspcndcntc ac
nivcl dc riscc accitavcl cm uma dada pcpulac.
A primcira abcrdagcm tcm sidc rclcrida ccmc abcrdagcm dc riscc
nulc c criticada pcr sua lragilidadc cm tcrmcs dc lundamcntac
cpidcmiclcgica ,BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/., 2000, CARR c/ o/., 2004). Tal
abcrdagcm incvitavclmcntc da lugar a critcrics dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs
bastantc rigcrcscs.
Na scgunda abcrdagcm buscam-sc ct|Jcnc|os c|Jcm|c/6g|cos dc
asscciac cntrc a pratica dc rcsc c a cccrrncia dc agravcs / dccna na
pcpulac c a quantilicac dcssa asscciac atravcs dc `mcdidas dc riscc`
,pcr cxcmplc. riscc rclativc, riscc atribuivcl, riscc atribuivcl prcpcrcicnal
cu lrac cticlcgica ncs cxpcstcs, razc dc chanccs cu cdds ratic).

Lntrctantc, cssa abcrdagcm aprcscnta dilcrcntcs prcblcmas ccmc,
pcr scrcm cstudcs cbscrvacicnais, a diliculdadc cm dclimitar claramcntc
cu unicamcntc a rclac causal a scr cstudada, pcdcndc havcr a
intcrlcrncia dc uma scric dc cutrcs latcrcs ccnlcrmandc cssa rclac, cs
quais `ccnlundcm` a rclac principal a scr avaliada. Tambcm a cclcta dc
dadcs pcdc sc vcr ccmprcmctida, uma vcz quc a prcscna da dccna cu
agravc dc intcrcssc na pcpulac pcdc scr dc dilicil dctccc / cbscrvac.
Lm lunc dcssas c cutras qucst6cs, a lcrramcnta dc analisc dc riscc
tcm sidc inccrpcrada acs cstudcs dcs dilcrcntcs c pcssivcis impactcs na
sadc pblica dcccrrcntc da pratica dc rcsc c, dc lcrma ccn]unta acs
cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs classiccs, tcm prcpcrcicnadc ncvas pcssibilidadcs
dc idcntilicac c, cu, cstimativa dc riscc atribuivcl a cssa pratica.
Ava`.aaouaot.tat.vaJe.sco V.coo.o`og.co
A principic, a Avaliac Quantitativa dc Riscc Micrcbiclcgicc
,AQRM) inccrpcrcu as ctapas utilizadas na avaliac dc riscc quimicc,
quais sc]am. idcntilicac dc pcrigc, avaliac da cxpcsic, avaliac da
dcsc-rcspcsta c caractcrizac dc riscc. Lntrctantc, dilcrcnas cxistcntcs
29 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
decorrentes
2
cntrc cs agcntcs quimiccs c cs micrcrganismcs rcsultaram cm uma
adaptac da mctcdclcgia cspccilicamcntc para a abcrdagcm dc riscc
micrcbiclcgicc. As ctapas da AQRM aplicada a arca dc rcsc cstc
dcscritas a scguir, ccnlcrmc, csscncialmcntc, c quc lci sistcmatizadc pcr
Pcttcrscn c Ashbclt ,2002).
) Icrma/odc Jc rc|/cmo.
Ccnsistc nc planc]amcntc sistcmaticc das ctapas da avaliac dc
riscc, ccm a idcntilicac dcs cb]ctivcs, amplitudc c cnlcquc,
cnvclvcndc a caractcrizac dc marcc rcgulatcric c dc ccntcxtc
pcliticc. Ncssa lasc c rcalizada uma caractcrizac inicial da
cxpcsic c dcs clcitcs advcrscs ccm a clabcrac dc um mcdclc
ccnccitual quc dcscrcva c bic-agcntc patcgnicc cu c ambicntc dc
intcrcssc, dclinindc pcpulac c ccnarics dc cxpcsic. A`lcrmulac
dc prcblcma` ccnsistc numa abcrdagcm mais ampliada da ctapa dc
`idcntilicac dc pcrigc` na avaliac dc risccs quimiccs.
2) Iosc Jc on6/|sc.
2.) Caractcrizac da cxpcsic. cnvclvc a avaliac da intcrac
cntrc patcgcnc, ambicntc c pcpulac humana. Para issc sc
ncccssarias a coroc/cr|codc Jc o/6gcnc ,incluindc cs aspcctcs dc
inlcctividadc c patcgcnicidadc), a caractcrizac da cccrrcnc|o Jc
o/6gcnc ,distribuic, lcrma dc cccrrncia, scbrcvivncia,
maturac, translcrmac cu multiplicac nc mcic ambicntc) c a
on6/|sc Jo cxcs|dc ,caractcrizac da lcntc c tcmpc dc cxpcsic).
A partir dcsscs clcmcntcs c clabcradc c cr[|/ Jo cxcs|dc, ccm a
dcscric qualitativa c, cu, quantitativa da magnitudc, lrcqncia c
padr6cs dc cxpcsic para cs ccnarics dcscnvclvidcs durantc a
lcrmulac dc prcblcma.
2.2) Caractcrizac dcs clcitcs advcrscs a sadc humana
a) Caractcrizac dc hcspcdcirc. avaliac das caractcristicas da
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 2|
2. ,i) a ccnccntrac dcs patcgcncs cm amcstras ambicntais pcdc aumcntar cu diminuir dcvidc a
rcprcduc cu inativac dcs mcsmcs, ,ii) cs micrcrganismcs nc cstc distribuidcs dc lcrma
unilcrmc, ,iii) as dccnas inlcccicsas, dilcrcntcmcntc das intcxica6cs, sc transmissivcis, ,iv)
varia6cs na suscctibilidadc, pcr cxcmplc ccm c dcscnvclvimcntc dc imunidadc, cu cntrc grupcs
pcpulacicnais particularmcntc mais susccptivcis ,crianas, idcsc, gcstantcs, imuncccmprcmctidcs).
pcpulac humana pctcncialmcntc cxpcsta quc pcdcm inllucnciar a
suscctibilidadc a um patcgcnc cspccilicc ccmc. idadc, cstadc imunc,
usc dc mcdicamcntcs, prcdispcsic gcnctica, gcstac, cstadc
nutricicnal. Dcvc-sc ainda ccnsidcrar a cxistncia dc ccndi6cs
scciais cu ccmpcrtamcntais quc pcssam inllucnciar a
suscctibilidadc ac agcntc c, cu, a gravidadc dcs clcitcs.
b) Llcitcs a sadc. sc caractcrizadas as dccnas asscciadas ccm c
patcgcnc cu c mcic, dcvcndc scr ccnsidcradc tcdc c cspcctrc dc
pcssivcis manilcsta6cs clinicas, incluindc a cccrrncia dc inlcc6cs
nc sintcmaticas, tambcm dcvcm scr caractcrizadas a durac da
dccna, lctalidadc c scqclas.
c) Analisc da dcsc-rcspcsta. avalia a rclac cntrc dcsc, inlcctividadc
c manilcstac dc dccna, cstabclccida a partir dc cstudcs
cxpcrimcntais cu cpidcmiclcgiccs.
Os clcmcntcs acima sc utilizadcs para a clabcrac dc cr[|/ Jc
bcscJc|rc, ccm a dcscric qualitativa c, cu, quantitativa da
naturcza c da magnitudc dcs clcitcs advcrscs para cs ccnarics
clabcradcs na ctapa dc lcrmulac dc prcblcma.
3) Coroc/cr|codc Jc r|scc.
Ncssa ctapa as inlcrma6cs scbrc c pcrlil da cxpcsic c a dcsc-
rcspcsta sc analisadas ccn]untamcntc para c calculc das
prcbabilidadcs dc inlccc ,riscc) para um ccnaric dc cxpcsic dc
uma pcpulac a um crganismc patcgnicc cu a um ambicntc dc
intcrcssc.
Rcsultadcs dc cstudcs cxpcrimcntais indicaram dcis mcdclcs
matcmaticcs ,mcdclc bcta-Pcisscn c mcdclc cxpcncncial, cqua6cs 2. c
2.2) ccmc cs quc mclhcr sc aprcximaram da inlcccicsidadc cxpcrimcntal
dc micrcrganismc, para cxprcssar a prcbabilidadc dc inlccc rcsultantc
da ingcstc dc dctcrminadc vclumc dc liquidc ccntcndc um nmcrc mcdic
ccnhccidc dc crganismcs ,HAAS, c/ o/., 000, WHO, 2000a). Ambcs
cstimam c riscc dc inlccc asscciadc a uma nica cxpcsic.
22 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
E
Equao 2.I
Equao 2.2

cndc.
P = prcbabilidadc dc inlccc para uma nica cxpcsic
I
d = nmcrc dc crganismcs ingcridcs pcr cxpcsic ,dcsc)
DI = dcsc inlcctantc mcdia
50
c r = paramctrcs caractcristiccs da intcrac agcntc-hcspcdcirc
,HAASc/ o/., 000)
A partir das cqua6cs 2. c 2.2 pcdc-sc cstimar c riscc para pcricdcs
dc tcmpc maicrcs ,pcr cxcmplc, anual) cu sc]a, para mltiplas cxpcsi6cs a
mcsma dcsc.
Equao 2.3
cndc.
P = prcbabilidadc anual dc inlccc dcccrrcntc dc
I ,A)
n cxpcsi6cs a mcsma dcsc ,d)
n = nmcrc dc cxpcsi6cs pcr anc
Assim, ccnhccida a ccnccntrac dc um dctcrminadc crganismc na
agua c cstimada a ingcstc dc dctcrminadc vclumc dc liquidc, pcdc-sc
cstimar c riscc anual dc inlccc. Invcrsamcntc, cstabclccidc c riscc
accitavcl ,tclcravcl, na tcrminclcgia utilizada pcla OMS) pcdc-sc cstimar
a ccnccntrac admissivcl dc crganismcs patcgniccs nc cllucntc tratadc
c, pcr ccnscguintc, c grau dc tratamcntc rcqucridc ,usualmcntc cxprcssc
cm tcrmcs dc unidadcs lcgaritmicas dc rcmcc).
Pcrtantc, uma dccisc lundamcntal c incrcntc ac prcccssc dc AQRM
c a dclinic dc quc sc]a riscc accitavcl. Huntcr c Fcwtrcll ,200) sugcrcm
quc um riscc c accitavcl quandc. ,i) csta abaixc dc um limitc dclinidc
arbitrariamcntc, ,ii) csta abaixc dc um nivcl ]a tclcradc, ,iii) csta abaixc dc
uma lrac dc tctal da carga dc dccna na ccmunidadc, ,iv) c custc dc
rcduc dc riscc cxccdcria c valcr cccncmizadc, ,vi) c custc dc
cpcrtunidadc da prcvcnc dc riscc scria mais bcm gastc cm cutras a6cs
dc prcmcc da sadc pblica, ,vii) cs prclissicnais dc sadc dizcm quc c
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 23
P
l (A)
(d) l l - P
l
(d)]
n

P
l
(d) l - (l + d/Dl
50
) (2
l/
- l)])
-

P
l
(d) l - exp (r- d)
accitavcl c ,viii) c pblicc cm gcral diz quc c accitavcl ,cu nc diz quc c
-4 ,3)
inaccitavcl). Ncs LUA admitc-sc um riscc anual dc inlccc dc 0 para
cs divcrscs crganismcs patcgniccs transmissivcis via abastccimcntc dc
agua para ccnsumc humanc, ccnsidcrandc um padrc dc ccnsumc dc
-
2 Id ,HAASc/ o/., 000).
Lntrctantc, a mctcdclcgia dc Avaliac dc Riscc nc c dc lacil
aplicac ac latcr dc riscc utilizac dc csgctcs, dada a ccmplcxidadc
dcsta cxpcsic. Nc cbstantc, alguns cstudcs sugcrcm quc c ccnsumc dc
-
hcrtalias irrigadas ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc - 40 virus 40 I rcdundaria
-0 -4
cm riscc anual cntrc 0 c 0 ,ASANO, SAKAJI, 000, ASANO c/ o/,
002), cutrcs trabalhcs sugcrcm quc a irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc
3 4
0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ,CTcr) pcr 00 mI rcsultaria cm riscc
-5 -7 -0
anual dc inlcc6cs virais dc 0 a 0 c dc cclcra dc 0 ,SHUVAI c/ o/,
007). Asanc c/ o/ ,002) cstimaram tambcm quc a pratica dc gcllc, duas
vczcs pcr scmana durantc tcdc c anc cm campcs irrigadcs ccm cllucntc
- -5 -2
ccntcndc - 00 virus 00 I , rcsultaria cm riscc da crdcm dc 0 a 0 .
-
Ncstcs cstudcs a ingcstc dc cllucntc tratadc lci cstimada cm 0 mI dia
-
nc casc dc ccnsumc dc hcrtalias c mI dia nc casc da manipulac dc
bclas dc gcllc. Dcstcs cxcmplcs pcrccbc-sc a diliculdadc da aplicac da
AQRMcm dilcrcntcs praticas dc rcsc, tais ccmc a irrigac dc parqucs c
]ardins, a limpcza dc lcgradcurcs, c rcsc dc agua para dcscarga dc vascs
sanitarics, ctc.
Lm cstudcs mais rcccntcs dc Mara c/ o/. ,2005) citadcs cm WHO
,2000a), lcram cstimadcs risccs dc inlcc6cs virais c bactcrianas cm
dilcrcntcs ccnarics dc cxpcsic via irrigac rcstrita c irrcstrita ,Tabcla
2.). Ncta-sc quc a irrigac ccm csgctc brutc cu apcnas parcialmcntc
tratadc pcdcria implicar risccs rclativamcntc clcvadcs, principalmcntc
3
para inlcc6cs virais, mas a irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc 0 I.cc/|
-
00 mI , mcsmc ccnsidcrandc a irrigac irrcstrita c simulandc situa6cs
bastantc dcslavcravcis cm tcrmcs dc ccnarics dc cxpcsic, rcsultaria cm

24 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s

3. Um casc dc inlccc dcntrc 0.000 pcsscas ccnsumindc 2 Ipcr dia dc agua.
4. Cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs c c tcrmc atualmcntc rcccnhccidc ccmc mais aprcpriadc para a
rclcrncia ac grupc dc bactcrias tradicicnalmcntc dcncminadc dc cclilcrmcs lccais. Ccmc ainda nc
ha uma simbclcgia ccnsagrada para a cxprcssc dc tcrmc, cs autcrcs dcstc capitulc sc dc a liccna dc
usar CTcr `.
risccs ncs mcsmcs patamarcs cu inlcricrcs aquclcs admitidcs ncs LUA
para c ccnsumc dc agua.
Tabela 2.I Riscc dc inlccc cm dilcrcntcs ccnarics dc cxpcsic via irrigac ccm
csgctcs sanitarics.
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WHO ,2000a)
Ava`.aaouaot.tat.vaJe.sco u'~.co
A Avaliac Quantitativa dc Riscc Quimicc ,AQRQ) c
tradicicnalmcntc a mctcdclcgia cmprcgada nc dcscnvclvimcntc dc padrc
dc pctabilidadc da agua cm divcrscs paiscs, tais ccmc cs LUA ,USLPA,
2004a) c Canada ,HLAITH CANADA, 005), alcm da OMS ,WHO, 2004),
c vcm scndc adaptada c aplicada para a prcpcsic dc critcrics dc
qualidadc para c rcsc da agua, particularmcntc para a irrigac.
Lsscncialmcntc, sc cbscrvadas as mcsmas ctapas ]a dcscritas.
idcntilicac dc pcrigc, avaliac da cxpcsic, avaliac da dcsc-rcspcsta
c caractcrizac dc riscc.
Na ctapa dc idcntilicac dc pcrigc, sc idcntilicadas as substancias
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 25
a scrcm ccnsidcradas, usualmcntc cm lunc dc sua tcxicidadc, dc scu
padrc dc cccrrncia cm cllucntcs c dc sua dinamica ambicntal.
As inlcrma6cs scbrc dcsc-rcspcsta cm gcral sc cbtidas a partir dc
prcvas dc tcxicidadc crcnica cm cnsaics dc labcratcric ccm ccbaias. Dcstcs
cstudcs cxtrai-sc a maicr dcsc administrada ccrrcspcndcntc ac nivcl ,dc
cxpcsic) dc clcitc advcrsc nc cbscrvadc ,NOALI), aplicandc-sc a cstc
valcr um latcr dc inccrtcza ,dc 0 - 0.000 vczcs, cm gcral 00), ccmc
margcm dc scgurana para as scguintcs |nccr/ccos. as varia6cs intcr-
cspccic ,animal - scrcs humancs), as varia6cs intra-cspccic ,visandc
prctcgcr grupcs cu individucs mais scnsivcis cu suscctivcis), a
ccnliabilidadc dcs cstudcs cu da basc dc dadcs, a naturcza cu scvcridadc
dcs clcitcs advcrscs. Dcs cnsaics dc tcxicidadc pcdc-sc tambcm cxtrair c
IOALI nivcl ,minimc dc cxpcsic) dc clcitc advcrsc cbscrvadc, scbrc c
qual c aplicadc um latcr dc inccrtcza maicr quc para c NOALI.
Dclinc-sc, assim, a Ingcstc Diaria Accitavcl ,IDA) ,Ingcstc Diaria
Tclcravcl, na tcrminclcgia utilizada pcla OMS) ,cquac 2.4), cu sc]a a
dcsc abaixc da qual as pcsscas pcdcriam cstar cxpcstas scm quc cccrram
dancs a sadc. Lm cutras palavras, a IDAc uma cstimativa da quantidadc
dc uma substancia prcscntc nas divcrsas lcrmas dc cxpcsic, pcr cxcmplc
ncs alimcntcs cu na agua, quc sc pcdc ingcrir diariamcntc ac lcngc dc tcda
a vida scm riscc ccnsidcravcl para a sadc.
Equao 2.4
cndc.
-
IDA = ingcstc diaria accitavcl ,mg kg )
pc
pc = pcsc ccrpcral ,kg)
FI = latcr dc inccrtcza
Lm uma abcrdagcm intcgrada, a cstimativa da Ingcstc Tctal
- -
Diaria ,ITD) ,mg kg dia ) c rcalizada a partir da caractcrizac c
pc
ccmbinac dc dilcrcntcs cxpcsi6cs ,pcr cxcmplc, agua, ar, sclc c
alimcntcs). Sc a cstimativa da ITD dc uma dctcrminada substancia cxccdc
a IDA, a mcsma c ccnsidcrada tcxica ,HLAITH CANADA, 005). Lm uma
pcrspcctiva analcga dc quantilicac dc riscc glcbal, sc a cxpcsic
,Ingcstc Tctal Diaria) c inlcricr a tcxicidadc ,IDA) c riscc rcsultantc c
ccnsidcravcl tclcravcl ,USLPA, 000). A ctapa dc caractcrizac dc riscc
26 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
E
culmina ccm c cstabclccimcntc dc Iimitcs Maximcs dc Rcsiducs ,IMR) cu
Valcr Maximc Pcrmitidc ,VMP) para cs divcrscs latcrcs dc riscc, cs quais
scrc pcndcradcs na quantilicac dc riscc glcbal.
Lm agua para ccnsumc humanc c VMP para cada substancia nc
carcincgnica c calculadc partir da IDA, ccnsidcrandc um pcsc ccrpcral
mcdic, a lrac da IDA prcvcnicntc dc ccnsumc dc agua c um ccnsumc
5
mcdic diaric dc agua .
Equao 2.5
cndc.
-
VMP = valcr maximc pcrmitidc ,mg I )
- -
IDA = ingcstc diaria accitavcl ,mg kg d )
pc
pc = pcsc ccrpcral ,kg)
P = lrac dc IDAprcvcnicntc da agua dc ccnsumc ,)
-
C = ccnsumc diaric dc agua ,Id )
Para as substancias carcincgnicas gcnctcxicas, a partir da
cxtrapclac matcmatica dc NOALI ,cu IOALI) ,mcdclc lincarizadc dc
mltiplas ctapas), c VMP c cstabclccidc para um dctcrminadc riscc dc
-5
canccr ,0 cu sc]a, casc dc canccr dcntrc uma pcpulac, ccnsumindc 2I
agua pcr dia, durantc 70 ancs), ccrrcspcndcntc ac limitc supcricr dc
intcrvalc dc ccnliana ,05) da curva dcsc-rcspcsta, quandc csta sc
aprcxima da dcsc zcrc ,cu nc cxpcsic) ,WHO, 2004).
Para a irrigac ccm csgctcs sanitarics, c prcccdimcntc adctadc pcla
OMS, ccm larga margcm dc scgurana tcm sidc c scguintc ,CHANO c/ o/.,
2002, WHO, 2000a).
Equao 2.0
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 27
-
5. OMS. pc =00 Kg para adultcs, P=0,, C=2 Id para adultcs ,WHO, 2004). Canada. pc =70 Kg para
-
adultcs, P = 0,2, C= ,5I d para adultcs ,HLAITHCANADA, 005). LUA. pc = 70 Kg para adultcs, P
-
=0,2, C=2 Id para adultcs ,USLPA, 2004b)
k
cndc.
-
C = ccnccntrac maxima dc ccntaminantc nc sclc ,mg kg )
sclc sclc
- -
IDA = ingcstc diaria accitavcl ,mg kg d )
pc
pc = pcsc ccrpcral ,00 kg)
P = lrac dc IDAprcvcnicntc dc ccnsumc dc alimcntcs ,0,5)
-
Ci = ccnsumc mcdic diaric dc alimcntcs ,kg d )
C = lrac da dicta prcvcnicntc da irrigac ccm csgctcs , cu
ci
sc]a, 00)
K = latcr dc translcrncia dc ccntaminantc dc sclc para as
spi
- -
plantas ,mg kg ) / ,mg kg )]
alimcntc sclc
i = varics tipcs dc alimcntcs. vcgctais, grcs, ccrcais,
tubcrculcs, lrutas, ctc.
Assim ccmc c cxpcstc para c ccnsumc dc agua, para as substancias
tcxicas nc-carcincgnicas c valcr da IDA c cbtidc a partir dc NOALI
divididc pcr um latcr dc inccrtcza ,usualmcntc 00), para as substancias
carcincgnicas, c valcr da IDAc cbtidc a partir da cxtrapclac dc NOALI
-0
cu IOALI, ccrrcspcndcntc para um riscc dc 0 . O limitc lixadc para a
ccnccntrac dc ccntaminantcs nc sclc ,C ) pcdc scr ainda utilizadc para
sclc
-
cxprcssar a taxa maxima dc aplicac ,kg ha ), c quc pcrmitiria lixar um
VMP nc cllucntc ,agua dc irrigac). Lntrctantc, a OMS cpta pcr limitar-
sc ac valcr dc C , uma vcz quc a acumulac dcs divcrscs ccntaminantcs
sclc
nc sclc c ccrcada dc cspccilicidadcs lccais ,WHO, 2000a).
st.~at.va Ja Caga Je0oeoa ,3uJeool 0.sease}
Na mctcdclcgia dc AQR a cstimativa dc riscc c a caractcrizac dc
riscc tclcravcl sc lcitas ccnsidcrandc um dcslcchc cspccilicc ,pcr
cxcmplc, canccr c diarrcia). Lntrctantc, a cxprcssc dc riscc dcssa lcrma
nc lcva cm ccnsidcrac caractcristicas particularcs dc cada agcntc c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, dcs clcitcs advcrscs prcduzidcs, supcndc-sc quc
28 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
0. A idcia dc quc agravcs/dccnas dcvam scr avaliadcs ccnsidcrandc cs clcitcs advcrscs prcduzidcs
,gravidadc c durac) para a dclinic dc riscc tclcravcl, csta implicita na prcpria dclinic da USLPA
para cs risccs tclcravcis rclacicnadcs a cxpcsic a micrcrganismcs patcgniccs c a
substancias/prcdutcs quimiccs via agua dc ccnsumc. Nc primcirc casc, c clcitc ccnsidcradc c diarrcia c
-4
tclcra-sc 0 cascs cm uma pcpulac pcr anc , casc cm cada 0.000 individucs pcr anc), nc scgundc
-5
casc, c clcitc ccnsidcradc c canccr c tclcra-sc 0 cascs cm uma pcpulac ac lcngc dc 70 ancs , casc
cm cada 00.000 individucs cm 70 ancs).
clcitcs mais gravcs c duradcurcs dcvam scr mais signilicativcs c
0
pricritarics . Tambcm nc ccnsidcra a idadc c c cstadc dc sadc antcricr a
cccrrncia da dccna cu cbitc. Assim, c riscc tclcravcl para uma
dctcrminada inlccc/dccna pcdc scr ccnsidcravclmcntc dilcrcntc dc dc
cutra, dcpcndcndc dcs variadcs clcitcs advcrscs quc sc prcduzidcs.
Adicicnalmcntc, nc gcrcnciamcntc dc riscc c impcrtantc a ccnsidcrac dc
dilcrcntcs lcrmas dc cxpcsic c a ccmparac cntrc dilcrcntcs clcitcs
prcduzidcs, c quc nc pcdc scr lcitc dirctamcntc quandc sc trabalha ccm
mcdidas dc riscc cspccilicas para um dcslcchc ,pcr cxcmplc, cs impactcs
na sadc da pcpulac dcvidc a diarrcia c ac canccr sc muitc distintcs um
dc cutrc, nc pcrmitindc uma ccmparac dircta cntrc csscs dcis
dcslcchcs) ,PLTTLRSON, ASHBOIT, 2002, WHO, 2000a).
Nc scntidc dc ccmparar c impactc dc dilcrcntcs agcntcs ,quimiccs c,
cu, micrcbiclcgiccs) na sadc da pcpulac tcm sidc prcpcstc c usc dc
indicadcr `Ancs dc Vida A]ustadcs para a Incapacidadc` ,da sigla inglcsa
DAIYs D|so||/|/, AJ]as/cJ I|[c Ycors), pcrmitindc cstimar a `carga dc
7
dccna` cm uma pcpulac ,CHAN, 007). Lssc indicadcr lcva cm
ccnsidcrac a prcbabilidadc da dccna rcsultar cm cbitc c, cu, a
cccrrncia dc clcitcs advcrscs dc caratcr agudc ,imcdiatcs) c crcnicc
,durac prclcngada dc clcitcs). A abcrdagcm utilizada na ccnstruc
dcssc indicadcr cnvclvc a translcrmac dc uma `incapacidadc vivcnciada`
,pcr cxcmplc, trs dias ccm diarrcia cu cbitc dcvidc a diarrcia) cm `ancs dc
vida saudavcis pcrdidcs`. Pcrtantc, DAIY quantilica a sadc utilizandc c
tcmpc ccmc mcdida ,Figura 2.2).
Dc lcrma simplilicada, c DAIY pcdc scr calculadc a partir da
cxprcssc ,Lquac 2.7).
Equao 2.7
cndc.
N = nmcrc dc pcsscas alctadas ,cbtidc a partir dc rcgistrcs
mcdiccs, cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs, sistcmas dc nctilicac
dc agravcs cu cstimativas lcitas utilizandc mcdclcs dc
dcsc-rcspcsta)
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 29
7. O ccnccitc dc carga dc dccna lcva cm ccnsidcrac nc apcnas a cccrrncia dc cascs ,prcvalncia)
dc um dctcrminadc agravc cm uma pcpulac, mas agrcga dilcrcntcs ccndi6cs c dcslcchcs, dc maicr
cu mcncr gravidadc, quc pcdcm cstar asscciadcs a uma dctcrminada ccndic patclcgica.
de registros
modelos de
D = durac mcdia dc clcitc advcrsc ,nc casc dc dccna, cbtidc
a partir dc ccnsulta a cspccialistas, dadcs hcspitalarcs cu dc
cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs, nc casc dc cbitc, avalia-sc a mcdia
dc ancs pcrdidcs dcvidc ac gravc tcndc-sc ccmc rclcrncia,
pcr cxcmplc, a cxpcctativa dc vida da pcpulac)
S = pcsc atribuidc a gravidadc dc clcitc dc intcrcssc
,variandc dc 0 a , scndc quc 0 signilica c individuc
8
saudavcl c cbitc)
Iigura 2.2 Ilustrac csqucmatica dc ccnccitc dc ancs dc vida
a]ustadcs pcr incapacitac ,DAIYs)
Na ccnstruc dc DAIY sc cntc inccrpcradas as duas lra6cs da
carga dc dccna cm uma pcpulac. a mcrbidadc ,cascs dc dccna c suas
dilcrcntcs gravidadcs) c a mcrtalidadc ,cascs dc cbitcs). Assim, quandc c
clcitc advcrsc dc intcrcssc c c cbitc, a mcdida utilizada c ancs dc vida
pcrdidcs dcvidc ac cbitc prcmaturc ,ycars cl lilc lcst - YII) c quandc c
39 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
8. Variadas publica6cs inlcrmam valcrcs dc pcsc dclinidcs para dilcrcntcs agravcs causadcs pcr
micrcrganismcs cu substancias quimicas cu, ainda, a caractcrizac dc classcs dc incapacidadcs ccm
pcscs rcspcctivcs, para a dclinic dc pcscs cspcciliccs O cstudc dc Bancc Mundial, `Carga dc Dccna
Olcbal` ,G/c|o/ BarJcn c[ D|scosc) c a principal dc lcntc dc inlcrma6cs scbrc as inccgnitas `durac`
,D) c `pcsc` ,S) para uma varicdadc dc ccndi6cs ,WORIDBANK, 003).
obtido
mdia
referncia,
saudvel
e 1 bito)
8
clcitc dc intcrcssc c a dccna ,aguda cu crcnica) cu uma scqcla, a mcdida
utilizada c `ancs vividcs ccm a incapacidadc` ,Ycors I|tcJ |/b o D|so||/|/,
YID), quandc cs dcis clcitcs sc impcrtantcs, utilizam-sc ambas as
mcdidas ,CHAN, 007, PLTTLRSON, ASHBOIT, 2002, HAVLIAAR,
MLISL, 2003).
Pcdc-sc ainda, na clabcrac dc DAIY, lcvar cm ccnsidcrac
dilcrcntcs caractcristicas da pcpulac quc signiliqucm maicr
suscctibilidadc ac agcntc cu ccndic, ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, idadc c scxc,
0
dcntrc cutras, aumcntandc a ccmplcxidadc da cquac 2.7 . Tambcm, sc
ncccssaric, c prcccssc patcgnicc pcdc scr subdivididc cm varics cstagics
ccm dilcrcntcs valcrcs dc durac c gravidadc.
Dcssa lcrma, cxprcssandc-sc a carga dc dccna ccm um nicc
indicadcr tcndc c tcmpc ccmc mcdida, pcdcmcs ccmparar c impactc dc
dilcrcntcs agcntcs ,quimiccs c, cu, micrcbiclcgiccs) na sadc da
pcpulac. Adicicnalmcntc, c calculc dcs DAIYs pcrmitc a dclinic dc
padr6cs dc `riscc tclcravcl / accitavcl` cm uma dada pcpulac,
indcpcndcntcmcntc dc tipc dc clcitc dclctcric a sadc cu da naturcza da
sua causa.
Na Tabcla 2.2 aprcscntam-sc algumas inlcrma6cs para c calculc da
carga dc dccna rclacicnada a inlccc pcr Cr,/cscr|J|am.
Tabela 2.I Valcrcs dc pcsc atribuidc a gravidadc, durac mcdia dc clcitc advcrsc c
carga dc dccna rclacicnada a inlccc pcr Cr,/cscr|J|am.
,) YID cu YIIcxprcsscs a partir dc prcdutc S* D, rcspcctivamcntc.
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc Havclaar c Mclsc ,2003).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 3|
0. Outra qucstc lundamcntal para a cstimativa da carga dc dccnas c a ccnsidcrac c analisc dc
crrcs sistcmaticcs ,cccrrncia dc ccnlundimcntc, vics dc sclcc) c crrcs alcatcrics, c quc rcqucr
tratamcntc cstatisticc adcquadc, a tccnica dc Mcntc Carlc tcm sidc utilizada cspccialmcntc ccm cssa
linalidadc ,HUBBARD, 2000). ,D) c `pcsc` ,S) para uma varicdadc dc ccndi6cs ,WORIDBANK, 003).
E
2
A partir dcs valcrcs dc carga dc dccna pcr casc ,YID) c
ccnsidcrandc a cccrrncia dc apcnas um cpiscdic dc diarrcia pcr
Cr,/cscr|J|am pcr pcssca pcr anc, tcriamcs quc cada individuc tcria
0,003 ancs pcrdidcs pcr anc dcvidc a diarrcia, scndc cquivalcntc a 0,47
dias pcr anc cu ,4 hcras pcr anc. Os valcrcs tambcm pcdcm scr
cxtrapcladcs para uma pcpulac, assim, ccnsidcrandc a cccrrncia dc
.000 cascs dc diarrcia pcr Cr,/cscr|J|am, tcriamcs uma carga dc
dccna ,YID) dc ,32, signilicandc quc cssa pcpulac aprcscntaria ,32
ancs pcrdidcs pcr anc dcvidcs a diarrcia. Dc lcrma scmclhantc, para a
lctalidadc, a quantidadc dc ancs pcrdidcs pcr pcssca pcr anc dcvidc ac
cbitc ,YII) pcr Cr,/cscr|J|am scria dc 3,2, cquivalcntc a 4.88 dias.
Ccnsidcrandc uma taxa dc lctalidadc dc 0-5 c a cccrrncia dc .000 cascs
dc diarrcia pcr Cr,/cscr|J|am, a quantidadc dc ancs pcrdidcs pcr anc
dcvidc ac cbitc ,YII) para cssa pcpulac scria dc 0,3, cquivalcntc a
47,45 dias pcr anc. Para cs cvcntcs diarrcia c cbitc c a pcpulac dc .000
cascs, c DAIY tctal scria cxprcssc pcr ,47 ,YID YII).
Equao 2.8
scndc.
ppa = pcr pcssca pcr anc
pcd = pcr casc dc dccna
Para substancias carcincgnicas na agua para ccnsumc humanc, a
-5
OMS trabalha ccm c riscc tclcravcl dc 0 ,um casc dc canccr pcr 00.000
pcsscas ac lcngc dc 70 ancs) ,WHO, 2004). A carga dc dccna
ccrrcspcndcntc a cstc nivcl dc riscc ,a]ustada para a gravidadc da dccna)
-0
c dc aprcximadamcntc x 0 DAIY ,DAIY) pcr pcssca pcr anc. A
carga dc dccna cstimada para diarrcias lcvcs ,pcr cxcmplc, ccm
-5 -3
mcrtalidadc dc x 0 ) ccm c riscc anual dc dccna dc 0 ,cu riscc para
tcda a vida dc cm 0 pcsscas) c tambcm dc DAIY pcr pcssca pcr anc
,WHO, 2004). Lstc c c valcr assumidc pcla OMS ccmc carga dc dccna
tclcravcl, tantc para c ccnsumc dc agua quantc para a cxpcsic a
utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na agricultura c piscicultura, a qual
rcprcscnta um clcvadc nivcl dc prctcc a sadc ,WHO, 2004, WHO,
2000a,b). Uma vcz dclinidc c valcr da carga dc dccna tclcravcl, cstc pcdc
scr ccnvcrtidc cm tcmcs dc riscc tclcravcl anual dc dccna ,Lquac 2.8).
32 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
O riscc tclcravcl dc dccna pcdc scr ainda ccnvcrtidc cm riscc
tclcravcl dc inlccc ,ppa) ccnhcccndc-sc cu cstimandc-sc a prcpcrc dc
inlccc . dccna ,Tabcla 2.3).
Riscc tclcravcl dc inlccc ppa = Riscc dc dccna / razc dccna .
inlccc ,Lquac 2.8).
Tabela 2.3 DAIYS, riscc dc dccna, razc dccna . inlccc c riscc tclcravcl dc
inlccc para rctavirus, Com,/c|oc/cr c Cr,/cscr|J|am
Fcntc. WHO ,2000a)
O,s) riscc,s) tclcravcl,cis) dc inlccc ccnstitucm, assim,
paramctrcs dc prc]ctc para dilcrcntcs micrcrganismcs para a cstimativa
da qualidadc da agua c, pcrtantc, dc grau dc tratamcntc dc csgctc,
ccmpativcis ccm tal nivcl dcsc]adc dc prctcc a sadc.
Lstcs prcccdimcntcs ,AQR c DAIYs) scrviram dc basc para a
atualizac das dirctrizcs da OMS para agua dc ccnsumc humanc c rcsc
da agua ,utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics) cm irrigac c piscicultura
,WHO, 2004, 2000a, 2000b), c pcdcm muitc bcm scr adaptadcs para cutras
mcdalidadcs dc rcsc.
Cabc ainda dcstacar quc, assim ccmc para c riscc tclcravcl, a
dclinic dc quc sc]a carga dc dccna tclcravcl c uma dccisc pcrmcada
pcr aspcctcs pcliticcs, scciais c cccncmiccs c quc cs risccs cxprcsscs na
Tabcla 2.3 rcprcscntam valcrcs ccnscrvadcrcs sc ccmparadcs a incidncia
glcbal dc dccnas diarrcicas nas laixas dc idadc 5-80 ancs. 0, - ppa
,WHO, 2000a).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 33
No~as e C.t.os Je ua`.JaJe Ja gua paa as
0.vesas VoJa`.JaJes Je euso
euso Ag'co`a `.gaao co~ sgotos Sao.ta.os
Aspectos Sao.ta.os
Adiscussc cm tcrnc dcs critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica para c
rcsc agriccla scra dcscnvclvida ccm basc nas dirctrizcs adctadas ncs
LUA c rcccmcndadas pcla OMS, pcis rcccnhccidamcntc, as duas
abcrdagcns tm scrvidc dc rclcrncia c sidc adctadas ccmc ncrmas cm
divcrscs paiscs, sc]am ccmc mcras ccpias, sc]am adaptadas a
particularidadcs lccais.
A USLPA ,Unitcd Statcs Lnvircnmcntal Prctccticn Agcncy)
rcccmcnda critcrics gcrais a scrcm cbscrvadcs cm tcdc c tcrritcric
nacicnal, nc substituindc as lcgisla6cs cxistcntcs ncs cstadcs ncrtc-
amcricancs ,ac tcdc 40 cstadcs disp6cm dc rcgulamcntac para c rcsc
0
agriccla) ,USLPA, 2004a) ,Tabcla 2.4) . Tais dirctrizcs, dc ccrta lcrma
ainda rcllctcm c padrc Calilcrnia, cm rclcrncia a picncira lcgislac
,008) dcstc cstadc.
O critcric da USLPA cxigc para a irrigac irrcstrita, cu a irrigac
pcr aspcrsc cm qualqucr situac, um padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs
scmclhantc ac padrc dc pctabilidadc da agua ,ausncia dc cclilcrmcs c
-
crganismcs patcgniccs, turbidcz 2 uT c clcrc rcsidual mg I ).
Dcprccndc-sc quc c critcric dc ausncia dc cclilcrmcs asscguraria a
ausncia dc bactcrias patcgnicas, cnquantc a inclusc da turbidcz c clcrc
rcsidual prcstam-sc ac papcl ccmplcmcntar da indicac da rcmcc dc

prctczcarics pcr liltrac c da inativac dc virus ,USLPA, 200 ).

34 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
0. Os padr6cs dc qualidadc cstabclccidcs nas lcgisla6cs cstaduais variam cm tcrnc dc aprcscntadc
na Tabcla 2.4, cntrctantc cstc rcprcscnta cm bca mcdida cs padr6cs praticadcs ncs LUA. Lm alguns
cstadcs a irrigac dc culturas alimcnticias nc c pcrmitida.
-4
. Para c atcndimcntc dc nivcl dc riscc dc 0 a USLPA rcccmcnda cs scguintc critcrics dc
tratamcntc c qualidadc dc agua para ccnsumc humanc. ,i) rcmcc/inativac ccn]unta, pcr mcic da
liltrac-dcsinlccc, dc 00,0 ,3 lcg ) dc cistcs dc G|orJ|o - turbidcz da agua liltrada inlcricr a 0,5 uT
0
,2,5 lcg dc rcmcc), ccmplcmcntada pcr dcsinlccc adcquada para inativac cquivalcntc a
0
0,5 lcg , ccntrclada pclc tcmpc dc ccntatc, rcsidual dc clcrc livrc c tcmpcratura ,ii) rcmcc dc 00 dc
0
cccistcs dc Cr,/cscr|J|am - turbidcz da agua liltrada inlcricr a 0,3 uT.,ii) inativac dc 00,00
,4 lcg ) dc virus. turbidcz da agua prc-dcsinlccc inlcricr a 0,5 uT c ccntrclc dcs paramctrcs dc
0
dcsinlccc.
y
Obviamcntc, um padrc ccm tais nivcis dc cxigncia scmcntc pcdc scr
ccntcmpladc ,alias ccmc cxplicitadc) pcr prcccsscs rigcrcscs dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs, incluindc a liltrac c dcsinlccc.
Para a irrigac rcstrita ,culturas alimcnticias prcccssadas
ccmcrcialmcntc c culturas nc alimcnticias, silvicultura) cxigc-sc
-
tambcm a dcsinlccc, a garantia dc clcrc rcsidual mg I , mas um
-
padrc bactcriclcgicc 200 CTcr 00 mI , c quc prcssup6c a tclcrancia a
prcscna dc patcgcncs cm alguma dcnsidadc.
Ccmraras cxcc6cs cmalguns cstadcs, nc sc cxplicitampadr6cs c nc
sc cxigc c mcnitcramcntc dc virus c prctczcarics, ccm basc nc scguintc
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 35
Tabela 2.4 Dirctrizcs da USLPA para c usc agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics
Fcntc. adaptadc dc USLPA ,2004a) A
cntcndimcntc. ,i) nc casc da irrigac irrcstrita, a ccmbinac dc
rcqucrimcntcs dc tratamcntc c c cmprcgc dcs indicadcrcs ,turbidcz c clcrc
rcsidual x tcmpc dc ccntatc) dcvc asscgurar cllucntcs livrcs dc nivcis
dctcctavcis dc patcgcncs, ,ii) nc casc da irrigac rcstrita, cxigncias mais
rigcrcsas dc tratamcntc nc sc ]ustilicariam cm tcrmcs dc custc-bcnclicic
,prctcc a sadc), ,iii) atcndidcs cs padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs
rcccmcndadcs, nc ha cvidncias dc riscc rclacicnadc a prctczcarics c virus,
,iv) nc ha ccnscnsc scbrc c riscc asscciadc a prcscna dc virus cm baixas
dcnsidadcs ncs cllucntcs utilizadcs para irrigac. As dirctrizcs da USLPA
sc tambcm cmissas cm rclac acs hclmintcs, prcvavclmcntc nc
prcssupcstc dc quc cvcs dc hclmintcs sc clicicntcmcntc rcmcvidcs pclcs
prcccsscs dc tratamcntc usualmcntc cmprcgadcs, tais ccmc scdimcntac,
liltrac cu lagcas dc cstabilizac ,USLPA, 2004a). Os autcrcs dcstc
capitulc, cntrctantc, apcntamquc istc nc scria ncccssariamcntc garantidc
ccmcqucccspccilicadcparaairrigacrcstrita.
A Tabcla 2.5 aprcscnta as dirctrizcs rcccmcndadas pcla OMS,
publicadas cm 080 c vigcntcs atc rcccntcmcntc ,WHO, 080). Lstcs
critcrics sc rclativamcntc rigcrcscs cm rclac a rcmcc dc hclmintcs,
mais pcrmissivcis nc tccantc a qualidadc bactcriclcgica c cmisscs cm
rclac acs virus c prctczcarics, scb c argumcntc dc cstarcm
lundamcntadcs cm cvidncias cpidcmiclcgicas. Para a irrigac rcstrita
scqucr cra cxplicitadc um padrc bactcriclcgicc. Os grupcs dc risccs a
scrcm prctcgidcs ccm a cbscrvac dcs critcrics dc qualidadc prcpcstcs
sc cxplicitadcs - na irrigac irrcstrita, cs agricultcrcs, ccnsumidcrcs,
pblicc cm gcral, na irrigac rcstrita cs agricultcrcs.
Dcsdc a publicac dcssas dirctrizcs da OMS, divcrscs cstudcs vm
scndc ccnduzidcs nc scntidc dc sua avaliac, dcsdc c pcntc dc vista dc
risccs pctcnciais c rcais a sadc, cm 2000, c cstadc da artc dc
ccnhccimcntc sugcria as scguintcs cbscrva6cs cm rclac as
rcccmcnda6cs criginais da OMS. ,i) a ccnlirmac das hclmintcscs ccmc
as principais rcspcnsavcis c/cs r|sccs o/r||a/tc|s a irrigac ccm csgctcs,
3 -
,ii) a validac dc padrc bactcriclcgicc ,0 CTcr 00 mI ) para irrigac
irrcstrita, ,iii) a prcpricdadc dc cstabclccimcntc dc um padrc
parasitclcgicc mais cxigcntc cm algumas situa6cs, pcr cxcmplc dc
-
cxpcsic dc crianas , 0, cvc I ), ,iv) a prcpricdadc dc cstabclccimcntc
4 5 -
dc um padrc bactcriclcgicc , 0 -0 CTcr 00 mI ) para a irrigac
rcstrita, ,v) a ccnlirmac da incxistncia dc ]ustilicativas cpidcmiclcgicas
para c cstabclccimcntc dc um padrc cxplicitc para virus, ,vi) a
36 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
pcrsistncia dc dvidas cm rclac a ncccssidadc dc um padrc cxplicitc
para prctczcarics ,BIUMLNTHAIc/ o/, 2000).
dc sc cbscrvar quc cstas dirctrizcs da OMS cnccntravam-sc
ccntradas nc cmprcgc dc lagcas dc cstabilizac c nc cntcndimcntc dc quc,
ncstc casc, c padrc cvc ncmatcidcs pcr litrc prcstar-sc-ia ccmc
indicadcr da rcmcc dcs dcmais crganismcs scdimcntavcis ,cutrcs
-
hclmintcs c prctczcarics), cnquantc c padrc .000 CTcr 00 mI scria
indicativc da inativac dc bactcrias patcgnicas c virus ,WHO, 080).
Ac lcngc dc ccntinuc prcccssc dc avaliac das dirctrizcs da OMS
lcram scndc inccrpcradas, dc lcrma cada vcz mais ccnvinccntc, as
lcrramcntas dc avaliac dc riscc ,incluindc a AQRM c cs ccnccitcs dc
riscc c dc carga dc dccna tclcravcis), culminandc ccm a publicac das
ncvas dirctrizcs para a utilizac dc aguas rcsiduarias na agricultura
,WHO, 2000a). Na lcrmulac das ncvas dirctrizcs da OMS, c paramctrc
dc prc]ctc ,maicr riscc tclcravcl dc inlccc) lci assumidc ccmc c
-3
asscciadc a cxpcsic a rctavirus ,0 ppa) ,Tabcla 2.3), assumindc quc a
rcmcc ccrrcspcndcntc c ncccssaria dcstc patcgcnc, garantiria sulicicntc
prctcc ccntra inlcc6cs bactcrianas c pcr prctczcarics.
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 37
Tabela 2.5 Dirctrizcs da OMS para c usc agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics
,080-2005)
Fcntc. WHO ,080)
(4)
(4) (4)
Os cxcrcicics dc avaliac dc riscc ,cm partc dcscritcs nc itcm scbrc c
Bisco sa de aspectos conceituais) sugcrcm quc para sc alcanar
-0
uma mcta dc carga dc dccnas virais ,rctavirus) O DAIY ppa, dcvc-sc
garantir uma rcduc dc 0 a 7 unidadcs lcgaritmicas dcstc patcgcnc para
as situa6cs mais dcslavcravcis. irrigac dc culturas ingcridas cruas c
quc sc dcscnvclvcm rcntc ac sclc c dc raizcs c tubcrculcs ,irrigac
irrcstrita, riscc dc ccnsumidcr c riscc dc trabalhadcr / ccupacicnal)
,Tabcla 2.2). Tais nivcis dc prctcc pcdcm scr alcanadcs pcr mcic dc
tccnicas adcquadas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, ccmbinadas cu
ccmplcmcntadas ccm a rcmcc adicicnal pcr dccaimcntc natural nc
ambicntc c, cu, ccm mcdidas cutras dc prctcc a sadc, tais ccmc.
tccnicas dc irrigac quc minimizcm c ccntatc csgctc-planta cu a
cxpcsic humana, usc dc cquipamcntcs dc prctcc individual, higicnc
dcs alimcntcs. Para a irrigac rcstrita ,riscc dc trabalhadcr /
ccupacicnal), sugcrc-sc quc para alcanar uma mcta dc carga dc dccnas
-0
virais ,rctavirus) O DAIY ppa, dcvc-sc garantir uma rcduc dc
4 unidadcs lcgaritmicas cm tcrmcs dc I.cc/| ,Tabcla 2.2).
Nc quc diz rcspcitc acs risccs asscciadcs a dccnas hclminticas, c
padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs pcrmanccc bascadc nas cvidncias
cpidcmiclcgicas dispcnivcis ,BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/, 2000), acs sc
rcccnhcccr a insulicincia dc inlcrma6cs para a aplicac da mctcdclcgia
dc AQRMc cstimativa dc DAIYs ppa.
A Tabcla 2.0 c a Figura 2.3 sintctizam as ncvas dirctrizcs da OMS
para a irrigac ccm csgctcs sanitarics ,WHO, 2000a), asscciandc a
rcmcc dc patcgcncs ccm cutras mcdidas dc prctcc a sadc,
ccnsidcrandc uma mcta dc carga dc dccnas dc dccnas tclcravcl
-0 2 3
O DAIY ppa.
Para a irrigac irrcstrita, a cpc L accmcda situa6cs cm quc sc
qucr rcduzir ac maximc cs cr|gcs, c quc cxigiria c cmprcgc dc rigcrcscs
prcccsscs dc tratamcntc ,rcmcc dc 7 lcg ), aprcximandc-sc da
0
38 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
2. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc rcmcc dc patcgcncs pcr mcic dc variadas tccnicas dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs, ccnsultar c capitulc 3 dcsta publicac.
3. Lstc tcxtc ccntcm algumas intcrprcta6cs dc rcspcnsabilidadc dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc.
Rcccmcnda-sc a lcitura dc dccumcntc criginal da OMS,WHO, 2000a).

abcrdagcm adctada nas dirctrizcs da USLPA ,Tabcla 2.4). Nas dcmais

cp6cs c ccnsidcrada a caractcrizac da cxpcsic ,Figura 2.), scndc quc
a rcmcc dc patcgcncs dclcgada acs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs
,virus, bactcrias c prctczcarics) c ccntrabalanada ccm cutras mcdidas cu
situa6cs dc prctcc. Assim, na situac mais dcslavcravcl - cultivc dc
culturas ccmcstivcis cruas c mais susccptivcis a ccntaminac dcvidc ac
cstrcitc ccntatc ccm c sclc, ,cp6cs A c B), rcqucr-sc atc 4 lcg dc rcmcc
0
dc patcgcncs, ccmplcmcntada pcr rcduc adicicnal cspcrada pcr
dccaimcntc natural cu pcla praxc dc limpcza das culturas irrigadas ,c quc
bcm sc aplicaria ac casc dc raizcs, tubcrculcs c hcrtalias lclhcsas).
Adilcrcna dc rcduc tctal dc patcgcncs rcqucrida cntrc as cp6cs Ac B,
C, D dcccrrc da maicr ccntaminac cspcrada cm raizcs c tubcrculcs c,
pcrtantc, dc maicr riscc dc inlccc asscciadc ac ccnsumc dcstas culturas
,Tabcla 2.3). Nas cp6cs C c D, c rcqucrimcntc dc rcmcc dc patcgcncs c
ccntrabalanada ccm a maicr cu mcncr intcnsidadc dc ccntatc cntrc a
agua dc irrigac c as culturas irrigadas, minimizada ccm c cmprcgc dc
irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc c c cultivc dc plantas quc crcsccm mais
distantcs dc nivcl dc sclc.
Para a irrigac irrcstrita, a utilizac dc cllucntcs tratadcs pcr
tccnicas ccm rcduzida capacidadc dc rcmcc dc patcgcncs ,pcr cxcmplc,
tanqucs scpticcs cu rcatcrcs UASB) pcdcria scr accmcdada ac cmprcgc dc
tccnicas dc irrigac ccm clcvadc pctcncial dc minimizac da cxpcsic
,ccntatc sclc-agua-planta-trabalhadcrcs), pcr cxcmplc a irrigac
subsupcrlicial ,cpc H). Nc casc dc agricultura ccm baixc nivcl
tccnclcgicc c usc intcnsivc dc mc dc cbra ,clcvada cxpcsic) ,cpc F) c
dc sc cspcrar quc mcta dc rcmcc dc virus, bactcrias c prctczcarics
3 4 -
,4 lcg ) ,0 - 0 I.cc/| 00 mI ) sc]a intciramcntc garantida pcr mcic dc
0
tratamcntc dcs csgctcs. Nc casc dc agricultura ccm clcvadc nivcl
tccnclcgicc c mccanizac ,cpc O), supcndc-sc pcrtantc, cxpcsic
mcncs accntuada, scriam rcccmcndadas 3 unidadcs lcgaritmicas dc
4 5 -
rcmcc, istc c, um cllucntc tratadc ccm 0 - 0 I.cc/| 00 mI . Nas trs
cp6cs, mcdidas dc prctcc adicicnais, ccmc a tccnica dc irrigac
cmprcgada cu a utilizac dc cquipamcntcs dc prctcc individual
pcdcriam, cm tcsc, ccntribuir para clcvadcs nivcis dc prctcc,
ccmparavcis ac da cpc A.
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 39
Cabc nctar c grandc avanc das dirctrizcs da OMS ac inccrpcrar cm
sua lcrmulac lcrramcntas dc avaliac dc riscc c dilcrcntcs ccnarics dc
cxpcsic. Lntrctantc, cm quc pcsc c dctalhamcntc c a sclisticac das
lcrmula6cs, sua traduc cb]ctiva cm tcrmcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs
pcrmanccc bastantc similar acs critcrics vigcntcs na vcrsc antcricr
,Tabcla 2.5).
Tabela 2.0 Dirctrizcs da OMS c usc agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics ,2000).
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WHO ,2000a)
49 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 2.3 Lxcmplcs dc ccmbinac dc mcdidas dc prctcc a sadc
-0
para uma carga dc dccnas tclcravcl O DAIY ppa
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WHO ,2000a)
Suostoc.as qu'~.cas queepeseota~.sco sauJe
Ccmc cspccilicadc nc itcm scbrc c Riscc a sadc aspcctcs
ccnccituais, a OMSsugcrc limitcs maximcs tclcravcis para a ccnccntrac
dc ccntaminantcs nc sclc ,C ), ccmc rcccmcnda6cs dc prctcc a sadc
sclc
humana. Na Tabcla 2.7 aprcscntam-sc cs limitcs para as substancias
sclccicnadas ccm basc cm AQRQ ,CHANO c/ o/., 2002, WHO, 2000a).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 4|
S A
C
Tabela 2.7 Ccnccntrac maxima tclcravcl dc ccntaminantcs cm sclcs ,Csclc)
irrigadcs ccm aguas rcsiduarias ,mg kgsclc-)
Fcntc. WHO ,2000a)
equ.s.tos Jequa`.JaJeJa agua Je.oteesseag'co`a
Quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics para irrigac,
4
alcm dcs aspcctcs dc sadc humana c animal , dcvcm scr ccnsidcradcs. ,i)
c pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics, prccurandc-sc c mclhcr
balanc pcssivcl cntrc a dcmanda c a clcrta dc agua c nutricntcs, ,ii) cs
clcitcs da qualidadc da agua scbrc c sclc c as plantas, tais ccmc c pctcncial
dc salinizac c dc ccmprcmctimcntc da capacidadc dc inliltrac dc sclc,
cu a tcxicidadc a icns cspcciliccs, ,iii) c pctcncial dc ccntaminac da agua

subtcrrancac ,iv) cs prcblcmas ncs sistcmas dc irrigac.
Na scqncia, ainda quc brcvcmcntc, discutc-sc as dirctrizcs para
intcrprctar qualidadc lisicc-quimica da agua para irrigac. As qucst6cs
rclativas ac pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics, dcs clcitcs scbrc
cs sclcs c as plantas, alcm dc pctcncial dc ccntaminac dc aqilcrcs sc
tratadas cm maicrcs dctalhcs ncs capitulcs 5 c 0 dcstc livrc.
Diretrizes para interpretar a qualidade fisico-quinica da gua para
irrigao
O manc]c adcquadc da irrigac cnvclvc a ccmpatibilizac cntrc a
42 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
4. Os aspcctcs dc sadc animal sc tratadcs nc capitulc 8 dcsta publicac.
C
tccnica dc irrigac utilizada, a qualidadc da agua, as caractcristicas dc
sclc c das culturas irrigadas. Alcm dissc, cs clcitcs da qualidadc da agua
scbrc c sclc c as plantas sc inllucnciadcs pclas ccndi6cs climaticas
lccais.
Balinidade
A salinidadc da agua c dc cxtratc sclvcl dc sclc c mcdida pcla
ccndutividadc clctrica ,CLa, CLcs). A ccndutividadc clctrica da agua
rcprcscnta sua capacidadc dc transmitir a ccrrcntc clctrica cm lunc da
prcscna dc substancias dissclvidas, principalmcntc incrganicas, quc sc
disscciam cm caticns c anicns. Simplilicadamcntc, a ccndutividadc
clctrica rcprcscnta a ccnccntrac dc icns, cstandc, pcrtantc, asscciada a
ccnccntrac dc sclidcs dissclvidcs tctais ,SDT) c a salinidadc. Scgundc
Rhcadcs c/ o/., ,2000) gcncricamcntc, pcdc-sc cstimar quc.
- - -
SDT,mg I ) 040 CL,dSm ) para 0, <CL<5,0 dSm
- - -
SDT,mg I ) 800 CL,dSm ) para CL>5,0 dSm
Os sais ccntidcs nas aguas dc irrigac pcdcm sc acumular na
scluc dc sclc na zcna radicular, ccmprcmctcndc a abscrc dc agua
pclas plantas dcvidc acs clcitcs csmcticcs. A irrigac ccm aguas salinas
cxigc a manutcnc da salinidadc dc cxtratc sclvcl dc sclc cntrc cs nivcis
dc tclcrancia das plantas ,capacidadc dc adaptac csmctica) c quc pcdc
scr cbtidc pcr lixiviac ,aplicac dc laminas dc aguas supcricrcs a
ccnsumida pcla cultura). Lntrctantc, sc a salinidadc lcr muitc clcvada c c
sclc lcr pcucc pcrmcavcl istc pcdc sc tcrnar impraticavcl. O nivcl dc
salinidadc da zcna radicular tclcravcl pclas plantas scm alctar scu
rcndimcntc ,salinidadc limiar), bcm ccmc a qucda dc rcndimcntc ccm c
aumcntc da salinidadc dc cxtratc dc saturac dc sclc, pcdcm scr
cxprcsscs pcla cquac 2.0.
Equao 2.0
cndc.
Y = rcndimcntc pctcncial ,)
-
CLcs = salinidadc dc cxtratc dc saturac dc sclc ,dSm ),
salinidadc tclcrada pcla cultura asscciada ac rcndimcntc
pctcncial Y
-
SI = salinidadc limiar da cultura ,dSm )
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 43
E
b = diminuic dc rcndimcntc pcr aumcntc unitaric da
salinidadc acima dc valcr dc SI, dctcrminadc pcr mcic da
Lquac 2.0.
Equao 2.I0
A rclac cntrc a CLa c a CLcs dcpcndc da lrac dc lixiviac
,Lquac 2. c Tabcla 2.8) c rcllctc as altcra6cs dc salinidadc dc sclc dc
mais lcngc prazc, dcccrrcntcs dc usc ccntinuadc da agua.
Equao 2.II
cndc.
Fc = latcr dc ccnccntrac
Tabela 2.8 Fatcr dc ccnccntrac para cstimar a salinidadc dc cxtratc dc saturac
dc sclc a partir da salinidadc da agua c da lrac dc lixiviac
Fcntc. Rhcadcs c/ o/. ,2000)
Lstc prcccdimcntc pcrmitc classilicar as culturas cm tcrmcs dc
-
tclcrancia rclativa. scnsivcl ,CL ,3 dS m ), mcdcradamcntc scnsivcl
cs
- -
,,3 CL 3 dS m ), mcdcradamcntc tclcrantc ,3 CL 0 dS m ) c
cs cs
-
tclcrantc ,0 CL 0 dSm ) ,AYLRS, WLSTCOT, 00).
cs
Ncstc critcric ccnsidcra-sc uma lrac dc lixiviac cm tcrnc dc 5
a 20 ,cu CLcs = ,5 CLa), pcis valcrcs acima dcstcs rcqucrcriam
quantidadcs cxccssivas dc agua dc lixiviac, ccnsidcradas pcucc
praticas. Ccm basc nas cqua6cs 2.0 c 2.0 pcdc-sc, pcrtantc, ccnstruir
tabclas dc tclcrancia a salinidadc para as mais divcrsas culturas c scu
rcndimcntc pctcncial cm lunc da salinidadc dc sclc cu da agua ,cm gcral
listandc c rcndimcntc pctcncial dc 00, 00, 75, 50 c 0) ,AYLRS,
WLSTCOT, 00, RHOADLSc/ o/., 2000).
44 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
E
Infiltrao
A qualidadc da agua dc irrigac pcdc rcduzir a ccndutividadc
hidraulica ,pcrmcabilidadc) dc sclc. Lm gcral, cs clcitcs sc dc nas
camadas supcrliciais dc sclc, ccmprcmctcndc a inliltrac c c alcancc da
zcna radicular c, pcrtantc, a rcncvac da agua ccnsumida pcla cultura
cntrc duas irriga6cs.
O calcic ccntribui para a cstabilidadc dcs agrcgadcs c cstrutura dc
sclc. O scdic prcvcca a dispcrsc dc mincrais dc argila, c quc pcdc causar a
cbstruc dcs pcrcs dc sclc. Alcm dissc, c clcitc dc cxccssc dc Na sc
pctcncializadcs quandc a rclac Ca/Mg c mcncr quc a unidadc, pcrquc c
cxccssc dc Mg-trccavcl nc sclc pcdc induzir a dclicincia dc Ca. A rclac
cntrc csscs trs caticns ,Na . Ca . Mg) c cxprcssa pclc paramctrc Rclac
5
dc Adscrc dc Scdic RAS .
Equao 2.I2
cndc.
-
Na = ccnccntrac dc scdic na agua dc irrigac ,mmcl I )
c
2 -
Ca = ccnccntrac dc calcic na agua dc irrigac ,mmcl I )
c
2 -
Mg = ccnccntrac dc magncsic na agua dc irrigac ,mmcl I )
c
Dc latc, tantc a salinidadc quantc a scdicidadc da agua alctam a
vclccidadc dc inliltrac da agua nc sclc. guas ccm baixa salinidadc
tcndcm a dissclvcr cs sais c mincrais dc sclc ,inclusivc c calcic), lixiviandc-
cs. Istc, scmadc a ccntinua aplicac dc agua ccm clcvada RAS ,clcvada
prcpcrc dc scdic cm rclac ac calcic), ccnstitui a picr ccmbinac para a
cstabilidadc dcs agrcgadcs dc sclc c cstrutura das camadas supcrliciais.
Pcrtantc, cs prcblcmas dc inliltrac sc avaliadcs, cm ccn]untc, pcr mcic
da salinidadc ,CL) c scdicidadc da agua ,RAS).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 45
5. ARAScalculada ccm a cquac ,2.2) nc lcva cm ccnsidcrac cs tccrcs dc Ca da agua dc sclc, quc
pcdcm sc altcrar durantc cu apcs a irrigac dcvidc a disscluc dc sais dc Ca dc sclc pclc dicxidc dc
carbcnc ,aumcntandc sua ccnccntrac na scluc dc sclc), cu a prccipitac, gcralmcntc na lcrma dc
carbcnatc dc calcic ,diminuindc sua ccnccntrac na scluc dc sclc). Dcssa lcrma, a tcndncia mais
atual c utilizar a RAS ccrrigida, a]ustandc a ccnccntrac dc Ca na agua ac valcr dc cquilibric
cspcradc apcs a irrigac. A litcratura cspccializada traz inlcrma6cs sistcmatizadas ,cm lcrmas dc
tabclas) scbrc ccnccntra6cs dc Ca na agua dc sclc prcxima a supcrlicic, dcccrrcntcs da irrigac ccm
agua dc dctcrminada rclac HCO / Ca c Cca ,AYLRS, WLSTCOT,00).
3
Toxicidade por ions especificos
Lm tcsc, tcdc icn abscrvidc cm cxccssc pcdc cxcrccr clcitcs tcxiccs,
usualmcntc pclc acmulc nas lclhas ccm a transpirac das plantas.
Assim ccmc para a salinidadc, as divcrsas culturas aprcscntam tclcrancia
variada a tcxicidadc pcr icns cspcciliccs, cu a tcxicidadc ccmbinada pcr
dilcrcntcs icns. Dcntrc cs icns mais tcxiccs dcstacam-sc cs clcrctcs, c scdic
c c bcrc, cs quais ac scrcm abscrvidcs ccm a agua pcdcm sc acumular nas
lclhas causandc dancs ccmc qucimaduras cu nccrcscs. Na irrigac pcr
aspcrsc, c scdic c cs clcrctcs tambcm pcdcm scr abscrvidcs dirctamcntc
pclas lclhas. Varics cligcclcmcntcs pcdcm scr tcxiccs as plantas, mcsmc
cm baixas ccnccntra6cs.
Na Tabcla 2.0 sc aprcscntadcs critcrics usualmcntc cmprcgadcs
para avaliar a qualidadc da agua para irrigac, ccnsidcrandc c grau dc
rcstric dc usc dc aguas cm tcrmcs dc salinidadc ,CL), scdicidadc ,RAS),
tcxicidadc dc clcmcntcs quimiccs cspcciliccs c prcblcmas dc cbstruc cm
sistcmas dc irrigac lccalizada.
46 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Obscrva6cs Tabcla 2.0.
,) Rcstric dc usc. ,i) ncnhuma ausncia dc prcblcmas pctcnciais nas culturas, nc sclc cu ncs
sistcmas dc irrigac, ,ii) ligcira a mcdcrada cxigc cuidadc na sclcc das culturas c das altcrnativas
dc manc]c para sc garantir c maximc pctcncial dc rcndimcntc, ,iii) scvcra indica c aparccimcntc dc
prcblcmas maicrcs nc sclc, nas culturas cu ncs sistcmas dc irrigac c cxigc cstratcgias dc manc]c
clctivas para sc prcscrvar rcndimcntcs accitavcis. Os valcrcs atribuidcs para cada catcgcria dc
rcstric sc apcnas indicativcs.
,2) CLcs =,5 CLa para uma lrac dc lixiviac cm tcrnc dc 5 a 20
,3) A maicria das culturas arbcrcas c plantas lcnhcsas sc scnsivcis ac scdic c ac clcrctc. Para a
maicria das culturas anuais quc nc sc scnsivcis, pcdc-sc rcccrrcr a inlcrma6cs dc tclcrancia a
salinidadc. As dirctrizcs indicadas na tabcla dcvcm scr ccmplcmcntadas pcr inlcrma6cs mais
cspccilicas dc tclcranciadas divcrsas culturas ac bcrc, clcrctcs, scdic c bicarbcnatcs.
,4) Ccnccntra6cs maximas na agua dc irrigac para prcvcnir clcitcs cumulativcs nc sclc. lcngc prazc
3 -
bascadcs cm uma taxa dc aplicac dc 0.000 m ha .anc. curtc prazc ,atc 20 ancs) rcccmcndadcs
para sclcs dc tcxtura lina, ncutrcs cu alcalincs, ccm clcvada capacidadc dc rcmcc dc clcmcntcs
divcrscs.
Tabela 2.0 Dirctrizcs para a intcrprctar a qualidadc da agua para irrigac
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WPCF ,080), Aycrs c Wcstcct. ,00), USLPA ,2004a)
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 47
Jt.`.zaaoJeesgotos sao.ta.os oa p.sc.cu`tua
Ncstc capitulc apcnas scrc abcrdadcs cs aspcctcs dc sadc.
Inlcrma6cs scbrc a qualidadc dc agua dc pcntc dc vista da prcduc sc
discutidas nc capitulc 8 dcstc livrc. A discussc cm tcrnc dcs critcrics dc
qualidadc micrcbiclcgica para a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics cm
piscicultura scra dcscnvclvida ccm basc nas dirctrizcs rcccmcndadas pcla
OMS, pcr scrcm cstas uma das pcucas inlcrma6cs sulicicntcmcntc
sistcmatizadas c bcm lundamcntadas.
Ccm basc nc ccnhccimcntc dispcnivcl scbrc cs risccs a sadc
humana asscciadcs ac usc dc csgctcs sanitarics cm piscicultura, cm 080 a
3 -
OMS prcpcs as scguintc dirctrizcs sanitarias. 0 CTcr 00 mI nc
4 -
tanquc dc piscicultura cu 0 CTcr 00 mI nc allucntc ac tanquc dc
piscicultura c ausncia dc cvcs dc hclmintcs ,trcmatcidcs) ,WHO 080).
Assim ccmc para c rcsc agriccla, a rcccntc atualizac das dirctrizcs da
OMS para a piscicultura rcccbcu c cnlcquc dc AQRMc |arJcn c[ J|scosc,
scmadc as cvidncias cpidcmiclcgicas da transmissc dc dccnas ,WHO,
2000b). Ncstc scntidc, impcrta idcntilicar cs grupcs dc riscc cxpcstcs c cs
agcntcs/dccnas asscciadcs a cstc latcr dc riscc ,idcntilicac dc pcrigcs),
alcm as mctas dc sadc cstabclccidas casc a casc ,Tabcla 2.0).
Tabela 2.I0 Pcrigcs, grupcs dc riscc c mctas dc sadc dc intcrcssc para a avaliac c
gcrcnciamcntc dc riscc cm piscicultura ccm a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc WHO ,2000b)
48 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
,) incluindc cs ccnsumidcrcs c as pcsscas cnvclvidas na ccmcrcializac c nc prcccssamcntc dc
prcdutc. ,2) trabalhadcrcs cm ccntatc dirctc ccm a agua dc cultivc c pcixcs. ,3) rclacicnadc a
pcpulac quc habita cu circula pcr arcas vizinhas as arcas cndc sc pratica a irrigac ccm csgctcs
,4) carga dc dccna tclcravcl. ,5) Ingcstc Diaria Accitavcl ,tclcravcl), dc accrdc ccm c CcJcx
A/|mcn/or|as Ccmm|s|cn.
C
Lm rclac a transmissc dc dccnas dc tc|ca/odc b/Jr|co
asscciada ac usc dc csgctcs sanitarics cm piscicultura, rcccnhcccm-sc trs
mccanismcs principais. ,i) transmissc passiva dc patcgniccs pcr mcic dc
pcixcs ccntaminadcs, pcr ingcstc cu manipulac, ,ii) transmissc dc
hclmintcs quc tm cs pcixcs ccmc hcspcdcircs intcrmcdiarics, ,iii)
transmissc dc hclmintcs quc tm ccmc hcspcdcircs intcrmcdiarics
cutrcs ccmpcncntcs da bicta aquatica ,LDWARDS,002).
Patcgcncs dc crigcm cntcrica ,lccal) humana ,bactcrias, virus c
prctczcarics) pcdcm scr transpcrtadcs para as cscamas, as guclras, c
liquidc intrapcritcncal, as vias digcstivas c cs msculcs dcs pcixcs. Ha,
cntrctantc, cvidncias dc quc a cclcnizac dc msculc pcr bactcrias sc
cccrrc quandc da prcscna dc clcvadas dcnsidadcs nc tratc intcstinal, istc
pcrquc cxistiriam mccanismcs dc dclcsa natural nc crganismc dcs pcixcs,
acima dcs quais as bactcrias nc sc dcstruidas c ccnscgucm pcnctrar ncs
tccidcs ,BURASct al., 087). Divcrscs trabalhcs indicam quc a pcnctrac
dc bactcrias nc msculc dcs pcixcs sc cccrrc quandc sua dcnsidadc na
4 5
agua cstivcr acima dc 0 -0 crganismcs pcr 00mI, dcpcndcndc tambcm
dc ccndi6cs dc cstrcssc mctabclicc dcs pcixcs ,LDWARDS, 002, WHO,
2000b). Lmbcra as cvidncias dc transmissc passiva dc bactcrias, virus c
prctczcarics sc]am praticamcntc incxistcntcs, nc sc pcdc dcscartar cssa
hipctcsc, nc scmcntc rclacicnada ac ccnsumc dc pcixcs mal cczidcs mas
tambcm a manipulac c prcparc.
Lm um dcs pcuccs cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs ccnhccidcs, riscc cm
cxccssc dc dccnas diarrcicas lci idcntilicadc cm crianas ccm cxpcsic
intcnsa a piscicultura ccm a utilizac dc cxcrctas asscciadc ccm c
ccnsumc dc pcixcs c, principalmcntc, ccm c ccntatc ccm a agua dc tanquc
4 -
dc piscicultura ,3,0 x 0 CTcr 00 mI ) ,WHO, 2000b). Simula6cs
,AQRM) dc intcnsa cxpcsic ,ingcstc dc 0 - 00 mI pcr dia dc agua dc
tanqucs dc piscicultura durantc 300 dias pcr anc) indicaram quc a mcta dc
-0
carga dc dccnas 0 DAIY ppa c alcanavcl ccm a utilizac dc
3 4 -
cllucntcs dc lagcas dc cstabilizac ccm 0 - 0 I.cc/| 00 mI . Pcrtantc,
a OMS sugcrc c scguintc padrc dc qualidadc da agua, cm tcrmcs dc
mcdias gccmctricas. ,i) prctcc da sadc dc trabalhadcr c dc pblicc ccm
3 -
accssc as arcas dc piscicultura, 0 I.cc/| 00 mI nc tanquc dc
4 -
piscicultura cu 0 I.cc/| 00 mI nc allucntc ac tanquc, ,ii) prctcc dcs
4 - 5
ccnsumidcrcs, 0 I.cc/| 00 mI nc tanquc dc piscicultura cu 0 I.cc/|
-
00 mI nc allucntc ac tanquc ,cstimandc-sc uma rcduc dc lcg nc
0
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 49
0
tanquc, pcr dccaimcntc adicicnal cu clcitc dc diluic) ,WHO, 2000b) .
Os hclmintcs dc maicr intcrcssc nc casc dc usc dc csgctcs sanitarics
cm piscicultura sc cs trcmatcidcs, particularmcntc Cb/cncrcb|s sp.,
O|s/bcrcb|s sp., Porogcm|nas sp. Iosc|c/o spp. c 8b|s/cscmo sp. Dcstcs a
Iosc|c/o bco/|co, c Porogcm|nas cs/crmon| c c 8b|s/cscmo monscn|
aprcscntam impcrtancia cpidcmiclcgica na Amcrica dc Sul c nc Brasil. O
ciclc biclcgicc dcstcs crganismcs inclui hcspcdcircs aquaticcs
intcrmcdiarics, a partir dcs quais as ccrcarias pcdcm cnccntrar
hcspcdcircs humancs via ingcstc ,Iosc|c/o c Porogcm|nas) cu
pcnctrac cutanca ,8b|s/cscmo) ,LDWARDS, 002, WHO, 2000b). Sc as
cvidncias dc transmissc dc ncmatcidcs patcgniccs humancs sc
praticamcntc incxistcntcs, nc sc pcdc igncrar csta pcssibilidadc nc casc
dc ccntatc ccm a agua c dc manipulac cu ccnsumc dc pcixcs quc sc
alimcntam dc matcrial bcntcnicc ,pcr cxcmplc a carpa), uma vcz quc
prctczcarics c hclmintcs tcndcm a scdimcntar cm lagcas dc cstabilizac
cu tanqucs dc piscicultura.
Ncstc casc, acs sc rcccnhcccr a insulicincia dc inlcrma6cs para a
aplicac da mctcdclcgia dc AQRM c cstimativa dc DAIYs ppa, as
dirctrizcs da OMS apcntam para a minimizac cu ausncia dc risccs
pctcncias, sugcrindc cs scguintc padr6cs dc qualidadc da agua. ausncia
-
dc cvcs dc trcmatcidcs c cvc ncmatcidcs I ,mcdia aritmctica).
Dcntrc as dccnas micrcbianas dc cr|gcm b/Jr|co impcrtam ainda as
rclacicnadas a vctcrcs, nc casc dc Brasil ccm clara atcnc a pcssibilidadc
dc prclilcrac dc vctcr da dcnguc ,AcJcs ocg,/|). O riscc asscciadc a
substancias quimicas ccnstituira prcblcma ,cu nc) dcpcndcndc da
crigcm dcs csgctcs, a OMS aprcscnta limitcs a scrcm cbscrvadcs ncs
pcixcs ,WHO, 2000b). Cabc ainda atcnc ac pctcncial prcblcma da
prclilcrac dc ciancbactcrias cm lagcas dc cstabilizac cu cm tanqucs dc
piscicultura c a libcrac dc cianctcxinas. Lmbcra cxistam sugcst6cs dc
quc algumas cspccics dc pcixcs ,pcr cxcmplc, tilapia c carpa) cvitcm c
ccnsumc dc planctcn na prcscna dc cclulas tcxicas, ha cutras cvidncias
quc a cxpcsic prclcngada a clcvadas ccnccntra6cs pcdc lcvar a
59 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
0. Na pratica as dirctrizcs atualizadas pcrmancccm csscncialmcntc as mcsmas antcricrmcntc
vigcntcs.
acumulac dc cianctcxinas ncs pcixcs ,WHO, 2000b). Lnquantc nc sc
rcncm subsidics sulicicntcs para c cstabclccimcntc dc limitcs dc tcxinas
cm pcscadc, impcrta dcstacar as scguintcs inlcrma6cs cm tcrmcs dc
limitcs cstabclccidcs cu sugcridcs dc Ingcstc Diaria Tclcravcl c Valcrcs
Maximcs Pcrmitidcs cm agua para ccnsumc humanc, cstimadcs ccm basc
- ,7) -
cm AQRQ. micrccistinas g I , cilindrcpcrmcpsina 5 g I c
- ,8)
saxitcxinas. 3 g I .
euso Joaoo e`oJust.a`
Para clcitc dc crganizac dcstc tcpicc, scrc ccnsidcradas as
catcgcrias dc rcsc urbanc dclinidas pcla USLPA. uscs urbancs rcstritcs c
0
irrcstritcs ,USLPA,2004a) . O quc dclinc as duas catcgcrias c c grau dc
rcstric dc accssc ac pblicc ,ccntrclc da cxpcsic) c, ccnscqcntcmcntc,
as cxigncias dc tratamcntc c c padrc dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs ,Tabcla
20
2.) . Lm gcral pcrccbc-sc uma ccrrcspcndncia dc cxigncias cntrc cs
uscs urbancs rcstritcs c irrcstritcs, irrigac rcstrita c irrcstrita ,Tabcla
2.4), cabcndc aqui tcda a analisc critica dcscnvclvida nc itcm Be so
Agricola Irrigao con esgotos sanitrios.
As cxigncias dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica ,DBO) c sclidcs ,SST),
dcpcndcndc dc tipc dc usc, sc ]ustilicadas cm tcrmcs dc inccnvcnicntcs
cstcticcs ,aparncia, maus cdcrcs), dispcnibilidadc dc nutricntcs para c
crcscimcntc micrcbianc c ccmprcmctimcntc da dcsinlccc. Os cclilcrmcs
scrvcm dc indicadcrcs da clicincia dc dcsinlccc c a turbidcz, ccmc
indicadcr cstcticc c indicadcr auxiliar da rcmcc dc patcgcncs ,vcr itcm
Be so Agricola Irrigao con esgotos sanitrios).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 5|
- - -
7. IDT = 0,04 g kg d , pc = 00 kg, P = 0,8, C = 2 I d ,vcr cquac 5). Valcr dirctriz da OMS c
pc
cstabclccidc nc padrc dc pctabilidadc brasilcirc ,WHO, 2004, BRASII, 2004).
8. Valcrcs sugcridcs na litcratura intcrnacicnal c rcccmcndadcs nc padrc dc pctabilidadc brasilcirc
,AZLVLDO, BRANDO, 2003, BRASII, 2004).
0. Lstc tcxtc ccntcm algumas intcrprcta6cs dc rcspcnsabilidadc dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc.
Rcccmcnda-sc a lcitura dc dccumcntc criginal da LPA,USLPA, 2004a).
20. Os padr6cs dc qualidadc cstabclccidcs nas lcgisla6cs cstaduais variamcm tcrnc dc aprcscntadc
na Tabcla 2., cntrctantc cstc rcprcscnta cm bca mcdida cs padr6cs praticadcs ncs LUA. Lm alguns
cstadcs nc ha distinc cntrc uscs rcstritcs c irrcstritcs.

E S
E S
As dirctrizcs da OMS pcucc sc dcdicam acs uscs urbancs, rclcrindc-
sc apcnas a irrigac dc parqucs c ]ardins c para c quc sugcrc um padrc
-
dc 200 CTcr 00 mI ,WHO, 080).

Para uscs industriais a USLPA rcccmcnda csscncialmcntc cs
mcsmc critcrics dc qualidadc dcs uscs urbancs rcstritcs ,Tabcla 2.), ccm
a cbscrvac dc quc uscs cspcciliccs pcdcm rcqucrcr tratamcntc tcrciaric
adicicnal para a prcvcnc dc ccrrcsc ,rcduc da ccndutividadc clctrica,
Tabela 2.II Dirctrizcs da USLPA para uscs urbancs dc csgctcs sanitarics
Fcntc. Adaptadc dc USLPA ,2004a)
52 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
2. Vcr Capitulc 4 dcsta publicac para rclcrncias a ncrmas vigcntcs cm cutrcs paiscs para
dcscarga dc tcalctcs c a rcspcctiva discussc cm tcrmcs dc risccs asscciadcs.
E S
clcrctcs, sclidcs tctais) c incrustac ,rcmcc dc calcic, magncsic, silica,
alcalinidadc, sullatcs, lcslatcs c llucrctcs), lcrmac dc biclilmcs ,rcmcc
dc nutricntcs c dc carbcnc prcntamcntc assimilavcl) c lcrmac dc
cspumas. Lm gcral, cstar-sc-ia rclcrindc a prcccsscs dc cstabilizac
quimica c biclcgica da agua ,vcr Capitulc 4).
Suos'J.os egu`a~eotaao Jo euso Ja gua
22
oo 3as.` - Jt.`.zaao Jesgotos Sao.ta.os TataJos
Ccm basc nc cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc ,cm partc aprcscntada
ncstc livrc) adiantam-sc a scguir sugcst6cs dc critcrics dc qualidadc para
a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics para as scguintcs mcdalidadcs dc rcsc
da agua. usc agriccla, uscs urbancs c cm piscicultura. As sugcst6cs
aprcscntadas limitam-sc, csscncialmcntc, a critcrics dc prctcc a sadc
,qualidadc micrcbiclcgica). Dcmais paramctrcs dcvcm scr cb]ctc, nc
minimc, dc cbscrvac critcrics dc bcas praticas aplicavcis a cada tipc dc
usc da agua.
Os critcrics sugcridcs cnccntram ccnsistncia ccm cs padr6cs
tccnclcgiccs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs dc amplc cmprcgc nc pais,
accmcdandc tccnicas dc tratamcntc simplilicadas, mas scm cmitir a
pcssibilidadc dc cmprcgc dc tccnicas dc maicr ccmplcxidadc. Alcm dissc, c
ccnhccimcntc acumuladc, inclusivc ac lcngc dc dcz ancs dc pcsquisas nc
ambitc dc PROSAB, asscgura quc c atcndimcntc acs padr6cs dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica dc cllucntcs sugcridcs c lactivcl.
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 53
22. Alcm dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc, a lcrmulac dcs critcrics aprcscntadcs ccntcu ccm a participac
dcs scguintcs pcsquisadcrcs. Ashcr Kipcrshcl ,UFBA), Carlcs Augustc dc Icmcs Chcrnicharc c
Marccs vcn Spcrling ,UFMO), Icurdinha Flcrcncic ,UFPL), Iuis Olintc Mcntcggia ,UFROS), Migucl
Mansur Aissc ,PUC-PR) c Rcquc Passcs Pivcli ,USP).
observao de critrios
Tabela 2.I2 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para c usc agriccla dc csgctcs sanitarics
54 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 55
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000a).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) c ccnhccimcntc acumuladc pcrmitc inlcrir quc cllucntcs dc sistcmas dc
3 -
tratamcntc pcr lagcas ccntcndc 0 CTcr 00mI cstc]am livrcs dc
bactcrias patcgnicas c virus. Lstudcs dc Bastcs c/ o/. ncstc cdital dc
PROSABdcmcnstraram c rapidc dccaimcntc dc 8omcnc//o sp. cm lagcas dc
pclimcntc. Lm sistcmas dc lagcas a rcmcc dc ,cc)cistcs dc prctczcarics c
indicada pcla rcmcc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. Lstudcs ccnduzidcs ncstc cdital
dc PROSAB ,BASTOS c/ o/.) c cm cditais antcricrcs ,vcn SPLRIINO, c/ o/.,
2003) ccnlirmam a sulicincia dc TDH dc 8 -0 dias para a rcmcc dc cvcs dc
hclmintcs. Para cutrcs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc nc ha indicadcrcs
micrcbiclcgiccs aplicavcis para a rcmcc dc parasitas. Nc casc dc liltrac
tcrciaria a turbidcz dcvc scr utilizada utilizada ccmc paramctrc indicadcr da
rcmcc dc prctczcaricsc , pcr ccnscguintc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. Lm
sistcmas quc incluam a dcsinlccc dcvc-sc rcccrrcr acs paramctrcs dc
ccntrclc da dcsinlccc ,rcsidual dcsinlctantc c tcmpc dc ccntatc)
ncccssarics ac alcancc dc padrc cstipuladc para cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs.
,iv) cs critcrics sugcridcs para a irrigac irrcstrita tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs ccnsumidcrcs, dcs trabalhadcrcs c dc pblicc ccm
accssc cu vizinhc a arcas cndc a irrigac c praticada.
3 -
,v) c padrc gcncricc dc 0 CTcr 00mI para a irrigac irrcstrita
aprcscnta margcm dc scgurana sc ccmparadc ccm as dirctrizcs da OMS
,mais rcstritivc). Dc tcda lcrma cnccntra-sc amparadc tambcm cm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs nc ambitc dc PROSAB. Bastcs c/ o/ ,2003a) dcmcnstraram quc a
irrigac ccm cllucntcs ccm cstc padrc dc qualidadc rcsulta cm qualidadc
dc hcrtalias accitavcl para ccnsumc, dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da lcgislac
sanitaria brasilcira ,BRASII, 200). As hcrtalias irrigadas aprcscntaram
qualidadc micrcbiclcgica supcricr a dc allaccs ccmcrcializadas cm lciras
livrcs lccais.
,vi) a llcxibilizac assumida para c casc dc irrigac irrcstrita pcr
gctc]amcntc dc culturas quc sc dcscnvclvcm distantcs dc nivcl dc sclc
tambcm aprcscnta margcm dc scgurana sc ccmparada ccm as dirctrizcs da
OMS ,mais rcstritivc) c visa a prctcac da sadc dcs trabalhadcrcs. Bastcs
c/ o/ ,2003a) dcmcnstraram quc a irrigac supcrlicial ccm cllucntcs ccm
4 5 -
0 -0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc accitavcl para ccnsumc dc
,
56 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
hcrtalias quc sc dcscnvclvcm distanciadas dc nivcl dc sclc, dc accrdc ccm cs
critcrics da lcgislac sanitaria brasilcira ,BRASII, 200). Lm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs ncstc cdital dc PROSAB. Mcta ct al, dcmcnstraram quc
a irrigac pcr micrcaspcrsc dc mamc ccm cllucntcs ccntcndc
5 - 2 -
0 -0 I.cc/| 00mI ,mcdia gccmctrica dc 7,0 x 0 I.cc/| 00mI ) rcsultcu
cm nivcis nc dctcctavcis dc I.cc/| ncs lrutcs ,vcr capitulc 0 dcsta
publicac).
,vii) a inclusc dc tccnicas hidrcpcnicas na catcgcria dc irrigac irrcstrita
cnccntra rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs ccnduzidcs pcr Kcllcr
c/ o/ ncstc Ldital dc PROSAB. c cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc allaccs ccm cllucntcs
3 -
ccntcndc >0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc accitavcl para ccnsumc
das hcrtalias, dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da lcgislac sanitaria brasilcira
,BRASII, 200) ,vcr capitulc 7 dcsta publicac).
,viii) cs critcrics sugcridcs para a irrigac rcstrita tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs trabalhadcrcs c dc pblicc ccm accssc cu vizinhc a
arcas cndc a irrigac c praticada.
,ix) c padrc sugcridc para a irrigac dc pastagcns c lcrragciras para
alimcntac animal cnccntra rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs
ccnduzidcs pcr Bcvilacqua c/ o/. ncstc Ldital dc PROSAB c Bcvilacqua c/ o/.
,2003) cm cditais antcricrcs. c cultivc dc lcrragcira ccm cllucntc dc
0 -
UASBBF,ccntcndc 0 I.cc/| 00mI c incculada ccm clcvadas pcpula6cs
dc salmcncla) nc rcsultcu cm riscc a sadc dc animais alimcntadcs ccm a
lcrragcira irrigada cu nc ccmprcmctimcntc da qualidadc sanitaria dc lcitc
dc caprincs c da carcaa dc bcvincs nc abatc ,vcr capitulc 8 dcsta publicac).
C
Captulo
Captulo
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 57
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000a).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) cs critcrics sugcridcs para cs uscs rcstritcs c irrcstritcs tm pcr cb]ctivc a
prctcc da sadc dcs usuarics c transcuntcs cm arcas c instala6cs ccm
aplicac dc cllucntcs, trabalhadcrcs cm ccntatc dirctc ccm a agua dc rcsc,
sclc, matcrial c instala6cs cndc c csgctc c aplicadc cu utilizadc.
2 -
,iv) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI sugcridc para uscs urbancs irrcstritcs c
cr
bascadc cm sugcst6cs da OMS para a irrigac dc campcs dc cspcrtcs,
parqucs c ]ardins ccm accssc irrcstritc dc pblicc, incluindc a cxpcsic dc
grupcs mais scnsivcis ccmc crianas c idcscs. Accdita-sc quc c critcric pcssa
scr cccrcntcmcntc cxtrapcladc para cutrcs uscs ccm caractcristicas dc
cxpcsic similar.
4 -
,v) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI para uscs urbancs rcstritcs c assumidc
cr
ccmc cccrcntc ccm c padrc mais cxigcntc rcccmcndadc pcla OMS para a
irrigac rcstrita, assumindc para as duas situa6cs caractcristicas
similarcs dc cxpcsic.
,) ,2)
Tabela 2.I3 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para uscs urbancs dc csgctcs sanitarics
58 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
3 -
,vi) c padrc dc 0 CT 00mI para usc cm dcscarga dc tcalctcs cnccntra
cr
rcspaldc c margcm dc scgurana cm cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc dispcnivcis
na litcratura c cm cstudcs ccnduzidcs pcr Kipcrstck ct al. ncstc Ldital dc
PROSAB scbrc a qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dc sclcs hidriccs dc vascs
sanitarics cm prcdics pbliccs ,vcr capitulc 4 dcsta publicac).
Justificativas para os critrios apresentados
,i) ccnsistncia ccm cs bcm lundamcntadcs cstudcs dc avaliac dc riscc
ccnduzidcs scb cs auspicics da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,WHO,
2000b).
,ii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs pcr mcic dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c scbrc c alcancc c limita6cs dc
cmprcgc dc indicadcrcs para a avaliac da clicincia dc rcmcc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs.
,iii) ccnsistncia ccm c cstadc da artc dc ccnhccimcntc scbrc a qualidadc
sanitaria dc pcixcs cultivadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics.
,iv) Bastcs ct al ,2003b) dcmcnstraram quc c cultivc dc tilapias ccm cllucntcs
3 -
dc lagcas dc pclimcntc ccm 0 I.cc/| 00mI rcsultcu cm qualidadc
accitavcl para ccnsumc dc pcixc lrcscc ,ausncia dc I.cc/| nc msculc dcs
pcixcs) c supcricr a dc pcixcs cultivadcs cm pcsquc-pagucs lccais.
,)
Tabela 2.I4 Dirctrizcs dc PROSAB para uscs dc csgctcs sanitarics cm piscicultura
Captulo
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
BRASII. Agncia Nacicnal dc Vigilancia Sanitaria. Rcscluc - RDC n 2, dc 2 dc ]ancirc
dc 200. Aprcva c rcgulamcntc tccnicc scbrc padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para alimcntcs.
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wastcwatcr rcclamaticn critcria using cntcric viruscs mcnitcring data. Watcr Scicncc and
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H. R., MLDLIROS J.F. Campina Orandc. UFPB, 00. 28 p. ,Lstudcs FAO. Irrigac c
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HAAS, C.N, ROSL, J., OLRBA, C.P. Quantitativc micrcbial risk asscssmcnt. Ncw Ycrk.
Jchn Wilcy &Scns, 000. 440p.
HAVLIAAR, A.H., MLISL, J.M. Quantilying public hcalth risk in thc WHO guidclincs lcr
drinking-watcr quality. Aburdcn cl discasc apprcach. Bilthcvcn. RIVM, WHO, 2003. 43 p.
Dispcnivcl cm.
<http.//www.whc.int/cntity/watcr_sanitaticn_hcalth/dwq/rivmcrp.pdl>. Accssc cm. 20
sct. 2005.
HLAITH CANADA. FLDLRAI PROVINCIAI TLRRITORIAI COMMITTLL ON
DRINKINO WATLR. Ouidclincs lcr Canadian drinking watcr quality. Part I Apprcach tc
thc dcrivaticn cl drinking watcr guidclincs. Ottawa. Hcalth Canada, 005. Dispcnivcl cm.
<http.//www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hccs-scsc/watcr/pdl/part..pdl >. Accssc cm. 0 Sct. 2004.
HUBBARD, A. statistical unccrtainty in burdcn cl discasc cstimatcs. In. KAY, D., PRUSS,
A., CORVAIN, C. ,Org.) Mcthcdclcgy lcr asscssmcnt cl cnvircnmcntal burdcn cl discasc.
Ocncva. WHO, 2000. 03p.
HUNTLR, P. R., FLWTRLII, I. Acccptablc risk. In. FLWTRLII, I, Bartram J. ,Ld.)
Watcr quality guidclincs, standards and hcalth. asscssmcnt cl risk and risk managcmcnt
lcr watcr rclatcdinlccticus discasc. p. 207-227. Ocncva. WHO, 200.
MARA, D,D., CAIRNCROSS, S. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and cxcrcta in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080. 87p.
PLTTLRSON, S. A., ASHBOIT, N.J. WHO Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr and
cxcrcta in agriculturc. micrcbial risk asscssmcnt sccticn, 2002. 30p. Dispcnivcl cm.
<http.//www.whc.int/watcr_sanitaticn_hcalth/wastcwatcr/mrarcvicw.pdl>. Accssc cm 23
agc. 2005.
RHOADLS, J.D., KANDIAH, A., MASHAII, A.M. Usc dc aguas salinas para prcduc
agriccla. Traduc dc OHLYI,H.R., .SOUSA J.R, QULIROZ, J.L.. Campina Orandc.
UFPB, 2000. 7p. ,FAO. Lstudcs dc Irrigac c Drcnagcm, 48)
69 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
SHUVAI, H.I., IAMPLRT, Y., FATTAI, B. Dcvclcpmcnt cl a riskasscssmcnt apprcach lcr
cvaluating wastcwatcr rcusc standards lcr agriculturc. Watcr Scicncc and Tcchnclcgy, v.
35, n. -2, p. 5-20. 007.
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. OFFICL OF
PLSTICIDL PROORAMS. LPA`s` risk asscssmcnt prcccss lcr tclcrancc rcasscssmcnt.
Washingtcn D.C.. USLPA, 000 ,Stall Papcr, 44)
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Naticnal
primary drinking watcr rcgulaticns. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 200 ,LPA-80-F-0-
007).dispcnivcl cm <http.//www.cpa.gcv/salcwatcr> Accssc cm. 2 Mar. 2005.
USLPA- UNITLD STATLSLNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Ouidclincs lcr
watcr rcusc. Washingtcn DC. USLPA, 2004a.
USLPA - UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. OFFICL OF
WATLRDrinking watcr standards and hcalth adviscrics. Washingtcn, DC. USLPA, 2004b
,USLPA-822-R-04-005).
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Hcalth guidclincs lcr usc cl wastcwatcr in
agriculturc andaquaculturc. Ocncva. WHO, 080 ,Tcchnical Rcpcrt Scrics, 778).
vcn SPLRIINO, M., JORDO, L. P., KATO, M. T., AIMSOBRINHO, P., BASTOS, R. K.
X., PIVLIII, R. P. Iagcas dc cstabilizac. In. FRANCI, R.O. ,Cccrd.). Dcsinlccc dc
cllucntcs sanitarics. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS, RiMa, 2003, p. 275-330 ,Prc]ctc PROSAB).
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr drinking - watcr quality, 3rd
cd. Ocncva. WHO, 2004. 55p.
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 2. Wastcwatcr usc in agriculturc. Ocncva. WHO. 2000a.
23p.
WHO - WORID HLAITH OROANIZATION. Ouidclincs lcr thc salc usc cl wastcwatcr,
cxcrcta and grcywatcr. Vclumc 3. Wastcwatcr and cxcrcta usc in aquaculturc. Ocncva.
WHO. 2000b. 40p.
WORID BANK. Wcrld dcvclcpmcnt rcpcrt 003. invcsting in hcalth wcrld dcvclcpmcnt
indicatcrs. Ncw Ycrk. OxlcrdUnivcrsity Prcss, 003.
WPCF - WATLR POIIUTION CONTROI FLDLRATION. Watcr rcusc. Manual cl
Practicc. 2ndcd. Alcxandria. WPCF, 080, 243p,Manual cl Practicc SM-3).
Cap. 2 |6|mas e C|||||6s Je Qaa||JaJe pa|a |e s6 Ja Aqaa 6|
Cap'tu`o 3
Tata~eoto Je sgotos e oJuao Je l`ueotes
AJequaJos a 0.vesas VoJa`.JaJes Je
euso Ja gua
Ca||6s Aaqas|6 Je |em6s C|e|o|c|a|6, |6a|J|o|a ||6|eoc|6, |a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s,
|6qae |ass6s ||.e||, Va|c6s .6o Spe|||oq e |a|z 0||o|6 V6o|eqq|a
Tecoo`og.as Je Tata~eoto Je sgotos
O cb]ctivc dcstc capitulc c aprcscntar as principais tccnclcgias dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs, atualmcntc utilizadas nc Brasil, scm aprclundar
ncs rcspcctivcs aspcctcs ccnccituais, dcscritivcs c dc dimcnsicnamcntc,
mas apcnas cm suas vantagcns c dcsvantagcns, uma vcz quc cstas
inlcrma6cs cnccntram-sc dispcnivcis cm divcrsas publica6cs da arca,
inclusivc ncs livrcs dc PROSAB ,CHLRNICHARO, 007, CAMPOS, 000,
CHLRNICHARO, 200, vcn SPLRIINO,2005).
Ncssc scntidc, para cada tccnclcgia c aprcscntada uma dcscric
sucinta, um lluxcgrama tipicc c a qualidadc cspcrada para c cllucntc cm
tcrmcs dc dcmanda bicquimica dc cxignic ,DBO), dcmanda quimica dc
cxignic ,DQO), sclidcs scdimcntavcis ,SS), amcnia, nitrcgnic tctal ,N
tctal), lcslcrc tctal ,P tctal), cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ,CTcr) c cvcs dc
hclmintcs ,Tabcla 3.). As tcnclcgias dc tratamcntc sc aprcscntadas dc
accrdc ccm cs scguintcs grupamcntcs, partindc das mais simplcs as mais
mccanizadas.
Iagcas dc cstabilizac
Dispcsic dc cllucntcs nc sclc
Rcatcrcs anacrcbics
Rcatcrcs anacrcbics pcs-tratamcntc
Cabc salicntar quc nc sc abcrdadas tcdas as tccnclcgias dc
tratamcntc atualmcntc dispcnivcis c praticadas nc Brasil, ncm tcdas as
ccmbina6cs pcssivcis, uma vcz quc issc lugiria ac cb]ctivc principal dcstc
capitulc. Ncssc scntidc, c tcxtc a scguir lci cstruturadc dc lcrma a
aprcscntar, dcntrc dcs grupamcntcs antcricrcs, cxcmplcs dc sistcmas dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs dc amplc cm cmprcgc nc pais c cm ccnscnancia ccm
cs prcccitcs dc PROSABdc privilcgiar as altcrnativas mais simplilicadas,
dc mcncrcs custcs c dc maicr sustcntabilidadc. Dcssa lcrma, cs sistcmas
mccanizadcs ccnvcncicnais ,a cxcmplc dc lcdcs ativadcs, bicliltrcs
acradcs submcrscs, ctc.) lcram citadcs c dcscritcs apcnas cm ccmbinac
ccm cs rcatcrcs anacrcbics, uma vcz quc a qualidadc cspcrada dc cllucntc
c bastantc scmclhantc nas duas situa6cs, ccmc sistcmas iscladcs cu ccmc
sistcmas ccmbinadcs.

.agoas Je estao.`.zaao
Ncsta scc c aprcscntada uma dcscric sucinta das principais
tccnicas dc tratamcntc pcr sistcmas dc lagcas. ,i) lagcas lacultativas
primarias c ccmbinadas ccm lagcas anacrcbias ,ii) lagcas acradas ,iii)
lagcas dc maturac. As duas primciras sc as quc clctivamcntc
ccnsistcm cm lagcas dc cstabilizac, cntcndidc cstc tcrmc ccmc a
translcrmac da matcria crganica carbcnacca ,DBO) cm prcdutcs
mincralizadcs ,cstabilizac da matcria crganica carbcnacca). As lagcas
dc maturac nc tm mais csta lunc, mas sim a dc rcmcc dc
patcgcncs. Lnccntram-sc ainda as lagcas dc pclimcntc, dcscritas nc itcm
scbrc Beatores UABB + ps-tratanento. Uma das principais
caractcristicas dcsscs sistcmas sc cs clcvadcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc
hidraulica ,TDH) c as grandcs arcas ,cspclhc d`agua) cxpcstas a aac da
luz sclar, c quc lavcrccc mccanismcs quc pcdcm lcvar a clcvada prcduac
dc planctcn ,alimcntc para cs pcixcs) c a clcvadas clicincias dc rcmcc
dc patcgcncs c mcsmc dc nutricntcs. Dcstaca-sc, pcrtantc, a impcrtancia
dcs sistcmas dc tratamcntc pcr lagcas tcndc cm vista sua capacidadc dc
prcduzir cllucntcs tratadcs ccm pcssibilidadc dc utilizac para
dilcrcntcs lins.
.agoa acu`tat.va
O tcrmc lacultativa advcm dc latc dc quc ncstc sistcma prcdcminam
as |oc/ r|os [oca//o/|tos, ccm capacidadc dc adaptac acs dcis ambicntcs
lcrmadcs. acrcbics ,mais a supcrlicic) c anacrcbics ,nc lundc das lagcas).
A DBO sclvcl c a DBO linamcntc particulada sc cstabilizadas
acrcbiamcntc pcr bactcrias dispcrsas nc mcic liquidc, ac passc quc a DBO
suspcnsa tcndc a scdimcntar, scndc ccnvcrtida anacrcbiamcntc pcr
bactcrias nc lundc da lagca. O cxignic rcqucridc pclas bactcrias acrcbias
c lcrnccidc pclas algas, atravcs da lctcssintcsc. Lsta altcrnativa
64 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas dcsta tccnclcgia dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr cnccntradas cm
varics livrcs, a cxcmplc dc vcn Spcrling ,2005).
praticamcntc limita-sc ac tratamcntc dc pcqucnas vaz6cs, pcis casc,
ccntraric, a dcmanda dc arca scria cxagcrada, dc lcrma a mantcr cs
limitcs dc carga crganica ,kg DBO/ha.d) c a ncccssaria cxigcnac dc
sistcma. O lluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma ccm lagca lacultativa
primaria c aprcscntadc na Figura 3..
.agoa Aoaeoo.a - .agoa acu`tat.va
A rcmcc dc DBO na lagca anacrcbia ,mais prclunda c ccm mcncr
vclumc) c da crdcm dc 50 a 05 ,ccnvcrtida a liquidcs c gascs), cnquantc a
DBO rcmancsccntc c rcmcvida na lagca lacultativa. O sistcma ccupa uma
arca inlcricr ac dc uma lagca lacultativa nica ,Figura 3.2).
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 65
Iigura 3.I Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca lacultativa primaria.
Fcntc. Vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.2 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca anacrcbia scguida pcr lagca
lacultativa. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
.agoa AeaJa acu`tat.va
Lsta altcrnativa ganha lugar, csscncialmcntc, quandc nc ha arca
sulicntc para as altcrnativas antcricrcs, quc dcpcndcm dc lcrnccimcntc
dc cxignic unicamcntc pcr lctcssintcsc. Os mccanismcs dc rcmcc da
DBO sc similarcs acs dc uma lagca lacultativa.
Nc cntantc, grandc partc dc cxignic c lcrnccidc pcr acradcrcs
mccaniccs. Uma grandc partc dcs sclidcs dc csgctc c da bicmassa
bactcriana ,lcrmada cm dcccrrncia da acrac) scdimcnta, scndc
dcccmpcsta anacrcbiamcntc nc lundc ,Figura 3.3).
.agoa AeaJa JeV.stua Co~p`eta- .agoa Je0ecaotaao
Ccm c intuitc ,cu na ncccssidadc) dc sc rcduzir ainda mais a arca
acupada, pcdc-sc rcccrrcr a maicr intcnsidadc dc acrac ,cncrgia
intrcduzida pcr unidadc dc vclumc da lagca), c quc lcva a prcduc c
atividadc tambcm mais intcnsas dc bicmassa bactcriana.
Assim, a bicmassa pcrmanccc dispcrsa nc mcic liquidc ,cmmistura
ccmplcta) cm clcvada ccnccntrac, c quc aumcnta a clicincia dc
rcmcc da DBO. Nc cntantc, cs clcvadcs tccrcs dc sclidcs ,bactcrias),
ncccssitam scr rcmcvidcs antcs dc lanamcntc nc ccrpc rcccptcr, cm
lagcas dc dccantac ,Figura 3.4).
.agoas Je Vatuaao
Ccmc a carga crganica ]a bastantc rcduzida, a lctcssintcsc
prcdcmina scbrc a rcspirac ,bactcriana c das algas, cstas a ncitc),
66 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 3.3 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca acrada lacultativa.
Fcntc. Vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.4 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagca acrada dc mistura ccmplcta
scguida dc lagca dc dccantac. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 67
cstabclcccndc assim um ambicntc ccm clcvadcs tccrcs dc OD ,ccnsumc dc
CO2) c pH, cstcs dcis latcrcs ccntribucm para accntuar cs clcitcs
bactcricida c viricida da irradiac UV ,raics sclarcs). Lstas mcsmas
ccndi6cs pcdcm lcvar a clicincia rclativamcntc clcvada dc rcmcc dc
nitrcgnic ,vclatilizac da amcnia) c parcialmcntc dc lcslcrc
,prccipitac dc lcslatcs).
Aclicincia na rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs ,ccmc indicadcr da rcmcac dc
bactcrias patcgnicas c virus) c clcvadissima, ccmplcmcntandc c quc ]a sc
tcnha alcanadc nas unidadcs antcricrcs. A rcmcc dc prctczcarics c
hclmintcs sc da pcr scdimcntac c ccmc dcpcndc scmcntc dc TDH, pcdc
tambcm scr alcanada nas unidadcs antcricrcs. As lagcas dc maturac
sc usualmcntc prc]ctadas cm scric ,Figura 3.5), cu ccm divis6cs pcr
chicanas.
0.spos.aoJel`ueotes oo So`o
Ncsta scc, sc dcscritas apcnas as altcrnativas dc csccamcntc
supcrlicial c dc tcrras midas ,c//onJs), uma vcz quc cstas cnccntram,
2
atualmcntc, maicr aplicabilidadc nc Brasil . Lstas duas tccnicas dc
tratamcntc aprcscntam clcvada capacidadc dc rcmcc dc DBO c,
adicicnalmcntc, dc nutricntcs, principalmcntc dc nitrcgnic ,pcr
intcra6cs quimicas nc sclc c abcsrc pcla bicmassa vcgctal) c dc

parasitas ,pcr mccanismcs lisiccs dc rctcnc). A rcmcc dc bactcrias c
virus c mais limitada. Acrcsccntc-sc quc sc ccnscguida a ccmpatibilizac
cntrc cs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c dc irrigac, as duas
altcrnativas pcdcm ccnsituir, cm si, altcrnativas dc rcsc, ha]a vista a
pcssibilidadc dc prcduc dc bicmassa para alimcntac animal ,vcr
capitulc 8 dcstc livrc).
Iigura 3.5 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc lagcas dc cstabilizac scguidas pcr
lagcas dc maturac cm scric. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
2. Adcmais, as cutras altcrnativas dc dispcsic nc sclc sc usualmcntc aplicadas a pcqucncs
sistcmas dc tratamcntc, uma vcz quc sc limitadas pcla capacidadc dc inliltrac dc sclc. Lm
dcccrrncia da inliltrac, nc ha a gcrac dc cllucntcs quc pcssamscr utilizadcs para cutrcs lins quc
nc a rccargadc lcncl lrcaticc ,mcdalidadc dc rcsc nc abcrdada ncsc livrc).
2
Captulo 8).
68 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
scoa~eoto Supel.c.a`
Os csgctcs sc distribuidcs na partc supcricr dc tcrrcncs ccm uma
ccrta dcclividadc, atravcs dc qual csccam, atc scrcm cclctadcs pcr valas na
partc inlcricr. A aplicac c intcrmitcntc. Os tipcs dc aplicac sc.
aspcrscrcs dc alta prcssc, aspcrscrcs dc baixa prcssc c tubula6cs cu
canais dc distribuic ccm abcrturas dcvidamcntc cspaadas ,Figura 3.0).
Teas J~.Jas Coostu'Jas
Os sistcmas ccnsistcm dc canais rascs, quc abrigam plantas
aquaticas. O sistcma pcdc scr dc lluxc supcrlicial ,nivcl d`agua acima dc
nivcl dc sclc) cu subsupcrlicial ,nivcl d`agua abaixc dc nivcl dc sclc)
,Figura 3.7). Mccanismcs biclcgiccs, quimiccs c lisiccs nc sistcma sclc-
agua-planta atuam nc tratamcntc dcs csgctcs, scndc a clicincia dc
rcmcc dc DBO, nutricntcs c patcgcncs similar a dcs sistcmas pcr
dispcsic nc sclc.
Iigura 3.0 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc csccamcntc supcrlicial. O csgctc pcdc
rcccbcr tratamcntc prcvic ,primaric cu cm rcatcrcs anacrcbics).
Iigura 3.7 Fluxcgramas tipiccs dc sistcma dc tcrras midas ,rcatcrcs anacrcbics
pcdcm substituir c tratamcntc primaric) rcccbcr tratamcntc prcvic ,primaric cu cm
rcatcrcs anacrcbics). Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
VE0'0OR
0E VAZO
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 69
S.ste~as Aoaeoo.os
Hc]c cm dia, pcdc-sc alirmar quc a tccnclcgia anacrcbia aplicada ac
3
tratamcntc dc csgctcs dcmcsticcs cnccntra-sc ccnsclidada cm ncssc pais ,
scndc quc praticamcntc tcdas as analiscs dc altcrnativas dc tratamcntc
inclucm cs rcatcrcs anacrcbics ccmc uma das principais cp6cs, pcr istc
rcprcscntar, dcntrc cutras vantagcns, cm grandc cccncmia dc arca.
Lntrctantc, cstcs sistcmas aprcscntam capacidadc mais limitada dc
rcmcc dc matcria crganica c pcqucna ,sc alguma) clicincia dc rcmcc
dc nutricntcs c patcgcncs, dcmandandc, cm gcral, pcs-tratamcntc, sc]a
para c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs, sc]a para c rcsc. Na prcscntc
scc sc dcscritas apcnas algumas das altcrnativas tccnclcgicas
dispcnivcis, a cxcmplc dcs sistcmas quc inccrpcram tanqucs scpticcs,
liltrcs anacrcbics c rcatcrcs UASB, incluindc as principais ccmbina6cs dc
pcs-tratamcntc.
S.ste~a TaoqueSpt.co- .`to Aoaeoo.co,TS-Ao}
O sistcma TSFAn ,tambcm chamadc dc sistcma lcssa-liltrc)
,Figura 3.8) tcm sidc amplamcntc utilizadc nc mcic rural, cm
ccmunidadcs dc pcqucnc pcrtc c mcsmc ncs grandcs ccntrcs urbancs,
carcntcs dc sistcma pblicc dc csgctamcntc sanitaric. O tanquc scpticc
3. Scm dvida, uma grandc ccntribuic para a ccnsclidac c dilusc da tccnclcgia anacrcbia nc
Brasil dcvc-sc acs trabalhcs dc PROSAB, incluindc cs varics livrcs publicadcs.
Iigura 3.8 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tanquc scpticc liltrc anacrcbic.
Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
79 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
rcmcvc a maicr partc dcs sclidcs cm suspcnsc, cs quais scdimcntam c
sclrcm c prcccssc dc digcstc anacrcbia nc lundc dc tanquc. O liltrc
anacrcbic clctua uma rcmcc ccmplcmcntar dc DBO, cspccialmcntc a
lrac sclvcl dc csgctc.
4
eato Aoaeoo.oJe`uxo AsceoJeoteeVaota Je.oJo ,JAS3}
A DBO c ccnvcrtida anacrcbiamcntc pcr um ccnscrcic dc bactcrias
prcscntcs nc mantc dc lcdc dc rcatcr. O lluxc dc liquidc c asccndcntc. A
partc supcricr dc rcatcr c dividida nas zcnas dc scdimcntac c dc cclcta
dc gas. A zcna dc scdimcntac pcrmitc a saida dc cllucntc clarilicadc c c
rctcrnc dcs sclidcs ,bicmassa) ac sistcma, aumcntandc a sua ccnccntrac
nc rcatcr ,Figura 3.0). Lntrc cs gascs lcrmadcs inclui-sc c mctanc. O
sistcma dispcnsa dccantac primaria, a prcduc dc lcdc c baixa c cstc ]a
sai adcnsadc c cstabilizadc. O rcatcr UASB pcdc scr utilizadc nas
scguintcs ccnligura6cs. ,a) dc lcrma isclada, quandc clicincias dc
rcmcc dc DBO, ccrca dc 70, sc accitavcis, cu numa primcira ctapa dc
uma implantac gradual dc tratamcntc, cu ,b) scguidc dc alguma lcrma
dc pcs-tratamcntc, cb]ctivandc clcvar a clicincia glcbal dc sistcma cm
tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc matcria crganica cu inccrpcrar a rcmcc adicicnal
dc cutrcs ccnstituintcs.
4. Lstc rcatcr tcm rcccbidc cutras dcncmina6cs ,DAFA, RAFA, RAMAI, RAFAI, RAIF). A sigla
UASB advcm dc |[/c Anocrc||c 8/aJgc B/on/c/, dc cmprcgc intcrnacicnal, tcm sidc
prclcrcncialmcntc adctada tambcm nc Brasil, apcs c inicic dcs trabalhcs dc PROSAB. Inlcrma6cs
mais dctalhadas dcsta tccnclcgia dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr cnccntradas cm varics livrcs, a
cxcmplc dc Chcrnicharc ,007) c Campcs ,000).
Iigura 3.0 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcr rcatcrcs
UASB. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
eatoes JAS3- os`ata~eoto
Praticamcntc tcdcs cs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm scr
usadcs ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dcs cllucntcs dc rcatcr UASB ,biclcgiccs,
acrcbics cu anacrcbics, cu lisicc-quimiccs, ccm adic dc ccagulantcs). A
clicincia glcbal dc sistcma c usualmcntc similar a quc scria alcanada sc
c prcccssc dc pcs-tratamcntc lcssc aplicadc ac csgctc brutc. Nc cntantc, cs
rcquisitcs dc arca, vclumc c cncrgia, bcm ccmc a prcduc dc lcdc, sc bcm
mcncrcs.
eatoes JAS3- .`to 3.o`og.coeco`aJo
Nc Brasil, cs liltrcs biclcgiccs pcrccladcrcs tm rcccntcmcntc
cnccntradc aplicac ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs
anacrcbics, cs quais, ncstc casc, substitucm, ccm vantagcns, c dccantadcr
primaric. O lcdc acrcbic gcradc nc liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, ainda nc
cstabilizadc, c cnviadc ac rcatcr UASB, cndc sclrc adcnsamcntc c
digcstc, ]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic ,Figura 3.0). Ccmc csta vazc
dc rctcrnc dc lcdc acrcbic c bcm baixa, ccmparada ccm a vazc allucntc,
nc ha distrbics cpcracicnais intrcduzidcs nc rcatcr UASB. O
tratamcntc dc lcdc c grandcmcntc simplilicadc. nc ha ncccssidadc dc
adcnsadcrcs c digcstcrcs, havcndc apcnas a ctapa dc dcsidratac. O lcdc
mistc rctiradc dc rcatcr anacrcbic, digcridc c ccm ccnccntra6cs similarcs
as dc um lcdc cllucntc dc adcnsadcrcs, pcssui ainda ctimas caractcristicas
dc dcsidratabilidadc.
eatoes JAS3- .oJos At.vaJos
Lsta c uma altcrnativa bastantc prcmisscra cm rcgi6cs dc clima
qucntc, lccc dc varias pcsquisas rcccntcs c quc ccmca a scr implantada
cm cscala rca. A ccnccpc c as vantagcns sc as mcsmas listadas para c
pcs-tratamcntc ccm liltrcs biclcgiccs pcrccladcrcs. O lcdc sccundaric,
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 7|
Iigura 3.I0 Fluxcgrama dc um sistcma ccmpcstc pcr rcatcr UASB c liltrc biclcgicc
pcrccladcr. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
em escala real.
criginadc dc sistcma dc lcdcs ativadcs, c rctcrnadc ac rcatcr UASB, cndc
sclrc adcnsamcntc c digcstc, ccn]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic. O lcdc
mistc rcsultantc ncccssita apcnas dc dcsidratac. AFigura 3. ilustra c
lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
eatoes JAS3- 3.ol.`toAeaJo Suo~eso
Nc Brasil a maicr aplicac dcs bicliltrcs acradcs submcrscs tcm
sidc ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs UASB. Tcm-sc aqui c
mcsmc ccnccitc c as mcsmas vantagcns ]a discutidas para cs sistcmas dc
lcdcs ativadcs c dc liltrcs biclcgiccs atuandc ccmc pcs-tratamcntc dc
cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs anacrcbics. O dccantadcr primaric c substituidc pclc
rcatcr UASB. Ha grandc cccncmia dc cncrgia ncs bicliltrcs, advinda da
maicr clicincia dc rcmcc dc DBO ncs rcatcrcs UASB. O lcdc cm
cxccssc, rcmcvidc pcla lavagcm dcs liltrcs, c rctcrnadc ac rcatcr UASB,
cndc sclrc adcnsamcntc c digcstc, ccn]untamcntc ccm c lcdc anacrcbic.
O lcdc mistc rcsultantc ncccssita apcnas dcsidratac. A Figura 3.2
ilustra c lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
72 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 3.II Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc ccm rcatcrcs UASB
scguidcs pcr lcdcs ativadcs. Fcntc. vcn Spcrling, 2005.
Iigura 3.I2 Fluxcgrama dc sistcma ccmpcstc pcr rcatcr UASB c bicliltrc acradc
submcrsc. Fcntc. vcn SPLRIINO, 2005.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 73
eatoes JAS3- .agoas Jeo`.~eoto
Lm quc pcscm cs grandcs atrativcs das cp6cs dc pcs-tratamcntc
antcricrmcntc rclcridas, nchuma dclas alcana clcvada rcmcc dc
nutricntcs c patcgcncs. Sc cstc lcr c casc, dcpcndcndc das cxigncias dc
lanamcntc cu dc utlizac dcs cllucntcs, c sc hcuvcr arca dispcnivcl, as
lagcas dc pclimcntc aprcscntam-sc ccmc uma altcrnativa bastantc
atrativa. Iagca dc pclimcntc c c tcrmc cmprcgadc para unidadcs dc pcs-
tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs UASB, pcis dilcrcntcmcntc das lagcas
dc maturac, ainda cumprcm alguma lunc cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc
ccmplcmcntar dc DBO, tal qual as lagcas dc lagcas dc maturac, quc
pcdcm ainda alcanar clcvada rcmcc c patcgcncs c dc amcnia. AFigura
3.3 ilustra c lluxcgrama dcsta ccnccpc.
esu~oJas Tecoo`og.as JeTata~eoto Jesgotos
Aprcscnta-sc a scguir uma analisc ccmparativa cntrc cs principais
sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, aplicadcs a csgctcs dcmcsticcs. A
analisc c rcsumida cm divcrsas tabclas c liguras-rcsumc, tal ccmc listadc
a scguir.
Ccmoroc qaon/|/o/|to ,Tabcla 3.). ccnccntra6cs mcdias
cllucntcs c clicincias tipicas dc rcmcc dcs principais pclucntcs
dc intcrcssc ncs csgctcs dcmcsticcs
Ccmoroc qaon/|/o/|to ,Tabcla 3.2). caractcristicas tipicas dcs
principais sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, cxprcsscs cm
valcrcs pcr capita
Ccmoroc J|ogrom/|co ,Tabclas 3.3 a 3.5). capacidadc dcs
divcrscs sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs cm alcanar
ccnsistcntcmcntc cs nivcis indicadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc cm
tcrmcs dc DBO, DQO, SS, amcnia, nitrcgnic tctal, lcslcrc tctal,
cclilcrmcs tcrmclctcrantcs c cvcs dc hclmintcs ,vcr capitulc 2

Iigura 3.I3 Fluxcgrama tipicc dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc ccm rcatcrcs UASB
scguidcs pcr lagcas dc pclimcntc. Fcntc. vcn SPLRIINO, 2005.
C
74 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dcstc livrc para as dirctrizcs sugcridas pclc PROSAB para a
utlizac dc csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs cm dilcrcntcs
mcdalidadcs dc rcsc da agua).
Ncstc particular cabc adiantar as scguintcs ccnsidcra6cs.
Quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac dc cllucntc cm ,lcrti)irrigac,
naturalmcntc sc qucr prcscrvar a clcrta dc nutricntcs c, pcrtantc,
sua rcmcc ,cu nc) dcixa dc scr um aspcctc rclcvantc.
Lntrctantc, alguma rcmcc dc nitrcgnic pcdc scr ncccssaria
para a prcvcnc dc impactcs scbrc as plantas ,rctardamcntc da
maturac, crcscimcntc vcgctativc, dcntrc cutrcs vcr capitulc 0
dcstc livrc).
Quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac dc cllucntc cm piscicultura, a
rcmcc dc amcnia c um impcrativc, pcis a amcnia livrc ,NH ) c
3
tcxica acs pcixcs cm ccnccntra6cs bcm rcduzidas ,2-5 mg/l). Pcr
cutrc ladc, sc qucr prcscrvar a clcrta dc lcslcrc ,bcm ccmc dc N)
ccmc lcntc dc nutricntc ac planctcn c, assim, sua rcmcc ,cu
nc) c um latcr irrclcvantc. Dc tcda lcrma, scmprc sc pcdc
ccnccbcr a alimcntac dc tanqucs dc piscicultura ccntandc ccm
uma prc-cstimada diluic, dc lcrma a prcvcnir clcitcs tcxiccs c
prcscrvar a dcsc]ada cutcrlizac dcs vivcircs dc pcixcs ,vcr
capitulc 8 dcstc livrc).
Lm qualqucr mcdalidadc dc rcsc da agua, uma clcvada rcmcc
dc patcgcncs c, cm gcral, ncccssaria. Ncstc scntidc, a aprcciac
da capacidadc dc rcmcc dc cada prcccssc dc tratamcntc dcvc
scr rcalizada a partir dc scguintc cntcndimcntc. bactcrias c virus
sc, prcpcndcrantcmcntc, rcmcvidcs pcr inativac, pcla ac dc
agcntcs dcsinlctantcs lisiccs ,cx.. radiac ultraviclcta ,UV)
artilicial cu natural, nc casc dcs raics sclarcs cm sistcmas dc
lagcas), cm crdcm crcsccntc a ac dcsinlctantc cnccntram-sc.
bactcrias, virus, prctczcarics c hclmintcs. Pcr sua vcz,
prctczcarics c hclmintcs sc rcmcvidcs, prcpcndcrantcmcntc,
pcr prcccssc lisiccs dc scparac, pcr cxcmplc, dccantac c
liltrac.
Assim, a ccnccpc dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc ccm vistas ac rcsc
pcdc dilcrir bastantc daqucla vcltada para c atcndimcntc dc
padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs. Pcr
cutrc ladc, ccmc a utilizac dcs cllucntcs pcdc sc dar dc lcrma
sazcnal ,principalmcntc ncs cascs da irrigac c da piscicultura),
a ccnccpc intcgrada dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc c rcsc pcdc
dcmandar ccmplcxidadc c llcxibilidadc ncccssarias para atcndcr
a padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs ccmpativcis ccm a utilizac
c, cu, c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs ,vcr capitulc dcstc
livrc).
C
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Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
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Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 8|
oteoc.a` JeJt.`.zaao Jel`ueotes TataJos
Tcndc cm vista as cspccilicidadcs c dilcrcntcs cxigncias dcs
dilcrcntcs tipcs dc rcsc, abcrda-sc nc prcscntc capitulc apcnas as
pctcncialidadcs dc utilizac dc cllucntcs tratadcs para lins urbancs,
prcdiais c agrcpccuarics scndc a qucstc dc rcsc industrial tratada nc
capitulc 4.
A analisc dc pctcncial dc utilizac dc cllucntcs para lins urbancs,
prcdiais c agrcpccuarics lci lcita ccm basc nas caractcristicas dc qualidadc
cspcradas para cs cllucntcs das tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs mais
utilizadas nc Brasil. As inlcrma6cs vciculadas dc lcrma gcncrica nas
Tabclas 3. a 3.5 rcllctcm cs rcsultadcs cnccntradcs ncstc Ldital dc
PROSAB. Lm tcrmcs dc caractcrizac dcs cllucntcs cstudadcs, na Tabcla
3.0 ccmplctam-sc as inlcrma6cs ccm paramctrcs dc intcrcssc agriccla,
cstcs dadcs sc aprcscntadcs dc lcrma ainda mais sintctizada uma vcz quc
nc lcram rcgistradas grandcs varia6cs cntrc as tccnicas dc tratamcntc
cmprcgadas.
Dcs dadcs das Tabclas 3. a 3.0 sc pcdcm cxtrair as scguintcs
cbscrva6cs, ainda quc gcncricas, mas quc ccnlirmam c cstadc da artc dc
ccnhccimcntc cm tratamcntc dc csgctcs.
Dcntrc as tccnicas dc tratamcntc aprcscntadas pcucas sc as
cp6cs quc alcanam uma rcmcc dc amcnia prcntamcntc
aplicavcl a piscicultura ,a amcnia livrc pcdc scr tcxica acs pcixcs
Tabela 3.0 Paramctrcs dc qualidadc dc csgctcs tratadcs dc intcrcssc agriccla
C
82 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cm valcrcs tc baixcs quantc 2 - 5 mg NH /l). Lntrctantc, a
3
alimcntac dc tanqucs dc piscicultura ccntandc ccm c latcr
diluic c uma altcrnativa plcnamcntc viavcl.
Pcr cutrc ladc, a limitac dc rcmcc dc amcnia c cs cxigcntcs
padr6cs ambicntais ,dc lanamcntc c dc limitcs nc ccrpc rcccptcr)
cm si apcntam para a cpcrtunidadc dc rcsc agriccla, ccmc lcrma
dc rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs.
A rcmcc dc lcslcrc c tambcm limitada, mas istc nc ccnstitui
prcblcma ,muitc pclc ccntraric) quandc sc prctcndc a utilizac
dcs cllucntcs para irrigac cu piscicultura.
Lm tcrmcs dc macrcnutricntcs para a lcrtirrigac, cm gcral
pcdc-sc dizcr quc cs cllucntcs aprcscntam bcm pctcncial dc clcrta
dc nitrcgnic c pctassic, mas bcm mais limitada dc lcslcrc. Lm
gcral, c nitrcgnic c clcmcntc criticc, pcis pcdc sc aprcscntar
inclusivc cm cxccssc, ccm prcblcmas pctcnciais agrcncmiccs c
ambicntais.
Nc quc sc rclcrc a ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL), c grau dc rcstric
dc usc dcs cllucntcs ,prcblcmas dc salinidadc) varicu dc ncnhum
a ligcirc ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 0).
Ac sc ccnsidcrar cs prcblcmas pctcnciais dc inliltrac, avaliadcs
pcr mcic da CL c a razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS)
ccn]untamcntc, cm gcral as rcstri6cs variaram tambcm dc
ncnhuma a mcdcrada. Lm algumas pcucas cxcc6cs a rcstric dc
usc scria scvcra, dcvidc as clcvadas ccnccntra6cs, dc Na, na
agua dc crigcm dc cllucntc. O mcsmc sc aplica acs tccrcs dc
clcrctcs ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 5).
Quantc ac pH, cs valcrcs cnccntradcs para cs dilcrcntcs tipcs dc
cllucntcs, sc mantivcram dcntrc dcs limitcs da ncrmalidadc ,0,5 a
8,4), ccm cxccc dc alguns cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc.
Os tccrcs dc sclidcs cu as caractcristicas quimicas da agua
rcsiduaria pcdcriam prcvccar prcblcmas dc cntupimcntc cm
sistcmas dc irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc cu aspcrsc, c quc cxigiria
um prc-ccndicicnamcntc da agua dc irrigac ,vcr capitulc 2).

Captulos
Captulos
Captulo
Lm tcrmcs dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dcstaca-sc c pctcncial dcs
sistcmas dc lagcas cm prcduzir cllucntcs adcquadcs a irrigac
,mcsmc irrcstrita) c a piscicultura. Lntrctantc, alcm das lagcas, a
cxccc das c//onJs, pcucas sc as altcrnativas ccm capacidadc
dc prcduzir cllucntcs adcquadcs a irrigac, mcsmc rcstrita
4 5
,0 - 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs pcr 00 ml c < cvc dc
hclmintc/l). Ncstcs cascs rcqucrcr-sc-ia pcs-tratamcntc ,lagcas
dc pclimcntc, liltrac c, cu, dcsinlccc) cu a utilizac dcs
cllucntcs cm ccn-di6cs cspcciais dc ccntrclc da cxpcsic
humana ,vcr capitulc 2).
Para clcitc dcssc capitulc, prcccdcu-sc ac cnquadramcntc das
divcrsas tccnclcgias ,dcscritas nc itcm Tecnologias de Tratanento de
Esgotos) cm padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia, a scmclhana dcs
padr6cs dc clicincia prcpcstcs pcla Agncia Nacicnal dc guas - ANA nc
Prcgrama dc Dcspcluic dc Bacias PRODLS ,ANA, 2002), ccnlcrmc
dclinidc na Tabcla 3.7.
As principais pcssibilidadcs dc utilizac dc cllucntcs tratadcs sc
aprcscntadas na Tabcla 3.8. Lsta Tabcla pcssibilita ac lcitcr as scguintcs
vcrilica6cs.
A partir dc tipc dc usc dcsc]adc ,ccluna ), vcrilica-sc c padrc
tccnclcgicc ,ccluna 3) c cxcmplcs dc tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
,ccluna 4) ccmpativcis ccm aquclc usc. Lssa cpc dc cntrada c
mais indicada para lcitcrcs da arca dc agrcncmia,
A partir dc um padrc tccnclcgicc ,ccluna 3) c dcs cxcmplcs dc
tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc inscridas naquclc padrc ,ccluna 4),
vcrilica-sc quais cs tipcs dc usc sc pcssivcis. Lssa cpc dc
cntrada c mais indicada para lcitcrcs da arca dc cngcnharia
sanitaria.
A partir da analisc ccn]unta das Tabclas 3.7 c 3.8, c lcitcr
dcprccndcra quc apcnas as tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc quc inccrpcram
lagcas pcssibilitam a cbtcnc dc cllucntcs ccm qualidadc para c rcsc
agriccla c urbanc, ncs quais c ncccssaric c padrc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs
< cvc/l. Para as dcmais tccnclcgias, quc nc inccrpcram lagcas, a
cbtcnc dcssc padrc dc qualidadc sc sc viabiliza ccm a utilizac dc
sistcmas mais ccmplcxcs, quc inccrpcrcm alguma barrcira lisica, a
cxcmplc dc mcmbranas, liltrac tcrciaria, ctc.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 83
condies
Captulo
84 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 3.7 Padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia dc divcrsas tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
dc csgctcs
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 85
* DBO c SST,mg/l), CTcr - cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs/00ml, Hclmintcs ,cvcs/l)
Icgcnda. BF=Bicliltrc acradc submcrsc, DLS=dcsinlccc, FA=liltrc anacrcbic,
FBP= liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, FT=liltrac tcrciaria, IA=Icdcs Ativadcs,
IM=lagca dc maturac, IP=lagca dc pclimcntc, TS=tanquc scpticc,
UASB=rcatcr anacrcbic dc lluxc asccndcntc c manta dc lcdc.
Lm tcsc, cm quaisqucr das altcrnativas listadas ccm liltracc tcrciaria c dcsinlccc, cstas unidadcs
pcdcm scr substituidas pcr lagcas dc pclimcntc cu dc maturac.
Tabela 3.7 Padr6cs dc qualidadc c dc clicincia dc divcrsas tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc
dc csgctcs ,ccnt.)
b
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A xpe.oc.a Jo 0SA3
eatoes JAS3 co~ tata~eoto po eoe.a~eoto oaJo
0esc.ao Suc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Minas Ocrais ,UFMO) dcscnvclvcu
pcsquisas buscandc avaliar uma ncva altcrnativa dc prc-tratamcntc dc
csgctc brutc, atravcs dc uma unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc,
cb]ctivandc a mclhcria da hidrclisc c dc dcscmpcnhc dc rcatcrcs UASB
tratandc csgctcs tipicamcntc dcmcsticcs. Pcr prcssupcstc, a mclhcria dc
dcscmpcnhc dcs rcatcrcs UASB traz bcnclicics cm tcrmcs dc dcmanda dc
pcs-tratamcntc, pcr cxcmplc cm tcrmcs dc dcmanda dc arca dc lagcas dc
pclimcntc cb]ctivandc c rcsc. Alcm dissc, lcram tcstadas dilcrcntcs
ccndi6cs cpcracicnais c dc alimcntac dcs rcatcrcs, buscandc a
ctimizac dc paramctrcs dc prc]ctc dcs rcatcrcs. Issc lci lcitc atravcs da
avaliac dc clcitc da aplicac dc dilcrcntcs ccndi6cs hidrcdinamicas
scbrc c dcscmpcnhc dcs rcatcrcs cxpcrimcntais.
Fcram ccnccbidcs dcis rcatcrcs UASB, idnticcs, tcdavia um dcs
rcatcrcs cra prcccdidc dc uma unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc. A
pcncira utilizada lci ccnstruida cm ac incxidavcl c pcssuia abcrturas dc
mm, dilicultandc assim a cntrada dc sclidcs dc maicrcs dimcns6cs nc
rcatcr UASB c lcrandc a ruptura dc particulas quc passcm pcla pcncira.
Ou sc]a, c cb]ctivc da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc nc cra rctcr cs
sclidcs maicrcs quc mm, mas sim prcpcrcicnar a rcduc dc tamanhc
das particulas antcs dc scrcm intrcduzidas nc rcatcr UASB. O
pcnciramcntc lcradc lci ccnscguidc dcvidc a prcssc dc lluxc dc csgctc a
mcntantc ,cntrc ,5 a 3,5 bar). A Figura 3.4 aprcscnta uma vista dcs
rcatcrcs UASBc da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc cu]as caractcristicas
sc listadas na Tabcla 3.0.
Tabela 3.0 Principais caractcristicas da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc cm ac
incxidavcl
88 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
A pcsquisa lci ccnccbida para scr rcalizada cm ncvc lascs
cpcracicnais distintas, caractcrizadas pcla variac da scc transvcrsal
dcs rcatcrcs, bcm ccmc da carga hidraulica c da altura dc ccmpartimcntc
dc digcstc, ccnlcrmc mcstradc na Tabcla 3.0. Tcdavia, cs rcsultadcs
ccnsclidadcs ncssa scc rclcrcm-sc apcnas as lascs a 0.
Iigura 3.I4 Vista dcs rcatcrcs UASB ,a) c da unidadc dc pcnciramcntc lcradc ,b)
da UFMO
Tabela 3.I0 Fascs cpcracicnais da pcsquisa ,UFMO)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 89
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os mclhcrcs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc dcs rcatcrcs lcram
cbtidcs durantc a lasc 5 da pcsquisa, quandc cstcs lcram cpcradcs ccm
TDH dc 7,0 hcras, vclccidadc asccnsicnal dc 0,7 m/h c dcnsidadc dc tubcs
2
dc distribuic dc csgctcs igual a 2,25 m . Para cstas ccndi6cs
cpcracicnais, lcram vcrilicadas as scguintcs laixas dc ccnccntra6cs
mcdias, para ambcs cs rcatcrcs. ,i) DBO . 0 a 04 mg/l, ,ii) DBO . 23 a
tctal liltrada
24 mg/l, ,iii) DQO . 28 a 44 mg/l, ,iv) DQO . 07 a 70 mg/lc ,v) SST. 55
tctal liltrada
a 07 mg/l, S . 0, a 0,2 ml/l.
Scd
Ava`.aao
A UPF pcssibilitcu a altcrac da distribuic dc tamanhc dc
particulas prcscntcs nc csgctc brutc, aumcntandc a pcrccntagcm
dc particulas ccm diamctrcs inlcricrcs a 30m. Tcdavia, nc
hcuvc bcnclicics aparcntcs cm tcrmcs dc clicincia dc rcmcc dc
matcria crganica tctal c dissclvida ,DBO c DQO) ncs rcatcrcs,
apcsar dc rcatcr prcccdidc da UPF aprcscntar atividadc
mctancgnica cspccilica ,AML) supcricr a dc rcatcr ccntrclc.
A prcduc diaria dcs sclidcs rctidcs na pcncira lci cm mcdia dc
,0g dc rcsiduc/kg DQO aplicada.d. O rcsiduc da pcncira
aprcscntcu tccr dc umidadc aprcximadamcntc dc 82 alcm dc
ccnsidcravcl quantidadc dc matcria crganica, ha]a vista a
clcvada rclac STV/ST ,maicr quc 80). Alcm dissc, c um
rcsiduc dc lacil bicdcgradabilidadc acrcbia c dc mcdia
bicdcgradabilidadc anacrcbia pcdcndc scr cncaminhadc a um
digcstcr acrcbic para sclrcr c prcccssc dc cstabilizac.
Baixas ccnccntra6cs mcdias dc DBO ncs cllucntcs dcs dcis
liltrada
rcatcrcs ,inlcricrcs a 25 mg/l), sc indicativas dc clcvada
ccnvcrsc da lrac bicdcgradavcl.
Os rcsultadcs rclativcs ac aumcntc da dcnsidadc dc tubcs dc
distribuic dc csgctcs nc lcram ccnclusivcs cm rclac a
mclhcra nc rcgimc dc mistura c pcrlcrmancc dc rcatcr.
.`tos 3.o`og.cos eco`aJoes
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric dc Jancirc ,UFRJ) dcscnvclvcu
pcsquisas ccm uma unidadc dc liltrac biclcgica acrcbia ,liltrc biclcgicc
pcrccladcr) ccm c cb]ctivc principal dc avaliar c dcscmpcnhc dc prcccssc
99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
utilizandc mcics supcrtc plasticcs dc tipc ancis randcmiccs c dc tipc
mcdular lluxc cruzadc submctidcs a cargas hidraulicas supcrliciais dc
40, 05 c 80 m/m.d. O aparatc cxpcrimcntal da pcsquisa lci ccnstituidc pcr
gradc dc barras, dcsarcnadcr, liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr c 2 dccantadcrcs
sccundarics ,Figura 3.5). O csgctc brutc allucntc c tipicc dc campi
univcrsitaric c aprcscnta caractcristicas similarcs as dc cllucntcs dc
unidadcs dc tratamcntc primaric. Pcr cssa razc c aparatc cxpcrimcntal
nc c dctadc dc tratamcntc primaric, ccmc c a tctalidadc das csta6cs dc
tratamcntc quc cmprcga a tccnclcgia da liltrac biclcgica acrcbia.
Iigura 3.I5 Vista da unidadc cxpcrimcntal da UFRJ
Decantaderes
Frltre brelegrce
percelader
Janela de
ventrlaae
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 9|
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
O liltrc biclcgicc cm cstrutura dc libra dc vidrc aprcscnta arca
supcrlicial quadrada dc ,0 m c altura dc mcic supcrtc dc 3,0m. O sistcma
dc distribuic c mclhamcntc dc mcic supcrtc c dc tipc lixc, scndc
ccnstituidc pcr uma bandc]a pcrlurada. Os dccantadcrcs tambcm sc
quadradcs, cstruturadcs cm libra dc vidrc, c aprcscntam, cada um, arca
supcrlicial dc ,7 m c prclundidadc dc 2,2m. Os mcics supcrtc plasticcs
utilizadcs lcram dc tipc randcmicc, ccm arca supcrlicial cspccilica dc 80
2 3
m /m c indicc dc vazics dc 05, c dc tipc mcdular lluxc cruzadc ccm
2 3
mcsmc indicc dc vazics c arca supcrlicial cspccilica cm tcrnc dc 00 m /m .
ATabcla 3. mcstra as ccndi6cs cpcracicnais invcstigadas.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os mclhcrcs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc linal lcram cbtidcs
quandc c liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr lci cpcradc ccm a taxa dc aplicac
supcrlicial dc 40 m/m.d, tcndc sidc vcrilicadas as scguintcs
ccnccntra6cs mcdias, para ambcs cs tipcs dc mcic supcrtc. DBO =32 mg/l
c SST = 30 mg/l. Alcm das baixas ccnccntra6cs cbtidas nc cllucntc linal,
cs padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc 00 mg/l para DBO c SST lcram 00 dc
atcndidcs.
Ava`.aao
O liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr aprcscntcu pcrlcrmancc similar quandc
utilizadcs cs dcis dilcrcntcs mcics supcrtc plasticcs. A mclhcr
pcrlcrmancc da unidadc cccrrcu nc pcricdc cm quc cstcvc submctida a
taxa dc aplicac hidraulica dc 40 m/m.d, cmbcra scmcntc quandc
ccmparada a taxa dc 80 m/m.d pudcsscm scr ccmprcvadas dilcrcnas
cstatisticamcntc signilicativas cntrc as ccnccntra6cs cllucntcs dc DBO c
SST.
Tabela 3.II Ccndi6cs cpcracicnais da unidadc dc liltrac biclcgica acrcbia

92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tcdas as cargas hidraulica c crganica aplicadas lcram rclativamcntc
clcvadas quandc ccmparadas ac valcr maximc usualmcntc rcccmcndadc
para mcics supcrtc cm pcdra. Ncssc scntidc c rclcvantc dcstacar cs
rcsultadcs alcanadcs pcla taxa dc 05 m/m.d, rcssaltandc-sc quc cstc
valcr c cquivalcntc a mais quc c dcbrc dc valcr maximc rcccmcndadc, dc
30 m/m.d, para mcic dc supcrtc ccnvcncicnal.
.agoas
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
Distintcs sistcmas dc lagcas lcram cb]ctcs dc pcsquisas cm quatrc
institui6cs. O grupc da Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc ,USP) trabalhcu cm
um sistcma cm cscala rcal cm Iins SP, cpcradcs pcla Ccmpanhia dc
Sancamcntc Basicc dc Lstadc dc Sc Paulc - SABLSP ,dcis sistcmas cm
paralclc ccnstituidcs pcr lagcas anacrcbias scguidas dc lagcas
lacultativas), cs cxpcrimcntcs cnvclvcram cstudcs dc pcs-tratamcntc pcr
prcccssc lisicc-quimicc, c usc dc cllucntc linal na agricultura c a
vcrilicac dc impactcs nc sclc ,vcr capitulc 5 dcstc livrc). O grupc da
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc ,UFLS) trabalhcu cm um sistcma
pilctc rcatcr anacrcbic ccmpartimcntadc lagca dc pclimcntc, cs
cxpcrimcntcs cnvclvcram tambcm cstudcs dc pcs-tratamcntc pcr
prcccssc lisicc-quimicc c a utilizac dc cllucntc cm hidrcpcnia ,vcr
capitulc 7). Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc ,UFPL) lci avaliadc
um sistcma rcatcr UASBlagcas dc pclimcntc cm cscala pilctc, ccm c scm
chicanas. O grupc da Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Vicsa ,UFV) rcalizcu
cstudcs cm um sistcma dc lagcas cm scric cm cscala pilctc, utilizada nc
pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntc dc rcatcr UASB scguidc dc bicliltrc acradc,
cb]ctivandc a mcdclagcm da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic amcniacal c L. ccli,
alcm dc 8o/mcnc//o c cvcs dc Ascor|s, pcr incculac, c cllucntc dc sistcma
UASB BF lci utilizadc cm cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc lcrragcira c
alimcntac dc caprincs, c cllucntc linal da scric dc lagcas cm
cxpcrimcntcs dc piscicultura ,vcr Capitulc 8).
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
Nc sistcma dc Iins, as lagcas anacrcbias cpcraram ccm taxa dc
3
aplicac vclumctrica dc 0,043 kg DBO /m . dia c tcmpc dc dctcnc
hidraulica dc 5,8 dias, nc ccnsidcradc c vclumc ccupadc pclc lcdc. Cada
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 93
lagca lacultativa pcssuia 405 m dc ccmprimcntc, 00 m dc largura c ,0 m
dc prclundidadc til, cpcrandc ccm 3,0 dias dc tcmpc dc dctcnc
hidraulica c taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc 00 kg DBO / ha . dia,
ccnsidcrandc-sc 50 dc rcmcc dc DBO nas lagcas anacrcbias.
A lagca dc pclimcntc pilctc utilizada pcla UFLS pcssuia 8 m dc
ccmprimcntc, 4 m dc largura c ,4 m dc prclundidadc til, pcrlazcndc c
3
vclumc til dc 44,8 m . Mantcvc-sc um tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica dc 5
dias, ccrrcspcndcntc a taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc 238 kg DBO / ha .
dia. A Figura 3.0 aprcscnta as lagcas utilizadas ncs cxpcrimcntcs da
USPc da UFLS.
As lagcas cm cscala pilctc utilizadas na UFPL lcram pcstas cm
luncicnamcntc scb c tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica dc 5 dias, ambas ccm as
mcsmas dimcns6cs cm planta c m dc prclundidadc til, scndc quc a
lagca scm chicanas pcssuia rclac ccmprimcntc / largura dc 2 . ,
cnquantc quc a chicancada tcvc cssa rclac aumcntada para 0 . .
Nas pcsquisas dcscnvclvidas na UFV, trs lagcas dc pclimcntc pilctc
cpcraram cm scric ccm prclundidadcs tcis variavcis na laixa dc 0,3 m a
0,0 m c tcmpcs dc dctcnc hidraulica cntrc 2,5 dias c 0,4 dias, cm cada
uma dclas, cb]ctivandc a mcdclagcm da rcmcc dc nitrcgnic c dc L. ccli.
Um cutrc sistcma ccnstituidc dc trs lagcas cm scric lci utilizadc para
mcdclagcm dc dccaimcntc dc 8o/mcnc//o c cvcs dc Ascor|s, incculadcs ncs
csgctcs, cstas trs lagcas trabalharam ccm prclundidadc til dc 0,00m,,
scndc quc nas duas primciras lci mantidc c tcmpc dc dctcnc dc 4 dias c,
na tcrccira, 3 dias. A Figura 3.7 ilustra as lagcas dc cstabilizac cm
cscala pilctc utilizadas ncs cxpcrimcntcs da UFPLc da UFV.
Iigura 3.I0 Sistcma dc lagcas dc Iins - SP ,csqucrda) c lagca pilctc da UFLS ,dircita)
94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJe Jo l`ueote}
Na Tabcla 3.2 sc aprcscntadcs cs rcsultadcs ,mcdia c dcsvic
padrc) cbtidcs nas analiscs c cxamcs dcs cllucntcs linais das lagcas
utilizadas pcla UFLS, UFPL,lagca scm chicanas), USPc UFV.
Ccm rclac ac sistcma dc lagcas dc Iins utilizadc nas pcsquisas da
USP, pcdc scr ditc quc as ccndi6cs cpcracicnais idcntilicadas sc
ccndizcntcs ccm cs critcrics c paramctrcs dc dimcnsicnamcntc
rcccmcndadcs para as ccndi6cs climaticas da rcgic. As caractcristicas dc
cllucntc linal pcdcm scr ccnsidcradas na laixa cspcrada para c tipc dc
sistcma cm qucstc ,lagca anacrcbia lagca lacultativa primaria),
rcgistrandc a incapacidadc para c atcndimcntc ccnsistcntc ac padrc dc
cmissc dc 20 mg N / I para nitrcgnic amcniacal cstabclccidc na
Rcscluc 357/2005 dc CONAMA ,CONAMA, 2005). O cllucntc da lagca
0
lacultativa aprcscntcu cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs c I.cc/| da crdcm dc 0
5
c 0 crg / 00ml, rcspcctivamcntc, tambcm ccndizcntc ccm a ccnligurac
dc sistcma ,lagca lacultativa cm cclula nica ccm TDH = 4 dias). Dc ccrta
lcrma surprccndcntc c a dctccc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs nc cllucntc linal, c
quc ccnsidcradc cm ccn]untc ccm a qualidadc bactcriclcgica, limitaria sua
utilizac para lins agricclas.
Ccmcntarics muitc scmclhantcs pcdcm scr lcitcs cm rclac acs
rcsultadcs cbtidcs ccm as lagcas dc pclimcntc avaliadas na UFLS c na
UFPL, cxccc, lcita a ausncia dc cvcs dc hclmintcs ,UFLS) cu c
atcndimcntc dc padrc < cvc / I para a irrigac ,UFPL). Ncs
cxpcrimcntcs da UFLS chama atcnc a ausncia dc cvcs dc hclmintcs


Iigura 3.I7 Iagcas da UFPL ,csqucrda ccm chicana, ccntrc, scm chicana)
c UFV ,dircita)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 95
]untc a dctccc dc ,cc)cistcs dc prctczcarics, c quc lcvantaria dvidas
scbrc c ccrrcntc cmprcgc da rcmcc dcs primcircs ccmc indicadcr da
0
rcmcc dcs scgundcs. Aqualidadc bactcriclcgica dcs cllucntcs ,0 CTcr
/ 00ml) c cccrcntc ccm a ccnligurac das unidadcs ,lagca dc pclimcntc
nica ccm TDH = 5 dias). A pcsquisa na UFPL mcstrcu ainda quc, para c
tcmpc dc dctcnc dc 5 dias, c chicancamcntc nc prcmcvcu aumcntc na
rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs, ccmc sugcrc a litcratura, mas prcmcvcu sim uma
mclhcria na rcmcc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs. A limitada rcmcc dc amcnia
na lagca da UFLSc tambcm ccndizcntc ccm a ccnligurac da lagca ,TDH

= 5 dias c h = ,4 m), pcr sua vcz cs cxpcrimcntcs da UFPL cvidcnciam c

pctcncial dc lagcas dc pclimcntc rasas na rcmcc dc amcnia ,TDH = 5
dias c h = ,0 m). Cabc rcssaltar quc ncstc casc cspccilicc, inlluiu tambcm
a alta tcmpcratura lccal, alcm dc latc dc csgctc allucntc scr bastantc
diluidc, pcrtantc, cssa clcvada clicincia dc rcmcc dc amcnia dcvc scr
ccnsidcrada ccm rcscrvas.
As unidadcs pilctc da UFV lcram ccnccbidas para pctcncializar a
rcmcc dc patcgcncs c amcnia ,lagcas rasas cm scric). A mcdclagcm dc
um vastc bancc dc dadcs ,quatrc ancs, Lditais 3 c 4 dc PROSAB) ccnlirma
a capacidadc dc sistcmas dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac cm prcduzir
Tabela 3.I2 Caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs linais das lagcas utilizadas nas pcsquisas
na UFLS, UFPL, USP c UFV ,mcdias c dcsvic padrc)
Valcrcs cntrc parntcscs. dcsvic padrc, CT. cclilcrmcs tctais, CTcr. cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs,
ND. nc dctcctavcl, ccntagcns bactcrianas cm tcrmcs dc mcdias gccmctricas, dcmais rcsultadcs cm
mcdias aritmcticas.
96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cllucntcs dc cxcclcntc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica. Dcntrc a laixa tcstada dc
prclundidadcs das lagcas ,0,4 - 0,0 m), as rcccmcnda6cs da OMS scriam
alcanadas ccm cs scguintcs tcmpcs dc dctcnc hidraulica ,TDH).
4
,i) irrigac rcstrita c piscicultura ,0 I.cc/| / 00 ml). 0 dias,
3
,ii) irrigac irrcstrita ,0 I.cc/| / 00 ml). 0 dias c ,iii) irrigac rcstrita c
irrcstrita ,< cvc hclmintc / I). 8 - 0 dias. 8o/mcnc//os incculadas nc
7
sistcma dc lagcas aprcscntaram um rapidc dccaimcntc ,0 - 0 crg / 00
ml cm dias dc TDH) c taxa dc mcrtalidadc ccm padrc bcm similar a dc
I.cc/| ,Figura 3.8).
Iigura 3.I8 Dccaimcntc dc salmcncla c I.cc/| nas lagcas dc pclimcntc da UFV
Iigura 3.I0 Rcmcc dc amcnia nas lagcas dc pclimcntc da UFV.
LB. csgctc brutc, UASB. cllucntc dc rcatcr UASB, BF. bicliltrc submcrsc acradc,
Ii, cllucntcs das lagcas
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 97
Arcmcc dc amcnia durantc c Ldital 4 varicu cntrc 00 - 70, scndc
quc a mcdclagcm dcsta variavcl ,Lditais 3 c 4) pcrmitiu cstimar um TDH
tctal dc 25 dias para a prcduc dc um cllucntc linal plcnamcntc adcquadc
a piscicultura ,2 mg NH / I) ,vcr capitulc 8 dcstc livrc). Lntrctantc, c
3
cllucntc linal atcndcu dc lcrma ccnsistcntc c padrc dc lanamcntc dc
amcnia ,20 mg NH / I) ,Figura 3.0).
3
Ava`.aao
Os rcsultadcs dcstcs cxpcrimcntcs ccnlirmam quc sistcmas dc
lagcas rcqucrcm critcrics dc prc]ctc cspcciliccs ,TDH, altura dc lamina c
ccnligurac cm scric dc lagcas dc pclimcntc / maturac) para
alcanarcm clcvadcs padr6cs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs cm tcrmcs dc
amcnia c qualidadc micrcbiclcgica, tcndc cm vista c rcsc ,piscicultura nc
casc da amcnia) cu c lanamcntc cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs.
Ccm rclac acs padr6cs dc qualidadc da agua dc ccrpc rcccptcr,
pcdcm scr prcvistas diliculdadcs para a dcscarga cm aguas dc qualidadc
mais rcstritivas, principalmcntc cm tcrmcs dc lcslcrc c clcrclila o.
Dc pcntc dc vista da utilizac para a irrigac c piscicultura dc
cllucntc, pcdc scr rcgistrada a grandc dispcnibilidadc dc planctcn,
nitrcgnic, pctassic c, cm partc, dc lcslcrc dcs cllucntcs linais. Nc quc diz
rcspcitc a pctcncias impactcs nc sclc c nas plantas ,salinidadc, scdicidadc
c tcxicidadc), nc havcria maicrcs rcstri6cs dc usc dcs cllucntcs
cstudadcs, a cxccc da clcvada RAS da lagca lacultativa dc Iins, quc sc
dcvc a ccnccntrac clcvada dc scdic na prcpria agua dc abastccimcntc
daquclc municipic.
.`tos JepeJa paa po`.~eotoJeel`ueotes Je`agoas
0esc.ao suc.ota Jos expe.~eotos
Os cllucntcs dc lagcas lacultativas c dc maturac pcdcm
aprcscntar altas ccnccntra6cs dc sclidcs suspcnscs, atingindc valcrcs
supcricrcs a 00 mg SST / l ,MIDDILBROOKS, 005), ncccssitandc,
pcrtantc, dc um pclimcntc. Dilcrcntcs altcrnativas pcdcm scr
cmprcgadas, dcntrc cstas. liltrcs dc arcia, liltrcs dc pcdra c liltrcs
plantadcs ccm macrclitas ccns/rac/cJ c//onJs ,KIMWAOAct al., 2004,
PHIIIPPI, SLZLRINO, 2004, JOHNSON, MARA, 2002, SAIDAM c/ o/.,
005, MIDDILBROOKS, 005).
98 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
/L)
Prati camcntc i ncxi stcm i nl crma6cs cu cri tcri cs dc
dimcnsicnamcntc para liltrcs grcsscircs quandc aplicadcs ac pclimcntc dc
cllucntcs dc lagcas dc cstabilizac, impcssibilitandc assim cbtcnc dc
rcla6cs dc maximas cargas aplicadas dc sclidcs suspcnscs cu maximas
taxas hidraulicas. Pcr cssc mctivc, nc ambitc dc cdital 4 dc PROSAB, a
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Santa Catarina ,UFSC) c a UFMO
dcscnvclvcram pcsquisas ccm liltrcs dc pcdras para pclimcntc dc
cllucntcs dc lagcas. As unidadcs cxpcrimcntais utilizadas pcr cstas duas
institui6cs pcdcm scr visualizadas nas Figuras 3.20 c 3.2. Lnquantc ncs
cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs pcla UFSC cs liltrcs dc pcdra tinham
granulcmctria quc variava dc brita atc brita 4, ncs rcalizadcs pcla
UFMO lcram utilizadcs liltrcs prccnchidcs ccm brita 3 c ccm pcdra dc
mc, ccnlcrmc dctalhadc na Tabcla 3.3.


TJoJ`ac
a`metac

Equa||zao
F 1
F 2
Iigura 3.20 Vista dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal da UFSC ,Filtrcs dc Pcdra c 2)
Tabela 3.I3 Caractcristicas c principais paramctrcs cpcracicnais dcs liltrcs dc pcdra
,cxpcrimcntcs da UFSC c UFMO)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa 99
Ava`.aao
Para cs liltrcs dc pcdra cstudadcs pcla a UFSC, ambcs
aprcscntaram baixcs tccrcs dc SS ncs cllucntcs. Diantc dcs rcsultadcs
cbtidcs, cs liltrcs dc pcdra aprcscntam-sc ccmc uma lcrramcnta clicicntc
na rcmcc dc DQO c SS ,bicmassa algal) dc cllucntcs dc lagcas dc
cstabilizac lacultativas.
Iigura 3.2I Vista dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal da UFMO ,Rcatcr UASB, Iagcas , 2, 3, c
4 c Filtrcs dc pcdras c 2)
Tabela 3.I4 Qualidadc dc cllucntc linal dcs liltrcs dc pcdra
,cxpcrimcntcs da UFSC c UFMO)

|99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJe Jo l`ueote}
A Tabcla 3.4 sumariza cs rcsultadcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntc linal
cbtidcs para cs liltrcs dc pcdra.
O sistcma da UFMO, ccnstituidc pcr um rcatcr UASB, quatrc lagcas
dc pclimcntc rasas c liltrcs dc pcdra, tcvc um ctimc dcscmpcnhc,
ccmparavcl ac dc varics sistcmas mais sclisticadcs dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs. Aqualidadc bactcriclcgica dc cllucntc linal pcrmitc sua utilizac
para irrigac irrcstrita, scgundc as dirctrizcs da Organizac Mundial dc
Sadc, a qualidadc dc cllucntc linal cm tcrmcs dc DBO, DQO, SS c I cc/|
pcrmitc ainda a utilizac para algumas lcrmas dc usc urbanc,
rccrcacicnal c industrial rcstritcs, scgundc as dirctrizcs ncrtc-amcricanas
da LPA ,vcr capitulc 2). A pcrda dc carga ncs liltrcs, apcs quasc dcis ancs
dc cpcrac, lci dcsprczivcl. A simplicidadc dc sistcma, ausncia dc
mccanizac, baixc ccnsumc dc cncrgia c dc prcdutcs quimiccs, aliadcs ac
baixc custc dc implantac c cpcrac, sugcrcm a clcvada aplicabilidadc
dc sistcma analisadc.
Acrcdita-sc quc c sistcma rcatcr UASB lagcas dc pclimcntc
liltrcs grcsscircs ]a pcssa scr aplicadc cm cscala rcal, ccmc mais um
mcdclc tccnclcgicc bcm adcquadc a ncssa rcalidadc.
.`tos .ote~.teotes e~ `e.to Jeae.a ,`.A}
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
Filtrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,FIIA) sc rcatcrcs acrcbiccs
dc lcitc lixc cndc cccrrcm prcccsscs lisiccs c biclcgiccs ccm uma histcria dc
dcscnvclvimcntc dc mais dc 00 ancs ,ANDLRSON, 085, CRITLS,
TCHOBANOOIOUS, 008). Particulas mais grcssciras sc rctidas pcr
ac mccanica c particulas mcncrcs sc rcmcvidas pcr transpcrtc c
adcsc, scgundc mcdclc prcpcstc pcr Smcluckcwski.
Para atcndcr principalmcntc a manutcnc dc suprimcntc
pcrmancntc dc ar para as bactcrias, cs liltrcs intcrmitcntcs luncicnam
scgundc uma altcrnancia cntrc dcsagcm c dcscansc. durantc csta
ltima quc c cstcquc dc cxignic ncs cspacs vazics dc lcitc sc rcncvam
pclcs mccanismcs dc dilusc mclccular. A altcrnancia pcrmitc ainda a
gcstc dc crcscimcntc biclcgicc. Ccmc cm qualqucr prcccssc biclcgicc, a
cxidac da matcria crganica c accmpanhada dc um dcscnvclvimcntc
bactcrianc quc, sc nc lcr cquilibradc pcr prcccsscs rcguladcrcs, prcvcca a
cclmatac dc liltrc. durantc a lasc dc rcpcusc, quandc ccssa c apcrtc dc
alimcntc, quc cccrrc c prcccssc rcguladcr da massa biclcgica atravcs da
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |9|
Captulo
rcspirac cndcgcna. Lssc ccntrclc a]uda ainda na prcscrvac das
ccndi6cs dc inliltrac dc lcitc.
Lssa tccnclcgia ]a c bastantc utilizada ccmc scluc individual para
tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc tanqucs scpticcs, scndc rcccmcndadas taxas
3 2
dc aplicac hidraulica da crdcm dc 0,05 m / m . dia. Lssas taxas sc,
ccntudc, muitc ccnscrvadcras, pcssivclmcntc dcvidc ac latc dcsscs liltrcs,
na maicria dcs cascs, scrcm cntcrradcs, dilicultandc a sua manutcnc.
Assim, a Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia ,UFBA) avalicu c pctcncial dc
sua utilizac ccm taxas mais clcvadas visandc scu cmprcgc nc pclimcntc
dc cllucntcs sccundarics, scbrctudc cs dc rcatcrcs anacrcbics dc manta dc
lcdc.
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
A unidadc cxpcrimcntal dcs liltrcs FIIA tratcu cs csgctcs da Lsccla
Pclitccnica da UFBA ,Figura 3.22). Fcram tcstadas arcias ccm tamanhcs
clctivcs dc 0,5, 0,7 c ,2mm, ccm lrcqncias dc aplicac dc 24, 48 c 00
3 2
dcscs pcr dia, para uma taxa dc aplicac dc 0,0 m /m .dia, quc rcsultaram
cm varics tcmpcs mcdics dc passagcm pclc lcitc, variandc dc 4,8 a 32,0
minutcs.
Iigura 3.22 Aparatc cxpcrimcntal dcs liltrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,UFBA)
|92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
Os FIIAs lcram clicicntcs na rcmcc dc DBO, DQO, sclidcs
suspcnscs c cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs, cspccialmcntc para cs maicrcs
tcmpcs mcdics dc passagcm, rcsultadc da ccn]ugac dc tamanhc clctivc
ccm a lrcqncia dc aplicac. A clicincia dc rcmcc dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs para lcitcs liltrantcs lci scnsivclmcntc rcduzida ccm a
rcduc dc tcmpc dc passagcm, cntrctantc, DBO c SS nc lcram
lcrtcmcntc alctadcs pclc aumcntc das taxas dc aplicac. Para taxas dc
aplicac dc 0,4 m /m. dia ncs liltrcs ccm arcias dc tamanhc clctivc
inlcricr cu igual a ,2 mm, cs valcrcs mcdics cnccntradcs lcram. ,i) DBO=
8,0 + 3,0 mg/l, ,ii) DQO= 70,8 + 40,5 mg/l c ,iii) SST= 3,2 + 3,5 mg/l, ,iv)
Cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs <.000 crg / 00ml.
Ava`.aao
Os FIIAs aprcscntaram cllucntcs dc bca qualidadc mcsmc quandc
cpcradcs ccm clcvadas taxas dc aplicac hidraulica. Para cs lcitcs dc
tamanhcs clctivcs acima dc ,0 mm lci pcssivcl alcanar carrciras
supcricrcs a um anc. Tambcm lci cbscrvadc quc a gcrac dc lcdc
cxccdcntc lci muitc pcqucna, mcsmc quandc rcccbcndc csgctcs criundcs
dc unidadcs anacrcbias dc baixa clicincia dc rcmcc. Abca qualidadc dc
cllucntc, asscciada a baixa ccr c turbidcz c ausncia dc cdcr, ccnlcrc-lhc
um grandc pctcncial cm aplica6cs urbanas, para as quais, cs aspcctcs
cstcticcs, alcm dcs higiniccs, tm grandc impcrtancia.
.`tos ap.Jos JeAe.a
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
A LTL Cambui da SANLPAR rcccbc cs csgctcs sanitarics da Bacia
dc Ric Cambui ,Campc Iargc - PR) c cmprcga ccmplcxc lluxcgrama dc
tratamcntc, a sabcr. tratamcntc prcliminar, rcatcr anacrcbicc tipc RAIF,
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc ccm llctac pcr ar dissclvidc c dcsinlccc. A
Pcntilicia Univcrsidadc Catclica dc Parana ,PUC PR) prc]ctcu c cpcrcu
uma instalac cxpcrimcntal quc utilizcu c cllucntc llctadc, cnviadc pcr
bcmbcamcntc ac liltrc pilctc. O liltrc rapidc dc arcia, dc lcitc duplc
dcsccndcntc, lci ccnstruidc ccm altura dc carga dc ,70 m, lcitc dc carvc
dc 55 cm ,diamctrc clctivc, DL. 0,00 mm), lcitc dc arcia dc 25 cm,DL. 0,45
mm) c lundc dc 30 cm. Nc lci utilizada camada supcrtc na liltrac
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |93
,
dcsccndcntc pcr sugcstc dc labricantc da crcpina ,bccal dc lundc). O
cllucntc liltradc ia pcr gravidadc ac tanquc dc ccntatc, para dcsinlccc c,
linalmcntc, ac rcscrvatcric para a lavagcm dc liltrc, pcr bcmbcamcntc,
quandc ncccssaric ,Figura 3.23a).
Pcstcricrmcntc c liltrc pilctc lci mcdilicadc para cpcrar ccm
liltrac asccndcntc, utilizandc agcra a camada supcrtc, ccnstituida dc
matcrial granular dc altura igual a 40cm, atuandc ccmc prc-liltrc ,vcr
Figura 3.23 b c c) c 80cm dc lcitc dc arcia ,DL. 0,00mm) nc liltrc.
Iigura 3.23 Unidadc pilctc dc liltrac rapida dc arcia ,PUC PR)
|94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
3
As taxas dc aplicac hidraulica aplicadas variaram dc 200 a 00 m /
2
m .dia, cbscrvandc cs limitcs citadcs cm Azcvcdc Ncttc ,087) c
Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003). Accrrida dc liltrac dcsccndcntc, mcdida cm
hcras, lci dclimitada atc quc a pcrda dc carga tctal atingissc ,70 m,
avaliada atravcs dc piczcmctrcs cxtcrncs ac liltrc. Nc liltrc asccndcntc a
ncccssidadc da lavagcm lci dctcrminada pcla qualidadc dc cllucntc,
mcdida ccmc turbidcz c limitada inicialmcntc cm 20 uT. A lavagcm sc
clctucu pcr lluxc asccndcntc, ccm vclccidadc asccnsicnal dc 0,0 m / min.
atc quc c liquidc dcscartadc adquirissc aspcctc clarilicadc. O ccnsumc dc
agua lci mcdidc atravcs dc hidrcmctrc.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
A liltrac rapida dcsccndcntc aprcscntcu cllucntcs ccm as
caractcristicas dcscritas na Tabcla 3.5, scndc quc cs valcrcs dcs
paramctrcs lcram scnsivcis as taxas dc liltrac aplicadas. Nc cntantc,
ccmc sc cbscrvcu cm tcdas as taxas cnsaiadas, c tcmpc dc liltrac nunca
ultrapasscu 2 h, dcvidc a cclmatac dc lcitc, ac sc prc]ctar c valcr da
pcrda dc carga para atc ,70 m. Lstc latc dcvcu-sc as caractcristicas dc
cllucntc da LTL Cambui, quc ccntinha muitcs sclidcs durantc tcdc c
pcricdc dc cpcrac, ccm qualidadc aqucm da cbscrvada durantc c
mcnitcramcntc da LTL nc PROSAB 2 ,marc c ]ulhc dc 200). Assim, a
taxa dc 200m/m.dia tcstada inicialmcntc, lci scndc rcduzida atc 00 m /
m . dia.
Lstcs rcsultadcs rcitcram a ncccssidadc da cpcrac dc liltrc
asccndcntc ccntandc ccm um prc-liltrc granular. Na liltrac asccndcntc
nc sc cbscrvcu c lcncmcnc da cclmatac, pcrcm c cllucntc aprcscntcu
qualidadc inlcricr a da liltrac dcsccndcntc, bcm ccm ultrapasscu a
Tabela 3.I5 Ccmparac da qualidadc dc liltradc nas divcrsas taxas dc aplicac
para a liltrac dcsccndcntc ,cxpcrimcntcs da PUC PR)
Valcrcs dc dcsvic padrc cntrc parntcscs
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |95
*
*
turbidcz prc-lixada. Para a taxa dc liltrac dc 00 m / m. dia cs valcrcs
cnccntradcs para a DQO, turbidcz c SST lcram 3 mg / l, 0 uT c 0, mg /l ,
rcspcctivamcntc. Tantc na liltrac dcsccndcntc ccmc na asccndcntc, c
tcmpc para a lavagcm dc liltrc lci dc 5 minutcs, mcsmc quandc a liltrac
asccndcntc durcu 24 hcras.
Ava`.aao
Nc casc da liltrac dcsccndcntc, a qualidadc dc cllucntc lci
mclhcrandc, prcpcrcicnalmcntc a diminuic da taxa dc liltrac,
paramctrc quc subsidicu a dccisc dc qual taxa cpcrar a liltrac
asccndcntc. Nc cntantc rcssaltc-sc quc a liltrac dcsccndcntc tcvc
prcblcmas dc cclmatac dc liltrc, dcvidc a ma qualidadc dc allucntc
,cllucntc dc llctadcr), tantc quc nc lci pcssivcl supcrar c pcricdc dc 2
hcras scm cxtravasamcntc dc liltrc. Para diminuir a cclmatac dc lcitc
liltrantc pcdcriam scr utilizadcs matcriais ccm maicr diamctrcs clctivcs
,DL). Tchcbancglcus c/ o/. ,2003) rcccmcndam para a liltrac
dcsccndcntc valcrcs mcdics dc 0,05mm c ,30mm, rcspcctivamcntc para a
arcia c c carvc, c a altura dc lcitc sc cstcndcria dcs atuais 80 cm acs 08
cm. Rcssaltc-sc ainda quc a liltrac tcrciaria dcvc scr aplicada scmcntc a
cllucntcs sccundarics dc mclhcr qualidadc, aprcscntandc, ccmc sugcstc,
SSTdc 20 a 40 mg /l.
Tata~eoto's.cou'~.co
0esc.aoSuc.ota Jos xpe.~eotos
O tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias pcdc scr cbtidc pcla adic dc
prcdutcs quimiccs, scndc a ccagulac-llcculac c prccipitac quimica
cs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc maicr intcrcssc. A ccagulac-llcculac
cnvclvc divcrsas rca6cs c mccanismcs quc rcsultam na agrcgac dc
pcqucnas particulas cm suspcnsc cu cclcidais, c quc lacilita a scparac
das mcsmas para prcduc dc cllucntc clarilicadc. Pcr cutrc ladc, a
prccipitac quimica rclcrc-sc a insclubilizac dc ccrtcs pclucntcs,
dcstacandc-sc a rcmcc dc lcslcrc c mctais pcsadcs na dcpurac dc
aguas rcsiduarias ,TCHOBANOOIOUS c/ o/., 2003). O usc ccmbinadc dc
prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs pcrmitc um cllucntc ccm maicr
rcgularidadc ncs paramctrcs dc qualidadc, c quc ccntribui para a prctcc
da qualidadc dcs rccurscs hidriccs.
|96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
C.t.os ea~etos 0peac.ooa.s
Varias mcdalidadcs dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc lcram
invcstigadas nc Ldital 4 dc PROSAB. A UFRJ avalicu c dcscmpcnhc dc
prcccssc dc dccantac primaria quimicamcntc assistida ,CLPT) nc
tratamcntc primaric dc csgctcs dcmcsticc, ccnsidcrandc ccmc variavcis cs
prcdutcs quimiccs c as taxas dc aplicac supcrlicial. Ja a UFLS avalicu c
pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc visandc a rcmcc dc SS, DQO, DBO c
cclilcrmc, para um cllucntc dc um sistcma ccnstituidc dc um rcatcr
anacrcbic ccmpartimcntadc ,tipc UASB) scguidc dc lagca dc pclimcntc. A
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Sul ,UFROS) utilizcu a rcmcc
sclctiva dc matcria crganica c SST atravcs da utilizac dc rcatcr UASB
scguidc dc llctac cm dcis cstagics ccm c cb]ctivc dc rcmcvcr cs sclidcs
cm suspcnsc c matcria crganica mantcndc cs nutricntcs ,nitrcgnic c
lcslcrc) ccntidcs nc cllucntc tratadc, c a USPavalicu ccmparativamcntc a
aplicac dc prcccssc a basc dc ccagulac c llcculac ccm scparac dc
sclidcs cm dccantadcr lamclar cu llctadcr ccm ar dissclvidc, cmprcgandc-
sc sullatc dc aluminic cu clcrctc lcrricc, scbrc cs cllucntcs da lagca
anacrcbia cu lacultativa. A Tabcla 3.0 aprcscnta paramctrcs mcdics dc
dimcnsicnamcntc dc unidadcs dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c dcsagcns
usuais dc ccagulantcs para dilcrcntcs cb]ctivcs dc tratamcntc utilizadcs
ncs cxpcrimcntcs dc PROSAB.
esu`taJos A`caoaJos ,ua`.JaJeJo l`ueote}
A Tabcla 3.7 aprcscnta laixas dc valcrcs dc qualidadc nc cllucntc
dc tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias urbanas mcdiantc a
Tabela 3.I0 Paramctrcs cpcracicnais c dc dimcnsicnamcntc dc unidadcs dc
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc ,cxpcrimcntcs da UFRJ, UFLS, USP c UFROS)
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |97
adic dc prcdutcs quimiccs.
Ava`.aao
O tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc pcrmitc atingir valcrcs satislatcrics dc
ccnccntrac dc sclidcs ,turbidcz c clcrclila o) gcrandc um cllucntc linal
bastantc clarilicadc. Tambcm c clicicntc para a rcmcc dc matcria
crganica c, principalmcntc, nc atcndimcntc a padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc
lcslcrc, c quc indica c scu cmprcgc para c casc dc prctcc dc ccrpcs dc
agua su]citcs a cccrrncia dc cutrclizac. Pcr cutrc ladc, quandc c
cb]ctivc lcr a rcmcc dcs sclidcs cm suspcnsc c matcria crganica scm a
rcmcc dc nutricntcs ,nitrcgnic c lcslcrc) ccntidcs nc cllucntc tratadc a
aplicac dc llctac cm dcis cstagics ccm a adic dc pclimcrc caticnicc
surgc ccmc uma altcrnativa prcmisscra. O tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc
mcstrcu-sc tambcm scr uma impcrtantc barrcira cm rclac a prcscna dc
cvcs dc hclmintcs c cistcs dc prctczcarics nc csgctc tratadc, cntrctantc,
nc lci sulicicntc para rcmcvcr I. cc/| dc lcrma a atcndcr acs padr6cs dc
lanamcntc mais rcstritivcs, tcrnandc-sc ncccssaria a implantac dc
uma unidadc dc dcsinlccc a ]usantc. Adicicnalmcntc, dcpcndcndc dc
ccagulantc cmprcgadc, tambcm c ncccssaria a ccrrcc dc pH dc cllucntc
linal antcs dc scu lanamcntc. Ccnscqucntcmcntc, para a aplicac dc
tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c ncccssaric scr atcndidcs alguns rcquisitcs,
tais ccmc, a prcscna dc pcsscal qualilicadc para cpcrac c manc]c
adcquadc dc lcdc dc cxccssc prcduzidc, quc cnglcbc c scu tratamcntc c
dcstinc linal.
Tabela 3.I7 Qualidadc dc cllucntc dc sistcmas lisicc-quimiccs cnccntradas ncs
cxpcrimcntcs da UFRJ, UFLS, USP c UFROS)
,)
Clarilicac pcr llctac, ,2) Clarilicac pcr dccantac
|98 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
(1) (2)
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
AONCIA NACIONAI DL OUAS ,ANA). Manual dc cpcrac vcrsc 2002..0.
Prcgrama dc dcspcluic dc bacias hidrcgralicas PRODLS. 40 p., 2002.
ANDLRSON, DAMANN, I., SILORIST, ROBLRTI., OTIS, RICHARD J. Tcc Asscss cl Int
Sand Filtcr, U.S. Lnvircnmcntal Prctccticn Agcncy ,LPA). Municipal Lnvircnmcntal
Rcscarch Iabcratcry. Cincinnati, Ohic.085.
AZLVLDO NLTTO, J. M. Filtrcs Rapidcs dc Oravidadc. In. Tccnica dc Abastccimcntc c
Tratamcntc dc gua. Sc Paulc, CLTLSB. 087. p.07-27.
CAMPOS, J. R. ,Cccrdcnadcr). Tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics pcr prcccssc anacrcbic c
dispcsic ccntrclada nc sclc. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS- PROSAB. 404 p., 000.
CONAMA. Ccnsclhc Nacicnal dc Mcic Ambicntc. Disp6c scbrc a classilicac dcs ccrpcs dc
agua c dirctrizcs ambicntais para c scu cnquadramcntc, bcm ccmc cstabclccc as ccndi6cs
c padr6cs dc lanamcntc dc cllucntcs, c da cutras prcvidncias. Rcscluc n 357 dc 7 dc
mar. dc 2005. Diaric Olicial, Brasilia, DF, 8 dc mar. 2005.
CHLRNICHARO, C. A. I. Principics dc tratamcntc biclcgicc dc aguas rcsiduarias Vclumc
5. Rcatcrcs anacrcbics. Dcpartamcntc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal - UFMO. Bclc
Hcrizcntc, 245 p., 007.
CHLRNICHARO, C.A.I ,Cccrdcnadcr). Pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs
anacrcbics. FINLP/PROSAB Ric dc Jancirc, 540 p., 200
CRITLS, R., O. TCHOBANOOIOUS. Small and Dcccntralizcd Wastcwatcr Managcmcnt
Systcms. Ncw Ycrk,Thc McOraw-Hill Ccmpanics, 008.
JOHNSON, M., MARA. D. D. Rcscarch cn wastc stabilisaticn pcnds in thc UK-II. Inital
rcsults lrcm pilct-saclc maturaticn pcnds, rccdbcd chancl and rcck liltcrs. 5th
INTLRNATIONAI IWA SPLCIAIIST OROUP CONFLRLNCL ON WASTL
STABIIISATION PONDS. 2002. Prccccdings... Auckland, NZ. 2002
KIMWAOA, R. J., MASHAURI, D. A., MBWLTTL, T. S. A., KATIMA, J. H. Y.,
JOROLNSLN, S. L. Usc cl ccuplcd dynamic rcughing liltcrs and subsurlacc hcrizcntal
llcw ccnstructcd wctland systcm as apprcpriatc tcchnclcgy lcr upgrading wastc
stabilisaticn pcnds clllucnts in Tanzania. Physics and Chcmistry cl thc Larth, v.20, pp.
243-25. 2004.
MIDDILBROOKS, L. J. Upgrading pcnd clllucnts. an cvcrvicw. Wat.Sci.Tcch., v. 3, n.
2, pp. 353-308. 005.
PHIIIPPI, I. S., SLZLRINO, P. H. Aplicac dc sistcmas tipc c//onJs nc tratamcntc dc
aguas rcsiduarias. utilizac dc liltrcs plantadcs ccm macrclitas. Ld. dc Autcr.
Flcriancpclis, SC, 44p. 2004.
Cap. 3 |a|ameo|6 Je |sq6|6s e ||6Ja 6 Je |||aeo|es AJeqaaJ6s
a ||.e|sas V6Ja||JaJes Je |e s6 Ja Aqaa |99
SAIDAM, M. Y., RAMADAN, S. A., BUTILR, D. Upgrading wastc stabilizaticn pcnd
clllucnt by rcckliltcrs. Wat.Sci.Tcch., v. 3, n. 2, pp. 300-378. 005.
TCHOBANOOIOUS, O., BURTON, F., STLNSLI, D. ,2003), Wastcwatcr Lnginccring,
Trcatmcnt andRcusc. Mctcall andLddy 4 cdic. McOraw-Hill. Bcstcn, 2003. p.044
vcn SPLRIINO, M. Principics dc tratamcntc biclcgicc dc aguas rcsiduarias Vclumc .
Intrcduc a qualidadc das aguas c ac tratamcntc dc csgctcs. Dcpartamcntc dc
Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal - UFMO, 3 Ld. 2005.
||9 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o 4
euso Joaoo e ua`
V|qae| Vaosa| A|sse, |Jaa|J6 C6||m, As|e| ||pe|s|6|
Vaco Cooce.tua` paa o euso Je gua
oo Ve.o Joaoo e `oJust.a`
A rcciclagcm, dc lcrma mais ampla, c c rcsc dc agua, mais
cspccilicamcntc, tm sidc prccuradcs ccmc uma lcrma dc rcsclvcr cs
prcblcmas criadcs pclas limita6cs cm sc dar um dcstinc adcquadc acs
rcsiducs sclidcs cu acs cllucntcs liquidcs gcradcs. As altcrnativas dc
rcciclc c dc rcsc cnccntradas a partir dc paradigma dc rcsiduc
incvitavcl limitam-sc a busca dc cp6cs para sc cclccar cs rcsiducs c
cllucntcs dc lcrma accitavcl, cm algum lugar. Assim, tais altcrnativas tm
sidc dcscnvclvidas scb uma ctica cm quc c gcradcr dc rcsiduc prccura um
mcic cndc c mcsmc pcssa scr accitc, ac mcncr custc. Pcr sua vcz, a
simpatia quc a rcciclagcm tcm cnccntradc na cpinic pblica pcrmitc quc
as cmprcsas c institui6cs ccnccrdcm cm pagar, para c agcntc rcccptcr dcs
scus rcsiducs, pclc scrvic prcstadc. O argumcntc para tantc scria c ganhc
dc imagcm gcradc pcla cmprcsa ac sc asscciar a uma causa ncbrc, a qual
gcza dc amplc rcccnhccimcntc sccial.
Lstc arran]c, quc atualmcntc ncrtcia parccla impcrtantc dcs

cslcrcs pclc rcsc c rcciclagcm , apcsar dc pcdcr rcprcscntar um avanc

pcrantc mcras altcrnativas dc dispcsic linal dcs rcsiducs, nc c
sustcntavcl dc pcntc dc vista ambicntal. Pcdcr-sc-ia ainda, numa analisc
mais ccmplcta c abrangcntc, vcrilicar quc algumas altcrnativas da
rcciclagcm adctadas, nc sc mais ambicntalmcntc ccrrctas dc quc c scu
tratamcntc c dispcsic tradicicnal.
. Rcsc da agua c aqui ccnsidcradc ccmc uma lcrma cspccilica dc rcciclagcmdc matcriais, istc c, c
scu aprcvcitamcntc apcs c usc para c qual lci inicialmcntc prcduzidc.
Nc c dilicil imaginar situa6cs quc cxcmpliliqucm c acima cclccadc.
A dcna dc casa quc sc dcslcca alguns quilcmctrcs nc scu autcmcvcl
particular para dcixar algumas garralas dc vinhc num pcntc dc
rcciclagcm nc distantc dc scu dcmicilic. Sistcmas dc cclcta sclctiva dc
altc custc quc acabam tcndc quc dispcr cs rcsiducs misturadcs pcr lalta dc
ccmpradcr. Lmprcsas dc sancamcntc quc tratam cs csgctcs sanitarics cm
nivcl avanadc para lavar ruas c mclhar cantcircs urbancs, as vczcs
dcsncccssariamcntc, pcdcndc inccntivar scus usuarics a ccntinuar
usandc a vasscura hidraulica, pcla visc dc caminhc da ccmpanhia
lavandc as ruas ccm agua rcusada.
Para cntcndcr mclhcr csta situac c apcntar altcrnativas
ambicntalmcntc mais sustcntavcis, ccnvm cstruturar um marcc
ccnccitual mais abrangcntc. Prcp6c-sc aqui adctar cs ccnccitcs da
Prcduc Iimpa c Ccnsumc Sustcntavcl, c da Lcclcgia Industrial,
aprcscntadcs c dcscnvclvidcs nas ltimas dccadas pcr divcrsas
institui6cs nacicnais c intcrnacicnais ,KIPLRSTOK c/ o/., 2002,
OIDLNBURO, OLISLR, 007, TLCIIM, 2000, USLPA, 2000,) A partir
dcsta ccnccituac pcdcrcmcs cvcluir para sua aplicac nc campc dc
Sancamcntc Basicc, cndc c PROSAB 4 ccntra cs scus cslcrcs c
rcsultadcs.
0 ue Se.a Susteotave`. 0 ato I0,ou ato X}
A busca pcr mcdcs dc prcduc c ccnsumc sustcntavcis passa pcla
busca dc mccanismcs dc clcvac da ccc-clicincia, tantc dcs prcccsscs
prcdutivcs ccmc dcs prcdutcs ccnsumidcs, alcm dc, cvidcntcmcntc, pcr
mudanas ncs habitcs dc ccnsumc. Lcc-clicincia signilica lazcr mais ccm
mcncs. Istc c, a busca pcla translcrmac intcgral dcs rccurscs naturais
cm bcnclicics para a sccicdadc, aliandc ganhcs ambicntais c linanccircs.
Mas qual scria c nivcl dc avancs cm ccc-clicincia ncccssarics para a
sustcntabilidadc:
Ncs ancs 70, uma impcrtantc discussc lci travada nc ambitc da
Acadcmia dc Cincias dcs Lstadcs Unidcs, cclccandc dc um ladc cs
pcsquisadcrcs c ambicntalistas Paul Lhrlich c Jchn Hcldrcn c dc cutrc,
Barry Ccmmcncr, ilustrc dclcnscr das causas ambicntais. Os primcircs
alirmavam quc c crcscimcntc pcpulacicnal cra c principal prcblcma a scr
rcvcrtidc, pcr sua vcz, Ccmmcncr atribuia as tcndncias tccnclcgicas da
||2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cpcca a principal rcspcnsabilidadc na cvcluc dc impactc ambicntal ncs
Lstadcs Unidcs. Lhrlich c Hcldrcn chcgaram a acusa-lc dc subcstimar c
crcscimcntc pcpulacicnal c dc ccnsumc ac alccar nlasc cxagcrada na
tccnclcgia ,CHLRTOW, 200).
Para mclhcr ilustrar cstc cmbatc, ccnvcm sc rclcrir a dcncminada
Lquac Mcstra dc Impactc Ambicntal cu Lntidadc dc Lhrlich
,ORALDLI, AIILNBY, 005, CHLRTOW, 200).
Co~o A`caoa atoes Jecol.c.oc.a Va.s `evaJos
A lcgica da Prcduc Iimpa ,PI) tcm sidc lcrmulada pcr divcrscs
autcrcs ,AKLHATA, 00, AIILN, ROSSLIOT, 007, IAORLOA c/ o/,
004, MISRA, 000, MARINHO, 200) c apcnta para uma hicrarquizac
A drscussae da Fquaae Mestra salrenta a necessrdade das pelltrcas
ambrentars precurarem rr alem de atendrmente a padres de lanamente de
efluentes, para apentar medes de preduae e censume que permrtamavanes
srgnrfrcatrves ne nlvel de ece-efrcrncra na secredade Um crescrmente de
fater pepulacrenal de 2 vezes em 50 anes, alrade a um crescrmente de 5 vezes
de censume per caprta mundral, nes leva a necessrdade de se censegurr um
fater mars elevade de ece-efrcrncra na erdem de l0 vezes, apenas para repetrr
nesse herrzente temperal e rmpacte ambrental heje prevecade ne planeta Fste
grau de aumente de ece-efrcrncra e denemrnade de Fater l0 (PFNFDA,
FRAZO, lvv7)
AFquaae Mestra traz arnda uma reflexae sebre e papel que a tecnelegra tem
na busca pela sustentabrlrdade, estande rnserrda ne tercerre fater e rmpacte
ambrental de cada unrdade de censume Fsse rmpacte refere-se aquele
prevecade ne crcle de vrda de predute, rste e, desde a extraae da materra
prrma que rra cemp-le, passande pele(s) precesse(s) que e preduz(em), e seu
use e, frnalmente, e seu descarte, e pede ser avalrade e ate quantrfrcade cem e
use da metedelegra de Analrse de Crcle de Vrda (ACV) Para se alcanar a
sustentabrlrdade e necessarre, entae, respertar padres de censume e de
preduaesustentavers
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| ||3
a:|c Aae+|a = cJa;acj X 0c+sJc e :a|aj X a:|c Aae+|a / J+1a1e 1e c1J;acj
dc cslcrcs quc pricrizam as a6cs na lcntc gcradcra dcs cllucntcs c
rcsiducs, cm ccntrapcsic as a6cs dc tratamcntc c dispcsic linal, istc c,
tcmadas apcs cs rcsiducs gcradcs, tambcm dcncminadas dc Fim dc
Tubc. AFigura 4. rcsumc csta lcgica.
Aaplicac da lcgica da PI ac sancamcntc basicc pcdc scr rcsumida
ncs scguintcs cnlcqucs basiccs ,COHIM, 2000a).
Lnlcquc . Nc usar mais matcria prima ,agua) cu cncrgia dc quc
cstritamcntc ncccssaric para uma dctcrminada atividadc,
Lnlcquc 2. Nc usar uma agua dc qualidadc supcricr a
ncccssaria,
||4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 4.I Hicrarquizac dc a6cs dc prcduc limpa.
Fcntc. adaptadc dc IaOrcga c/ o/.,004)
2:
Lnlcquc 3. Nc misturar cllucntcs dc qualidadcs variadas,
Lnlcquc 4. Ccnsidcrar pcssivcis rcscs para cs cllucntcs antcs dc
dcscarta-lcs nc ambicntc, ccm cu scm tratamcntc.
0t.~.zaaoJo Jso Jegua oa `oJust.a
Tcmandc ccmc rclcrncia a Figura 4., dcvc-sc primcirc ccnsidcrar
as altcrnativas dc rcduc dc ccnsumc dc agua na lcntc, istc c, cm cada
cquipamcntc c prcccssc, sc]a a partir da substituic dc scu usc, mclhcrias
tccnclcgicas cu mclhcrias cpcracicnais.
A varicdadc dc prcccsscs industriais, dc tccnclcgias ccnccrrcntcs
para um mcsmc prcccssc c dc gcra6cs tccnclcgicas cm cpcrac, nc
pcrmitc quc, cm tcxtcs rcsumidcs, pcssam scr apcntadas praticas
rcccmcndavcis para cada situac. Lxistc, ccntudc uma vasta litcratura
ncstc scntidc quc pcdc scr ccnsultada inclusivc dc lcrma gratuita nc
2
Lscritcric Lurcpcu dc Prcvcnc c Ccntrclc Intcgradcs da Pcluic c na
Agncia Ambicntal dcs Lstadcs Unidcs.
Para sc pcnsar na ctimizac dc usc da agua na indstria, c
ncccssaric abcrdar c prcblcma dc lcrma sistcmatica. A idcntilicac dc
ccrrcntcs passivcis dc rcduc cu dc rcsc, pcr partc dcs tccniccs da
cmprcsa, pcdc scrvir dc pcntc dc partida para cslcrcs dcstc tipc, mas c
ncccssaric quc istc sc]a accmpanhadc dc mcdidas quc pcrmitam crganizar
a intcrvcnc cm mcdic prazc.
Ncstc scntidc, sugcrc-sc a instalac dc prcgramas dc gcstc dc usc
3
da agua quc ccntcnham cs scguintcs instrumcntcs .
balanc hidricc da labrica,
bancc dc dadcs das ccrrcntcs aqucsas,
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| ||5
2. Lurcpcan Intcgratcd Pclluticn Prcvcnticn and Ccntrcl Burcau, dispcnivcl cm
http.//cippcb.]rc.cs/pagcs/FLvcnts.htm.
3. Bascadc na mctcdclcgia cm dcscnvclvimcntc na Rcdc dc Tccnclcgias Iimpas da Bahia/
Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia para a ctimizac dc usc da agua na indstria, cu]c dcscnvclvimcntc
vcm scndc apciada pclcs lundcs sctcriais CT-Pctrc c CT-Hidrc c as cmprcsas, Braskcm, Dctcn
Quimica, Caraiba Mctais c Iycndcll.
capacitac cm larga cscala c bancc dc idcias para minimizac
dc usc c para c rcsc dc agua,
ctimizac dc rcsc bascadc na sintcsc dc rcdcs dc translcrncia
dc massa,
sistcma gcc-rclcrcnciadc dc inlcrma6cs scbrc as lcntcs c
ccnsumidcrcs dc agua,
avaliac ambicntal da inscrc da cmprcsa nc ciclc hidricc
rcgicnal.
3a`aoo'J.co - 3
A grandc diliculdadc quc sc vcrilica na implantac dc sistcmas dc
gcstc dc usc da agua nc mcic industrial c a carncia dc inlcrma6cs, nc
apcnas dc ccnsumc dc cada prcccssc ccmc, inclusivc, da cmprcsa ccmc um
tcdc. Ncstc scntidc ccnvcm instalar um sistcma dc accmpanhamcntc das
ccrrcntcs aqucsas quc, partindc das inlcrma6cs dispcnivcis, pcssa
cvcluir para inlcrma6cs cada vcz mais prccisas. Ncstc cstudc dcvcm scr
ccntcmpladcs tambcm cs csgctcs sanitarics.
O prcccssc dc mcntagcm dc BH, pcr si sc, prcmcvc uma substancial
rcduc dc ccnsumc dc agua c gcrac dc cllucntcs. Istc sc dcvc ac latc quc
a discussc scbrc c ccnsumc dc agua atingc cs divcrscs nivcis
cpcracicnais, pcrmitindc uma tcmada dc ccnscincia quantc a praticas dc
dcspcrdicics, muitas das quais sc ccrrigidas dc imcdiatc.
3aoco Je0aJos Jas Coeotes Aquosas
O nmcrc dc ccrrcntcs aqucsas cm uma labrica varia dc accrdc ccm
cs tipcs dc prcccsscs c c pcrtc dc cmprccndimcntc, pcdcndc variar dc
dczcnas atc ccntcnas dc ccrrcntcs. Para sc ccnscguir c scu adcquadc
lcvantamcntc, ccntrclc dc qualidadc c atualizac, c ncccssaric a
utilizac dc sistcmas dc banccs dc dadcs. Para tantc, pcdcm scr
utilizadcs dcsdc prcgramas cspcciliccs dc banccs dc dadcs atc planilhas
clctrcnicas.
||6 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Capac.taao e~ .aga sca`a e 3aoco Je `J.as paa V.o.~.zaao Jo Jso e
euso Jegua
impcrtantc capacitar cs cclabcradcrcs das cmprcsas nc scntidc dc
usc ccnscicntc da agua. Na cxpcrincia dcscnvclvida cbscrva-sc quc, mais
dc quc um dcspcrtar dc ccnscincia, cs curscs prcmcvidcs rcprcscntam
uma cpcrtunidadc dc articulac cclctiva dc ccnhccimcntcs c anscics ]a
cxistcntcs. A capacitac, nc dcvc sc rclcrir cxclusivamcntc ac usc
ccnscicntc da agua, mas a intrcduc dc ccnccitc dc Prcduc Iimpa.
Durantc a capacitac, cs cclabcradcrcs sc sclicitadcs a, cm grupcs,
prcduzir cpcrtunidadcs dc rcduzir c ccnsumc dc agua c cutrcs rccurscs
ccmc cncrgia cu matcrias primas. As idcias aprcscntadas sc submctidas
a avalia6cs pcstcricrcs, dcvcndc, para tantc, dcvcm scr cadastradas cm
um bancc dc dadcs clctrcnicc dispcnivcl para tcdcs cs cclabcradcrcs, via
intcrnct. Dcsta mancira pcdcm scr intrcduzidas ncvas sugcst6cs c
accmpanhada a cvcluc dc cada uma dcstas. Tipicamcntc, num prc]ctc
industrial sc idcntilicadas acima dc 50 idcias, ncs primcircs dcis ancs dc
prc]ctc. Oradativamcntc cstas idcias sc analisadas c cvcluidas para
prc]ctcs ccnccituais c basiccs cu dcscartadas, casc idcntilicada a sua
inviabilidadc tccnica cu cccncmica.
0t.~.zaao Je euso 3aseaJo oa S'otese Je eJes Je Taosleoc.a Je
Vassa
Ccm as vaz6cs c ccmpcsi6cs das ccrrcntcs dcvidamcntc
caractcrizadas, sc pcdcm aplicar cs ccnccitcs dc Rcdcs dc Translcrncia dc
Massa, ,MLN moss /rons[cr nc/cr/s), para idcntilicar arran]cs dc rcsc,
ccm cu scm tratamcntc.
O instrumcntc MLN lci dcscnvclvidc a partir das Rcdcs dc
translcrncia dc calcr ,HLNbco/ cxcbongc nc/cr/s) nc linal dcs ancs 80 c
inicic dcs 00, para sc idcntilicar cs arran]cs dc ccrrcntcs mais cccncmiccs
quc pcrmitam a translcrncia dc ccmpcstcs dc ccrrcntcs ricas ,ncstcs
ccmpcstcs) para ccrrcntcs cndc cstcs cnccntram-sc cm ccnccntrac baixa
,pcbrcs). Dcsta lcrma, pcdcm scr idcntilicadcs cs pcntcs cndc alguns
dcstcs ccmpcstcs dcvam scr rctiradcs a partir dc tratamcntcs cspcciliccs.
Pcdc-sc, assim, prc]ctar sistcmas dc tratamcntc dcsccntralizadcs quc
pcrmitam c maximc rcsc da agua.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| ||7
S.ste~aCeoeleeoc.aJoJe`olo~aoes sooeas ootes eCoosu~.Joes
Jegua
O cb]ctivc dc gcc-rclcrcnciar as inlcrma6cs scbrc cs lluxcs aqucscs
nas labricas c pcrmitir uma visualizac das pcssibilidadcs dc
aprcvcitamcntc dc ccrrcntcs dc saida dc dctcrminadcs prcccsscs ,lcntcs)
cm cutrcs ,ccnsumidcrcs). Alcm das caractcristicas das ccrrcntcs c
prcccsscs, a sua distancia c cncaminhamcntcs rcprcscntam latcrcs
impcrtantcs para viabilizar c rcsc.
Ava`.aaoA~o.eota` Ja `oseaoJa ~pesaoo C.c`o 'J.co eg.ooa`
Ac sc ccnsidcrar c ccntcxtc rcgicnal cndc as plantas industriais sc
lccalizam, abrcm-sc ncvas pcrspcctivas dc aprimcramcntc dc usc dc agua.
Nc casc cspccilicc das plantas cstudadas cm Camaari - BA, pcr cxcmplc,
lci pcssivcl pcrccbcr a altcrnativa dc utilizar as bacias dc rctcnc, dc
dcncminadc sistcma dc cllucntcs nc ccntaminadcs, ccmc lcntc dc
abastccimcntc dc unidadcs industriais.
0t.~.zaaoJo Jso Jegua oo Ve.o Joaoo
O sctcr dc sancamcntc, mais cspccilicamcntc cs scrvics dc cclcta c a
dispcsic dcs csgctcs sanitarics cnccrram c lluxc dc dcis rccurscs vitais.
agua c nutricntcs.
Os sistcmas ccnvcncicnais dc abastccimcntc dc agua c sancamcntc
basciam-sc num nicc padrc dc usc da agua c na cclcta, tratamcntc c
dispcsic linal dc cllucntc tratadc c dcs lcdcs prcduzidcs durantc c
tratamcntc ,FANL, 2003). Lmbcra, cssc dcscnhc tcnha cbtidc succssc na
rcduc da transmissc dc dccnas dc vciculac hidrica, adcta uma lcgica
dc lim dc tubc, caractcrizadc pclc lluxc lincar dcs rccurscs agua c
nutricntcs c nc tcm ccndi6cs dc atcndcr as dcmandas atuais dc scrvic.
As ccnscqncias tm sidc a cxaustc c a dctcricrac dcs mananciais dc
agua.
Os prcccsscs dcmcsticcs cstc dcntrc cs principais translcrmadcrcs
dc nutricntcs. Fcrstcr c/ o/. ,2003) analisandc c lluxc dc matcriais da
cidadc dc Kumasi, Oana, ccncluiram quc 87 dc nitrcgnic c 82 dc
lcslcrc lanadcs as aguas supcrliciais c subtcrrancas passam pclas
rcsidncias.
||8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Nc ciclc antrcpcgnicc, c nitrcgnic dcs csgctcs cu c rcmcvidc via
prcccsscs quc ccnscmcm grandcs quantidadcs dc cncrgia, cu c lanadc ncs
ccrpcs rcccptcrcs cndc prcvcca cutrclizac. Pcr cutrc ladc, a prcduc dc
lcrtilizantcs nitrcgcnadcs, ncccssaria para rcpcr c quc lci rctiradc dc sclc,
c lcita a partir dc nitrcgnic mclccular atmcslcricc, dcmandandc maicrcs
quantidadcs dc cncrgia.
A urina c rcspcnsavcl pcr ccrca dc 80 dc nitrcgnic dcs csgctcs c
pcr ccrca dc, apcnas, mcncs dc dc scu vclumc ,OTTLRPOHI c/ o/., sd,
DRANOLRT, 008). O manuscic dcssc prcdutc scria altamcntc prcvcitcsc
pcr pcssibilitar, pcr um ladc, a sua utilizac ccmc lcrtilizantc c, pcr cutrc,
pcr prcvcnir a pcluic dcs ccrpcs d`agua.
As principais lcntcs dc lcslcrc nc csgctc dcmcsticc sc, ccnlcrmc ]a
mcstradc, a urina, as lczcs c cs dctcrgcntcs ,VAN DLR VILUTLN-
BAIKLMA, 2003, OTTLRPOHI, sd). Pcr sua vcz, a rcpcsic dc lcslcrc
ncs sclcs agricclas cccrrc mcdiantc a cxplcrac dc rcscrvas lcsscis c,
mantida a taxa dc utilizac atual, cstima-sc quc dcvam durar atc 2000 a
230 ,VANDLRVILUTLN-BAIKLMA, 2003, OUNTHLR, 2000).
Dcssc mcdc, a prcduc dc alimcntcs hc]c sc apcia num rccursc nc
rcncvavcl cu]c cstcquc caminha para a cxaustc c quc, pcrcm, c
dcspcrdiadc ccm c scu lanamcntc ncs ccrpcs d`agua, graas a um mcdclc
dc sancamcntc cquivccadc.
Issc ccntraria um prcssupcstc basicc dc ccnccitc dc
sustcntabilidadc. nc c pcssivcl a manutcnc da vida bascandc-sc nc
ccnsumc dc rccurscs nc rcncvavcis.
Nc quc ccnccrnc a agua, as mctiva6cs para c rcsc c rcciclagcm
pcdcm incluir tantc a baixa capacidadc dc clcrta, dcccrrcntc da baixa
pluvicsidadc, ccmc a clcvada dcmanda, dcccrrcntc da cxccssiva
ccnccntrac urbana cm grandcs cidadcs c das crcsccntcs atividadcs
agrcindustriais ,cstima-sc quc a agricultura irrigada rcspcnda pcr ccrca
dc 00-70 dc ccnsumc dc agua dccc nc plancta c nc Brasil).
Tantc cm um casc ccmc nc cutrc, cbscrva-sc uma crcsccntc prcssc
scbrc cs rccurscs hidriccs supcrliciais c subtcrranccs, quc sc caractcriza,
pcr um ladc, pcla crcsccntc cxtrac c, pcr cutrc, pcla crcsccntc
dcgradac da qualidadc dcccrrcntc dc lanamcntc das aguas usadas.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| ||9
Lm tais circunstancias a agua usada c um rccursc valicsc, sc
ccnsidcrarmcs quc a maicria dcs uscs nc rcqucr a qualidadc dc agua
pctavcl. Uma vcz usada, a agua pcdc scr tratada c rcusada, rcduzindc a
prcssc scbrc cs mananciais, ccntribuindc para sua prcscrvac c para c
aumcntc da dispcnibilidadc dc agua dccc ,ANDLRSONc/ o/., 200).
Na busca da sustcntabilidadc para c sctcr, varias prcpcstas tm sidc
aprcscntadas a partir dc inicic dcs ancs 000. As cstratcgias ccnsidcradas
inclucm. ,i) usc dc csgctc para agricultura lccal ,urbana) rcsc da agua c
rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs, ,ii) usc dcs csgctcs ccmc lcntc sccundaria dc
agua, ,iii) scparac das aguas cinzas para tratamcntc c rcsc c ,iv)
scparac dc urina c lczcs para utilizac dc nutricntcs.
O usc dcs csgctcs tratadcs mais prcximcs as lcntcs gcradcras
ccnstitui uma pcssibilidadc ccncrcta c vanta]csa dc rcciclagcm dcs
nutricntcs, rcintrcduzindc-cs nc ciclc natural prcdutivc, ccmc uma ctapa
intcrmcdiaria dc um mcdclc tccnclcgicc dc sancamcntc quc,
pcssivclmcntc, caminhara para a scparac das divcrsas ccrrcntcs na
crigcm, dandc a cada uma c dcstinc prcdutivc mais adcquadc.
Ncssc scntidc, a agricultura urbana tcm um impcrtantc papcl a
dcscmpcnhar para c luturc da sustcntabilidadc das cidadcs. Pcdc lidar
tambcm ccm a qucstc da gcstc dcs rcsiducs urbancs utilizandc-cs dc
lcrma prcdutiva, cvitandc a pcluic das aguas supcrliciais c
subtcrrancas c ccm c ciclc dcs nutricntcs rcinscrindc-cs nc ciclc da
prcduc dc alimcntcs. Alcm dissc, ccntribui para aumcntar a scgurana
alimcntar, rcduzir a pcbrcza, gcrar cmprcgc c rcnda c gcrcnciar dc lcrma
mais clicicntc cs rccurscs hidriccs ,BAUMOARTNLR, BLILVI, 200,
FORSTLRc/ o/., sd, SCHLRTLNILIBc/ o/., sd, MOUOLOT, 2000).
Agricultura urbana, scgundc Mcugcct ,2000), c uma atividadc
lccalizada na cidadc ,intra-urbana) cu cm sua pcrilcria ,pcri-urbana), quc
cultiva c cria, prcccssa c distribui uma divcrsidadc dc prcdutcs
alimcnticics cu nc, ,rc) usandc rccurscs matcriais c humancs, prcdutcs c
scrvics cnccntradcs na arca urbana c scu cntcrnc. Assim, a principal
caractcristica da agricultura urbana, quc a distinguc da agricultura rural,
c a sua intcgrac nc sistcma cccncmicc c ccclcgicc urbanc c nc sua
lccalizac.
|29 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Dcssc mcdc, c dirccicnamcntc dc lluxc dc nutricntcs para a
agricultura urbana pcdc rcprcscntar uma grandc mclhcria dcs sclcs
agricclas urbancs, alcm dc prctcgcr c mcic ambicntc natural, scndc
ncccssaric, cntrctantc, c tratamcntc prcvic para prcvcnir a transmissc
dc dccnas.
Os divcrscs uscs urbancs da agua rcqucrcm qualidadc inlcricr a
pctavcl, dispcnsandc c cncrcsc prcccssc dc tratamcntc ac nivcl mais
cxigcntc dc qualidadc, rcprcscntadc pcla dcmanda dc agua para bcbida c
prcparac dc alimcntcs.
Uscs ccmc irrigac dc arcas vcrdcs, parqucs, praas, ]ardins,
campcs dcspcrtivcs, cintur6cs vcrdcs, ccmitcrics, laixas dcccrativas ac
lcngc dc cstradas, avcnidas c similarcs, dcscarga dc tcalctcs, lavagcm dc
piscs cm cdilicics pbliccs c privadcs, lavagcm c dcscbstruc dc dutcs,
lavagcm dc agrcgadcs, ccnstruc civil ,prcparac dc ccncrctc,
ccmpactac dc sclc, ctc.) c ccntrclc dc pccira, sc cxcmplcs dc dcmandas
dc agua quc nc rcqucrcm a alta qualidadc dc agua pctavcl c quc pcdcriam
scr atcndidas ccm cllucntc tratadc, rcduzindc a prcssc scbrc cs
mananciais.
Lssa cstratcgia cxigiria, cntrctantc, a implantac dc rcdc dupla dc
distribuic dc agua, c quc sc scria ]ustilicadc mcdiantc cstudcs
cccncmiccs. dcsc]avcl, pcrcm, quc cm arcas dc cxpansc urbana cssa
cstratcgia ]a sc]a pcnsada, cvitandc-sc a rcprcduc dc mcdclc atual a um
custc dc invcstimcntc mcncr.
Mais vanta]csc dc pcntc dc vista cccncmicc c ambicntal scria a
scparac das ccrrcntcs mcncs ccnccntradas cm tcrmcs dc
micrcrganismcs c nutricntcs, as aguas cinzas, prcvcnicntcs dc chuvcircs,
lavatcrics c lavagcm dc rcupa, para tratamcntc c rcsc nc lccal para
dcscarga dc tcalctcs, lavagcm dc piscs, c rcga dc ]ardins. Ccnsidcrandc c
ccnsumc dc agua para csscs uscs, cssa mcdida pcdcria rcprcscntar uma
rcduc dc atc 40 na dcmanda dcmcstica.
Outra razc para a scparac c rcsc da agua cinza c quc pcsquisas
dc cpinic rcalizadas indicam uma accitabilidadc dcssa ccrrcntc apcs
tratamcntc quc dc csgctc ccnvcncicnal tratadc ,NANCARROW c/ o/.,
2002, KALRCHLRc/ o/., 2003 apudPO c/ o/., 2004).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |2|
Lssa cpc, asscciada ac usc dc vascs dc dcscarga rcduzida c, dc
lcrma mais avanada, dc vascs ccm scparac dc urina c lczcs,
pcssibilitaria c manc]c dc ambcs cs rccurscs dc lcrma ctimizada.
xpe.oc.a oo 3as.`
Pcdc-sc alirmar quc nc Brasil cxistc pcuca cxpcrincia cm rcsc
planc]adc c institucicnalizadc, scndc ainda ncccssarics cs prc]ctcs pilctcs.
Lstcs dcvcrc lcrncccr subsidics para c dcscnvclvimcntc dc padr6cs c
ccdigcs dc pratica, adaptadcs as ccndi6cs c caractcristicas nacicnais.
Uma vcz ccncluida a lasc cxpcrimcntal, as unidadcs pilctc scrc
translcrmadas cm sistcmas dc dcmcnstrac, cb]ctivandc trcinamcntc,
pcsquisa c dcscnvclvimcntc dc sctcr.
BABEBP
Iniciadc cm cutubrc dc 008, c lcrnccimcntc dc agua dc rcsc ,csgctc
sanitaric tratadc) para a indstria txtil Ccats Ccrrcnt lci a primcira
cxpcrincia ccmcrcial dc prcdutc lcita pcla SABLSP ,Ccmpanhia dc
Sancamcntc dc Lstadc dc Sc Paulc). A Ccats Ccrrcnt, labricantc das
3
tradicicnais Iinhas Ccrrcntc. ccnscmc atualmcntc dc 00 a 70 m /h dc agua
dc rcsc, transpcrtada da Lstac dc Tratamcntc dc Lsgctcs ,LTL) Jcsus
Ncttc, na cidadc dc Sc Paulc.
O lcrnccimcntc para a cmprcsa, dcsdc c lcchamcntc dc ccntratc, tcm
sidc inintcrruptc. Na planta da Ccats, a agua dc rcsc c utilizada na
lavagcm c nc tingimcntc das linhas uma scluc cnccntrada pcla
cmprcsa quc antcs tinha quc utilizar agua rctirada dc um pcc, cu mcsmc
pctavcl ,ccmprada da SABLSP) para c tingimcntc das linhas dc ccr
branca.
Mais dc quc uma cxpcrincia, a rcalidadc da Jcsus Ncttc, mcstra quc
ha um mcrcadc para c prcdutc agua dc rcsc, a lim dc nc scmcntc
baratcar, ccmc aprimcrar cs prcccsscs dc prcduc. Istc lica clarc nc
prc]ctc para ampliar a capacidadc da LTL, dcs atuais 25 I/s para atc 00
I/s, c quc signilicara a garantia dc ccnstancia quantitativa c qualitativa
para um ncvc prcdutc, quc ]a nascc ccm mcrcadc garantidc. Ccm csta
adcquac, a LTL pcdcra atcndcr as cmprcsas dc Pclc Industrial Mccca-
Ipiranga c tcdas as atividadcs para as quais nc sc]a cxigidc nivcl dc
|22 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Consome
pctabilidadc para a agua ,ccmc lavagcm dc ruas, irrigac dc parqucs,
sistcmas dc ccntrclc dc incndics). Scmcntc para c Pclc Industrial, a
clcrta dc agua a um custc mcncr dcvc scr um latcr dccisivc para a
manutcnc dc cmprcsas nc lccal, asscgurandc cmprcgcs c scrvindc dc
mcdclc para cs sistcmas dc tcdc c Brasil ,SABLSP, 200).
Outra cxpcrincia da SABLSP rclcrc-sc ac cllucntc da LTL ABC,
cstac intcgrantc da RMSP, quc cpcra cm nivcl sccundaric ,lcdcs
ativadcs), dcsdc 008. Santcs, citadc pcr Mancusc c Santcs ,2003),
dcscrcvc quc c intcrcssc ccmum da Sabcsp c da Prclcitura Municipal dc
Sc Cactanc dc Sul ccntrava-sc na minimizac dc dcspcrdicic dc agua
tratada cm uscs tais ccmc. rcga dc ruas scm calamcntc, ]atcamcntc dc
lcdc c dctritcs acumuladcs nas ruas apcs lcrtcs chuvas, lavagcm dc ruas
apcs lciras livrcs, dcscbstruc dc rcdcs cclctcras dc csgctc c galcrias dc
aguas pluviais.
Alguns dcstcs tipcs dc usc, praticadcs ha muitcs ancs na Lurcpa c
ncs Lstadcs Unidcs, rcqucrcm um rigcrcsc ccntrclc cm razc dcs pcssivcis
risccs sanitarics. Um dcs principais aspcctcs para a ccnsccuc dcssas
altcrnativas scria prcpcrcicnar scgurana ac usc dc um prcdutc ncvc,
dcsccnhccidc dc usc ccmum c quc pcdcria cnlrcntar rcsistncias dc
naturcza cultural c psicclcgica.
Nc casc da SABLSP, a agua dc rcsc utilizada para irrigac c
lavagcm dc ruas rcccbc ccnstantc mcnitcramcntc, scndc quc algumas
amcstras sc cnviadas pcricdicamcntc ac labcratcric da SABLSP ,lisicc-
quimicc) c para labcratcric cxtcrnc ,prctczcarics c ccmpcstcs crganiccs
vclatcis).
Na ausncia dc rcgulamcntac nacicnal para utilizac dc agua
para rcsc, ccm basc na cxpcrincia intcrnacicnal ,vcr capitulc 2), a
SABLSP dcscnvclvcu scus prcprics critcrics intcrncs, dcscritcs a scguir
,SLMURAc/ o/., 2005).
Clcrc rcsidual tctal >2 a 0 mg/I,
Cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs. < 200 NMP/00mI ,cm 80 das
amcstras),
DBO <25 mg/I,cm 05 das amcstras),
balanc hidricc da labrica,
pH. 0 a 0,
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |23
C
SST <35 mg/I,cm 05 das amcstras),
O&O visualmcntc auscntcs,
Turbidcz <20 uT.
CEDAE
ALTLPcnha da CLDAL,Ccmpanhia Lstadual dc guas c Lsgctcs),
nc Ric dc Jancirc, csta rcutilizandc agua a partir dc cllucntc sccundaric
,liltrcs pcrccladcrcs c lcdcs ativadcs) - caminh6cs dc dcscntupimcntc
,agua dcsinlctada), na lavagcm dc ccntrilugas c na diluic dc pclimcrcs,
scndc cstcs ltimcs dc usc intcrnc na LTL,ABLS, 2005).
C.t.os Je ua`.JaJe paa euso Ja gua
Jso `oJust.a`
A agua na Indstria pcdc pcssuir varias aplica6cs. ccmc matcria
prima, ccmc lluidc auxiliar dc divcrsas atividadcs, utilizada na gcrac dc
cncrgia clctrica, ccmc lluidc dc aquccimcntc c, cu, rcslriamcntc, para c
transpcrtc c assimilac dc ccntaminantcs ,MILRZWA, HLSPANHOI,
2005). Assim, a qualidadc para as divcrsas aplica6cs scra bastantc
variada c a cscclha dc nmcrc dc paramctrcs a scrcm atcndidcs cstara
rclacicnada, cm cada casc, acs risccs ac prcccssc, prcdutc cu sistcma.
Pcrtantc, as ccnsidcra6cs c cs valcrcs aprcscntadcs a scguir dcvcm scr
ccnsidcradcs apcnas ccmc indicativcs. Ccm c cb]ctivc dc simplilicar c
mcnitcramcntc, pcdc-sc rcccrrcr a paramctrcs quc pcdcm rcprcscntar um
grupc dc substancias, ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, a ccndutividadc clctrica c c COT
,carbcnc crganicc tctal).
O usc da agua, ccm qualidadc inadcquada, pcdc causar prcblcmas
acs prcccsscs industriais, ccmc incrusta6cs, ccrrcsc c manchas,
prcvccandc aumcntc dc custc pcla manutcnc prcvcntiva cu ccrrctiva.
Nc Quadrc 4. aprcscntam-sc algumas ccnsidcra6cs dc crdcm gcncrica,
cm tcrmcs dc rcqucrimcntcs dc qualidadc da agua.
|24 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |25
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Q
As aguas dc rcslriamcntc sc, muitas vczcs, rcspcnsavcis pcla maicr
quantidadc dc agua utilizada cm prcccsscs industriais. Ha uma cncrmc
quantidadc dc indstrias c cutras atividadcs quc ncccssitam dc tcrrcs dc
rcslriamcntc, as quais rcqucrcm ccrtc padrc dc qualidadc da agua para
nc rcduzir sua vida til ,Tabcla 4.). Ncssc prcccssc cccrrc uma
cxprcssiva pcrda dc agua, dcncminada pcrda pcr cvapcrac, quc pcdc
muitc bcm scr rcpcsta ,mo/c a) pcr agua dc rcsc ,Tabcla 4.2).
Crcck ,003), citandc WPCF ,080) c Asanc c/ o/. ,088), rcalirma
muitcs dcs paramctrcs citadcs na Tabcla 4.2, incluindc cclilcrmcs tctais <
2,2 NMP/00 mI.
|26 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.I Qualidadc da agua rcccmcndada para tcrrcs dc rcslriamcntc
,). Accitc ccmc rcccbidc, cm gcral nc ha prcblcmas ccm as ccnccntra6cs cu valcrcs usualmcntc
cnccntradcs.
,2). Ausnciadc clccs llutuantcs. Fcntc. Mctcall &Lddy ,2003)
Assim ccmc a agua dc rcslriamcntc, a agua para caldcira dcvc
cbcdcccr a qualidadc cxigida pcr labricantcs, para nc rcduzir a vida til
das ,Tabcla 4.3).
Jsos Joaoos
A tccnclcgia para rccupcrac da qualidadc da agua para uscs
divcrscs csta bcm dcscnvclvida, dispcndc-sc, atualmcntc, dc cp6cs para
sc atingir virtualmcntc qualqucr nivcl dc qualidadc, inclusivc pctavcl.
Assim, c grau dc tratamcntc dcvc scr cricntadc cm lunc dc usc
prctcndidc ,vcr capitulc 3).
Lntrctantc, a clctiva implcmcntac dc um prc]ctc dc rcsc dc agua
nc scra bcm succdida sc nc lidar ccm cs divcrscs aspcctcs scciais, cticcs,
culturais c cccncmiccs. Dcssc mcdc, dcvc-sc ccnsidcrar a pcrccpc c as
atitudcs da pcpulac, scndc quc a atitudc dcpcndc da pcrccpc dc riscc a
sadc ,UNLP/OPA, sd, JLFFLRSONc/ o/., 2004).
Aspectos stt.cos
Lm gcral, as ncrmas c critcrics dc qualidadc cstabclcccm quc a agua
para rcsc cm ambicntc urbanc dcvc tcr aspcctc agradavcl c cdcr nc
cb]ctavcl. Crcck ,008) alirma quc a agua dc rcsc dcvc tcr aparncia
scmclhantc ac da agua pctavcl nc quc tangc a ccr, turbidcz c cdcr.
Lntrctantc, cm uma pcsquisa dc cpinic rcalizada na Inglatcrra c Pais dc
Oalcs ccnstatcu-sc quc a qualidadc cstctica da agua dc rcsc tcvc
impcrtancia citada apcnas dc lcrma marginal ,JLFFLRSONc/ o/.,2004).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |27
Tabela 4.2 Lspccilicac dc qualidadc para agua dc makc up das tcrrcs dc
rcslriamcntc nc Pclc Pctrcquimicc dc Maua - SP
Fcntc. Mancusc ,2000), citadc pcr Oicrdani ,2002)
Captulo
Padr6cs para rcsc urbanc vigcntcs cm varics paiscs cstabclcccm
limitcs dc turbidcz cntrc 2 c 5 uT ,vcr capitulc 2), cnquantc a Pcrtaria
58/2004 dc Ministcric da Sadc lixa c limitc dc 5 uT ccmc padrc dc
accitac para ccnsumc humanc ,critcrics cstcticcs). Lntrctantc valcrcs
dc turbidcz dcsta crdcm cumprcm tambcm um papcl dc indicadcr
sanitaric, dc rcmcc dc prctczcarics pcr mcic da liltrac c
ccndicicnamcntc da agua prc-dcsinlccc para a inativac dc virus ,vcr
capitulc 2). Um cllucntc dcsta qualidadc cm gcral rcqucr prcccsscs
tcrciarics dc tratamcntc ,vcr capitulc 3), mas pcdc tambcm scr cbtidc ccm
c usc dc liltrcs intcrmitcntcs cm lcitc dc arcia ,FIIA) para c tratamcntc
dc pcqucnas vaz6cs, ccnlcrmc dcmcnstradc cm cxpcrincias dc PROSAB4
rcalizadas na UFBA,COHIM, 2000 a).
|28 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.3 Critcrics dc Qualidadc Rcqucridcs para gua dc Caldciras
,) Accitc ccmc rcccbidc, cm gcral nc ha prcblcmas ccm as ccnccntra6cs cu valcrcs usualmcntc
cnccntradcs, ,2) Ccntrcladc pclc tratamcntc dc cutrcs ccnstituintcs. Fcntc. Mctcall &Lddy ,2003).
C
C
Captulo
Lm rclac ac cdcr, cstc paramctrc c, cm gcral, dclinidc dc lcrma
pcucc cb]ctiva cm varias ncrmas dc qualidadc ,pcr cxcmplc, nc
cb]ctavcl). Lntrctantc, varias ncrmas cstabclcccm tambcm limitcs
bastantc rcstritcs para a DBO c, cu, ccnccntrac dc cxignic dissclvidc,
muitc prcvavclmcntc ccmc lcrma dc ccntcr c dcscnvclvimcntc dc cdcr
asscciadc ac cstadc anacrcbic dcccrrcntc da dcgradac da matcria
crganica. Os valcrcs rcccmcndadcs situam-sc cntrc 0 c 30 mg/l ,LPA,
2004) para DBO c OD >,0 mg/l ,CIRIA, 2003) ,vcr capitulc 2).
Lm pcsquisa dc cpinic ccm 50 prclcsscrcs dc cnsinc lundamcntal
dc Sim6cs Filhc-BA, a prcccupac ccm c cdcr cm agua rcciclada lci citada
cm um pcrccntual dc 00, inlcricr apcnas a prcccupac ccm riscc
micrcbiclcgicc dc 73 ,COHIM, 2000b) ,Figura 4.2).
Lm cutrc trabalhc rcalizadc na UFBA nc ambitc dc PROSAB,
Cchim c/ o/. ,2000a) avaliaram c pctcncial dc gcrac dc cdcr cm um
cllucntc ccm DBO dc 30 mg/l c 50 mg/l dc nitratc, submctidc a um pcricdc
dc armazcnamcntc dc atc 30 dias. O pctcncial dc cxi-rcduc dc cllucntc
armazcnadc lci mcnitcradc ccm lrcqncia dc atc 3 vczcs pcr dia, ccmc
marcadcr das ccndi6cs prccurscras da rcduc dcs sullatcs ,pctcncial dc
cxi-rcduc abaixc dc -00 mV), nc lcram cbscrvadcs valcrcs inlcricrcs a
45,0 mV, mcsmc ccm c OD inicial abaixc dc ,0 mg/l ,vcr itcm A
LXPLRINCIADAUFBA).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |29
Iigura 4.2 Pcrccpc dcs aspcctcs rclcvantcs para rcsc dc agua, cm pcsquisa
rcalizada ccm 50 prclcsscrcs dc cnsinc lundamcntal dc Sim6cs Filhc - BA.
Fcntc. Cchim ,2000b)
Aspectos Sao.ta.os
A dcspcitc da lcnga histcria dc rcsc dc agua cm varias partcs dc
mundc, a qucstc da scgurana sanitaria nc c dc lacil ccnscnsc c a
dclinic dc quc sc]a riscc accitavcl ainda c cb]ctc dc acalcradcs dcbatcs
,ASANO, ILVINL, 008).
A dclinic dcs limitcs micrcbiclcgiccs tcm rcccbidc dilcrcntcs
abcrdagcns, variandc cntrc alta tccnclcgia / altc custc / baixc riscc ,cu
riscc nulc) c tccnclcgia simplcs / baixc custc / riscc ccntrcladc, dcpcndcndc
dc balanc cntrc capacidadc cccncmica c riscc ,ANDLRSON c/ o/., 200)
,vcr Capitulc 2).
Scgundc Bahri, Brissaud ,2004), as mctas dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgicas apcntadas cm varias dirctrizcs muitas vczcs carcccm dc
basc cicntilica. Na abcrdagcm ccnscrvadcra, c padrc dc crganismcs
patcgniccs ,cu dc crganismcs indicadcrcs) c bascadc nc ccnccitc dc riscc
nulc. Pcr cutrc ladc, ainda sc rclativamcntc cscasscs cs cstudcs
cpidcmiclcgiccs aplicadcs ac rcsc da agua, ccm alguma cxccc para c
rcsc agriccla, alcm dissc, cstudcs cpidcmiclcgiccs pcdcm aprcscntar
baixa scnsibilidadc para nivcis baixcs dc cxpcsic. Ccnscqcntcmcntc, a
dcspcitc dc tcdas as limita6cs c inccrtczas, a aplicac da mctcdclcgia dc
Avaliac Quantitativa dc Riscc Micrcbiclcgicc ,AQRM) sc aprcscnta
ccmc uma lcrramcnta til para lcrmulac dc dirctrizcs para c rcsc da
agua ,BAHRI, BRISSAUD, 2004).
As pcssivcis abcrdagcns para c cstabclccimcntc dc critcrics dc
qualidadc para c rcsc da agua, bcm ccmc as bascs ccnccituais da AQRM,
lcram dcscnvclvidas nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc. A scguir sc rclcradcs
alguns aspcctcs vcltadcs para c rcsc urbanc c, mais cspccilicamcntc,
para c rcsc cm dcscarga dc tcalctcs.
O prcccdimcntc dc AQRM c ccmpcstc pcr quatrc ctapas. ,i)
idcntilicac dc pcrigc, ,ii) avaliac da dcsc-rcspcsta, ,iii) avaliac da
cxpcsic c ,iv) caractcrizac quantitativa dc riscc.
O pcrigc c caractcrizadc pcla prcscna dc patcgcncs ,cu dc
indicadcrcs) na agua, a dcsc-rcspcsta c ccnhccida para um bcm nmcrc dc
crganismcs patcgniccs, a cxpcsic c caractcrizada pcr sua magnitudc c
lrcqncia, asscciadas ac usc, intcncicnal cu nc, da agua, a
|39 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
caractcrizac dc riscc cnvclvc sua quantilicac a partir dc mcdclcs
matcmaticcs dc prcbabilidadc dc inlccc.
Uma dccisc lundamcntal nc prcccssc dc AQRM c a dclinic dc
riscc accitavcl para a situac cm analisc, dclinindc ccm issc a qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica da agua c c ccrrcspcndcntc grau dc tratamcntc ncccssaric.
A Agncia dc Prctcc Ambicntal dcs LUA ,LPA) dclinc para c
abastccimcntc dc agua para ccnsumc humanc um riscc accitavcl anual dc
-4
0 , cu sc]a, um casc anual dc transmissc dc dccna para cada 0.000
pcsscas ,ASANO, ILVINL, 008). Alguns autcrcs tm rcccmcndadc um
-3
valcr dc 0 ,HAAS, 200, OTTOSSON, 2003).
Acaractcrizac da cxpcsic, cm tcrmcs dc magnitudc c lrcqncia,
pcrmitc a cstimativa da ingcstc ,cu inalac) dc dctcrminadc vclumc dc
liquidc ccntcndc um nmcrc mcdic ccnhccidc dc micrcrganismcs. Ashbclt
c/ o/. ,2005) dclincm a cxpcsic a partir dc distribuic triangular,
dclinida pclc valcr minimc, mcda c valcr maximc para c vclumc, c dc
distribuic Ncrmal, dclinida pcla mcdia c dcsvic padrc, para a
lrcqncia dc cvcntcs ,Tabcla 4.4).
A adcc dc valcrcs iguais para a cxpcsic pclc usc cm dcscarga dc
vasc sanitaric, maquina dc lavar rcupa c irrigac parccc nc scr
adcquadc, uma vcz quc c tcmpc dc cxpcsic nc ltimc casc tcndc a scr
bcm maicr quc para cs primcircs. Ottcscn ,2003) sugcrc, para uma
avaliac dctcrministica, um valcr dc 0,0 mI para dcscarga dc tcalctcs c
0,05 mIpara irrigac.
Na Figura 4.3 sc aprcscntadas as distribui6cs acumuladas dc
ingcstc para alguns uscs. Obscrva-sc quc c maicr vclumc dc cxpcsic
ccrrcspcndc ac usc balncaric, cu]a mcdiana c ccrca dc scis vczcs supcricr a
ccrrcspcndcntc ac usc cm dcscarga dc tcalctc c 5 vczcs a ccrrcspcndcntc
ac usc cm irrigac.
O sclc hidricc dc vascs sanitarics ccstuma aprcscntar clcvadas
dcnsidadcs dc crganismcs indicadcrcs. Cruz ,2000) invcstigcu a qualidadc
da agua dc sclc hidricc cm prcdics pbliccs cm Salvadcr c cnccntrcu quc
2
50 das amcstras aprcscntaram dcnsidadcs dc cclilcrmcs supcricrcs a 0
crganismcs /00mI,vcr itcm ALXPLRINCIADAUFBA).
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |3|
|32 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.4 Distribuic para dcscrcvcr a cxpcsic asscciada ac usc dc agua rcciclada
Nctas. ,*) T. distribuic triangular , ,**) N. distribuic ncrmal. Fcntc. Ashbclt ct al. ,2005)
Iigura 4.3 Distribuic dc lrcqncia acumulada dc vclumcs ingcridcs, a partir das
distribui6cs prcpcstas pcr Ashbclt c/ o/. ,2005).
Nc quc ccnccrnc ac usc dc cllucntc tratadc cm vascs sanitarics, a
rcccmcndac da USLPA, ,2004) c dc ausncia cm 00 mI. Lm Bcrlim, na
Alcmanha, um trabalhc dc pcsquisa iniciadc cm 088, pcr nc dispcr dc
critcrics ]a cstabclccidcs para rcsc dc agua cinza cm dcscarga dc vasc,
scguiu c critcric dclinidc cm Ouidclincs lcr rccrcaticnal watcrs dc 075,
ccmplcmcntadcs ccm cs scguintcs paramctrcs micrcbiclcgiccs.
8o/mcnc//o, Icg|cnc//o, 8/ob/ccccas oarcas c ConJ|Jo o/||cons. Dcntrc
cutrcs paramctrcs, lcram prcpcstcs. DBO7 < 5,0 mg/I, cclilcrmcs tctais
< 00/mI, cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs < 0/mI ,.000/00mI) c
P. ocrag|ncso < /mI. Lm 005, apcs a ccnstatac dc quc c sistcma dc
tratamcntc invcstigadc atcndia ac ccn]untc dc critcrics cstabclccidcs, cstc
lci adctadc ccmc dirctriz para rcsc dc agua cinza ccmc agua dc scrvic
,usc nc pctavcl) cm nivcl lccal, atravcs dc Bcr/|n 8cno/c Dcor/omcn/ [cr
Ba|//J|ng onJ Hcas|nng ,NOIDL, 2005).
Bcrtcnc c/ o/. ,000) avaliaram c usc dc agua dc qualidadc
sccundaria cm dcscargas dc tcalctcs, utilizandc lactcbacilcs ccmc
4
marcadcrcs, para uma agua ccm 0 crganismcs /00 mI a taxa dc
rccupcrac cm amcstras dc ar lci nula, mcsmc a uma altura dc 30 cm
acima dc vasc.
Rcsultadcs scmclhantcs lcram cbtidcs cm trabalhc ccnduzidc pcr
Cchim c/ o/. ,2000b). a ,0 m dc altura ,50 cm acima dc vasc) nc lcram
cnccntradcs crganismcs indicadcrcs, mcsmc quandc lci utilizada agua
0
ccm 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mI ,vcr itcm A LXPLRINCIA
DAUFBA).
Padr6cs dc 00 a 200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mIsc ccmuns
para aguas balncarcs c largamcntc accitcs, cstandc, cm gcral,
rclacicnadcs a taxas dc dccnas dc dccnas gastrc-intcstinais dc a 2,
ccnsidcrada ccmc um riscc accitavcl ,BAHRI, BRISSAUD, 2004).
Rcgistrc-sc quc cstc valcr cnccntra-sc abaixc da taxa anual dc inlccc pcr
dccnas intcstinais cm paiscs dcscnvclvidcs. 0,2 ,MATHLRS c/ o/., 2002).
Nc Brasil a Rcscluc 274/2000 dc CONAMA cstabclccc para ccntatc
primaric c limitc dc .000 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00mI.
Outrcs uscs urbancs aprcscntam cxpcsi6cs inlcricrcs a quc cccrrc
cm uscs balncarcs. O usc dc agua ccm dcnsidadcs clcvadas dc cclilcrmcs
4 0
tcrmctclcrantcs ,0 a 0 crganismcs /00mI), cm dcscarga dc vasc
sanitaric, nc rcsultcu cm transmissc dcsscs crganismcs para c ar.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |33
Pcrtantc, c pcssivcl sugcrir, ccm bca margcm dc scgurana, quc para uscs
urbancs nc pctavcis c pcssivcl utilizar agua ccm a mcsma qualidadc
3
rcccmcndada para balncabilidadc, dc 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /
00mI.
A xpe.oc.a Jo 0SA3
A xpe.oc.a Ja J3A
ua`.JaJe Ja gua Je Se`os 'J.cos Je vasos Sao.ta.os
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Bahia ,UFBA) lcram rcalizadcs
cxpcrimcntcs visandc a avaliac dc pctcncial dc rcsc dc agua cm
dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics.
Num primcirc cxpcrimcntc c cb]ctivc lci invcstigar a qualidadc da
agua cnccntrada ncs sclcs hidriccs dc vascs sanitarics, visandc discutir a
qualidadc da agua dc rcsc aprcpriada para dcscarga.
Para tantc, lci dcscnvclvidc um cstudc dc caratcr cxplcratcric cm
cincc shcppings ccntcrs, uma cstac rcdcviaria c trs unidadcs da UFBA.
Numa primcira campanha dc mcnitcramcntc lcram cclctadas 08
amcstras dc agua dcs sclcs hidriccs dcs vascs, cm sanitarics masculincs c
lcminincs. Numa scgunda amcstragcm, rcalizada na Lsccla Pclitccnica
da UFBA, lcram cclctadas 50 amcstras dc aguas dcs sclcs hidriccs dc dcis
vascs sanitarics lcminincs. Lm ambas campanhas c indicadcr analisadc
lci cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs.
A cclcta da agua dcs sclcs dcs vascs lci rcalizada scm sc dar
dcscarga, dcsdc quc a agua nc vasc aprcscntassc aparncia limpa. Casc
ccntraric cra dada dcscarga prcviamcntc a cclcta. Prccurcu-sc, assim,
rcprcduzir c mclhcr pcssivcl as ccndi6cs ncrmalmcntc cnccntradas pclcs
usuarics.
Na Figura 4.4 aprcscntam-sc cs rcsultadcs da primcira campanha
dc amcstragcm. Obscrva-sc uma variac bastantc larga na qualidadc da
agua dcs vascs analisadcs, ccm dcnsidadcs dc cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs
0 5
variandc, cm tcrmcs dc crdcm dc grandcza, dc 0 -0 crganismcs / 00
0 4
mI. As mcdianas, cm cada vasc, variaram dc 0 -0 cclilcrmcs
|34 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |35
Iigura 4.4 Oraliccs Bcx-Plct da distribuic dc lrcqncia dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs nc sclc hidricc dc vascs sanitarics cm Salvadcr,
primcira campanha dc mcnitcramcntc.
Iigura 4.5 Oraliccs Bcx-Plct da distribuic dc lrcqncia dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs nc sclc hidricc dc dcis vascs sanitarics da UFBA,
scgunda campanha dc mcnitcramcntc.
3
tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI c as mcdias gccmctricas dc 00-0 cclilcrmcs
3
tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI,maximc dc ,8 x0 / 00 mI).
Na scgunda amcstragcm, alcm dcs prcccdimcntcs dc cclcta ]a
dcscritcs, cs dcis vascs cm cstudc ,UFBA) lcram iscladcs para cvitar usc
durantc a cclcta, pcssibilitandc c scguintc prcccdimcntc. cclcta da
primcira amcstra, dcscarga c cclcta scqcncial da agua acs 0.00, 0.0min,
0.30min, .00h, 2.00h c 3.00h apcs a dcscarga. As amcstras ac lcngc dc
tcmpc apcs a dcscarga nc aprcscntaram dilcrcnas signilicativas,
3
variandc nc intcrvalc cntrc 0 -0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI
,Figura 4.5).
Na sua tctalidadc, cs rcsultadcs pcrmitcm as scguintcs cbscrva6cs.
a utilizac dc aguas dc rcsc ccm qualidadc cquivalcntc a
cnccntrada ncs sclcs hidriccs dcs vascs nc ccasicnaria,
aparcntcmcntc, rcduc da qualidadc das mcsmas, ncm
ccmprcmctimcntc da scgurana dcs usuarics,
a dcnsidadc dc cclilcrmc tcrmctclcrantc cnccntrada ncs vascs
sanitarics dcs prcdics pbliccs analisadcs aprcscnta valcrcs
supcricrcs acs indicadcs cm lcgisla6cs dc varics paiscs,
sugcrindc quc as mcsmas pcssam scr cxccssivamcntc rcstritivcs.
oJuaoJeAeosso.s e~ vasos Sao.ta.os
Um scgundc cxpcrimcntc tcvc ccmc cb]ctivc avaliar a gcrac dc
bicacrcsscis durantc a dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics. Para tantc, lci
ccnstruidc um sanitaric cxpcrimcntal, cm alvcnaria, ccm dimcns6cs 0,04
x ,8 x 2,0 m, dctadc dc pcrta c basculantc c valvula dc dcscarga ,marca
Hydra, mcdclc 2550, DN40). O sistcma dc alimcntac c ccnstituidc dc um
tanquc dc alimcntac ,TQA), ccm capacidadc para 300 I, apciadc nc pisc,
nc qual lci instalada uma bcmba ,marca Anaugcr, mcdclc M-050) para c
rccalquc dc TQA atc c rcscrvatcric dc agua dc dcscarga ,TQD), ccm
capacidadc para 00 litrcs c cu]c nivcl maximc dc agua lccaliza-sc a uma
altura dc 4,5 mctrcs ,Figura 4.0).
Inicialmcntc prccurcu-sc cbtcr um rcgistrc dcs rcspingcs gcradcs
durantc a dcscarga. Para issc, utilizcu-sc uma placa dc madcirit ccm
dimcns6cs dc 40 x 04 cm c lcrrada ccm plasticc, na qual cra lixada uma
lclha dc papcl-tcalha brancc dc dimcns6cs 80 x 55 cm. Ccmc marcadcr lci
|36 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
utilizadc ccrantc alimcnticic liquidc marca Arcclcr, ccr vcrmclha, diluidc
cm duas partcs dc agua.
Fcram tcstadas trs situa6cs. ,a) ccm c marcadcr adicicnadc
apcnas nc sclc hidricc ,SH) c a dcscarga ccm agua pctavcl, ,b) ccm c
marcadcr adicicnadc ac TQD c c SH prccnchidc ccm agua pctavcl, ,c) ccm
c marcadcr nc SH c nc TQD. Para cada situac, lcram tcstadas duas
alturas. scbrc c asscntc dc vasc sanitaric c a 0 cm dc asscntc dc vasc, ccm
a placa apciada cm cantcnciras. Para cada uma das situa6cs c para cada
altura, lcram rcalizadcs 0 tcstcs. Tcstcs prcliminarcs nc dctcctaram
gctas visivcis a partir da altura dc 00 cm dc pisc.
Avalvula dc dcscarga cra acicnada pcr 3 scgundcs, c quc lcrnccia um
vclumc aprcximadamcntc ccnstantc dc 0 I. Durantc cs tcstcs, c TQD
cnccntrava-sc ccmplctamcntc chcic c a pcrta c c basculantc dc banhcirc
lcchadcs. Ncs intcrvalcs cntrc cs tcstcs ccm a placa scbrc c asscntc cram
lcitas a limpcza c sccagcm das bcrdas dc vasc. A ccntagcm dc gctas ncs
papcis-tcalha cra lcita scm auxilic dc cquipamcntcs, scndc scmcntc
ccntadas as gctas visivcis a clhc nu ,Tabcla 4.5).
Nas duas pcsi6cs da placa a tcndncia cbscrvada lci a mcsma, ccmc
nmcrc dc gctas crcsccntc para c usc dc marcadcr nc sclc hidricc, nc
tanquc dc dcscarga c cm ambcs, cmbcra dilcrcnas mais nitidas ,c
cstatisticamcntc signilicativas) tcnham sidc cbscrvadas quandc a placa
lci apciada scbrc c asscntc. Lm tcdc casc, lica clara a ccntribuic dc
tanquc dc dcscarga na lcrmac dc acrcsscis.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |37
Iigura 4.0 Ilustrac csqucmatica dc aparatc cxpcrimcntal
para a avaliac dc bicacrcsscis cm dcscargas dc vascs sanitarics.
Lm uma scgunda lasc dc cxpcrimcntc prccurcu-sc quantilicar
cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs ncs acrcsscis. Para issc, lci utilizadc c
cquipamcntc impactadcr dc tipc Andcrscn, marca SKC, mcdclc BicStagc
Standard, quc utiliza placas dc pctri dc 00 x 5 mm, a bcmba dc
amcstragcm Quicktakc 30 pcssui vazc dc succ rcgulavcl dc 0 a 30,0
I/min.
Ncssa lasc, utilizcu-sc ccmc agua dc dcscarga cllucntc dc liltrc
anacrcbic ,FAn) para pcssibilitar, atravcs dc dilui6cs, qualidadcs
bactcriclcgicas variadas, buscandc-sc ccrrclacicnar a dcnsidadc dc
micrcrganismcs na agua dc dcscarga ccm a cnccntrada ncs acrcsscis. As
trs situa6cs simuladas durantc a primcira lasc lcram rcpctidas na
scgunda, scndc quc, para cada situac, lcram tcstadas duas alturas. a 52
c 00 cm dc pisc O acicnamcntc da valvula dc dcscarga tcvc durac dc 5
scgundcs, ccrrcspcndcndc a um vclumc dc ccrca dc 0 I. A bcmba dc
succ lci acicnada nc instantc dc acicnamcntc da dcscarga,
pcrmancccndc ligada pcr 0 minutcs ccm a vazc a]ustada cm 28,3 I/min.
Durantc cs tcstcs, c TQD lci mantidc ccmplctamcntc chcic c a pcrta c c
basculantc dc banhcirc lcchadcs.
Lm rcsumc, cs rcsultadcs indicaram quc a ,0 m dc altura ,50 cm
acima dc vasc) nc lcram cnccntradcs crganismcs indicadcrcs, mcsmc
0
quandc lci utilizada agua ccm 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00mI.
Rcsultadcs similarcs lcram pcr Ocrba c/ o/. ,075) c Bcund, Atkinscn
,000) cm trabalhcs rcalizadcs cm ccndi6cs scmclhantcs.
CeaaoJe0Joes 0ev.Jo o A~azeoa~eotoJo l`ueoteTataJo
Num tcrccirc cxpcrimcntc c cb]ctivc lci avaliar c clcitc dc
armazcnamcntc dc cllucntc dc um liltrc intcrmitcntc ,FIIA) na gcrac
dc cdcrcs, visandc a adcquac dc scu usc cm dcscarga c, cu irrigac dc
arcas vcrdcs. Para c armazcnamcntc dc cllucntc lci utilizada uma
bcmbcna dc plasticc prctc, cpacc, ccm capacidadc para 50I. Os
|38 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 4.5 Ccntagcm dc rcspingcs gcradcs durantc a dcscarga
dc vascs sanitarics ,mcdia c dcsvic padrc)
paramctrcs dc ccntrclc incluiram. SST, OD, pctcncial rcdcx c pH, DQO,
sullatcs, sullctcs, amcnia c nitratc.
Uma primcira lasc cxpcrimcntal, ccm durac dc 20 dias, tcvc inicic
ccm a adic dc 40 I dc cllucntc dc FIIA a bcmbcna. As caractcristicas
iniciais dc cllucntc cram as scguintcs. 2,08 mg O /I, 202,7 mV ,pctcncial
2
rcdcx), 40 mg DBO/I, 04 mg DQO/I, 40,4 mg SO /I, ausncia dc sullctcs,
4
08 mg NH /I, 07 mg NO /I, 0,4 mg SST/I. Dc primcirc ac sctimc dia as
4 3
mcdi6cs lcram rcalizadas trs vczcs ac dia, as 00, 3 c 7 hcras dc citavc
ac 4 dia, duas vczcs ac dia, as 00 c 7 hcras, dc 5 ac 20 dia, uma vcz ac
dia, as 00 hcras.
Uma scgunda lasc lci prcccdida dc um pcricdc dc aclimatac
visandc c dcscnvclvimcntc dc biclilmc, quandc tcdc c ccntcdc da lasc
antcricr lci rcmcvidc c cutrcs 40 I dc cllucntc lcram armazcnadcs,
scguindc-sc trccas diarias dc 0 I dc ccntcdc da bcmbcna durantc um
pcricdc dc 5 dias. Lsta lasc tcvc uma durac dc 3 dias, scndc quc as
caractcristicas iniciais dc cllucntc cra as scguintcs. 0,5 mg O /I, 80, mV
2
,pctcncial rcdcx), 0 mg DBO/I, 7 mg DQO/I, 28,0 mg SO /I, ausncia dc
4
sullctcs, 2,0 mg NH /I, 33, mg NO /I, 05,0 mg SST/I. Dc primcirc ac
4 3
quintc dia as mcdi6cs lcram rcalizadas trs vczcs ac dia, as 00, 3 c 7
hcras, dc 7 ac 24 dia, duas vczcs ac dia, as 00 c 7 hcras, dc 25 ac 3 dia,
uma vcz ac dia, 00 hcras.
Nc mcnitcramcntc diaric para a cbscrvac da prcduc dc
ccndi6cs ambicntais lavcravcis a anacrcbicsc ,OD c pctcncial rcdcx),
cbtivcram-sc cs rcsultadcs mcstradcs na Figura 4.7.
O pH mantcvc-sc ncssc pcricdc scmprc na laixa ncutra, cntrc 0,5 c
7,5, ccndic quc lavcrccc a lcrmac dc gas sullidricc.
Na primcira lasc, c cxignic dissclvidc caiu dc 2,08 mg/I a mcncs dc
,0 mg/I apcs 24 h c sc mantcvc abaixc dcssc valcr atc c linal dc
cxpcrimcntc, cvidcnciandc a prcscna dc micrcrganismcs acrcbics. O
pctcncial rcdcx, inicialmcntc dc 202,7 mV, caiu a 70,0 mV ac linal dc 480
hcras. Valcrcs dc pctcncial rcdcx acima dc -00,0 mV nc sc indicativcs
dc prcduc dc H S. Pcr cutrc ladc, cs micrcrganismcs rcspcnsavcis pcla
2
rcduc dc sullatc tm taxas dc crcscimcntc baixas, cstandc asscciadcs a
prcscna dc biclilmc.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |39
Na scgunda lasc ,prcccdida dc um pcricdc dc cstimulc ac
dcscnvclvimcntc dc biclilmc), c cllucntc armazcnadc aprcscntava valcrcs
iniciais dc OD ]a abaixc dc ,0 mg/Ic dc pctcncial rcdcx dc 50, mV. O tccr
dc OD chcgcu a atingir valcrcs muitc prcximcs dc zcrc, pcrmancccndc a
maicr partc dc tcmpc abaixc dc 0,5 mg/I. A dcspcitc dcssa ccndic, c
pctcncial rcdcx cscilcu cm tcrnc dc 50,0 mV, licandc, pcrtantc, distantc dc
valcr limitc dc indicac dc rcduc dc sullatcs, mcsmc apcs um pcricdc dc
720 hcras dc armazcnamcntc.
Uma pcssivcl cxplicac para cs clcvadcs valcrcs dc pctcncial rcdcx
nas duas lascs dc cxpcrimcntc c c latc dc quc as ccnccntra6cs dc DBO
cram rclativamcntc baixas ,40 mg/I na primcira lasc c 0 mg/I na
scgunda) c dc dcgradabilidadc mais lcnta, asscciadc a clcvadas
ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc ,07 mg/I na primcira lasc c 33, mg/I na
scgunda), lcntc prclcrcncial dc cxignic cm rclac acs sullatcs.
Lm rcsumc, cs rcsultadcs indicam quc um adcquadc manc]c,
incluindc a qualidadc dc cllucntc, c tcmpc dc armazcnamcntc c c ccntrclc
da lcrmac dc biclilmcs, c prcblcma dc gcrac dc cdcrcs pcdc scr
razcavclmcntc ccntrcladc, pctcncializandc c usc dc cllucntcs tratadcs cm
dcscarga dc vascs sanitarics c cutrcs uscs urbancs. Nc casc avaliadc, c
cllucntc dc FIIArcvclcu grandc pctcncial dc usc.
|49 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 4.7 Pctcncial rcdcx c OD mcdidcs durantc c armazcnamcntc
dc cllucntc tratadc.
A xpe.oc.a Ja JC
euso `oJust.a`
O cxpcrimcntc viscu c usc nc pctavcl dc cllucntc da LTL Cambui
,Campc Iargc-PR), quc trata csgctc sanitaric. Lsta cstac dc tratamcntc
prc]ctada, ccnstruida c cpcrada pcla SANLPAR, lci cscclhida cm virtudc
da qualidadc dc cllucntc tratadc c da tccnclcgia utilizada, pcis cpcra ccm
tratamcntc biclcgicc ,RAIF) scguidc dc lisicc-quimicc ,llctac pcr ar
dissclvidc) c dcsinlccc dc cllucntc. O mcnitcramcntc das caractcristicas
lisicc-quimicas c micrcbiclcgicas dc cllucntc c uma atividadc rctincira dc
supcrtc ac cmprccndimcntc. Dcsdc 000 csta LTL tcm sidc cb]ctc dc
cstudc ccn]untc ccm a Pcntilicia Univcrsidadc Catclica dc Parana
,PUCPR) na avaliac dc dcscmpcnhc das tccnclcgias dc tratamcntc.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |4|
Iigura 4.8 Usc dc Lllucntcs na Indstria Diagrama Ccnccitual
dc abcrdagcm ]untc as cmprcsas.
O usc nc pctavcl sc ccncrctizcu ]untc as indstrias ccramicas da
rcgic ,INCLPA c Icrcnzctti), cscclhidas dcvidc a prcximidadc da LTL
Cambui. Dcsdc c primcirc ccntatc as cmprcsas mcstraram-sc bastantc
rcccptivas c intcrcssadas nc trabalhc a scr cntc rcalizadc,
dispcnibilizandc suas instala6cs c pcsscal cspccializadc para c trabalhc,
cm ccn]untc ccm a cquipc univcrsitaria. Para tantc, prcccdcu-sc a
intcgrac das cquipcs cnvclvidas, cstudandc-sc c ccnsumc da agua na
atividadc industrial c as pcssibilidadcs dc substituic dc lcntcs ,Figura
4.8).
INCEPA
AINCLPA, lundada cm 052 pclc grupc suic Kcramik Iaulcn, tcvc
c ccntrclc acicnaric passadc ac grupc cspanhcl ROCA Radiadcrcs S.A. nc
anc dc 000. Atuandc na arca dc rcvcstimcntcs c piscs ccramiccs, pcssui
2
duas plantas na cidadc dc Campc Iargc, ccm uma arca tctal dc 450 mil m ,
2
scndc 24 mil m dc arca ccnstruida, utilizandc ccmc matcria-prima
basicamcntc a argila, caulim, quartzc c agua.
Os trabalhcs ccnduzidcs na INCLPAlcram iniciadcs ccm c cstudc da
dcmanda dc agua para substituic pcr csgctc tratadc c dcsinlctadc da
LTL Cambui. Scndc assim, lci avaliada a pcssibilidadc dc um cnsaic quc
dctcrminassc grandc dcmanda dc agua. Lscclhcu-sc c prcccssc dc
mcagcm, nc qual sc intrcduziu cllucntc ]untamcntc ccm a matcria prima
dirctamcntc ncs mcinhcs, para prcparac da massa liquida ,barbctina), a
qual apcs passar pcr varics prcccsscs, da crigcm acs azulc]cs ,Tabcla 4.0).
Atualmcntc a agua rcsiduaria prcvcnicntc da lavagcm dc matcrial
ccramicc c dc partc dc prcccssc industrial passa pcr um tratamcntc lisicc-
quimicc, dcntrc da prcpria indstria, c dcpcis c rcusada nc prcccssc
industrial.
Fcram rcalizadcs divcrscs cnsaics, tcdcs cm cscala industrial, pcr
rcccmcndac da prcpria cmprcsa, dc mcdc a avaliar c ccmpcrtamcntc
rcclcgicc da massa utilizandc csgctc tratadc c dcsinlctadc, c qual lci
transpcrtadc pcr mcic dc caminhc-pipa. Antcs da atcmizac, a massa
liquida passa pcr alguns tcstcs quc dctcrminam as caractcristicas iniciais
lcgc quc sacm dcs mcinhcs ,Tabcla 4.7).
A ccntinuidadc dcs cnsaics rcsultcu na ccnlccc dc pcas dc igual
qualidadc aquclas prcduzidas ccm agua dc usc ccrrcntc ,Figura 4.8), c
|42 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
quc ccmprcva a pcssibilidadc dc rcsc scm ccmprcmctcr c prcdutc
acabadc, tantc c quc as pcas lcram ccmcrcializadas ncrmalmcntc.
LOBENZETTI
A Icrcnzctti lci lundada ncs ancs 20 pclc italianc Alcssandrc
Icrcnzctti, passandc cm 2.000 ac ccntrclc dc grupc lrancs Icgrand,
labricantc dc ccmpcncntcs clctriccs dc baixa vcltagcm. Nc Parana, a
planta lccaliza-sc na cidadc dc Campc Iargc c scus prcdutcs dc maicr
invcstimcntc c labricac sc cs ccramiccs. Aindstria cpcra hc]c ccm 807
luncicnarics, utilizandc ccmc matcria-prima argila, talcc, quartzc,
lcldspatc, lilitc c a calcita.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |43
Tabela 4.0 Avaliac dcs ccnsumcs dc agua na INCLPA
Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
Tabela 4.7 Rcsumc dcs cnsaics na barbctina rcalizadcs na INCLPA
Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
|44 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s


1
2
Iigura 4.0 Scqncia dc cnsaic rcalizadc na INCLPA, para ccnlccc
dc pcas ccramicas, utilizandc cllucntc dcsinlctadc.
,) Carrcgamcntc dcs mcinhcs, ,2) Pcas cntrandc nc lcrnc,
,3) Pcas prcduzidas ccm cllucntc.
3


Iigura 4.I0 Prcccdimcntc cm cscala pilctc para ccnlccc dc pcas ccramicas,
cmprcgandc cllucntc sanitaric, na cmprcsa Icrcnzctti.
,) Instalac Pilctc, ,2) Lnsaic dc Ruptura,
,3) Ccrpcs dc prcva ccm cllucntc.
1
2 3
Na Lmprcsa Icrcnzctti, tambcm lci ccnlcccicnadc um lluxcgrama
dc dcmanda dc agua para sc avaliar pcntcs dc maicr ccnsumc. Nc quc sc
rclcrc acs cnsaics, cstcs lcram rcalizadcs na Unidadc Pilctc da Lmprcsa,
instalac lccalizada ]untc ac prcdic dc Iabcratcric dc Analiscs Fisicc-
Quimicas, na qual sc cnccntram cquipamcntcs dc pcqucna capacidadc, dc
mcdc a simular c quc cccrrc cm cscala industrial. ATabcla 4.8 idcntilica cs
prcccsscs dc ccnsumc dc agua passivcis dc scrcm substituidcs pcr
cllucntc.
Lm sc tratandc dc prcdutcs clctrcs-ccramiccs lcram ncccssarias
analiscs cspccilicas, cxigindc grandc rigcr cm cada ctapa da ccnlccc dc
pcas, tais ccmc ccnlccc dc ccrpcs dc prcva. Lstcs lcram submctidcs a
cnsaics ccmc pcrda ac lcgc, abscrc ,lucsina), dclcrmac, umidadc,
indicc pircplasticc, ruptura, tantc para c ccrpc dc prcva cru, calcinadc c
vidradc. Pclcs tcstcs rcalizadcs ]untc a cmprcsa, rclcrcndadc pclcs
tccniccs industriais, ccncluiu-sc quc lci pcssivcl utilizar c cllucntc tratadc
c dcsinlctadc da LTL-Cambui para lins nc pctavcis.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |45
Tabela 4.8 Avaliac dcs ccnsumcs dc agua na Icrcnzctti
Fcntc. Bcna c/ o/. ,2000)
|46 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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euso Joaoo
ACidade de Canpo Largo
O municipic dc Campc Iargc, criadc cm 870, situa-sc na Rcgic
Mctrcpclitana dc Curitiba. Ccm uma pcpulac dc 02.782 habitantcs
,CLNSO 2000) c ccnsidcrada a capital da Icua c da Ccramica pcr scdiar
impcrtantcs cmprcsas, cu]cs prcdutcs sc ccnhccidcs intcrnacicnalmcntc.
A Prclcitura Municipal dc Campc Iargc utiliza agua para divcrsas
atividadcs dc limpcza c manutcnc dc suas arcas vcrdcs, pcdcndc scr
citadcs. c usc na lavagcm das praas, principalmcntc na rcgic ccntral, na
rcga dc hcrtc municipal, cndc sc cultivam as mudas para arbcrizac da
cidadc, na lavagcm da lrcta dc vciculcs, cntrc cutrcs. O cstudc
dcscnvclvidc nc PROSAB 4 viscu avaliar sc ncstcs uscs a agua pctavcl
pcdcria scr pctcncialmcntc substituida pcr cllucntc tratadc c dcsinlctadc.
Procedinentos
Inicialmcntc rcalizcu-sc um cstudc scbrc a cidadc dc Campc Iargc,
incluindc ccnsultas as divcrsas Sccrctarias da Prclcitura Municipal,
crgcs pbliccs lccais c a pcpulac, para a cbtcnc das inlcrma6cs
basicas ncccssarias para c dcscnvclvimcntc dc trabalhc. O mcdclc
ccnccitual dc trabalhc aprcximcu-sc dc ]a dcscritc quandc dc rcsc
industrial ,vcr Figura 4.8).
Lm scguida lci lcitc um lcvantamcntc dc sistcma dc abastccimcntc
dc agua c dc csgctamcntc sanitaric dc municipic, cpcradc pcla SANLPAR,
para a dctcrminac da clcrta dc aguas c dc cllucntcs gcradcs, indicandc
lccaliza6cs, quantidadcs c prcccsscs dc tratamcntc. Pcstcricrmcntc,
prcccdcu-sc a pcsquisa cm litcratura cspccializada para cbtcnc dcs
rcquisitcs qualitativcs c quantitativcs ncccssarics a utilizac dc
cllucntcs ncs divcrscs sctcrcs urbancs idcntilicadcs.
Besultados
Os ccntatcs ccm a Prclcitura dc Campc Iargc ccntaram ccm
participac ativa da Sccrctaria dc Obras. Ccmc rcsultadc dc cstudc
quantitativc, rclcrcntc a dcmanda dc agua para uscs nc pctavcis,
ccnlcccicncu-sc a Tabcla 4.0 Tcdcs cs lccais dcs pcssivcis uscs
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |47
mcncicnadcs cstc inscridcs num raic maximc dc 5 km, tcndc ccmc ccntrc
a LTLCambui.
A dcmanda rclativa a Iimpcza Urbana aprcscntcu-sc para a cquipc
cnvclvida ccmc a altcrnativa mais atrativa, ccm uma prcvisc dc
3
dcmanda 240 m /ms para a ccmpactac c ccntrclc da pccira cm vias
urbanas. Outra atividadc ccm bcas pcrspcctivas dc substituic da agua
pctavcl scria a lavagcm dc vciculcs da lrcta municipal, quc utiliza um
3
vclumc dc 00 m /ms ,Figura 4.).
O lcvantamcntc dcs rcquisitcs dc qualidadc para c rcsc dc agua lci
clctuadc tcndc ccmc rclcrncia a litcratura nacicnal c intcrnacicnal
,Tabcla 4.0). Obscrvc-sc quc c cllucntc da LTLCambui, atcndc a tcdcs cs
rcquisitcs ccnsidcradcs ,cxigcntcs, diga-sc dc passagcm), ccm cxccc dc
pH.
Tcdc c trabalhc dcscnvclvidc gcrcu intcrcssc pcr partc da Sccrctaria
dc Obras da Prclcitura Municipal cm rcalizar um cnsaic, aplicandc c
cllucntc tratadc na ccmpactac dc cstrada c pcstcricr pavimcntac, c
quc acabcu scndc rcalizadc nc ms dc ]unhc dc 2000 ,Figura 4.2). O
cllucntc lci cclctadc na LTL pcr caminhc da Prclcitura, cspccilicc para
tal atividadc, c c cpcradcr prcviamcntc trcinadc para c usc dc LPI`s.
|48 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 4.II Analisc quantitativa dcs pcssivcis uscs nc pctavcis
da agua cm Campc Iargc - PR. Fcntc. Ochringcr ,2000)
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |49
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|59 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s

1 2
Iigura 4.I2 Lnsaic dc rcsc da agua cm Campc Iargc - PR ,maic 2000).
,) Aplicac cm ccmpactac dc cstrada,
,2) Atividadcs ccmplcmcntarcs da ccmpactac.
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das LTLs da RMSP. 23 Ccngrcssc Brasilcirc dc Lngcnharia Sanitaria c Ambicntal, 2005,
Campc Orandc-MS. Anais.ABLS, Ric dc Jancirc. 2005.
TLCIIM. Rcdc dc tccnclcgias Iimpas da Bahia, http.//www.tcclim.ulba.br/ , accssadc cm
07/07/2000.
Cap. 4 |e s6 J|oao6 e |oJas|||a| |53
UNLP/OPA. Ouidclincs cn municipal wastcwatcr managcmcnt. ,s.d.).
USLPA. UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Ouidclincs lcr
watcr rcusc. Washingtcn D.C. USLPA, 2004 ,LPA/025/R-04/08).
USLPA. UNITLD STATLS LNVIRONMLNTAI PROTLCTION AOLNCY. Pclluticn
Prcvcnticn. Http.//www.cpa.gcv/p2/ , accssadc cm 07/07/2000.
VANDLRVILUTLN-BAIKLMA, A. J. Sustainablc Wastcwatcr Trcatmcnt, dcvclcping a
mcthcdclcgy and sclccting prcmising systcms. Lindhcvcn. Tcchnischc Univcsitcit.
Lindhcvcn, 2003. 20 p.
|54 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o 5
`.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos.
`~pactos oo So`o e Aqu'leos
C||a |eq|oa V6o|es, Va||6a|aya|| |a|6,
Va|c6 Ao|6o|6 A|me|Ja Je S6aza, 8|ao6 C6|aacc| ||||6, J6s Va|qaes Jao|6|
`otoJuao
Lm tcdc c mundc cxistc uma crcsccntc ccmpctic pclc usc da agua
cntrc divcrscs sctcrcs da sccicdadc, scndc quc c ccnsumc dc agua na
agricultura irrigada c bastantc clcvadc cm rclac a cutrcs tipcs dc usc.
Nc Brasil, a agricultura ccnscmc atualmcntc ccrca dc 0 da agua dccc
tctal ,CHRISTOFIDIS, 200), havcndc prcvisc dc atingir 70 na
prcxima dccada, tcndc cm vista c clcvadc crcscimcntc dc agrc-ncgccic.
Pcrtantc, c usc dc lcntcs altcrnativas dc agua para a agricultura c
altamcntc dcsc]avcl, lavcrcccndc a rcalccac dcs rccurscs hidriccs
utilizadcs para cutrcs sctcrcs. Ccnvcm assinalar quc sc cstima quc uma
cccncmia dc apcnas 0 da agua utilizada na agricultura aumcntaria cm
00 a clcrta dcssc rccursc para usc dcmcsticc ,PHIIIIPI Jr. c/ o/., 2004).
A grandc quantidadc dc aguas rcsiduarias, prcduzidas pclcs
sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctc, clcrccc um grandc pctcncial para c usc
dcs csgctcs tratadcs na irrigac, prcmcvcndc, dcssa lcrma, uma mcncr
utilizac dc agua prcpria para cutrcs ccnsumcs, dc primcira ncccssidadc
para c hcmcm.
Dcsdc quc rcalizada dc lcrma ccntrclada a irrigac ccm csgctcs
sanitarics tratadcs c altamcntc atrativa, pcis alcm dc pcssibilitar a
libcrac dc rccurscs hidriccs dc mclhcr qualidadc para cutras atividadcs
humanas, scrvc ccmc uma lcrma dc pcs-tratamcntc dcs cllucntcs pclc
sistcma sclc-planta, c qual atua abscrvcndc c rctcndc nutricntcs,
pclucntcs c crganismcs patcgniccs rcmancsccntcs ,BOUWLR c
CHANLY, 074). O sistcma sclc-planta cxcrcc c papcl dc um rcatcr
rcncvavcl, nc qual cs csgctcs passam a scr lcntc dc cncrgia c nc um
prcblcma ambicntal ,PAOANINI, 007). Pcrtantc, cs cllucntcs tratadcs
quc ainda pcdcm causar impactcs ncgativcs ac ambicntc, quandc
lanadcs dirctamcntc ncs ccrpcs d`agua, passam a scr lcntc d`agua c,
scgundc suas caractcristicas quimicas, lcntc dc nutricntcs,
principalmcntc nitrcgnic, para c sistcma sclc-planta ,FLIOIN c/ o/.,
078, FONSLCA, 200). A prcscna dc nutricntcs pcrmitc quc c usc dc
csgctcs tratadcs na irrigac tambcm pcssa scr ccnsidcradc ccmc rccursc
cccncmicc dc grandc valcr, pcis sua aplicac pcdc prcmcvcr uma
diminuic da quantidadc dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais adicicnadcs acs
agrcssistcmas. Dcsta lcrma, vcncidas as rcsistncias dc naturcza cultural,
c usc dc csgctc tratadc (LT), dcsdc quc rcalizadc ccm critcric, aprcscnta-sc
ccmc uma scluc sanitariamcntc scgura, cccncmicamcntc viavcl c
ambicntalmcntc sustcntavcl ,BASTOSc/ o/, 2003).
Lntrctantc, apcsar das vantagcns, a aplicac dc cllucntcs na
agricultura pcdc aprcscntar aspcctcs ncgativcs nc quc diz rcspcitc as
ccndi6cs dc luncicnamcntc c dinamica dc sistcma sclc. Pcr cxcmplc, a
adic dc Na pcla irrigac pcdc prcvccar a dispcrsc dc argilas, quc pcr
sua vcz pcdcm migrar, cbstruindc cs pcrcs dc sclc c, ccnscqcntcmcntc,
inllucnciar dirctamcntc c lluxc dc sclu6cs.
Lm paiscs quc utilizam csgctcs tratadcs na agricultura ha muitc
tcmpc, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, Isracl c Australia, cxistc um nmcrc grandc
trabalhcs vcltadcs para cs prcblcmas rclacicnadcs a intcrac csgctc
tratadc-sclc c ccm mcnitcramcntc ccntinuc clctuadc apcs sua aplicac.
Os rcsultadcs mcstram, ncstcs cascs, quc cs impactcs prcvccadcs ncs sclcs
agricclas sc rclativamcntc bcm ccnhccidcs c quc manc]cs adcquadcs
pcrmitcm sua aplicac dc mancira sustcntavcl. O mcsmc nc cccrrc cm
paiscs cm dcscnvclvimcntc, gcralmcntc lccalizadcs cm rcgi6cs trcpicais,
cndc cs trabalhcs scbrc c tcma sc rclativamcntc cscasscs, rcccntcs c
pcntuais, carcccndc-sc, pcrtantc, dc inlcrma6cs tccnicc-cicntilicas c dc
cstudcs dc lcngc prazc ,FONSLCA, 200). Alcm dissc, c praticamcntc
impcssivcl transpcrtar cs ccnhccimcntcs cbtidcs cm cutras rcgi6cs, pcis a
cxistncia dc um ccntcxtc ambicntal dilcrcntc tcm lcrtc inlluncia, nc sc
na qualidadc dcs cllucntcs, ccmc nas prcpricdadcs cspccilicas dcs sclcs.
Pcrtantc, a utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs nas praticas agricclas c
llcrcstais c, scbrctudc, sua rcciclagcm nc sclc, ncccssitam, alcm da
dctcrminac das caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs, abcrdada cm cutrcs
capitulcs dcstc livrc, dc um amplc ccnhccimcntc dcs ccnccitcs c
prcpricdadcs dcs sclcs, cm cspccial as lisicas, quimicas, lisicc-quimicas,
|56 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za 6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
mincralcgicas c biclcgicas, tratadas a scguir. Scrc abcrdadcs ainda nc
prcscntc capitulc, cs aspcctcs rclativcs as mudanas nas caractcristicas c
impactcs ncs sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs, bcm ccmc cs
risccs para as aguas subtcrrancas.
0 So`o - Aspectos Cooce.tua.s
Cooce.toJeSo`o
O ccnccitc dc sclc c variavcl, dcpcndcndc dc usc ac qual clc sc
dcstina ,pcdclcgia, cngcnharia civil c sanitaria, gcclcgia, ctc). Na cincia
dc sclc ,pcdclcgia), arca quc intcrcssa dirctamcntc a agricultura, cs sclcs
sc ccnsidcradcs ccmc c rcsultadc das translcrma6cs quimicas, lisicas c
mincralcgicas sclridas pclas rcchas na supcrlicic dc plancta, na intcrlacc
litcslcra, atmcslcra, hidrcslcra c bicslcra. As rcchas, cm gcral duras,
ccmpactas, anidras c csscncialmcntc mincrais, translcrmam-sc cm um
matcrial inccnsclidadc, plasticc, pcrcsc, ac mcsmc tcmpc mincral c
crganicc. Lstc matcrial quc rcccbrc dc mancira quasc ccntinua as rcchas
da litcslcra, c partc intcgrantc da paisagcm ccntincntal c tcm sidc
dcncminadc dc ccbcrtura pcdclcgica cu ccbcrtura dc sclc.
O sclc, lcrmadc a partir dc um dctcrminadc tipc dc rccha, scb a ac
dc clima, vcgctac, rclcvc c crganismcs num cspac dc tcmpc, pcdc scr
ccnsidcradc ccmc um ccrpc vivc cm ccnstantc cvcluc ,PLDRO, 085).
Lsta cvcluc sc vcrilica naturalmcntc atravcs dc tcmpc cu pcdc scr
inllucnciada pcr a6cs antrcpicas quc, cm gcral, acclcram c prcccssc
cvclutivc. A ncc dc um ccrpc vivc indica quc c sclc sc cnccntra cm
ccnstantc translcrmac. Para cntcndcr scu ccmpcrtamcntc,
ccmprccndcr suas prcpricdadcs c prcvcr as pcssivcis intcra6cs quandc
su]citc a ac antrcpica, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, a prcvccada pcla dispcsic dc
rcsiducs, c sclc dcvc scr analisadc scb dcis aspcctcs principais. c dc sua
crganizac c c dc scu luncicnamcntc.
O cstudc da crganizac dc sclc lcva cm ccnta cs aspcctcs
mcrlclcgiccs c cstruturais, istc c, cstuda scus ccnstituintcs ,mincrais c
crganiccs), suas dimcns6cs c c mcdc ccmc cstcs ccnstituintcs cnccntram-
sc crganizadcs. Lnvclvc tambcm a analisc dcs cspacs vazics ,pcrcs),
rcllcxc da crganizac dc scus ccnstituintcs. Trata-sc dc um cstudc
cstaticc, quc sc bascia na caractcrizac dc chamadc pcrlil dc sclc ,Figura
5.).
Cap. 5 ||||qa 6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |57
O cstudc dc luncicnamcntc, ac ccntraric, c dinamicc c analisa cs
mccanismcs quc cnvclvcm a translcrncia dc matcria, sc]a cla sclida,
liquida cu gascsa. Lsta translcrncia c altamcntc ccntrclada pclc sistcma
dc pcrcs ,tamanhc, lcrma c asscciac) quc, cm ltima analisc, ccntrcla c
lluxc das sclu6cs quc pcrcclam c sclc. Pcr cstas raz6cs c dcncminadc dc
luncicnamcntc hidrcdinamicc dc sclc.
Os sclcs nc sc hcmcgnccs ccmc pcdc scr cbscrvadc ac lcngc dc
ccrtcs dc cstrada cu barrancas dc rics. Aprcscntam varia6cs, tais ccmc
cspcssura, ccr, tcxtura, cstrutura, cxistncia dc hcrizcntcs, ctc. Lstas
varia6cs cccrrcm cm dilcrcntcs cscalas dc cbscrvac, dcsdc a cscala
ccntincntal atc a cscala ultramicrcsccpica, passandc pcla cscala da
paisagcm, dc pcrlil, dc hcrizcntc cu dc agrcgadc ,ROBLRT, 000).
|58 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.I Lsqucma dc um pcrlil dc sclc. Mcdilicada dc Brady c Wcil ,000). y
Na cscala dc ccntincntc cs sclcs sc crganizam cm grandcs ccn]untcs
quc sc distribucm nc glcbc, principalmcntc cm lunc dc clima
,tcmpcratura c prccipitac). Sc cs sclcs ditcs zcnais, quc cbcdcccm,
aprcximadamcntc, uma distribuic accmpanhandc as linhas dc igual
tcmpcratura ,isctcrmas).
Na cscala dc rclcvc cu da paisagcm ,vcrtcntc) cu dc uma pcqucna
bacia hidrcgralica, cs sclcs sc distribucm ac lcngc dc tcpcsscqncias, cm
lunc da vclccidadc dc lluxc das sclu6cs cm scu intcricr, prcvccada pclc
mcdcladc da supcrlicic tcpcgralica. Lm cada pcntc da tcpcsscquncia
,Figura 5.2) cs sclcs sc caractcrizam pcr pcrlis quc sc dilcrcnciam atravcs
dc hcrizcntcs, scgundc uma crganizac vcrtical, scndc cs hcrizcntcs
supcricrcs mais riccs cm matcria crganica ,hcrizcntc O c A) c cs inlcricrcs
scbrctudc mincrais ,hcrizcntcs L, B c C). Tais hcrizcntcs ,Figura 5.) sc
distingucm pcla ccr, tcxtura c cstrutura.
Na cscala dcs hcrizcntcs sc idcntilicadcs cs agrcgadcs lcrmadcs pcr
mincrais, cm gcral asscciadcs a lrac crganica. Lstcs agrcgadcs sc
impcrtantcs para cs sclcs, pcis dclincm suas prcpricdadcs lisicas
,pcrcsidadc, pcrmcabilidadc, ctc).
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |59
Iigura 5.2 Dilcrcntcs tipcs dc sclcs ac lcngc dc uma tcpcsscqncia.
Mcdilicada dc Brady c Wcil ,000).
,vc]a Tabcla 5.2 para as caractcristicas dcs sclcs)
y
A cscala micrcsccpica cu ultramicrcsccpica lcrnccc inlcrma6cs
scbrc a micrcmcrlclcgia dc sclc, assim ccmc scbrc a cstrutura intcrna dcs
mincrais, paramctrc impcrtantc para a ccmprccnsc dc pcsicicnamcntc c
dc ccmpcrtamcntc dcs clcmcntcs nas cstruturas cristalinas.
0s Coost.tu.otes Jo So`o
O sclc idcal para c crcscimcntc das plantas c ccnstituidc, cm scu
hcrizcntc supcrlicial ,hcrizcntc A), pcr aprcximadamcntc 50 dc matcrial
sclidc, 25 dc agua c 25 dc ar. A prcpcrc dc agua c dc ar nc sclc pcdc
variar dc mancira bastantc accntuada c muitc rapidamcntc, cstandc
asscciada principalmcntc acs tamanhcs c quantidadcs dc pcrcs
cxistcntcs, dispcnibilidadc dc agua c drcnagcm dc tcrrcnc. Ac ccntraric, a
lasc sclida c mais ccnstantc, ccmpcrtandc uma lrac incrganica
,mincral), gcralmcntc dcminantc, a qual sc cnccntra asscciada a uma
lrac crganica, cu]a impcrtancia c maicr cm vclumc quc cm pcsc, lacc sua
baixa dcnsidadc cm rclac a lasc mincral.
Coost.tu.otes `oogo.cos
Os ccnstituintcs incrganiccs cu mincrais dc sclc dcrivam dc
intcmpcrismc das rcchas, pcdcndc scr mincrais rcsiduais, translcrmadcs
cu ainda lcrmadcs durantc cs prcccsscs dc intcmpcrismc c pcdcgncsc
,lcrmac dc sclc). Scus tamanhcs sc variavcis pcdcndc sc ccnccntrar
nas lra6cs arcia ,tamanhc dc 2,0 a 0,02mm), siltc ,tamanhc dc 0,02 a

0,002mm) c argila ,tamanhc mcncr quc 0,002mm) . Nas lra6cs mais

grcssciras cccrrcm, ncrmalmcntc, lragmcntcs dc rcchas c/cu dc mincrais
rcsiduais, rcsistcntcs ac intcmpcrismc, ccmc c quartzc, mica, mincrais
pcsadcs cu cpaccs, quc scrvcm para lcrmar c csquclctc dc sclc,
ccnstituindc sua partc inativa ,Figura 5.3). Nas lra6cs linas, siltc c,
principalmcntc, argila, ccnccntram-sc cs mincrais mais impcrtantcs para
c sclc. Ncsta lrac dcminam cs mincrais lcrmadcs durantc cs prcccsscs
dc intcmpcrismc c pcdcgncsc c quc sc dilcrcnciam dcs dcmais pcr
aprcscntarcm uma scric dc prcpricdadcs ccmuns. sc hidrcxiladcs
,pcssucm agua dc ccnstituic), scus cristais sc dc pcqucnc tamanhc
,mcncr quc 00 m), pcssucm caratcr cristalinc pcucc dcscnvclvidc
|69 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
. Os limitcs para as lra6cs granulcmctricas sc cs prcpcstcs pcla Sccicdadc Intcrnacicnal dc
Cinciadc Sclc.
,criptccristalincs), aprcscntam ccmpcsic quimica variavcl c grandc
supcrlicic cspccilica. Na crganizac dc sclc cstcs mincrais sc asscciam
intimamcntc ccm a lrac crganica para lcrmar c plasma argilc-hmicc,
lrac ativa dc sclc c rcspcnsavcl pcla dclinic dc suas caractcristicas
lisicc-quimicas c nutric das plantas. Ncs sclcs dc rcgi6cs trcpicais, cntrc
csscs mincrais, dcstacam-sc cs argilcmincrais, cs cxidcs c cs cxi-
hidrcxidcs, cm cspccial cs dc lcrrc c dc aluminic ,cristalizadcs cu amcrlcs)
,Figura 5.3).
Os argilcmincrais sc mincrais muitc impcrtantcs ncs prcccsscs quc
sc dcscnvclvcm na supcrlicic da Tcrra. Sc alumincssilicatcs hidratadcs
pcrtcnccntcs ac grupc dcs lilcssilicatcs ,silicatcs cm camada) c lcrmadcs
pcla asscciac dc lclhas tctracdricas c cctacdricas ,Figura 5.4). As lclhas
tctracdricas sc ccnstituidas pcla asscciac dc tctracdrcs lcrmadcs pclc
2-
arran]c dc quatrc O dispcstcs ncs vcrticcs dc um tctracdrc rcgular,
4
circundandc c scndc cccrdcnadc pcr um atcmc dc Si nc ccntrc. As lclhas
3
cctacdricas sc lcrmadas pclc arran]c dc cctacdrcs cndc c Al , nc ccntrc, c
2- -
circundadc pcr scis O cu OH. As lclhas tctracdricas c cctacdricas ligam-
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |6|
Iigura 5.3 Distribuic rclativa dcs mincrais nas dilcrcntcs lra6cs granulcmctrica
,arcia. 2 mm 0,02 mm, siltc. 0,02 -0,002 mm, argila. mcncr quc 0,002 mm).
Adaptada dc Brady c Wcil ,000).
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sc pclc ccmpartilhamcntc dc atcmcs dc cxignic lcrmandc dilcrcntcs
camadas. Anaturcza cspccilica c a ccmbinac das lclhas ncstas camadas
dc crigcm acs dilcrcntcs tipcs dc argilcmincrais c dclincm suas
prcpricdadcs cspccilicas, ccmc grau dc hidratac, grau dc substitui6cs
iscmcrlicas, cxpansc, plasticidadc, carga clctrica, trcca caticnica, ctc.
4 3
Tantc c silicic ,Si ) nas lclhas tctracdricas, ccmc c aluminic ,Al )
nas lclhas cctacdricas, pcdcm scr tctal cu parcialmcntc substituidcs pcr
3 3 2
cutrcs caticns, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, Al c Fc nas lclhas tctracdricas c Fc ,
2 2 2
Mg , Mn , Ni , ctc, nas cctacdricas. Lstas substitui6cs, dcncminadas
substitui6cs iscmcrlicas, pcr caticns ccm cargas dilcrcntcs, criam um
dcscquilibric clctricc da cstrutura dcs argilcmincrais, quc dcvc scr
rccquilibrada pcla cntrada dc caticns ccmpcnsadcrcs dc cargas ,ccmc pcr
2
cxcmplc, K , Na , Ca ), quc sc pcsicicnam cm sitics intcrcamadas. As
substitui6cs iscmcrlicas sc ccmuns ncsscs mincrais, scndc rcspcnsavcis
pcla grandc variabilidadc dc argilcmincrais cxistcntcs na naturcza.
Lxistcm dcis grandcs tipcs dc camadas as quais ccrrcspcndcm cs
principais grupcs dc argilcmincrais cnccntradcs ncs sclcs. cs
argilcmincrais lcrmadcs pcr uma lclha dc tctracdrcs asscciada a uma
lclha dc cctacdrcs ,argilcmincrais .) c aquclcs ccnstituidcs pcr duas
lclhas dc tctracdrcs cnvclvcndc uma lclha dc cctacdrcs ,argilcmincrais
2.).
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais . inclui c argilcmincral mais
impcrtantc dcs sclcs trcpicais, a caulinita. Ncrmalmcntc aprcscnta-sc
ccmc pcqucnas placas dc habitc hcxagcnal. Lstc grupc ainda inclui
halcisita, nacrita c dickita, mincrais dc pcuca rcprcscntatividadc ncs
|62 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.4 Lstrutura basica dcs argilcmincrais
Adaptada dc Klcin c Hurlbut ,003).
sclcs, cm cspccial cs dcis ltimcs. As camadas ncs argilcmincrais . sc
ligadas pcr pcntcs dc hidrcgnic c ccnscqcntcmcntc aprcscntam liga6cs
lcrtcs, rcspcnsavcis pcla lcrmac dc cstruturas lixas, nc cxpansivas
quandc umcdccidas ,Figura 5.5). Lm ccndi6cs dc supcrlicic nc sc
cbscrvadas intcrcala6cs dc caticns c agua cntrc as camadas.
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais 2. inclui argilcmincrais nc cxpansivcs
,ilitas c clcritas) c cxpansivcs ,csmcctitas c vcrmiculitas) ,Figura 5.5).
As ilitas sc mincrais ccmuns ncs sclcs dc rcgi6cs lrias c tcmpcradas
dc glcbc, pcrcm rclativamcntc pcucc impcrtantcs nas rcgi6cs trcpicais.
Sc argilcmincrais quc aprcscntam partc dc silicic da lclha tctracdrica
substituidc pcr aluminic. A ccmpcnsac dc cargas c lcita pclc pctassic
quc sc cclcca cntrc as camadas. As clcritas aprcscntam a mcsma camada
lundamcntal da ilita, pcssuindc uma lclha suplcmcntar cctacdrica tipc
brucita Mg,OH) ] cntrc as camadas.
0
O grupc dcs argilcmincrais cxpansivcs pcssui a mcsma camada
lundamcntal da ilita, mas cntrc as camadas pcdcm pcsicicnar-sc
mclcculas pclarcs, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, dc agua, quc prcmcvc a cxpansc
das cstruturas. Vcrmiculitas c csmcctitas sc cs principais ccnstituintcs
dcssa lamilia. As vcrmiculitas pcssucm duas camadas dc agua ligadas acs
caticns intcrcamadas ,ccmpcnsadcrcs dc carga), cnquantc as csmcctitas
pcssucm prcpricdadcs dc cxpansc mais clcvadas. As csmcctitas, dcvidc
ac grandc nmcrc dc substitui6cs iscmcrlicas, pcdcm aprcscntar
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |63
Iigura 5.5 Lsqucma ilustrandc a crganizac dcs argilcmincrais . c 2.. Tc lclha
tctracdrica, Oc lclha cctacdrica. Os valcrcs assinaladcs na ligura cm nm, indicam a
distancia intcrplanar. Adaptada dc Brady c Wcil ,000).
y
inmcras cspccics, cstandc cntrc as mais impcrtantcs a ncntrcnita
,ccmum ncs sclcs trcpicais), bcidclita, sapcnita c mcntmcrilcnita.
Alcm dcssas cspccics puras dc argilcmincrais, c ccmum ncs sclcs,
scbrctudc naquclcs das rcgi6cs tcmpcradas, a cccrrncia dc mincrais
intcrcstratilicadcs, istc c, mincrais ncs quais a cstrutura lundamcntal
ccmpcrta mais dc um tipc dc camada. Ccmc cxcmplcs pcdcm scr citadcs cs
intcrcstratilicadcs ilita-csmcctita, clcrita-vcrmiculita, ctc.
Ainda lazcndc partc da lamilia dcs argilcmincrais, dc cccrrncia
ccmum ncs sclcs, pcdcm scr citadas as argilas amcrlas, quc sc
alumincssilicatcs hidratadcs quc pcssucm pcqucna crganizac
cristalina, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, as alclanas. Sc mincrais quc aprcscntam
prcpricdadcs cclcidais bcm dcscnvclvidas, scndc cxcclcntcs rctcntcrcs dc
agua c lixadcrcs dc ccmpcstcs quimiccs ncs sclcs. Lstcs mincrais sc
ccmuns cm sclcs ]cvcns dcscnvclvidcs scbrc rcchas vulcanicas.
Os cxidcs, cxi-hidrcxidcs c hidrcxidcs dc lcrrc c dc aluminic sc
mincrais lrcqcntcs ncs sclcs, pcdcndc atingir, ncs sclcs trcpicais,
ccnccntra6cs quc cs cclccam cntrc as principais lascs mincrais da lrac
argila. Occthita , FcOOH), hcmatita , Fc O ), lcrrihidrita ,Fc O ,xH O)
2 3 2 3 2
c gibbsita ,Al,OH) ) sc cs principais mincrais cnccntradas ncs sclcs
3
trcpicais.
Coost.tu.otes 0go.cos
Lm cstrcita asscciac ccm a lrac argila dc sclc, sc cnccntradcs
ainda cs ccmpcstcs crganiccs, dcncminadcs cm scu ccn]untc ccmc matcria
crganica dc sclc. Lstcs ccnstituintcs sc dcrivadcs da bicmassa animal c
vcgctal dc sclc c cnglcbam tantc a matcria crganica mcrta ccmc a viva. A
matcria crganica mcrta pcdc aprcscntar-sc cm dilcrcntcs graus dc
cvcluc, lcrmandc cs ccmpcstcs nc humilicadcs c humilicadcs. Os
ccmpcstcs nc humilicadcs inclucm carbcidratcs, amincacidcs, prctcinas,
lipidics, acidcs nuclciccs, linhinas, ctc. Os humilicadcs, cm scu ccn]untc,
lcrmam um grupc ccmplcxc dc substancias tais ccmc cs acidcs hmiccs c
llviccs.
A matcria crganica viva, rcprcscntada pclas macrc c micrclauna c
pcla macrc c micrcllcra, dcscmpcnha igualmcntc um papcl muitc
|64 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
impcrtantc na lcrmac c nc luncicnamcntc dcs sclcs ,Tabcla 5.). Pcdc-sc
dizcr quc graas a quantidadc c a divcrsidadc dcs scrcs vivcs prcscntcs, c
sclc ccnstitui um vcrdadcirc rcatcr biclcgicc. A dcgradac da matcria
crganica ccnstitui um dcs principais prcccsscs cm quc a bicta dc sclc sc
acha cnvclvida, cumprindc, pcr ccnscguintc, um papcl rclcvantc ncs ciclcs
dcs clcmcntcs quc dcpcndcm dirctamcntc da matcria crganica, ccmc c dc
carbcnc c dc nitrcgnic. Alcm dissc, cs scrcs vivcs participam tambcm da
translcrmac das rcchas c dcs mincrais c dc assccia6cs crganc-mincrais
quc cstruturam c sclc cm dilcrcntcs cscalas.
op.eJaJes 's.cas Jo So`o
As prcpricdadcs lisicas dc um sclc inllucnciam prclundamcntc scu
luncicnamcntc ccmc cccssistcma c na lcrma dc manc]c a scr cmprcgadc. O
crcscimcntc dc plantas c cs mcvimcntcs dc agua c sclutcs atravcs dc sclc
cstc intimamcntc ligadcs a cssas prcpricdadcs.
As prcpricdadcs lisicas aqui aprcscntadas cstc rclacicnadas as
particulas sclidas dc sclc c a mancira ccmc cstas particulas cstc ligadas
cntrc si, lcrmandc c arcabcuc dc sclc. Lstas prcpricdadcs cnccntram-sc
dirctamcntc ligadas ac tamanhc c naturcza das particulas quc c
ccnstitucm ,tcxtura) c a sua crganizac ,cstrutura). Atcxtura rclacicna c
tamanhc das particulas mincrais c suas prcpcr6cs rclativas c a cstrutura,
cntcndida ccmc c arran]c das particulas na lcrma dc agrcgadcs. Quandc
ccnsidcradas cm ccn]untc, caractcrizam a crganizac glcbal dcs sclcs c
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |65
Tabela 5.I Abundancia dc scrcs vivcs nc sclc
Adaptada dc Rcbcrt ,000).
dclincm prcpricdadcs lisicas dc grandc impcrtancia, pclc latc dc
ccndicicnarcm, atravcs da pcrcsidadc c da pcrmcabilidadc, c
luncicnamcntc c cvcluc dc sclc. As particulas ccnstituintcs dc sclc,
ccnlcrmc ]a citadc cm itcm antcricr, pcdcm scr divididas, dc accrdc ccm
scus tamanhcs, cm trs classcs principais. arcia ,2 mm 0,02 mm), siltc
,0,02 0,002 mm) c argila ,mcncr quc 0,002 mm). Cada uma dcstas lra6cs
dara acs sclcs prcpricdadcs lisicas distintas.
As particulas ccm diamctrcs supcricrcs a 0,002mm lcrmam c
csquclctc dc sclc. Trata-sc dc uma lrac praticamcntc inativa dc pcntc dc
vista quimicc scndc ccnstituida prcdcminantcmcntc pcr quartzc c, cm
mcncr prcpcrc, pcr cutrcs silicatcs primarics ,pcr cxcmplc, micas) cu
ccncrc6cs ccnstituidas pcr mincrais sccundarics. Apcsar da baixa
atividadc quimica, csta lrac c muitc impcrtantc nc ccntrclc da
pcrcsidadc c dcnsidadc dc sclc. As particulas ccm diamctrcs inlcricrcs a
0,002mm, asscciandc a matcria mincral ,principalmcntc cs
argilcmincrais) c crganica ,hmus) lcrmam c plasma argilc-hmicc,
lrac cclcidal ativa dc sclc. A prcpcrc dc cada uma das lra6cs
granulcmctricas nc sclc dclinira sua classc tcxtural ,Figura 5.0).
As particulas ccnstituintcs dc sclc ,mincrais c crganicas) pcdcm, pcr
mcic dc prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs, ligar-sc para lcrmar
agrcgadcs. Lstcs agrcgadcs, cm scu ccn]untc, ccnstitucm a cstrutura dc
|66 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.0 Classcs tcxturais dcs sclcs. Lmbrapa ,000).
sclc. A cstrutura dc um sclc c caractcrizada, principalmcntc, pcla lcrma c
tamanhc dcs agrcgadcs, pcdcndc scr, dcsta lcrma, classilicada cm. ,i)
cstrutura cslcrcidal ,granular cu grumcsa), lcrmada pcr clcmcntcs
arrcdcndadcs, ,ii) cstrutura cm blccc, ccnstituida pcr blcccs angularcs cu
subangularcs, ,iii) cstrutura prismatica, ccmpcrtandc clcmcntcs cm
lcrma dc prismas, c ,iv) cstrutura laminar, ccm clcmcntcs placcidcs.
Lntrc cs agrcgadcs dc sclc cnccntram-sc cs pcrcs maicrcs cu macrcpcrcs
c, nc intcricr dcs agrcgadcs cs micrcpcrcs. A quantidadc dc macrcpcrcs
dcpcndc dc mcdc ccmc cs agrcgadcs sc accmcdam.
A lcrmac c a manutcnc dcs agrcgadcs c uma das a6cs mais
diliccis nc manc]c dc sclc, scndc dc cxtrcma impcrtancia, pcis inllucnciara
dirctamcntc cm scu luncicnamcntc hidrcdinamicc. Ccmc mcncicnadc,
prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs cstc cnvclvidcs na lcrmac dcs
agrcgadcs dc sclc, scndc quc cs prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs sc mais
impcrtantcs na agrcgac das argilas c cs biclcgiccs na lcrmac da
macrccstrutura dc sclc.
A atrac cntrc as particulas dc argila c a cxpansc c ccntrac das
argilas sc cs prcccsscs lisicc-quimiccs mais rclcvantcs na agrcgac dc
sclc. A agrcgac sc inicia ccm a llcculac das particulas dc argila cm
vclumcs micrcsccpiccs, cxcctc cm sclcs muitc arcncscs cndc a lcrmac dc
agrcgadcs dcpcndc quasc intciramcntc dc prcccsscs biclcgiccs. A
llcculac accntccc pcrquc a maicr partc das particulas dc argila
aprcscnta cargas supcrliciais ncgativas quc atracm caticns da scluc dc
sclc. Os caticns, sc cclccandc cntrc duas particulas dc argila, atuam ccmc
pcntcs mantcndc-as ]untas c cssc prcccssc sc rcpctindc, prcmcvcra c
cmpilhamcntc das particulas lcrmandc dilcrcntcs dcminics. Lstcs
2
dcminics, auxiliadcs pcla ac llcculantc dcs caticns pclivalcntcs ,Ca ,
2 3
Fc , Al , ctc) c dc cclcidcs crganiccs ,hmus), prcpcrcicnam a cstabilidadc
para cs micrcagrcgadcs ,< 0,03mm). Lm dctcrminadcs sclcs argilcscs dc
rcgi6cs trcpicais midas, a ac cimcntantc dc ccmpcstcs incrganiccs,
ccmc pcr cxcmplc, cs cxidcs dc lcrrc, auxilia na lcrmac dc pcqucncs
agrcgadcs muitc cstavcis.

Quandc c Na c c caticn prcdcminantc, ccmc cccrrc cm alguns sclcs

dc rcgi6cs aridas cu scmi-aridas, as lcras dc atrac nc sc sulicicntcs
para impcdir a rcpulsc das particulas dc argilas, carrcgadas
ncgativamcntc. Ncstc casc, nc ha llcculac, as argilas pcrmancccm
dispcrsas c c sclc praticamcntc nc aprcscnta cstrutura, tcrnandc-sc
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |67

impcrmcavcl para a agua c c ar. O clcitc dc Na pcdc scr scntidc mcsmc cm

sclcs quc criginalmcntc aprcscntam baixcs tccrcs dcstc clcmcntc, mas
quc pcla ac antrcpica, pcr cxcmplc, irrigac ccm aguas salinas c
scdicas, passam a tcr grandc dispcnibilidadc dcstc icn na scluc dc sclc.

Ncstc casc, c Na pcdc substituir cs caticns pclivalcntcs, principalmcntc

2 2
Ca c Mg , lcvandc a dcscstruturac dc sclc. Lstc clcitc scra aprcscntadc
ccm mais dctalhc cm itcm pcstcricr dcstc capitulc, pcis cs csgctcs
tratadcs, dc mancira gcral, aprcscntam ccnccntra6cs clcvadas dcssc
clcmcntc.
Outrc prcccssc dc agrcgac sc da pcr mcic dc ciclcs altcrnadcs dc
umcdccimcntc c rcssccamcntc, ccmc aquclcs quc cccrrcm cntrc cvcntcs dc
chuvas cu irrigac. Lstcs ciclcs lcvam a cxpansc c ccntrac dcs
vclumcs dc argilas, prcvccandc c aparccimcntc dc lcndas dc ccntrac.
Ccm a rcpctic dcs ciclcs, as lraturas sc intcnsilicam c cs agrcgadcs cntrc
cstas sc tcrnam mais bcm dclinidcs. Lssc clcitc dc agrcgac c mais
impcrtantc cm sclcs ccm altcs ccntcdcs dc argilcmincrais cxpansivcs,
pcr cxcmplc, Vcrtissclcs ,Tabcla 5.2).
As atividadcs dc crganismcs nc sclc, ccmc minhccas, lcrmigas,
bactcrias, lungcs, ctc, lavcrcccm a agrcgac dc suas particulas, pclcs scus
mcvimcntcs, pcla rcdc quc as raizcs c hila dc lungcs lcrmam c quc
cnvclvcm as particulas cu pcla prcduc dc ccmpcstcs crganiccs pcr
micrccrganismcs, cspccialmcntc bactcrias c lungcs. As raizcs das plantas
tambcm lavcrcccm a agrcgac quandc lcram, na sua passagcm, a
aprcximac das particulas dc sclc c pcla libcrac dc cxsudatcs. A
matcria crganica dc sclc c c maicr agcntc cstimulantc da lcrmac c
cstabilizac dc agrcgadcs granularcs. Pclimcrcs ccmplcxcs, prcdutcs
crganiccs da dcccmpcsic da matcria crganica, intcragcm quimicamcntc
ccm cs argilcmincrais c cxidcs dc lcrrc c dc aluminic lcrmandc pcntcs
cntrc as particulas individuais dc sclc ccnstituindc cs agrcgadcs.
Fragmcntcs micrcsccpiccs dc rcsiducs dcccmpcstcs c hmus pcdcm
asscciar-sc as particulas dc argila rcsultandc cm ccmplcxcs crganc-
mincrais, cs quais prcmcvcm a lcrmac dc agrcgadcs.
A pcrcsidadc c a dcnsidadc dc um sclc cstc intimamcntc ligadas a
tcxtura c a cstrutura dc sclc. A pcrcsidadc c ccnstituida pclc vclumcs dc
cspac vazics, apcs c arran]c dcs ccmpcncntcs da partc sclida dc sclc c quc,
cm ccndi6cs ncrmais, c ccupada pcr agua c ar. Pcdc variar grandcmcntc
dc um sclc para cutrc tantc na quantidadc c dimcns6cs ,macrc, mcsc c
|68 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
micrcpcrcs) ccmc ncs tipcs dc pcrcs. A pcrcsidadc sc rclacicna
dirctamcntc ccm a circulac c rctcnc dc agua, ccm a drcnagcm c ccm a
acrac dc sclc. Sclcs arcncscs pcssucm cm gcral uma pcrcsidadc
impcrtantc c ccnstituida csscncialmcntc pcr macrcpcrcs, tcrnandc cstc
tipc dc sclc altamcntc pcrmcavcl, pcssibilitandc a cxistncia dc um
impcrtantc lluxc dc agua c dc sclu6cs dc pcrcclac. Ncstc casc, a
drcnagcm c lacilitada c a acrac c bca. Pcr cutrc ladc, cs sclcs argilcscs
aprcscntam um sistcma dc pcrcs cndc prcdcminam micrcpcrcs,
ccndicicnandc uma mcncr vclccidadc na circulac dc agua c sclu6cs c
ccnscqcntcmcntc uma drcnagcm c acrac mais dclicicntcs.
O luncicnamcntc ncrmal dc um sclc cccrrc cm mcic nc saturadc, cu
sc]a, quandc c sclc c umcdccidc atravcs da pcrcclac lcnta da agua
capilar ,agua rctida ncs pcrcs mais lincs ccm uma prcssc quc aumcnta
ccm a diminuic dc tamanhc dcs pcrcs). Quandc a agua circula
lcntamcntc na pcrcsidadc lina dc sclc, cstc dcscmpcnha um papcl dc liltrc,
rctcndc as mais variadas substancias, sc]am nccivas cu nc. Os risccs dc
pcluic dc sclc c aqilcrcs scrc tantc maicr quantc mais rapidamcntc as
sclu6cs pcrcclarcm.
As prcpcr6cs rclativas dc arcia, siltc c argila dc um sclc
dctcrminarc a quantidadc c tamanhc dc cspac pcrcsc dc sclc c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, dctcrminarc a dcnsidadc dc sclc. Para avaliar a
dcnsidadc dcvc-sc ccnsidcrar a dcnsidadc dc particula c a dcnsidadc dc
sclc. Dcnsidadc dc particula c a rclac massa dc sclidcs - vclumc dc
sclidcs dc um sclc, dcpcndc tantc da prcpcrc cxistcntc cntrc matcria
crganica c partc mincral, ccmc tambcm da ccnstituic mincralcgica dc
sclc. A dcnsidadc dc sclc c a rclac massa dc sclidcs - vclumc tctal
ccupadc pcla massa, incluindc c cspac ccupadc pclc ar c pcla agua.
Rcllctc c arran]c das particulas dclinindc as caractcristicas dc sistcma
pcrcsc. Apcrmcabilidadc dc sclc, pcr sua vcz, c invcrsamcntc prcpcrcicnal
a dcnsidadc dc sclc, scndc impcrtantc para indicar a capacidadc dc
armazcnamcntc dc agua para as plantas c para quc sc pcssa cnccntrar as
mclhcrcs praticas dc ccnscrvac dc sclc c da agua. Sclcs ccm alta
prcpcrc dc pcrcs cm rclac acs sclidcs aprcscntam dcnsidadcs dc sclc
mcncrcs quc aquclcs mais ccmpactadcs, ccm mcncs cspac pcrcsc. Dcsta
lcrma, qualqucr latcr quc inllucncia c cspac pcrcsc dc um sclc alctara sua
dcnsidadc.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |69
op.eJaJes u'~.cas e's.coqu'~.cas
As prcpricdadcs quimicas sc principalmcntc ccntrcladas pclcs
matcriais cclcidais, cspccialmcntc cs argilcmincrais c hmus. Scrc
abcrdadas ncstc itcm apcnas algumas prcpricdadcs ncccssarias a
ccmprccnsc dcs mccanismcs c quc tcrnam c sclc um vcrdadcirc rcatcr
lisicc-quimicc c um mcic ccm lcrtc pcdcr tampc.
A trcca icnica c uma das prcpricdadcs quimicas mais impcrtantcs
dcs sclcs, aprcscntandc um papcl chavc na nutric das plantas, c, cm um
ccntcxtc mais amplc, nc dcscnvclvimcntc dc muitas das caractcristicas
quimicas dc sclc. A trcca icnica, lcncmcnc rclacicnadc a prcscna dc
cargas supcrliciais, dcvc scr cntcndida ccmc um prcccssc rcvcrsivcl, pclc
qual icns rctidcs na supcrlicic dc uma lasc sclida sc substituidcs pcr
quantidadcs cquivalcntcs dc cutrcs icns cm scluc cu ligadcs a cutra lasc
sclida, cm ccntatc ccm a primcira. Os icns cnvclvidcs na trcca icnica
ligam-sc a lasc sclida clctrcstaticamcntc cu pcr ccvalncia c, cm ambcs cs
cascs, cssc tipc dc unic c dcncminadc adscrc icnica. As trccas icnicas
cccrrcm scm quc ha]a ncccssariamcntc altcrac cu dcccmpcsic da lasc
sclida. Os matcriais ccnstituintcs da lasc sclida aprcscntam cargas
clctricas pcsitivas c ncgativas pcdcndc adscrvcr tantc caticns quantc
anicns. Dc mcdc gcral, a carga clctiva dcs cclcidcs c ncgativa c pcr issc c
ccmum lazcr rclcrncia a capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns ,CTC) dc sclc cu
dc mincrais da lrac argila. Nc casc dcs argilcmincrais cstas cargas sc,
principalmcntc, rcsultadc dc substitui6cs iscmcrlicas dc icns na
cstrutura cristalina dcs mincrais. Ncs cclcidcs crganiccs ,hmus) as
cargas ncgativas sc criginam da disscciac dc radicais ccmc COOH c OH.
As cargas pcsitivas tm sua crigcm principalmcntc ncs cxidcs c cxi-
hidrcxidcs dc Fc c Al, cm ccndi6cs dc pH acidc.
2 2 2- - -
Os caticns Ca , Mg , H , K , Na c NH c cs anicns SO , Cl , NO ,
4 4 3
- 2- -
H PO , HPO , HCO c anicns dc acidcs hmiccs, sc cs icns trccavcis
2 4 4 3
mais impcrtantcs ncs sclcs.
O lcncmcnc dc trcca icnica, ccm tcdas as suas particularidadcs, c
muitc impcrtantc para a gcstc dcs sclcs, sc]a nc quc diz rcspcitc a
prcduc dc alimcntcs, sc]a na utilizac dcs sclcs ccmc rcccptcr dc
rcsiducs.
|79 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
As cargas clctricas dcs argilcmincrais, ccmc mcncicnadc, rcsultam
principalmcntc das substitui6cs iscmcrlicas. As substitui6cs
iscmcrlicas accntcccm lcntamcntc durantc muitcs ciclcs dc intcmpcrismc
c nc sc mcdilica6cs laccis dc cccrrcr. Dcsta lcrma, as cargas assim
gcradas sc chamadas dc cargas pcrmancntcs cu ccnstantcs, uma vcz quc
cstc rclacicnadas ccm a ccmpcsic quimica dcs argilcmincrais. Lsta
dcncminac carga pcrmancntc c utilizada para dilcrcnciar das cargas
variavcis cu dcpcndcntcs dc pH quc alguns cclcidcs incrganiccs c
crganiccs aprcscntam. Lm ccndi6cs mcdcradamcntc acidas, as
particulas praticamcntc nc aprcscntam cargas variavcis. Lntrctantc,
quandc c pH aumcnta pcdc cccrrcr a disscciac dc grupc OH das
particulas cclcidais, gcrandc dcssa lcrma uma carga ncgativa. Sc c pH lcr
sulicicntcmcntc altc, ccmplcxcs dc hidrcxidc dc aluminic, pcr cxcmplc,

Al,OH) , pcdcm scr rcmcvidcs c c rcsultadc scra tambcm um saldc dc

2
carga ncgativa. Lm ccndi6cs dc mcdcrada a cxtrcma acidcz ,pH muitc

baixc), icns dc H sc ligam acs grupcs OH dc supcrlicic c um saldc dc carga

pcsitiva c cbscrvadc.
A capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns ,CTC), quc dclinc a habilidadc dc
sclc cm rctcr c adscrvcr caticns, csta rclacicnada ccm a prcscna dc cargas
ncgativas na supcrlicic das particulas cclcidais. A CTC dcpcndc da
tcxtura dc sclc c mais particularmcntc dc tccr cm argila c cm matcria
crganica. Istc pcrquc cs argilcmincrais c a matcria crganica aprcscntam
grandcs supcrlicics cspccilicas ,rclac cntrc a supcrlicic tctal da amcstra
2 -
c sua massa, cxprcssa cm m g ), c quc cs tcrnam bastantcs rcativcs, c quc
cquivalc dizcr quc pcssucm CTC clcvada. Dc accrdc ccm a naturcza dc
-
argilcmincral ,. cu 2.), a CTC pcdc variar dc 30 a 500 mmcl kg .
c
A matcria crganica, ncrmalmcntc prcscntc cm mcncr quantidadc,
aprcscnta CTC ccrca dc cincc vczcs aqucla das argilas, pcdcndc tambcm
aprcscntar grandc variac cm lunc dc pcsc mclccular dcs grupcs
COOH.
Aimpcrtancia da CTCda lrac ativa dc sclc ,plasma argilc-hmicc)
c cvidcntc, uma vcz quc icns pclucntcs adicicnadcs ac sclc pcr mcic dc
dispcsic dc rcsiducs, pcdcm scr adscrvidcs, imcbilizadcs c rctiradcs dc
ciclc, minimizandc c riscc dc ccntaminac dc agua supcrliciais c
subtcrrancas.
Pcdc-sc lalar tambcm cm capacidadc dc trcca dc anicns dc sclc
,CTA). Ncstc casc um saldc dc carga clctrica pcsitiva tcm quc cccrrcr na
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |7|
supcrlicic dcs cclcidcs. As cargas pcsitivas, ccmc assinaladc, tm sua
crigcm principalmcntc ncs cxidcs-hidrcxidcs dc Fc c Al, cm ccndi6cs dc
pH acidc. Dc uma mancira gcral, a capacidadc dc trcca dc anicns c mcncs
impcrtantc quc a capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns ncs sclcs.
O pH c cutra prcpricdadc csscncial, pcis c c quc dclinc c
ccmpcrtamcntc dcs clcmcntcs quimiccs nc sclc c tambcm c
ccmpcrtamcntc dcs scrcs vivcs ,launa c llcra). Nc casc dcs clcmcntcs
quimiccs, c pH dctcrmina scb quc lcrmas clcs cstarc nas sclu6cs quc
pcrcclam c sclc. Lm lunc dc pH dc sclc c dc pKa dcs clcmcntcs
,ccnstantc dc acidcz) pcdc-sc prcvcr sua cxistncia scb uma lcrma
caticnica ,cu anicnica), scb lcrma dc hidrcxidc cu ainda scb lcrma dc sais,
scndc pcssivcl dcssa lcrma ccnhcccr a mcbilidadc dcs clcmcntcs cm um
dctcrminadc sclc.
As ccndi6cs dc cxi-rcduc, cm lunc da prcscna cu ausncia dc
cxignic, tm um papcl impcrtantc, tantc para ccntrclar c ccmpcrtamcntc
dc clcmcntcs quc aprcscntam mais dc um cstadc dc valncia ,Fc, Mn, Cr,
N, S, ctc.), ccmc para ccntrclar c luncicnamcntc biclcgicc dcs scrcs vivcs
quc vivcm nc sclc ,raizcs, micrccrganismcs). Lm gcral, cs sclcs sc situam
cm mcics acradcs, ccm muitc cxignic ,ambicntc cxidantc). Lntrctantc,
cm ccrtas situa6cs a agua pcdc ccupar tctalmcntc cs pcrcs dc sclc c a
baixa acrac tcrna c mcic rcdutcr ,casc dcs sclcs hidrcmcrliccs). Ncsta
situac, a dilusc dc cxignic c mais baixa. O mcsmc cccrrc ccm sclcs
riccs cm matcria crganica, cndc c ccnsumc dc cxignic pclas bactcrias c
muitc grandc. Assim ccmc c ccmpcrtamcntc dcs varics clcmcntcs, ccmc,
pcr cxcmplc, c Fc, Mn c Cr, as rca6cs csscnciais rclacicnadas a
dcccmpcsic da matcria crganica ,lcrmac dc CO , CH mctanc), ac ciclc
2 4
dc nitrcgcnic ,nitrilicac, dcsnitrilicac ccm aparccimcntc dcs
dilcrcntcs ccmpcstcs N O, NO, NO , NH ) cu ac ciclc dc cnxclrc ,dcminics
2 2 3
dc cxistncias dc sullctcs c sullatcs), sc ccntrcladcs pclas rca6cs dc
cxidc-rcduc.
Caacte'st.cas Jos So`os 3as.`e.os
Algumas caractcristicas sc ccmuns a tcdcs cs sclcs dc rcgi6cs
trcpicais, ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, ccmpcsic mincralcgica simplcs ,quartzc,
caulinita, cxi-hidrcxidcs dc lcrrc c dc aluminic), grandc cspcssura c
hcrizcntcs ccm ccrcs dcminantcmcntc amarclas c vcrmclhas.
|72 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Lm gcral cstcs sclcs sc cmpcbrccidcs quimicamcntc, ccmc rcllcxc
dc uma ccmpcsic dcminada pcr mincrais dcsprcvidcs dc clcmcntcs
sclvcis. Sc sclcs dc baixa lcrtilidadc, quandc ccmparadcs ccm sclcs dc
clima tcmpcradc, riccs cm argilcmincrais ,2.) capazcs dc rctcr cs
clcmcntcs quimiccs ncccssarics ac mctabclismc vcgctal.
O Brasil, situadc quasc quc intciramcntc na zcna intcrtrcpical da
Tcrra, pcssui sclcs bcm dcscnvclvidcs, quimicamcntc cmpcbrccidcs c
prclundcs. Lsscs sclcs aprcscntam, cm gcral, baixa saturac pcr bascs
2
,V) c sc ccnstituidcs, prcdcminantcmcntc, pcr argilcmincrais dc baixa
atividadc, csscncialmcntc caulinitas, c cxidcs, hidrcxidcs c cxi-hidrcxidc
dc Fc c Al ,MLIFI c/ o/., 2004). Sclcs ccm cstas caractcristicas ccbrcm
aprcximadamcntc 80 dc tcrritcric brasilcirc, scndc cs principais
rcprcscntantcs cs Iatcssclcs, Argissclcs c Nccssclc Quartzarnicc
,Figuras 5.7, Tabcla 5.2).
Ccnsidcrandc scmcntc cs argilcmincrais, cs sclcs brasilcircs pcdcm
scr agrupadcs cm trs grandcs tipcs dc ccbcrtura pcdclcgica. ,i) caulinitica
csscncialmcntc lcrmada pcr caulinita asscciada a quantidadcs variavcis
dc gibbsita, cxidcs c cxi-hidrcxidcs dc Fc ,gccthita c hcmatita), ,ii)
csmcctitica ccnstituida prcdcminantcmcntc pcr argilcmincrais 2.,
asscciadcs a pcqucnas quantidadcs dc cxidcs c cxi-hidrcxidc dc Fc c ,iii)
mista ccm prcdcminancia dc caulinita, asscciada a ilita, vcrmiculita cu
clcrita. Raramcntc a caulinita c substituida pcr csmcctita ,Figura 5.8).
A ccbcrtura caulinitica c a dcminantc ,55 dc tcrritcric) c inclui
tcdcs cs Iatcssclcs, Nitcssclcs c Nccssclc Quartzarnicc. A ccbcrtura
csmcctitica csta distribuida nc Ncrdcstc, cndc cs Iuvissclcs prcdcminam,
nc Pantanal, cndc cs Plancssclcs sc dcminantcs, c na partc sul,
dcminada pcr Vcrtissclcs. A ccbcrtura mista ccrrcspcndc as arcas dc
Argissclcs ,Figuras 5.7 c 5.8).
Os sclcs brasilcircs aprcscntam, cm gcral, baixa CTC, cm lunc da
prcdcminancia dc argilcmincrais ., tipc caulinita, asscciada cu nc a
gibbsita c ac baixc ccntcdc dc matcria crganica. Ccrca dc 55 dcs sclcs,
incluindc tcdcs cs Iatcssclcs, partc dcs Argissclcs, cs Nccssclcs
-
Quartzarniccs c Nitcssclcs, aprcscntam CTC <00 mmcl kg . Sclcs ccm
c
2. V=,CaMgKNa)*00/,CaMgKNaHAl)
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |73
|74 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |75
Iigura 5.7 Mapas csqucmaticcs dcs principais sclcs brasilcircs. A rcgic ncrtc, B
rcgic ncrdcstc, C rcgic ccntrc ccstc, D rcgic sudcstc, E rcgic sul. Adaptadcs dc
Icpsch ,2002).
|76 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
-
CTC variandc cntrc 00 a 250 mmcl kg , ccbrindc uma arca dc 42, sc
c
cnccntradcs na rcgic Amazcnica, ac lcngc dcs grandcs rics, nc Scmi-
aridc ncrdcstinc c nc Pantanal. Os 3 rcstantcs dcs sclcs aprcscntam
-
CTC > 250 mmcl kg c ccrrcspcndcm acs Vcrtissclcs nc cxtrcmc sul dc
c
pais c acs sclcs salincs na ccsta ncrtc dc Amapa, Para c Maranhc ,MLIFI
c/ o/., 2004).
IA Iatcssclc Amarclc
IVA Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc-Amarclc
PVA Argissclc Vcrmclhc-Amarclc
C Cambissclc
T Iuvissclc
N Nitcssclc
F Plintcssclc
P Argissclc
AC Alissclc Crcmicc
L Lspcdcssclc
RQ Nccssclc Quartzarnicc
RI Nccssclc Iitclicc
O Olcissclc
RU Nccssclc Flvicc
NV Nitcssclc Vcrmclhc
IV Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc
TC Iuvissclc Crcmicc
Pc Argissclc cutrclicc
S Plancssclc
V Vcrtissclc
PV Argissclc Vcrmclhc
IVl Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc lcrricc
SX Plancssclc Haplicc
M Chcrncssclc
I Iatcssclc
PA Argissclc Amarclc
O Organcssclc
NVl Nitcssclc Vcrmclhc lcrricc
IB Iatcssclc Brunc
CH Cambissclc Hmicc
TX Iuvissclc Haplicc
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |77
Tabela 5.2 Classilicac dcs sclcs brasilcircs*
Saturac pcr bascs < 35 c cbscrvada cm mais dc 80 dcs sclcs
brasilcircs, cs quais sc, pcrtantc, ccnsidcradcs lcrtcmcntc dcssaturadcs.
Lstc incluidcs ncsta catcgcria tcdcs cs Iatcssclcs, Argissclcs distrcliccs,
cs Nccssclcs Quartzarniccs, Olcissclcs distrcliccs, Nccssclcs Rcgcliticcs
distrcliccs, Nccssclcs Flviccs distrcliccs, Nitcssclcs distrcliccs c
Cambissclcs. Quinzc pcr ccntc dcs sclcs brasilcircs aprcscntam saturac
pcr bascs cntrc 35 c 80, ccnsidcradcs lcvcmcntc dcssaturadcs. Ncsta
catcgcria cstc cs Iuvissclcs dc Scmi-aridc ncrdcstinc, cs Plancssclcs dc
Pantanal, cs Nccssclcs Rcgcliticcs cutrcliccs c cs Olcissclcs cutrcliccs. Os
sclcs quc aprcscntam saturac pcr bascs > 80 , rcprcscntandc um mcic
cquilibradc, sc rcstritcs nc Brasil c nc ultrapassam 7. Fazcm partc
dcsta catcgcria cs sclcs salincs da ccsta ncrtc, cs Vcrtissclcs nc cxtrcmc
sul c cs Chcrncssclcs nas rcgi6cs lrias c altas dc sul dc pais ,MLIFI,
PLDRO, 077, MLIFI c/ o/., 2004).
|78 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.8. Distribuic das dilcrcntcs ccbcrturas pcdclcgicas nc Brasil.
,Adaptada dc MLIFI c/ o/., 2004).
As caractcristicas aprcscntadas pcla maicr partc dcs sclcs dc pais
,baixas CTCc saturac pcr bascs) sc lunc dcs prcccsscs gcncticcs c dc
lcngc tcmpc cnvclvidc na sua lcrmac. Lstcs sclcs sc dcscnvclvcm, cm
gcral, cm arcas tcctcnicamcntc cstavcis c, pcrtantc, sc sclcs vclhcs,
lragcis c quc sc cnccntram cm ccntinua cvcluc. Pcr rcprcscntarcm
cccssistcmas lragcis, cs sclcs trcpicais c, pcrtantc, cs sclcs brasilcircs, sc
cxtrcmamcntc vulncravcis as a6cs antrcpicas. O cquilibric dcstcs sclcs
ccm c mcic c dclicadc c cs impactcs prcvccadcs pcr causas naturais cu pcr
atividadcs antrcpicas, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, a irrigac ccm cllucntcs, pcdc
dcscstabilizar c sistcma.
A`tea6cs oas Caacteist.cas Jo So`o ovocaJas pe`a
`.gac co~ sgotos Sao.ta.os
ccnscnsc quc c csgctc tratadc quandc aplicadc ac sclc para a
irrigac dc culturas pcdc substituir tctalmcntc a agua dc irrigac
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |79
ccnvcncicnal c parcialmcntc a adubac mincral. Lntrctantc, cs csgctcs
sc aguas ccm caractcristicas particularcs quc aprcscntam cm sua
ccnstituic clcmcntcs quc prcmcvcm altcra6cs cm suas caractcristicas
lisicas, quimicas c biclcgicas ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074, FLIOIN c/ o/.,
00, FRILDLIc/ o/., 2000).
Lmbcra c pH da agua dc irrigac ,csgctc tratadc) ncrmalmcntc nc
cxcra clcitcs scbrc c pH dc sclc, dcvidc ac scu pcdcr tampc ,BOUWLR,
IDLIOVITCH, 087), tcm sidc cbscrvadc um aumcntc dc pH dc sclc
quandc da irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs ,QUIN, WOODS, 078,
FONSLCA, 200, MARQULS c/ o/., 2003). Tal ccmpcrtamcntc pcdc scr
asscciadc acs scguintcs latcrcs. ,i) pH clcvadc dc csgctc tratadc
,STLWART c/ o/., 000), ,ii) adic dc caticns trccavcis c dc anicns
prcscntcs nc csgctc tratadc ,FAIKINLR, SMITH, 007), ,iii) altcrac na
ciclagcm dc nutricntcs pcla adic dc csgctc tratadc, cccrrcndc rcduc dc
- - -
NO para NH c dcsnitrilicac dc NO , prcduzindc icns OH ,SCHIPPLR
3 4 3
c/ o/., 000).
A aplicac dc csgctcs tratadcs pcdc altcrar a taxa dc dcccmpcsic
da matcria crganica dc sclc, ccasicnandc diminuic ncs tccrcs dc C c N
,FAIKINLR, SMITH, 007). Pclc latc da taxa dc mincralizac scr
altamcntc dcpcndcntc dc pctcncial dc agua nc sclc ,STANFORD,
LPSTLIN, 074, MYLRS c/ o/., 082), c latcr umidadc ccnstantc ,dcvidc a
irrigac) asscciadc as altas tcmpcraturas, prcmcvc uma rapida
mincralizac dc matcrial crganicc adicicnadc ac sclc ,ARTIOIA,
PLPPLR, 002). Assim, a irrigac ccm csgctcs pcdc mcdilicar cs
prcccsscs dc ciclagcm dc Nc tambcm dc C, pclc latc dc aumcntar a agua nc
sclc para tccrcs quc cstimulam a atividadc dc dcccmpcsic da matcria
crganica ,POIOIASL c/ o/., 005, FAIKINLR, SMITH, 007). Pcr cutrc
ladc, aplicac dc csgctcs nc sclc apcrta C c N nas dilcrcntcs lcrmas
,mincral c crganica). Tcm sidc ccmum na litcratura rclcrncias ac
aumcntc ncs tccrcs dc CT ,carbcnc tctal), NT ,nitrcgnic tctal) c na
atividadc micrcbiana dc sclc mcdiantc a dispcsic dc aguas rcsiduarias,
mais prcnunciadamcntc cm sclcs quc vcm rcccbcndc cllucntcs pcr lcngc
pcricdc ,QUIN, WOODS, 078, FRILDLI c/ o/., 2000). Tambcm tcm sidc
-
ccmum c aumcntc dcs tccrcs dc N-dispcnivcl, principalmcntc dc N-NO ,
3
cm agrcssistcmas rcccptcrcs dc csgctcs tratadcs ,QUIN, FORSYTHL,
078, IINDLN c/ o/., 08, IUND c/ o/., 08). Dcssc mcdc, c

mcnitcramcntc dcs tccrcs dc N-NO na scluc dc sclc c crucial para a

3
|89 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 5.0. Diagrama ilustrandc a classilicac dcs sclcs salincs, scdiccs c salinc-
scdiccs, cm rclac ac pH, ccndutividadc clctrica, razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS) c
pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl ,PST). ,Adaptada dc BRADY c WLII, 000).
sustcntabilidadc dc sistcma sclc-planta-cllucntc-ambicntc ,BOND,
008), uma vcz quc c N c ccnsidcradc a maicr prcccupac ncs sistcmas
-
irrigadcs ccm csgctcs ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 078). O N-NO caractcriza-sc pcr
3
aprcscntar alta mcbilidadc nc sclc, pcdcndc lcvar a ccntaminac dc
aguas subtcrrancas c supcrliciais. O ccnsumc dc aguas ccm tccrcs dc
-
nitratc acima dc limitc dc 0 mg I cm N,Pcrtaria 58/2004 dc Ministcric
da Sadc) pcdc trazcr prcbl cmas dc sadc causandc a
mctahcmcglcbincmia.
A quantidadc dc P adicicnadc ac sclc pcla irrigac ccm cllucntc,
ncrmalmcntc nc tcm sidc cxccssiva. Pcrcm, aumcntcs ncs tccrcs dc Pcm
sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs tratadcs tm sidc rcgistradcs, principalmcntc
na camada supcrlicial ,HORTLNSTINL, 070, QUIN, WOODS, 078,
OOH, CONDRON, 080, MARQULS c/ o/., 2003). As plantas, uma vcz
cclhidas dc lccal dc aplicac dc aguas rcsiduarias, tm sidc clicazcs cm
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |8|
rcmcvcr cstc nutricntc ,KARDOS, HOOK, 070, HOOK, 08). A
capacidadc dc sclc cm rctcr P tambcm tcm ccntribuidc para prcvcnir quc
cstc nutricntc sc]a lixiviadc para lcra da zcna radicular ,FAIKINLR,
POIOIASL, 007). Nc cntantc, ha trabalhcs cvidcnciandc a migrac dc
P cm sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs tratadcs, nctadamcntc cs arcncscs,
,HOOK, 08, BOND, 008).
2 2
Ccm rclac acs caticns trccavcis ,Ca , Mg , K c Na ), alguns
2
rcsultadcs tm dcmcnstradc um lcvc incrcmcntc ncs tccrcs dc Ca apcs
lcngcs pcricdcs dc irrigac ,QUIN, WOODS, 078) c aumcntcs mais

accntuadcs dc Na cm dilcrcntcs sistcmas dc cultivcs irrigadcs ccm

csgctcs ,KARILN c/ o/., 070, FLIOIN c/ o/., 00, MARQULS c/ o/.,
2
2003). Os rcsultadcs scbrc Mg c K tm sidc bastantc variadcs. As

inlcrma6cs rclativas ac aumcntc dc Na , asscciadas ac latc dc quc cstc

clcmcntc sc cnccntra scmprc prcscntc ncs cllucntcs cm ccnccntra6cs
rclativamcntc clcvadas, tcrna cvidcntc a ncccssidadc dc scu
mcnitcramcntc pcrmancntc ncs sclcs rcccptcrcs dc LT,CAMLRONc/ o/.,
007, BOND, 008).
Os clcvadcs tccrcs dc scdic ncs sclcs cstc asscciadcs, ]untamcntc
ccm cs sais, a um dcs mais scrics prcblcmas quc prcvcca a dcgradac dcs
sclcs. alcalinizac c salinizac, prcccsscs quc pcdcm cccrrcr
naturalmcntc cm sclcs dc rcgi6cs aridas c scmi-aridas, mas quc pcdcm
igualmcntc scr prcvccadc pcr a6cs antrcpicas.
O prcccssc dc salinizac cccrrc cm rcgi6cs cndc as chuvas nc sc
sulicicntcs para rcmcvcr cs sais dc sclc ,MARSCHNLR, 005), cs quais sc
acumulam pcr adscrc pclc ccmplcxc abscrvcntc dc sclc ,plasma argilc-
hmicc). Lstc prcccssc c agravadc ccm a irrigac, uma vcz quc a agua
utilizada scmprc carrcia sais para c sclc ,RAIJ, 00). Os sais sclvcis
prcscntcs ncs sclcs sc, principalmcntc, clcrctcs c sullatcs dc calcic,
magncsic, scdic c pctassic. Os sclcs alctadcs pcr sais pcdcm scr
classilicadcs ccmc. ,i) salincs ,aprcscntam altas ccnccntra6cs dc sais
sclvcis), ,ii) scdiccs ,ccm altas ccnccntra6cs dc scdic trccavcl), c ,iii)
salinc-scdiccs ,aprcscntam altas ccnccntra6cs dc sais c dc scdic trccavcl)
,MLURLR, 2000). A ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL), c pcrccntual dc scdic
trccavcl ,PST), a razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS), ]untamcntc ccm pH sc
paramctrcs utilizadcs para caractcrizar sclcs salincs c scdiccs ,BRADY,
WLII, 000, Figura 5.0).
A partir dc calculc dc PST, cbtidc pcla Lquac 5., dctcrmina-sc c
grau dc saturac pcr scdic nc ccmplcxc dc trcca dc caticns dc sclc.
Ondc.
-
Na = scdic trccavcl cu adscrvidc ,mmcl kg )
t c
CTC = capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns dc sclc
-
,Ca Mg Na K Al H) ,mmcl kg )
c
Lnquantc cs altcs tccrcs dc sais alctam, principalmcntc, as
prcpricdadcs quimicas dcs sclcs, c cxccssc dc scdic atua ncgativamcntc
tantc nas prcpricdadcs lisicas quantc nas quimicas. Os valcrcs limitcs dc
PST quc causam dancs a cstrutura dc sclc pcdcm variar para dilcrcntcs
paiscs, mas dc uma mancira gcral, adcta-sc c limitc cstabclccidc pclc
Iabcratcric dc Salinidadc dcs Lstadcs Unidcs quc c PST = 5
,RICHARDS, 054).
2
A RAS rclacicna as ccnccntra6cs dc Na as ccnccntra6cs dc Ca c
2
Mg na agua dc irrigac, cm cxtratcs dc saturac c cxtratcs aqucscs dc
sclcs c c calculada a partir da Lquac 5.2.
cndc.
- 0,5
RAS c cxprcssa cm ,mmcl I ) c as ccnccntra6cs dc
-
Na , Ca c Mg sc cxprcssas cm mmcl I .
c
O grau dc scdilicac dc sclc vai dcpcndcr, pcrtantc, da rclac cntrc
as ccnccntra6cs dc scdic c dc calcic c magncsic na scluc dc sclc.
Os principais aspcctcs rclacicnadcs a ccmpcsic dcs LT quc pcdcm
lcvar a salinizac c scdilicac dc sclcs, quandc utilizadcs ccmc agua na
agricultura, sc apcntadcs pcr Fcigin c/ o/. ,00) ccmc scndc. ,i) a
ccnccntrac tctal dc sais na agua quc pcdc rcsultar cm aumcntc da
-
salinidadc dc sclc, ,ii) as ccnccntra6cs dc icns ccmc Cl c Na quc pcdcm
causar, dircta cu indirctamcntc, clcitcs tcxiccs as plantas, incluindc
|82 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Equao 5.2
Equao 5.I
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |83
dcscquilibric nutricicnal, c ,iii) as ccnccntra6cs dc ccrtcs icns
-
,principalmcntc Na c HCO ) quc pcdcm rcsultar na dctcricrac da
3
cstrutura dc sclc c ccnscqcntcmcntc na rcduc da pcrmcabilidadc.
2 2
Os caticns Ca c Mg sc cs quc prcdcminam na scluc dc sclc c nc
ccmplcxc dc trcca dc caticns dc sclc. Quandc ncstcs sclcs passa a havcr um

acmulc dc sais sclvcis, gcralmcntc c c Na quc prcdcmina na scluc dc

sclc c, dcsta lcrma, c Na pcdc passar a scr c caticn prcdcminantc nc

2 2
ccmplcxc dc trcca dcvidc ac dcslccamcntc dc Ca c Mg para a scluc dc

sclc ,RICHARDS, 054). Agrandc prcpcrc dc Na ncs sitics dc trcca dcs

argilcmincrais rcduz a atrac clctrcstatica cntrc as particulas dc sclc,
ccmc mcncicnadc antcricrmcntc, ccasicnandc cxpansc c dispcrsc, c
quc, pcr sua vcz, lcva a dcsagrcgac das particulas dc sclc, dcstruindc
sua cstrutura. Lstas particulas dispcrsas pcdcm mcvcr-sc ac lcngc dc
pcrlil dc sclc ccupandc cs cspacs pcrcscs ccmprcmctcndc a inliltrac dc
agua c acrac, alctandc c crcscimcntc vcgctal ,RAIJ, 00,
RLNOASAMY, OISSON, 00). O grau dc cxpansc c dispcrsc dc
argilas dc sclc dcpcndc da naturcza dc argilcmincral prcdcminantc, scndc
as csmcctitas ,mincral 2. cxpansivc) c mais suscctivcl, aprcscntandc a
ilita ,mincral 2. nc cxpansivc) grau intcrmcdiaric c a caulinita, a dc
mcncr suscctibilidadc ,FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
Dcntrc as cspccics quimicas cnccntradas na scluc dc sclc dc sclcs

scdiccs, Rcngasamy c Olsscn ,003) ccnsidcram quc Na , NaHCO ,

3
- 2 2
NaSO , Mg , MgSO MgHCO , Ca , CaSO , CaHCO sc as principais
4 4, 3 4 3
cspccics quc pcdcm alctar a RAS da scluc dc sclc. Lm valcrcs dc pH
2
cntrc 7,5 c 8,2 c Ca pcdc prccipitar nc sclc na lcrma dc CaCO . Ccm c
3
dccrcscimc dc pH, c ccmpcstc prccipitadc pcdc tcr sua sclubilidadc
aumcntada ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074). Lm valcrcs dc pH abaixc dc 8,4
-
ha prcdcminancia dc icn bicarbcnatc ,HCO ), cnquantc acima dcssc valcr
3
2-
prcdcmina c icn carbcnatc ,CO ). Lm gcral, c pH dc csgctcs tratadcs c
3
ligciramcntc alcalinc, pcrcm raramcntc atingc valcrcs supcricrcs a 8,4.
-
Accnccntrac dc HCO nc csgctc tratadc c, cm gcral, muitc supcricr quc
3
a cnccntrada na agua para abastccimcntc. A alcalinidadc, dctcrminada
-
ccmc CaCO , pcdc variar dc 200 a 700 mg I ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 00). As
3
2 2
ccnccntra6cs dc Ca c Mg ncrmalmcntc sc scmclhantcs aquclas
cnccntradas na agua dc irrigac, scndc quc c aumcntc das ccnccntra6cs
2 2
dc Ca c Mg abaixa cs valcrcs dc RAS, mclhcrandc a qualidadc dc
cllucntc ccmc agua dc irrigac ,FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
|84 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
O aumcntc da ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL) dc sclc, bcm ccmc dc
pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl ,PST), tm sidc cbscrvadcs na irrigac ccm
csgctcs tratadcs ,HORTLNSTINL, 070, FLIOIN c/ o/., 00, BOND,
008). Aumcntc nc PST csta dirctamcntc rclacicnadc a prcblcmas dc
ccndutividadc hidraulica dc sclc ,BAIKS c/ o/., 008). Apcsar das chuvas
scrcm muitc impcrtantcs na lixiviac dc Na dc sistcma sclc-planta, a lim
dc mantcr inaltcradas a macrc c micrcpcrcsidadc c a pcrcsidadc tctal dc
sclc ,SPLIR c/ o/., 000), Olcagucn ,2005) vcriliccu uma diminuic da
micrcpcrcsidadc ,pcrcs dc diamctrc cntrc 0,2 c 50 m c aumcntc da
criptcpcrcsidadc 'pcrcs dc diamctrcs < 0,2 m) ccrrclacicnadcs ac
aumcntc da pcrccntagcm dc argila dispcrsa cm agua c ac tccr dc Na. Istc
rcllctiu nc ccntcdc dc agua nc sclc, ccm aumcntc da umidadc rcsidual,
cm um Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc distrclicc dc tcxtura mcdia dc municipic dc
Iins, SP, irrigadc pcr 4 ancs ccm csgctc sanitaric tratadc cm lagcas dc
cstabilizac. O cntcndimcntc das altcra6cs na dinamica da agua cm
sclcs irrigadcs ccm LT c dc lundamcntal impcrtancia ,CAMLRON c/ o/.,
007, BOND, 008), cspccialmcntc cm sclcs trcpicais, uma vcz quc cs
clcitcs dc Na cm sclc acidc dc baixa CTC parcccm scr mais accntuadcs
,MARTINc/ o/., 004).
Ccm rclac acs micrcnutricntcs c clcmcntcs tcxiccs, tcm sidc
-
rclatadc na litcratura c aumcntc nc tccr dc Cl nc sclc ccm a irrigac ccm
csgctcs tratadcs ,FAIKINLR, SMITH, 007) c mais prcnunciadamcntc,
sc a irrigac lcr lcita ccm cllucntc clcradc. Os mctais pcsadcs, quandc
hcuvcr, cnccntram-sc tantc ncs sclidcs suspcnscs ccmc na lrac liquida
dcs csgctcs. Os mctais quc sc asscciam acs sclidcs suspcnscs sc acumulam
na supcrlicic dc sclc, ac passc quc cs mctais pcsadcs asscciadcs a lrac
liquida pcrcclam ac lcngc dc pcrlil dc sclc ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 00), pcdcndc
ccntaminar cs aqilcrcs. Scgundc McBridc ,080), cstudcs tm
dcmcnstradc a alta capacidadc dcs sclcs cm rctcr mctais pcsadcs, cs quais
dcvidc a baixa sclubilidadc c alta adscrc cspccilica sc, ncrmalmcntc,
cnccntradcs cm baixcs tccrcs na scluc. A prcscna da matcria crganica
dc sclc pcdc alctar grandcmcntc a sclubilidadc dcs mctais pcsadcs
,McBRIDL, 080), pcr lcrmar ccmplcxcs cstavcis ccm icns mctaliccs
,STLVLNSON, 080). Lsscs ccmplcxcs pcdcm rcduzir a dispcnibilidadc
dc mctais pcsadcs as plantas c acs micrcrganismcs dc sclc.
A aplicac dc csgctcs tratadcs nc sclc pcdc ccasicnar aumcntc,
diminuic, cu atc mcsmc nc altcrar cs tccrcs dcs mctais pcsadcs
dispcnivcis nc sclc. Na maicr partc dcs trabalhcs quc cvidcnciaram
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |85
aumcntc ncs tccrcs dc mctais pcsadcs ncs sclcs, as cbscrva6cs rclcrcm-sc
a cxpcrimcntcs dc lcngcs pcricdcs ,QUIN, SYLRS, 078, CAMLRON
c/ o/., 007, SILBL 005, BOND, 008, FRILDLI c/ o/. 2000, YADAV
c/ o/., 2002, WANO c/ o/., 2003). As caractcristicas dc csgctc tratadc, alta
lcra icnica bcm ccmc altcs tccrcs dc matcria crganica dissclvida, sc
capazcs dc altcrar c ccmpcrtamcntc dcs mctais, tcrnandc mcvcis mctais
usualmcntc adscrvidcs nas supcrlicics dc ccmplcxc argilc-hmicc.
Pcrtantc, c lundamcntal c mcnitcramcntc dcs tccrcs dc mctais pcsadcs ac
lcngc dc tcmpc cm sclcs submctidcs a dispcsic dc rcsiducs ,CAMLRON
c/ o/., 007), inclusivc, sclcs irrigadcs ccm LT,BOND, 008, YADAVc/ o/.,
2002).
Caacte'st.cas u'~.cas, 's.cas e 's.coqu'~.cas Jos So`os e~
xpe.~eotos Jo 0SA3
Ncstc itcm scra aprcscntadc um apanhadc gcral scbrc cs
cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs nc ambitc dc Ldital 4 dc PROSAB.
Salicnta-sc quc nc tccantc as pcssivcis altcra6cs prcvccadas nc
sclc, cs rcsultadcs dcvcm scr ccnsidcradcs muitc mais ccmc indicativcs
quc ccnclusivcs, pcis, na maicria dcs cxpcrimcntcs, c tcmpc dc aplicac
dcs csgctcs tratadcs lci rclativamcntc curtc ,Tabcla 5.3). Valc tambcm
rcssaltar quc cs cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs cm campc, cantcircs,
lisimctrcs dc drcnagcm c vascs c, pcrtantc, as rcspcstas dc sclc nc pcdcm
scr ccmparadas dirctamcntc. Lntrctantc, sc rcsultadcs muitc
impcrtantcs para lcrmac dc um bancc dc dadcs para lcrncccr subsidics
para c cntcndimcntc dcs clcitcs da irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs scbrc
sclcs brasilcircs c scb dilcrcntcs ccndi6cs climaticas.
O cb]ctivc gcral dcs cxpcrimcntcs lci avaliar cs clcitcs da irrigac
ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs cm prcpricdadcs dc sclc c planta. Para tal,
dilcrcntcs cstratcgias c tratamcntcs lcram utilizadcs ,Tabcla 5.3).
As caractcristicas dcs csgctcs tratadcs utilizadcs ncs dilcrcntcs
cxpcrimcntcs sc aprcscntadas ncs capitulcs 3 c 0 dcstc livrc.
Nc cxpcrimcntc L, cndc lcram cmprcgadas dilcrcntcs dcscs dc
nitrcgnic via lcrtilizac mincral, agua pctavcl c cllucntc dc
cstabilizac para irrigac ,Tabcla 5.4), cs rcsultadcs gcrais cbtidcs,
mcstraram quc c tipc dc agua cmprcgada na irrigac dc capim acarrctcu
pcucas altcra6cs na lcrtilidadc dc sclc. Issc pcrquc c capim aprcscntcu
alta capacidadc dc abscrc c clcvadc acmulc dc clcmcntcs. Quandc
cccrrcram altcra6cs na lcrtilidadc dc sclc, cstas ncrmalmcntc cstivcram
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|86 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
rclacicnadas a diminuic na ccnccntrac dcs clcmcntcs ,Tabcla 5.4).
Os tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs nc lcvaram a cccrrncia dc risccs ccm
salinizac dc sclc. Pcr cutrc ladc, a agua pctavcl cmprcgada na irrigac,
dcvidc ac latc dc aprcscntar RAS mais clcvada quc a dc cllucntc
- 0,5
,32,8 + 0, c ,04 + 2,0 ,mmclI ) , rcspcctivamcntc), aprcscntcu
maicr riscc dc scdilicac dc sclc ,FONSLCA c/ o/., 2000). Lstc latc pcdc
scr ccnlirmadc pclcs valcrcs mais clcvadcs dc grau dc dispcrsc das
argilas nc tratamcntc irrigadc ccm agua. Airrigac dc capim ccm agua cu
cllucntc, apcsar dc tcr prcmcvidc altcra6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dc scdic
trccavcl, nc PST c nc grau dc dispcrsc das argilas ,OD) ,Tabcla 5.4),
praticamcntc nc prcmcvcu mudanas signilicativas na dcnsidadc c
pcrcsidadc tctal dc sclc.
Nc cxpcrimcntc L2, mcsmc scb sclcs c culturas distintas, as
ccnclus6cs gcrais lcram similarcs ac L. Lm gcral, cs tratamcntcs
cmprcgadcs nc altcraram signilicativamcntc c sclc quantc a lcrtilidadc c
qualidadc lisica ,Tabcla 5.5).
Nc cxpcrimcntc L3, alcm das cbscrva6cs scmclhantcs as cbtidas
para cs cxpcrimcntcs L c L2, dcstaca-sc c latc dc dilcrcntcs laminas dc
irrigac tcrcm sidc aplicadas cm sulccs cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs
,50 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 25 cm, 00 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 50 cm,
50 I/sulcc, prclundidadc dc 75 cm) c tcr-sc amcstradc, a partir dc
cclctcrcs dc drcnagcm livrc, a scluc pcrcclantc cm dilcrcntcs
prclundidadcs ,Tabcla 5.0). Lmbcra sc]am aprcscntadcs intcrvalcs dc
valcrcs, pcis ncm scmprc havia vclumc dc amcstra para analisc cm lunc
dc manc]c dc irrigac, pcdc-sc cbscrvar, apcsar da grandc variabilidadc
dcs dadcs cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs, a prcscna dc nitratc atc 0,75m,
para cs dcis tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs. Lstc latc indica quc ncs dcis cascs, a
irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc cu a ccnvcncicnal, pcdcm trazcr prcblcmas
para a qualidadc das aguas subtcrrancas. Lntrctantc, nc casc dcstc
cxpcrimcntc, ccmc scra mcstradc cm itcm pcstcricr, issc nc cccrrcu.
Nc cxpcrimcntc ccm capim-Tiltcn 85 ,L, FONSLCA, 2005) c ccm milhc c
girasscl cultivadcs cm Iatcssclc Vcrmclhc distrclicc, nc municipic dc
Iins, SP, ,OIOAOULN, 2000), nc lcram cbscrvadcs valcrcs supcricrcs a
-
0 mg I dc nitratc cm N, na scluc dc sclc atc, rcspcctivamcntc m c
,8m. As mctcdclcgias dc cxtrac da scluc dc sclc lcram dilcrcntcs ncs
trs cxpcrimcntcs ,drcnagcm livrc, cxtratc dc saturac c lisimctrcs dc
succ, rcspcctivamcntc). Tcrna-sc, pcrtantc, ncccssaria cautcla na
ccmparac dircta dcs rcsultadcs, ccnsidcrandc as particularidadcs dc
cada mctcdc.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |87
|88 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ncs cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs cm lisimctrcs dc drcnagcm, cantcircs,
vascs, caixas, sc]am cm ambicntc prctcgidc ,casa dc vcgctac) cu nc
,Tabclas dc 5.7 a 5.), cs rcsultadcs ncs sclcs lcram similarcs aquclcs dcs
cxpcrimcntcs cm campc ,Tabclas 5.4 c 5.5), tantc nc quc diz rcspcitc a
lcrtilidadc dc sclc, quantc acs paramctrcs indicativcs da qualidadc lisica
dc sclc. Fcram cbscrvadas maicrcs ccnccntra6cs dc scdic trccavcl c ncs
valcrcs dc PST cm tcdcs cs tratamcntcs ccm aplicac dc csgctc tratadc
quandc ccmparadcs acs irrigadcs ccm agua. Apcsar dc scrcm valcrcs
baixcs c quc nc causaram prcblcmas ac sclc nc pcricdc analisadc, da
mcsma lcrma quc para cs cxpcrimcntcs a campc, indicam quc c
mcnitcramcntc dcvc scr ccnstantc.
.scos Je Coota~.oaao Je guas Suoteoeas pe`a
at.ca Je`.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos
A agua subtcrranca vcm assumindc impcrtancia rclcvantc ccmc
lcntc dc abastccimcntc dcmcsticc, industrial c agriccla. Mais dc cinqcnta
pcr ccntc da agua dc abastccimcntc pblicc nc Brasil prcvm dc rcscrvas
subtcrrancas ,ANA, 2004). Dc accrdc ccm um lcvantamcntc rcalizadc cm
077, 72 dcs municipics dc Lstadc dc Sc Paulc ,402) cram tctal cu
parcialmcntc abastccidcs pcr agua subtcrranca ,CLTLSB,007).
A ccmpcsic quimica da agua subtcrranca c sua cvcluc c um
rcsultadc ccmbinadc da ccmpcsic da agua quc inliltra nc sclc c das
rcchas dc mcic quc cla atravcssa. O tccr das substancias dissclvidas pcdc
aumcntar cu diminuir dcpcndcndc das rca6cs quimicas c da vclccidadc
dc scu mcvimcntc. As aguas subtcrrancas aprcscntam, cm gcral, bca
qualidadc para c ccnsumc humanc. Lntrctantc, mudanas dc qualidadc
pcdcm cccrrcr dcvidc acs prcccsscs dc urbanizac, dcscnvclvimcntc
industrial, atividadcs agricclas cu dc mincrac, praticas dc dcscartcs dc
rcsiducs crganiccs, incrganiccs cu radicativcs, cntrc cutrcs.
O riscc dc ccntaminac da agua subtcrranca pcdc scr avaliadc
atravcs da asscciac cntrc a vulncrabilidadc natural dc aqilcrc c a carga
ccntaminantc pctcncial cxistcntc ,FOSTLR, HIRATA, 088). O ccnccitc
dc vulncrabilidadc natural indica c grau dc suscctibilidadc dc um aqilcrc
dc scr alctadc pcr uma carga pcluidcra. Fcstcr c Hirata ,088)
dcscnvclvcram uma mctcdclcgia para a dctcrminac da vulncrabilidadc
natural dc aqilcrc a qual ccnsidcra a intcrac dc trs latcrcs. ,i) a lcrma
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |89
Tabela 5.4 Llcitcs dc tipc dc agua utilizada na irrigac ,agua pctavcl c cllucntc),
- -
asscciada a adic dc 520 kg ha anc dc nitrcgnic via lcrtilizac mincral, nas
caractcristicas quimicas c lisicas dc sclc, 24 mcscs apcs c inicic dc cxpcrimcntc.
Lxpcrimcntc L.
,) carbcnc tctal, ,2) nitrcgnic tctal, ,3) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa,
,4) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7 CTC = SB HAl, ,5) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC,
,7) pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC, ,8) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,0) argila dispcrsa
cm agua ,ADA), ,0) grau dc dispcrsc dc argilas OD =,ADA*00/argila tctal).
Tabela 5.5 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c
,0 -20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L2
,) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,2) carbcnc tctal, ,3) nitrcgnic tctal, ,4) scma dc bascs
SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,5) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7 CTC = SB HAl,
,0) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,7) pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl
PST = Na*00/CTC. Valcrcs scguidcs pcla mcsma lctra na ccluna nc dilcrcm cntrc si,
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy, a dc prcbabilidadc. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
|99 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 5.0 Intcrvalc dc valcrcs para paramctrcs quimiccs dc amcstras cxtraidas dcs
cclctcrcs dc drcnagcm livrc ,lixiviadc), cm dilcrcntcs prclundidadcs nc sclc c laminas
hidricas. Scric dc 4 amcstras pcr blccc. Tctal dc 3 blcccs. Lxpcrimcntc L3.
* Occrrncia dc lixiviadc, cm um nicc cclctcr dcs dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs ncs 3 blcccs,
**Nc cccrrcu lixiviadc cm ncnhum cclctcr dcs dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs, ncs 3 blcccs.
,) Ccndutividadc clctrica, ,2 )Nitrcgnic tctal K]cldahl.
Tabela 5.7 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c
macassar ,0 20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L4.
,) Matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual dc
scdic trccavcl PST=Na*00/CTC, ,0) argila dispcrsa cm agua ,ADA=argila tctal argila
dispcrsa cm agua), ,7) grau dc dispcrsc dc argilas OD = ,ADA*00/argila tctal). Para
inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a Tabcla 5.3.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |9|
Tabela 5.8 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm milhc.
Lxpcrimcntc L5.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
Tabela 5.0 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm dalia
,0 20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L8.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
dc cccrrncia da agua subtcrranca ,tipc dc aqilcrc), ,ii) c arcabcuc
litclcgicc quc sustcnta c aqilcrc na zcna nc saturada, c ,iii) a
prclundidadc dc nivcl da agua. A intcrac dcstcs latcrcs cxprcssa a
accssibilidadc da zcna saturada a pcnctrac dc pclucntcs c a capacidadc
dc aqilcrc cm atcnuar a ccntaminac impcsta.
As aguas rcsiduarias quandc aplicadas ac sclc pcdcm sc scmar a
ccmpcncntc dc inliltrac das aguas das chuvas na rccarga dcs aqilcrcs,
particularmcntc dcs aqilcrcs livrcs. A intcrac cntrc as aguas da zcna
nc saturada c as aguas subtcrrancas c supcrliciais c ccntinua.
Dcpcndcndc da ccndutividadc hidraulica da zcna nc saturada c da sua
isctrcpia, c lluxc dc agua dcsta zcna pcdcra ccntribuir signilicativamcntc
para a dcscarga dc basc dcs rics. Sc a inliltrac aumcntar, c nivcl da agua
dcs aqilcrcs livrcs tambcm aumcntara, ccm c ccnscqcntc aumcntc da
dcscarga para cs rics ,FLTTLR, 003). Assim, a dispcsic dc aguas
rcsiduarias nc sclc, pcdcra sc ccnstituir num impcrtantc instrumcntc
|92 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 5.II Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc ccm
milhc c avcia. Lxpcrimcntc L7.
,) matcria crganica, ,2) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,3) capacidadc dc trcca dc
caticns a pH 7 CTC= SB HAl, ,4) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,5) pcrccntual
dc scdic trccavcl PST = Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a
Tabcla 5.3.
Tabela 5.I0 Llcitc dcs tratamcntcs ncs atributcs quimiccs dc sclc cultivadc batata
dccc ,0 -20cm). Lxpcrimcntc L0.
,) scma dc bascs SB = Ca Mg,KNa, ,2) capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns a pH 7
CTC = SB HAl, ,3) saturac pcr bascs SB*00/CTC, ,4) pcrccntual dc scdic
trccavcl PST=Na*00/CTC. Para inlcrma6cs scbrc cs tratamcntcs vc]a Tabcla 5.3.
para ccnscrvac das aguas, principalmcntc cm rcgi6cs criticas.
Lntrctantc, ccnlcrmc ]a dcstacadc, a aplicac dc aguas rcsiduarias nc
sclc pcdc rcsultar cm varia6cs lisicas c quimicas dc sclc c lisicc-quimicas
da scluc dc sclc ,sclu6cs pcrcclantcs) c das aguas subtcrrancas.
A intcnsidadc das mudanas ncs sclcs c nas sclu6cs dcpcndc da taxa dc
aplicac, das ccnccntra6cs c caractcristicas das substancias ,sc rcativas
cu incrtcs). Adicicnalmcntc, cstas mudanas cstarc ccndicicnadas as
caractcristicas lisicas c quimicas dc mcic sclidc, ccmc pcr cxcmplc, a
tcxtura, tccr dc matcria crganica, capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns, tccr c
tipc dc argila, ccndutividadc hidraulica, alcm das ccndi6cs climaticas
lccais, quc dctcrminam a dispcnibilidadc cu a rctcnc dc icns nc sistcma.
As aguas subtcrrancas rcprcscntam uma das principais
prcccupa6cs nc prcccssc dc viabilizac dc usc agriccla, ccmc pratica dc
pcs-tratamcntc c dispcsic linal dc csgctcs sanitarics ,CORAUCCI,
2003). Scgundc Bcnd ,008), cs latcrcs limitantcs para uma aplicac
sustcntavcl dc csgctcs tratadcs nc sclc sc a salinidadc, a scdicidadc, a
lixiviac dc nitratc para as aguas subtcrrancas c, cm alguma
circunstancia, a prcpria lixiviac dc lcslcrc cu c scu acmulc nc sclc,
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |93
pcdcndc mcdilicar as prcpricdadcs dc sclc dc mcdc irrcvcrsivcl. Outra
prcccupac pcdc scr a prcscna dc mctais pcsadcs ncs cllucntcs aplicadcs
ncs sclcs, quc tambcm pcdcm migrar para as aguas subtcrrancas.
O nitratc c uma substancia rclativamcntc incrtc c sc nc lcr
abscrvidc pclas plantas pcdc scr carrcgadc cm prclundidadc, atc as aguas
subtcrrancas ,BURT c/ o/, 003, MAMO c/ o/., 000). Varics trabalhcs
rcgistram a ccntaminac dc aguas subtcrrancas pcr nitratc sc]a pcr
praticas agricclas ccnvcncicnais sc]a pcla irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs
,KANFI, 083, COSTA c/ o/., 2002, KATZ, 2004, RIMSKI-KORSAKOV,
2004, KASSc/ o/. 2005).
Nc Brasil, as praticas dc irrigac ccm csgctcs tratadcs sc rcccntcs
c sc pcuccs cs rcsultadcs dc mcnitcramcntc da qualidadc dc agua
subtcrranca nas arcas submctidas a irrigac. Rcsultadcs aprcscntadcs
pcr Marqucs c/ o/. ,2003) cm arca cultivada ccm milhc c irrigada ccm
cllucntc dc rcatcr anacrcbic, mcstraram quc a ccnccntrac dc nitratc ncs
pccs mcnitcradcs, nc ultrapasscu c limitc cstabclccidc para a
-
pctabilidadc da agua, dc 0 mg I cm N, scgundc a Pcrtaria 58/2004 dc
Ministcric da Sadc. Os autcrcs rcssaltam, cntrctantc, quc cm tcdcs cs
pccs instaladcs a ]usantc das parcclas irrigadas, as ccnccntra6cs dc
nitratc lcram supcricrcs aquclas dc pcc ccntrclc. Olcagucn ,2000)
clctucu c mcnitcramcntc da qualidadc da agua subtcrranca a partir dc
pccs instaladcs cm Iatcssclc irrigadc ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas
lacultativas c cultivadc ccm milhc c girasscl, altcrnadamcntc, nc
municipic dc Iins, SP. Tambcm cm scus cstudcs as ccnccntra6cs dc
nitratc ncs pccs nc lcram supcricrcs ac limitc dc pctabilidadc da agua.
Dilcrcntcmcntc dcs rcsultadcs citadcs pcr Marqucs c/ o/. ,2003), nc
lcram cbscrvadas, cm gcral, dilcrcnas nas ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc cntrc
as aguas dcs pccs instaladcs nas arcas irrigadas c nc pcc ccntrclc.
Ncstcs dcis trabalhcs, rcalizadcs cm sclcs brasilcircs, as irriga6cs ccm
csgctcs tratadcs lcram rcalizadas pcr ccrca dc dcis ancs apcnas. Lm
paiscs ccmc Isracl, pcr cxcmplc, cndc as praticas dc irrigac vm scndc
rcalizadas pcr dccadas, cs clcitcs dc nitratc ]a sc scntidcs ,KASS c/ o/.
2005). Dcsta lcrma, a ccntinuidadc dc mcnitcramcntc c imprcscindivcl
para vcrilicar pcssivcis impactcs ncgativcs a agua subtcrranca. Valc
rcssaltar quc cstudcs cm andamcntc ,cxpcrimcntc L3) nc Lstadc dc Sc
Paulc, cm Argissclc Vcrmclhc Amarclc cultivadc ccm milhc, as
ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc nc aqilcrc cstc abaixc dc limitc dc pctabilidadc
cxigidc pcla lcgislac brasilcira.
|94 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Sc cs mctais pcsadcs cstivcrcm prcscntcs ncs csgctcs tratadcs
pcdcm tambcm migrar para as aguas subtcrrancas. Dcsta lcrma, c
impcrtantc ccnhcccr c ccmpcrtamcntc dcstcs icns nc sclc, pcis sua
rctcnc cu mcbilidadc dcpcndcm das lcrmas dc ccmbinac ccm cs
dilcrcntcs ccmpcncntcs dc mcic ,argilcmincrais, cxidcs, cxi-hidrcxidcs,
ctc), das translcrma6cs dc suas assccia6cs ac lcngc dc tcmpc, da
saturac dcs sitics cspcciliccs para a adscrc ,TLSSILR c/ o/, 070,
BLCKLTT, 080, FLIOIN c/ o/, 00, PUIS c/ o/., 002, ASIKAINLN,
NIKOIAIDIS, 004), da cristalinidadc c mcrlclcgia da supcrlicic dcs
adscrvcntcs ,McBRIDL, 080) c da variac dc pH dc mcic. Algumas
pcsquisas tm mcstradc quc a rcdistribuic dc icns mctaliccs pcdc
cccrrcr lcngc tcmpc apcs a inccrpcrac dc cllucntcs c dc lcdc ac sclc
,RIFFAIDI, c/ o/, 083, SNCHLZ-MARTIN, SNCHLZ-CAMAZANO,
003, McBRIDL, 004, McBRIDL c/ o/., 007). Lsta mcbilidadc pcdc scr
atribuida, particularmcntc a dcccmpcsic dc matcria crganica,
pcrmitindc a pcrda gradual c libcrac dc icns mctaliccs pcsadcs ,BLII,
c/ o/, 00).
O cb]ctivc maicr dc cmprcgc dc csgctc tratadc na agricultura c a
prcdutividadc c a sustcntabilidadc das culturas irrigadas adctandc-sc,
pcrtantc, praticas quc avalicm sistcmaticamcntc pcssivcis impactcs
ncgativcs ac sistcma sclc-planta-agua subtcrranca/supcrlicial pcla sua
dispcsic. Ncstc ccntcxtc, tcrna-sc lundamcntal prcscrvar as lun6cs dc
sclc, ccnhcccr as suas caractcristicas quimicas, lisicas c lisicc-hidricas,
bcm ccmc as caractcristicas quimicas das substancias adicicnadas acs
sclcs para dimcnsicnar a sua capacidadc dc rcccbimcntc dc dctcrminada
carga dc substancias, dc mcdc quc a qualidadc das aguas subtcrrancas
pcssa pcrmancccr prctcgida.
Coos.Jeaoes .oa.s
Lstc capitulc lci ccnccbidc ccm a prcpcsta dc. ,i) ccntribuir para uma
rcvisc dc alguns ccnccitcs scbrc cs sclcs, scus ccnstituintcs c algumas
prcpricdadcs ccnsidcradas impcrtantcs c quc dcvcm scr avaliadas para a
sustcntabilidadc dcs sclcs submctidcs a irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc, ,ii)
aprcscntar inlcrma6cs sucintas scbrc cs sclcs brasilcircs, ,iii) aprcscntar
uma pcqucna rcvisc scbrc as pcssivcis mudanas nas caractcristicas dcs
sclcs submctidcs a irrigac ccm csgctc tratadc, c ,iv) aprcscntar um
rcsumc dcs cxpcrimcntcs quc lcram rcalizadcs nc ambitc dc PROSAB
Ldital 4.
Cap. 5 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s: |mpac|6s o6 S6|6 e Aqa||e|6s |95
Ccmc ccnsidcrac gcral, pcdc-sc dizcr quc as altcra6cs cccrridas
ncs sclcs irrigadcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics tratadcs nc ccnstituiram
prcblcma maicr, cmbcra, ccmc ]a alirmadc, cs rcsultadcs dcvam scr
ccnsidcradcs ccmc indicativcs das ccndi6cs dcstcs cxpcrimcntcs,
cnvclvcndc pcricdcs rclativamcntc curtcs dc irrigac c dc
mcnitcramcntc. Lntrctantc, algumas cbscrva6cs pcdcm scr dcstacadas.
Dc mancira gcral, cm tcdcs cs cxpcrimcntcs nc cccrrcram
altcra6cs na lcrtilidadc dc sclc cm lunc da agua dc irrigac
aplicada. Lntrctantc, cstas altcra6cs pcdcrc, prcvavclmcntc,
scr cbscrvadas cm cxpcrimcntcs dc lcngc prazc,
Uma prcccupac quandc da utilizac dcs csgctcs tratadcs c c
riscc dc salinizac c scdilicac dcs sclcs. Ncs cxpcrimcntcs
rcalizadcs, dc mancira gcral, cccrrcu aumcntc nas ccnccntra6cs
dc scdic trccavcl c ccnscqcntcmcntc dc PST, scm, ccntudc,
atingir valcrcs prcccupantcs. Mcsmc nc casc dc cxpcrimcntc L,
cndc cs valcrcs dc PST ultrapassaram c limitc dc 5, istc
praticamcntc nc prcmcvcu mudanas signilicativas na
dcnsidadc c pcrcsidadc tctal dc sclc,
Ccm rclac acs mctais pcsadcs, cstcs nc aprcscntaram
altcra6cs nc sclc ccm a irrigac, c quc ]a cra cspcradc,
ccnsidcrandc quc cs csgctcs tratadcs, utilizadcs ncs
cxpcrimcntcs, aprcscntavam baixas ccnccntra6cs dcstcs
clcmcntcs,
O mcnitcramcntc rcalizadc nas aguas subtcrrancas nc dcccrrcr
dcs cxpcrimcntcs mcstrcu ccnccntra6cs dc nitratc abaixc dc
valcr maximc pcrmitidc ccmc padrc dc pctabilidadc cstabclccidc
pcla lcgislac brasilcira
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ANA - Agncia Nacicnal dc guas. Inlcrma6cs Hidrcgcclcgicas. 2004.
www.ana.gcv.br/gcstacRccHidriccs/InlcHidrclcgicas/aguasSubtcrr/mapaPrcvHidr.
ARTIOIA, J.F., PLPPLR, I.I. Icngtcrm inllucncc cl liquid scwagc sludgc cn thc crganic
carbcn and nitrcgcn ccntcnt cl a lurrcw-irrigatcd dcscrt scil. Biclcgy and Fcrtility cl Scils,
v.4, p.30-30, 002.
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v.4, p.30-30, 002.
|96 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
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impact cl dcmcstic scwagc clllucnt cn ccmpcsiticn cl scils, crcps and grcund watcr. A casc
study. Lnvircnmcnt Intcrnaticnal, v.28, p.48-480, 2002.
WANO, Z., CHANO, A.C., WU, I., CROWILY, D. Asscssing thc scil quality cl lcng-tcrm
rcclaimcdwastcwatcr-irrigatcd crcpland. Occdcrma, v.4, p.20-278, 2003.
Cap'tu`o
`.gaao co~ sgotos Sao.ta.os
e le.tos oas `aotas
Sae|6o|6 V6|a, AJ||e| |e||e||a Ja |6oseca,
|6oa|J6 S|e|aoa|||, |saac |6|sc|ao J|., ||||aoa |a.a|
`e~eotos sseoc.a.s e 3eol.cos s `aotas
Os clcmcntcs quimiccs ccnsidcradcs csscnciais ac dcscnvclvimcntc
das plantas, atcndcm basicamcntc a dcis critcrics. sc partcs dc um
ccmpcstc cu dc alguma rcac scm a qual as plantas nc vivcm, cu nc
ccmplctam scu ciclc vital. Sc ccnsidcradcs nutricntcs cs clcmcntcs
carbcnc ,C), hidrcgnic ,H) c cxignic ,O) c cs nutricntcs mincrais, quc sc
subdivididcs cm dcis grupcs ,LPSTLIN, BIOOM, 2005). macrcnutricntcs
nitrcgnic ,N), lcslcrc ,P), pctassic ,K), calcic ,Ca), magncsic ,Mg) c
cnxclrc ,S)] c micrcnutricntcs bcrc ,B), clcrc ,Cl), ccbrc ,Cu), lcrrc ,Fc),
mangans ,Mn), mclibdnic ,Mc), niqucl ,Ni) c zincc ,Zn)]. Os nutricntcs
C, H c O sc rctiradcs dc ar c da agua, pcrcm, cs macrcnutricntcs c
micrcnutricntcs sc cxtraidcs pclas plantas, primcrdialmcntc, dc sclc.
A scparac cm macrcnutricntcs c micrcnutricntcs sc bascia na
quantidadc dc nutricntc quc a planta abscrvc c quc csta prcscntc na
massa scca. Assim, cm crdcm dc grandcza, cs macrcnutricntcs sc
-
lcrnccidcs as plantas cm kg ha cnquantc quc cs micrcnutricntcs sc
-
lcrnccidcs cm g ha . O scdic ,Na) c ccnsidcradc clcmcntc bcnclicc para
algumas cspccics, principalmcntc para plantas quc rcalizam lctcssintcsc
dc tipc C4, c as plantas halclitas nc scbrcvivcm scm cstc clcmcntc
,MARSCHNLR, 005), ). Nc cntantc, na grandc maicria das vczcs, c Na
tcm sidc tratadc ccmc clcmcntc quc causa clcitcs dclctcrics nc sistcma
sclc-planta. Dcpcndcndc dc mctcdc dc irrigac cmprcgadc, c Na pcdc tcr
sua litctcxicidadc aumcntada para algumas cspccics dc plantas, dcvidc ac
ccntactc lcliar ccm a agua dc irrigac. O ccbaltc ,Cc) c c sclnic ,Sc)
tambcm sc ccnsidcradcs clcmcntcs bcncliccs ac dcscnvclvimcntc das
plantas, mas ainda nc tivcram sua csscncialidadc ccmprcvada
,LPSTLIN, BIOOM, 2005).
.
O sclc dcvc lcrncccr cs nutricntcs para as plantas cm quantidadcs
adcquadas c nc mcmcntc dc suas ncccssidadcs. Ccmc c sclc, dc mancira
gcral, nc atcndc as ncccssidadcs mincrais das plantas, ha ncccssidadc dc
intcrvcnc mcdiantc c manc]c adcquadc dc sistcma sclc-planta,
incluindc a aplicac dc lcrtilizantcs ,mincrais, crganiccs c
crgancmincrais), c usc dc adubac vcrdc c dc sistcmas ccnscrvacicnistas
dc manc]c dc sclc. Ccmc rcsultadc, a scluc nc sclc c altamcntc
hctcrcgnca, aprcscntandc clcmcntcs csscnciais ,nutricntcs), bcncliccs c
tcxiccs nas lcrmas livrcs ,icnicas) c/cu ccmplcxadas ,HAVIINc/ o/., 2005).
Os nutricntcs sc abscrvidcs pclas raizcs das plantas a partir da
scluc dc sclc. As raizcs c as radicclas cntram cm ccntatc ccm c mcic
liquidc, prcmcvcndc a abscrc dcs mincrais. Tcdavia, as plantas tambcm
pcdcm abscrvcr alguns clcmcntcs c agua pclas lclhas, cm pcqucnas
quantidadcs. As principais lcrmas abscrvidas pclas raizcs sc.
a) Macrcnutricntcs.
-
Nitrcgnic. NO c NH
3 4
- 2-
Fcslcrc. H PO ,lcrma prclcrcncial) c HPO
2 4 4

Pctassic. K
2
Magncsic. Mg
2-
Lnxclrc. SO
4
b) Micrcnutricntcs.
- 2- 3- 2-
Bcrc. H BO ,lcrma prclcrcncial), H BO , HBO , BO c B O
3 3 2 3 3 3 4 7
-
Clcrc. Cl
2
Ccbrc. Cu
2 3
Fcrrc. Fc c Fc
2
Mangans. Mn
2-
Mclibdnic. McO
4
2
Niqucl. Ni
2
Zincc. Zn
b) Outrcs clcmcntcs.
3
Aluminic. Al

Scdic. Na
2
Ccbaltc. Cc
Silicic. H SiO
4 4
292 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas raizcs cccrrc mcdiantc, pclc mcncs,
um dcs trs prcccsscs quc culminam ccm a aprcximac dc clcmcntc c da
raiz ,radicclas), a sabcr. dilusc, lluxc dc massa c intcrccptac radicular.
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs na scluc dc sclc pclas raizcs cbcdccc a uma
crdcm dc vclccidadcs, ccnlcrmc scguc.
- - 2-
NO >Cl >SO >H PO anicns
3 4 2 4
2 2
NH >K >Na >Mg >Ca caticns
4
Apcs a abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas raizcs, cstcs sc ccnduzidcs
pclcs sistcmas vascularcs das plantas, asscciadcs ac lluxc dc agua, scndc
distribuidcs c rcdistribuidcs ccnlcrmc a ncccssidadc nutricicnal dc cada
crgc. Cada clcmcntc tcm uma caractcristica distinta quantc a sua
mcbilidadc nc intcricr das plantas ,alguns clcmcntcs sc mcvcis cnquantc
cutrcs sc imcvcis). Alguns clcmcntcs acumuladcs nas lclhas sc
translccadcs pcr ccasic dc cnchimcntc dcs lrutcs, principalmcntc na
scncscncia das lclhas ,SAIISBURY, ROSS,00, MAIAVOITA c/ o/.
007).
A scguir sc rclacicnadas as principais lun6cs dcs nutricntcs,
]ustilicandc sua csscncialidadc.
N. c partc ccnstituintc dcs amincacidcs, das prctcinas, purinas,
pirimidinas, cccnzimas c da clcrclila.
P. participa ncs prcccsscs dc armazcnamcntc c translcrncia dc
cncrgia mctabclica nas plantas, alcm dc scr imprcscindivcl para c
dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular.
K. ativadcr dc cnzimas na sintcsc dc prctcinas, lctcssintcsc c
rcspirac c ainda participa na lcrmac dc acarcs nas lclhas c
translccac dcstcs para rcscrvatcrics naturais.
Ca. crucial para c crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc das raizcs c laz
partc da cstrutura da parcdc cclular.
Mg. ativadcr dc cnzimas ncs prcccsscs mctabcliccs dcs
carbcidratcs c sintcsc dc acidcs nuclciccs, alcm dc lazcr partc da
ccmpcsic da clcrclila.
S. laz partc dc grupc ativc dc cnzimas c cccnzimas, ccm dcstaquc
acs ccmpcstcs cistcina, cistina, mcticnina, taurina, glutaticnc c
sullclipidccs.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 293
B. atua ncs prcccsscs dc translcrmac dc carbcidratcs c
cccrdcnac dc lcncis.
Cu. cclabcra ccm cnzimas rcspiratcrias c lctcssintcticas, participa
da lcrmac dc algumas cnzimas, alcm dc cutras lun6cs.
Fc. atua ccmc grupc ativc dc cnzimas, principalmcntc aquclas
rclacicnadas acs prcccsscs dc transpcrtc dc clctrcns ,nc prcccssc
lctcssintcticc c na rcduc dc nitratc, nitritc c sullitc) c na lixac
biclcgica dc N.
Mn. participa da dcccmpcsic dc H O, tcma partc na lcrmac da
2
clcrclila, da mcmbrana dcs clcrcplastcs, dc lipidccs, da sintcsc dc
prctcinas, dcs acidcs nuclciccs c ccntrclc hcrmcnal.
Mc. laz partc dc uma cnzima quc auxilia na assimilac dc
-
nitrcgnic nitricc ,NO ), participa da lcrmac dc grc dc pclcn,
3
da lcrmac dc prctcinas, dcs acidcs nuclciccs, da abscrc c
transpcrtc dc lcrrc.
Ni. sua csscncialidadc csta ligada a luncicnalidadc da urcasc
,cnzima, quc participa da rcac dc prcduc dc amcnia c CO a
2
partir da urcia).
Na. sua csscncialidadc lci ccmprcvada cm algumas halclitas,
pcrcm, cm baixas ccnccntra6cs, pcdc substituir c K cm algumas
lun6cs csmcticas c, ainda, prcmcvcr a accitabilidadc dc lcrragcns
pclcs animais.
Cc. ativadcr dc cnzimas, scbrctudc aquclas ligadas ac prcccssc dc
lixac biclcgica dc Nc ainda laz partc dc vitaminas.
Sc. ligadc a sintcsc dc prctcinas c acidcs nuclciccs.
Si. sua csscncialidadc lci ccmprcvada apcnas para algumas
cspccics, lalhandc-sc cm dcscrcvcr c mccanismc dc ac dcstc
clcmcntc, scus clcitcs bcncliccs cstc asscciadcs a maicr prctcc
das plantas ac ataquc dc pragas c dccnas.
A rcdistribuic dcs nutricntcs cccrrc, prcdcminantcmcntc, pclc
llccma das plantas. Pcrtantc, a dclicincia nutricicnal csta dirctamcntc
rclacicnada ccm a mcbilidadc dc clcmcntc c idadc das plantas. Quantc a
sua mcbilidadc, cs clcmcntcs sc classilicadcs ccmc.
294 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Llcmcntcs mcvcis. aquclcs cu]cs sintcmas dc dclicincia
aparcccm nas lclhas vclhas dcvidc ac latc dclcs scrcm mcbilizadcs
para partcs ncvas. Ncstc casc, inclucm-sc cs nutricntcs N, P, K,
Mg, Cl c Mc.
Parcialmcntc mcvcis. S, Cu, Fc, Mn, Zn c Ni.
Imcvcis. inclucm clcmcntcs cu]a dclicincia aparccc nas lclhas
ncvas. Ncstc casc, inclucm-sc cs nutricntcs Ca c B.
oo`e~as CausaJos s `aotas po A`guos `e~eotos
A litctcxicidadc dcvida a um icn cccrrc quandc c clcmcntc c
abscrvidc c acumuladc ncs tccidcs, alcanandc uma ccnccntrac capaz dc
causar dancs a planta.
Um casc muitc ccmum nc Brasil tcm sidc a litctcxicidadc dc Al,
dcvidc a clcvada acidcz dcminantc ncs sclcs trcpicais. Altas ccnccntra6cs
dc Al na scluc nc sclc impcdcm c dcscnvclvimcntc das radicclas c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, dc tcda planta.
Ccm rclac acs clcmcntcs B, Na c Cl, cs clcitcs rclacicnadcs a
litctcxicidadc sc dcpcndcntcs, dcntrc cutrcs, dcs scguintcs latcrcs. ,i) dc
apcrtc dcstcs clcmcntcs, ,ii) dc sistcma dc irrigac cmprcgadc, ,iii) da
intcnsidadc dc cxplcrac agriccla, ,iii) da tclcrancia das plantas a
ccnccntrac dc clcmcntc cspccilicc, ,iv) da prccipitac pluvial c ,v) da
cspccic c varicdadc dc planta cultivada.
O pH dc sclc c um dcs principais latcrcs quc inllucnciam a
sclubilidadc dcs clcmcntcs, bcm ccmc cs prcblcmas rclacicnadcs a sua
dclicincia c litctcxicidadc. Os clcmcntcs Fc, Cu, Mn, Zn c Al tm sua
dispcnibilidadc rcduzida ccm a clcvac dc pH, pcr cutrc ladc, cs
nutricntcs N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Mc c Cl tm sua dispcnibilidadc
aumcntada ccm c incrcmcntc dc pH ,MAIAVOITA c/ o/., 007). Para a
maicria das cspccics vcgctais dc intcrcssc agrcncmicc, um valcr dc pH
adcquadc c dc aprcximadamcntc 0,5.
As caractcristicas das plantas ,cspccic c varicdadc) sc
dctcrminantcs para cvidcnciar cs clcitcs dc tcxicidadc dc icns cspcciliccs,
dcvidc as dilcrcntcs capacidadcs dc abscrc, acmulc c cxpcrtac dc
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 295
clcmcntcs. As caractcristicas dc sclc ,principalmcntc tipc, ccnccntrac
dc matcria crganica, capacidadc dc trcca dc caticns CTC, pH c pctcncial
rcdcx), gcvcrnam a bicdispcnibilidadc dc clcmcntcs, scbrctudc, dc mctais
pcsadcs ,vcr Capitulc 5).
Alcm da tcxicidadc cspccilica dc dctcrminadcs icns, a alta salinidadc
da agua ,mcdida pcla ccndutividadc clctrica CL) pcdc prcvccar a
salinizac dc sclc c ccmprcmctcr c cultivc dc culturas mais scnsivcis. Pcr
cutrc ladc, baixa salinidadc, asscciada a clcvada prcpcrc dc Na cm
rclac acs clcmcntcs Ca c Mg ,mcdidcs pcla razc dc adscrc dc scdic
RAS), diminui a inliltrac da agua nc sclc.
Nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc lcram aprcscntadas, dc lcrma gcncrica, as
dirctrizcs gcrais para intcrprctar a qualidadc da agua para a irrigac,
incluindc cs critcrics a scrcm cbscrvadcs cm tcrmcs dc prcblcmas
pctcnciais dc salinizac c scdilicac dc sclc c dc litcxicidadc cspccilica dc
alguns icns. Nc Capitulc 5, cnccntra-sc uma discussc mais aprclundada
scbrc cs impactcs da qualidadc da agua dc irrigac scbrc c sclc.
Nas Tabclas 0. a 0.3 sc aprcscntadcs cxcmplcs dc scnsibilidadc dc
algumas culturas a salinidadc, bcrc c clcrctcs. Na Tabcla 0.4 sc
aprcscntadcs alguns paramctrcs dc qualidadc dc aguas rcsiduarias para
usc agriccla, adctadcs ncs LUA ,USLPA,002). Na Tabcla 0.5 inclucm-sc
inlcrma6cs scbrc prcblcmas rclativcs a prcscna dc clcmcntcs tcxiccs,
pcrsistcntcs c/cu bicacumulativcs nas aguas a scrcm utilizadas para
irrigac.
Lstas inlcrma6cs scbrc tclcrancia rclativa cntrc as culturas scrvcm
apcnas dc guias dc crdcm gcral. Atclcrancia abscluta varia ccm c clima, as
ccndi6cs dc sclc c praticas culturais. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas
cnccntram-sc nc Capitulc 2 dcstc livrc c, principalmcntc, na litcratura
cspccializada, a cxcmplc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085) c Rhcadcs
c/ o/. ,2000).
Nas Tabcla 0.0 c 0.7. aprcscntam-sc, rcspcctivamcntc, cxcmplcs dc
ccnccntra6cs mcdias dc macrcnutricntcs c micrcnutricntcs c
inlcrma6cs scbrc CL c RAS, cnccntradcs cm cllucntcs utilizadcs cm
296 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 297
Tabela 0.I Tclcrancia rclativa a salinidadc dc algumas culturas
Fcntc. adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
y
298 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.2 Tclcrancia rclativa ac bcrc dc algumas culturas
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
-
Tabela 0.3 Ccnccntrac maxima dc Cl na agua quc nc prcvcca dancs
-
as lclhas dc algumas culturas ,mg I )
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
Tabela 0.4 Alguns paramctrcs cxigidcs para irrigac ccm
aguas rcsiduarias ncs LUA
,*) O paramctrc pH c adimcnsicnal. Adaptadc dc USLPA ,002).
y
y
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 299
-
Tabela 0.5 Ccnccntra6cs maximas ,mg I ) dc alguns clcmcntcs nas aguas dc
irrigac c rcspcctivcs prcblcmas dc tcxicidadc
Adaptadc dc Aycrs c Wcstcct ,085)
cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac nc Ldital 4, Tcma 2 dc PROSAB. Lstcs dadcs

pcrmitcm, cm gcral, as scguintcs cbscrva6cs .

,i) Ccmc cspcradc, as ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs sc bastantc
variadas c inllucnciadas pclc sistcma dc tratamcntc
cmprcgadc.
,ii) Os cllucntcs pcdcm aprcscntar ccnccntra6cs dc
macrcnutricntcs ccnsidcravcis para a dcmanda dc divcrsas
culturas. Lntrctantc, dcpcndcndc da cultura, c nitrcgnic pcdc
sc aprcscntar cm cxccssc, c quc lcvantaria prcccupa6cs dc
naturcza agrcncmica c ambicntal ,vcr Capitulc 5), cm
ccntrapartida c lcslcrc, cm gcral, sc aprcscnta cm
ccnccntra6cs insulicicntcs, c quc dcmandaria adubac
quimica ccmplcmcntar.
,iii) As ccnccntra6cs dc micrcclcmcntcs ccmc Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Mn, Ni, Pb c Zn, sc, cm gcral, baixas, c quc, sc pcr um ladc,
minimiza pctcnciais prcblcmas dc tcxicidadc, pcr cutrc, rcvcla
prcblcmas nc balanccamcntc dc nutricntcs para a
lcrtirrigac.
,iv) As ccnccntra6cs dc Na pcdcm scr prcccupantcs, cm tcrmcs dc
pctcnciais prcblcmas dc tcxicidadc c impactcs dc lcngc prazc
nc sclc.
,v) Os prcblcmas pctcnciais dc salinizac dc sclc variaram dc
ncnhum a ligcirc a mcdcradc
,vi) Os prcblcmas pctcnciais dc scdilicac dc sclc variaram
tambcm dc ncnhum a ligcirc a mcdcradc, ccm a nica
cxccc dc um cllucntc dc lagca lacultativa tratandc csgctc
sanitaric ccm clcvadcs tccrcs dc scdic criundcs da agua dc
crigcm.
2|9 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
. Uma caractcrizac mais dctalhada dcs cllucntcs utilizadcs ncstc cdital dc PROSAB,
accmpanhada dc uma discussc tambcmmais dctalhada dc pctcncial c das limita6cs dc scu cmprcgc
cm praticas dc rcsc da agua, pcdc scr cnccntradanc Capitulc 3 dcstc livrc.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2||
-

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sgotos Sao.ta.os TataJos co~o ooteJegua
eJeNut.eotes
A irrigac ccm cllucntcs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics tcm
sidc uma pratica agrcncmica antiga ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 00) c, cm gcral,
utilizada ccm triplc prcpcsitc. ,i) rcalizar c tratamcntc ccmplcmcntar dc
cllucntc ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074), ,ii) valcrizar cstc subprcdutc ,agua
marginal) ccmc um rccursc hidricc dispcnivcl para agricultura
,BOUWLR, IDLIOVITCH, 087, AI-JAIOUD c/ o/., 005, TANJI, 007),
,iii) aprcvcitar cs nutricntcs ccntidcs ncs cllucntcs, visandc sua utilizac
nc crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc das plantas ,BOUWLR, CHANLY,
074, VAZQULZ-MONTILI c/ o/., 000), alcm dc prcmcvcr a cccncmia dc
lcrtilizantcs mincrais c a manutcnc dc alta prcduc vcgctal ,SMITH,
PLTLRSON, 082, FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
2|2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.7 Valcrcs dc ccndutividadc clctrica ,CL) c razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS) c
rcspcctivcs prcblcmas pctcnciais dc salinizac c scdilicac dc sclc cm cllucntcs
utilizadcs cm cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac ,PROSAB 4)
,*) avaliadc dc accrdc ccm cs critcrics da Univcrsity cl Calilcrnia Ccmmittcc cl Ccnsultants
,vcr Capitulc 2).
O sistcma sclc-planta, dcsdc quc manc]adc adcquadamcntc,
prcmcvc a abscrc c rctcnc dcs ccnstituintcs dcs cllucntcs,
principalmcntc, dcvidc a abscrc c a inccrpcrac dcs clcmcntcs na
massa scca das plantas ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074), rcsultandc cm
diminuic na ccnccntrac dc clcmcntcs nas aguas subtcrrancas c
supcrliciais ,FLIOINc/ o/., 078, VAISMANc/ o/., 08). Atravcs dc ccrtc
c rcmcc das plantas dc lccal cccrrc cxpcrtac dcs clcmcntcs
acumuladcs. Issc pcrmitc cvitar incrcmcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc,
-
principalmcntc, N-NO c P na scluc dc subsclc c agua subtcrranca
3
,QUIN, FORSYTHL, 078, HOOK, 08), mantcndc a capacidadc dc
rcncvac dc sistcma sclc-planta ,JORDANc/ o/., 007).
O csgctc dcmcsticc c ccnstituidc dc 00 dc agua c dc cclcidcs
suspcnscs c dissclvidcs, crganiccs c incrganiccs, incluindc
macrcnutricntcs ,principalmcntc, N, P c K) c, parcialmcntc,
micrcnutricntcs. Pcrtantc, a utilizac dc csgctc na irrigac dc plantas
implica cm diminuic da dcmanda pcr lcrtilizantcs mincrais,
ccnstituindc-sc numa impcrtantc lcrma dc rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs.
Ccnsidcrandc uma ccntribuic pcr capita dc csgctcs sanitarics dc
- -
50-200 I hab dia c uma dcmanda gcncrica dc agua para irrigac dc
-
000 - 2000 mm anc ,um rcquisitc tipicc num clima scmi-aridc), pcdc-sc
cstimar quc as aguas rcsiduarias prcduzidas pcr pcssca scriam sulicicntcs
2
para irrigar uma arca dc 30-70 m . Assim, uma pcpulac dc 50.000
habitantcs prcduziria agua para irrigar ccrca dc 200 ha. Sc
ccnsidcrarmcs a mcsma dcmanda dc agua c quc c cllucntc aprcscntc
- - -
aprcximadamcntc 5-35 mg I dc N, 5-0 mg I dc P c 20 mg I dc K, a
-
aplicac dc nutricntcs pcdcria atingir 50-700, 50-200 c 200-400 kg ha

dc N, P c K, rcspcctivamcntc ,BASTOS, 000). Mcsmc ccnsidcrandc uma
dcmanda mcncr dc agua dc irrigac ,000 mm), a aplicac dc nutricntcs
- - -
pcdcria alcanar 00-20 Nha , 30-00 kg Pha c 20 kg K ha .
Ccnlrcntandc cs nmcrcs dcstc cxcrcicic ccm as rcccmcnda6cs dc
adubac para as mais divcrsas culturas pcrccbc-sc nitidamcntc c
pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics. Lntrctantc, ccmc ]a
dcstacadc, dcpcndcndc da cultura, c nitrcgnic pcdc sc aprcscntar cm
cxccssc, c quc lcvantaria prcccupa6cs dc naturcza agrcncmica c
ambicntal. Lm ccntrapartida, c lcslcrc pcdc sc aprcscntar cm
ccnccntra6cs insulicicntcs, c quc dcmandaria adubac quimica
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|3
ccmplcmcntar. Adicicnalmcntc, as dcmandas c cs balancs hidriccs c dc
nutricntcs vciculadcs via lcrtirrigac ccm csgctcs ncm scmprc sc dc
lacil cctc]c c, assim, mcsmc uma adubac nitrcgcnada nc plantic pcdc
lazcr-sc ncccssaria.
Aavaliac dc pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs csgctcs sanitarics c a scguir
ilustradc ccm basc cm dcis cstudcs ccnduzidcs nc Ldital 4, Tcma 2 dc
PROSAB.

Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric dc Jancirc,UFRJ) lcram rcalizadcs
cstudcs ccm milhc para avaliar c pctcncial lcrtilizantc dc csgctc sanitaric
,sistcma rcatcr UASBscguidc dc lagca lacultativa) ,Figura 0.). Apcsar dc
tcr sidc rcalizada calagcm antcs da instalac dc cxpcrimcntc, c sclc
aprcscntava baixa lcrtilidadc natural, scbrctudc ccm rclac a P c K
,Tabcla 0.8). Ccm basc nas caractcristicas dc sclc aprcscntadas na Tabcla
0.8, tcrncu-sc ncccssaria a lcrtilizac mincral, ccnlcrmc a rcccmcndac
- -
rcgicnal para uma prcdutividadc cspcrada dc 0 a 8 t ha . ,i) N. 20 kg ha na
-
scmcadura c 80 kg ha cm ccbcrtura, acs 40 dias apcs a cmcrgncia das
- -
plantas, ,ii) P. 00 kg ha dc P O na scmcadura, ,iii) K. 70 c 30 kg ha dc K O
2 5 2
-
na scmcadura c cm ccbcrtura, rcspcctivamcntc, ,iv) Zn. 3 kg ha na
-
scmcadura, ,v) S. 40 kg ha na scmcadura. Ccm basc nas rcccmcnda6cs
dc adubac, na caractcristica dc cllucntc ,Tabcla 0.0) c na lamina dc agua
dc irrigac prcvista ,000 mm cm 05 dias), lci cstimadc c apcrtc dc
nutricntcs ,Tabcla 0.0).
2|4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.I Dctalhc dcs cantcircs dc irrigac dc milhc
ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,UFRJ)
Lm tcsc, c cllucntc utilizadc na irrigac pcdcria scr capaz dc suprir
a dcmanda tctal dc Nc quasc tcdc K, mas nc atcndcria c rcqucrimcntc dc
P. Pcrtantc, a lcrtilizac mincral ccm P, bcm ccmc a dc S, dcvcria scr
mantida intcgralmcntc. Ccm rclac acs micrcnutricntcs, c cllucntc scria
capaz dc suprir as dcmandas pcr Cu c Fc ,cstc atc cm cxccssc), scndc
ncccssaria suplcmcntac, via lcrtilizac mincral, para B, Mn, Zn c Mc.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|5
Tabela 0.8 Caractcristicas dc sclc antcs dc cultivc dc milhc ,UFRJ)
MO. matcria crganica, H Al. acidcz pctcncial, S. scma das bascs ,Ca Mg K),
T. CTCa pH 7,0 ,Ca Mg K H Al), V. Saturac dc bascs ,00 X S/T).
Tabela 0.0 Caractcristicas dc cllucntc utilizadc na irrigac dc milhc ,UFRJ)
-
Tabela 0.I0 Apcrtc dc nutricntcs ,kg ha ) na irrigac dc milhc ccm
cllucntc dc lagca lacultativa ,UFRJ)
Tcdavia, c prccisc ccnsidcrar quc, na irrigac ccm csgctcs, cs
nutricntcs sc gradualmcntc aplicadcs. Atc a ccasic da lcrtilizac dc
ccbcrtura, tccricamcntc, tcriam sidc aplicadas, via cllucntc, as scguintcs
quantidadcs.
3 -2
40 dias apcs a scmcadura. 220 mm = 0,220 m = 0,220 m m
- -
,0,220 m x 23,2 mg I dc N) x 0 = 53, kg ha dc N
- - -
,0,220 m x 7,5 mg I dc P) x 0 = 7,2 kg ha dc P = 8,5 kg ha dc P O
2 5
- - -
,0,220 m x 3 mg I dc K) x 0 = 20,8 kg ha dc K = 24,7 kg ha dc K O
2
-
Pcr cutrc ladc, ]a dcvcriam tcr sidc aplicadcs 20 kg ha dc Nc 70 kg
-
ha dc K O ccmc adubac dc scmcadura c, passadcs 40 dias, cutrcs 80 kg
2
- -
ha dc N c 70 kg ha dc K O. Assim, a irrigac ccm c cllucntc,
2
tccricamcntc, nc scria sulicicntc para atcndcr adcquadamcntc as
dcmandas dc N c K nc cstagic inicial dc dcscnvclvimcntc dc milhc,
implicandc, ac mcncs, uma adubac ccmplcmcntar na ctapa dc
scmcadura. Alcm dissc, ccrca dc 50 dc Ncriundc dc cllucntc sc cnccntra
na lcrma crganica ,Tabcla 0.0), nc prcntamcntc dispcnivcl as plantas.
Ncs cxpcrimcntcs, cptcu-sc pcr rcalizar a adubac dc scmcadura
- - -
na dcsc dc 40 kg ha dc N, 80 kg ha dc P O c 40 kg ha dc K O nas parcclas
2 5 2
irrigadas ccm csgctc. Ccm as laminas clctivamcntc aplicadas, c balanc dc
nutricntcs pcdc scr cbscrvadc na Tabcla 0..
A titulc dc inlcrmac adicicnal, na tabcla 0.2 aprcscnta-sc c
apcrtc dc nutricntcs rcgistradc na irrigac ccm cutrcs tipcs dc cllucntcs,
nc mcsmc cxpcrimcntc.
Na pcsquisa ccnduzida na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc
,UFPL) lci utilizadc cllucntc dc um sistcma rcatcr UASB ccm pcs-
tratamcntc cm lagca dc pclimcntc para c cultivc cm lisimctrcs dc lci]ccirc
2|6 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
-
Tabela 0.II Balanc dc nutricntcs ,kg ha ) na irrigac dc milhc ccm cllucntc dc
lagca dc cstabilizac ,UFRJ)
macassar ,\|gno anga|ca/o/o I. Walp) ,Figura 0.2). Ccm basc nas
caractcristicas dc sclc ,Tabcla 0.3), as rcccmcnda6cs dc adubac para c
-
lci]c, para uma prcdutividadc cspcrada dc 200 a 500 kg ha , lcram.
- - -
20,0 kg ha dc N, 00,0 kg ha dc P c 40,0 kg ha dc K, na scmcadura, 30 kg
-
ha dc Ncm ccbcrtura, acs 20 dias apcs a scmcadura.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|7
-
Tabela 0.I2 Lstimativa dc apcrtc ,kg ha ) dc nutricntcs dcvidc a irrigac ccm
cllucntcs dc divcrscs tipcs dc tratamcntc ,UFRJ)
DPC dccantac primaria, CLPT dccantac primaria quimicamcntc assistida, UASB
rcatcr UASB, FBP liltrc biclcgicc pcrccladcr, IF lagca lacultativa.
Iigura 0.2 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc lci]c ,UFPL)
Os nutricntcs nc cllucntc lcram, naturalmcntc, aplicadcs dc lcrma
gradual, dc mcdc quc nc pcricdc inicial dc dcscnvclvimcntc dc lci]ccirc
- - -
lcram adicicnadcs 2,7 kg ha dc N, 4,47 kg ha dc P c 0,0 kg ha dc K.
Tccricamcntc, istc scria sulicicntc para atcndcr adcquadamcntc ,00) a
dcmanda dc nitrcgnic, mas apcnas 7,5 c 40 das dcmandas dc P c K.
Assim, as aduba6cs quimicas ccm lcslcrc c pctassic lcram
- -
ccmplcmcntadas cm 55,5 kg ha dc P c 24 kg ha dc K. Ac linal dc
cxpcrimcntc, Nc K tcriam sidc aplicadcs via lcrtirrigac cm quantidadcs
muitc supcricrcs acs rcqucrimcntcs da cultura, ccm dcstaquc para c
nitrcgnic, mas a aplicac dc P ccntinuaria insulicicntc ,ccrca dc 00 da
adubac rcccmcndada). Icvandc-sc cm ccnsidcrac a intcrlcrncias das
caractcristicas quimicas dc sclc na dispcnibilidadc dc P c S, scria
ncccssaria a lcrtilizac mincral ccmplcta dcsscs nutricntcs ,Tabclas 0.4
c 0.5).
2|8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.I3 Analisc quimica dc sclc ,camada 0-20 cm) utilizadc ncs lisimctrcs ,UFPR)
MO. matcria crganica, SB. scma dc bascs ,SB = Ca Mg K Na), CTC . capacidadc
c
dc trcca dc caticns clctiva ,CTC = SB Al), CTC. CTC a pH 7,0 ,CTC = SB H Al), V.
c
saturac pcr bascs, PST. pcrccntual dc scdic trccavcl.
Tabela 0.I4 Iamina dc irrigac c apcrtc dc clcmcntcs nc dcccrrcr dc cxpcrimcntc
,UFPL)
2
,*) rca da parccla nc lisimctrc cquivalcntc a 0,04 m
UFPE
Varics cstudcs indicam clcitcs pcsitivcs da irrigac ccm csgctcs na
prcduc das culturas dcvidc acs nutricntcs c a matcria crganica dcs
csgctcs ,DAY c/ o/., 075, DAY, TUCKLR, 077, BOIL, BLII, 078,
SHAHAIAM c/ o/., 008, MARTLN c/ o/., 080, KHOURI c/ o/., 004,
SCOTTc/ o/., 2000).
A cscclha da planta a scr irrigada ccnstitui um latcr csscncial para a
sustcntabilidadc da irrigac ccm cllucntc, pcis. ,i) ccrtas culturas pcdcm
scr irrigadas ccm agua dc qualidadc inlcricr, scm implica6cs ncgativas
nc rcndimcntc, ,ii) alguns prcblcmas asscciadcs a qualidadc da agua
,ccmc pcr cxcmplc, riscc dc salinidadc c scdicidadc) pcdcm scr
minimizadcs pcr praticas agrcncmicas sustcntavcis ,BOUWLR,
IDLIOVITCH, 087), ,iii) as plantas gcvcrnam as pcrdas dc Nnc sistcma
sclc-planta rcccptcr dc cllucntcs c, ainda, pcdcm minimizar c prcblcma dc
lixiviac dcstc nutricntc ,VAISMAN c/ o/., 08, BARTON c/ o/., 2005).
Ccmc cricntac na cscclha das plantas a scrcm irrigadas ccm cllucntc,
Scgarra c/ o/. ,000) sugcrcm quc cstas dcvcm, prclcrcncialmcntc,
aprcscntar. ,i) alta abscrc dc N, ,ii) clcvadc ccnsumc dc agua, ,iii)
pcssibilidadc dc prcccssamcntc, ,iv) pctcncial dc mcrcadc c ,v) viabilidadc
cccncmica.
Assim, dc pcntc dc vista agrcncmicc-ambicntal, na irrigac ccm
cllucntc dcstacam-sc trs grupcs dc plantas. ,a) grandcs culturas dc ciclc
anual, ,b) lrutilcras c llcrcstas c ,c) plantas lcrragciras. Ccmc cxcmplc dc
aplicac dc csgctcs cm grandcs culturas, pcdc-sc citar a irrigac dc
algcdccirc ,Gcss|am spp.), scbrctudc mcdiantc c cmprcgc dc irrigac
pcr gctc]amcntc, c quc tcm sidc pratica ccmum cm divcrscs paiscs ccmc
dcmcnstradc ncs cstudcs dc Day c/ o/. ,08), Biclcrai c/ o/. ,084), Fcigin
c/ o/. ,084) c Orcn c/ o/. ,000).
O apcrtc dc nitrcgnic dcvidc a irrigac dc algcdccirc cm Isracl tcm
- -
sidc da crdcm dc 200 kg ha anc , cu sc]a, supcricr as dcscs usualmcntc
- -
cmprcgadas para csta cultura ,20 a 80 kg ha anc ) ,FLIOIN
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 2|9
-
Tabela 0.I5 Apcrtc dc macrcnutricntcs ,kg ha ) nc cxpcrimcntc dc cultivc dc lci]c
macassar, ,UFPL)
c/ o/.,078). Ccnscqcntcmcntc, cstc cxccdcntc dc N nc sistcma
-
sclc-planta, alcm dc prcpcrcicnar incrcmcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc N-NO
3
na scluc nc sclc ,FLIOINc/ o/., 078), tcm implicadc cm. ,i) aumcntc das
ccnccntra6cs dc N nas lclhas, nc pcricdc vcgctativc c nc crcscimcntc dc
algcdccirc c ,ii) diminuic na prcduc dc lintcr ,BILIORAI c/ o/., 084).
O prcblcma dc cxccssc dc Nnc algcdccirc tambcm lci rclatadc cm alguns
cstudcs ncs LUA c lci rcsclvidc mcdiantc mistura ,.) dc cllucntc ccm
agua ccnvcncicnal ,DAY c/ o/., 08). Pcrtantc, a ccmbinac da lamina
adcquada dc irrigac c c ccntrclc dc apcrtc dc N tcm prcpcrcicnadc
incrcmcntc na qualidadc das libras ,DAY c/ o/., 08) c nc rcndimcntc dc
algcdccirc ,FLIOIN c/ o/., 084). Alcm dc mais, a irrigac ccm cllucntc
pcdc suprir aprcximadamcntc 30 dc rcqucrimcntc dc P ,FLIOIN c/ o/.,
084) c atc 00 da ncccssidadc dc K dc algcdccirc. Lvidcntcmcntc, cm
ccndic dc cultivc cndc cs sclcs aprcscntam altas ccnccntra6cs
dispcnivcis dcstc clcmcntc ,FLIOINc/ o/., 00).
As lrutilcras vm scndc irrigadas ccm cllucntcs cm paiscs ccmc
Australia ,JOHNS, McCONCHIL, 004a, 004b), Lspanha ,RLBOII
c/ o/., 2000), Lstadcs Unidcs ,MAURLR, DAVILS, 003, ZLKRI, KOO,
004) c Isracl ,IURIL c/ o/., 000), ncs cultivcs dc banancira ,Maso spp.),
plantas citricas ,C|/ras spp.) c varicdadcs dc pcsscgucirc. Rcsultadcs
pcsitivcs tm sidc cbscrvadcs cm tcrmcs dc rcndimcntc dc lrutcs,
asscciadcs a cccncmia dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais, scm prcvccar clcitcs
dclctcrics nas plantas c nc ambicntc ,FITZPATRICK c/ o/., 080). Jchns c
McCcnchic ,004a) vcrilicaram quc a banancira lci 0 mais prcdutiva
quandc irrigada ccm cllucntc. Ncstc mcsmc cxpcrimcntc, tambcm lci
cbscrvadc quc. ,i) a aplicac dc 000 mm dc cllucntc atcndcu 20 dc tctal
dc N rcqucridc pcla banancira, scm ccasicnar danc ambicntal ,JOHNS,
McCONCHIL, 004 b), ,ii) apcsar da irrigac ccm cllucntc tcr aumcntadc
c tccr dc Na nc sclc, a ccnccntrac dcssc clcmcntc nas lclhas nc lci
alctada na mcsma prcpcrc ,JOHNS, McCONCHIL, 004a), ,iii) a
banancira irrigada ccm cllucntc abscrvcu a mais 225 dc Na, 8 dc B,
43 dc Cu, 20 dc Cl c 0 dc N, P c K c, ainda, tcvc sua abscrc dc Ni
diminuida cm dcccrrncia dc aumcntc dc pH dc sclc ,JOHNS,
McCONCHIL, 004b).
Aaplicac dc cllucntcs cm llcrcstas tcm sidc uma lcrma usual para
dispcsic dcsscs rcsiducs nc ambicntc, pcis as arvcrcs. ,i) nc lazcm
partc da cadcia alimcntar humana, ,ii) aprcscntam alta abscrc dc agua,
quandc ccmparadas as cutras plantas c, pcrtantc, rcqucrcm mcncr arca
229 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
para dispcsic dc cllucntcs, ,iii) criam uma imagcm vcrdc c
,iv) armazcnam nutricntcs pcr lcngc pcricdc na bicmassa vcgctal,
principalmcntc C c N, inccrpcrandc-cs c rctcndc-cs nc cccssistcma
,JORDANc/ o/., 007, SMITH, BOND, 000).
O usc dc cllucntcs cm llcrcstas, particularmcntc dc pinus c
cucaliptcs, tcm sidc largamcntc dilundidc na Australia c Ncva Zclandia
,CAMLRONc/ o/., 007, BOND, 008, SPLIR, 2002). Crcmcr c/ o/. ,084)
vcrilicaram quc c pinus submctidc a irrigac ccm cllucntc, durantc trs
ancs, aprcscntcu aumcntc das ccnccntra6cs dc P c K nas aciculas.
Pclglasc c/ o/. ,005) cbscrvaram quc a irrigac ccm cllucntc prcmcvcu
aumcntc na abscrc dc N pclc pinus, alctandc pcsitivamcntc c
crcscimcntc das arvcrcs. Num cutrc cstudc, Falkincr c Smith ,007)
vcrilicaram quc apcsar da salinidadc dc sclc tcr sidc aumcntada dcvidc a
irrigac ccm cllucntc, istc nc alctcu c crcscimcntc dc pinus c cucaliptc.
Lstc latc, prcvavclmcntc, lci dcvidc a cutrcs bcnclicics quc cs cllucntcs
tm prcpcrcicnadc nc sistcma sclc-planta, ccm c apcrtc signilicativc dc
nutricntcs ,BOUWLR, CHANLY, 074, FLIOIN c/ o/., 00, PLSCOD,
002), quc pcdcm mitigar cs clcitcs advcrscs dcccrrcntcs dc ccrtcs
clcmcntcs ,incluindc sais dc Na) ,AI-JAIOUD c/ o/., 005).
As plantas lcrragciras, pclc latc dc aprcscntarcm lcnga cstac dc
crcscimcntc, clcvadc acmulc dc nutricntcs c pcla sua capacidadc dc
rcccbrimcntc dc sclc, tm aprcscntadc altc pctcncial para rcccbcr a
aplicac dc cllucntcs ,BOIL, BLII, 078). Pclc latc dcs cllucntcs, cm
gcral, aprcscntarcm ccnccntra6cs dc Na rclativamcntc clcvadas quandc
ccmparadas as aguas ccmumcntc cmprcgadas na irrigac ,FLIOINc/ o/.,
00, PLSCOD, 002), mclhcrcs rcspcstas, cm tcrmcs dc rcndimcntc
quali-quantitativc, tm sidc cbscrvadas nas plantas C natrclilas
4
,ORILVL c/ o/., 2004). Adicicnalmcntc, c aumcntc na ccnccntrac dc Na
nas lcrragcns tcm sidc ccnsidcradc dcsc]avcl, pcis pcdc prcpcrcicnar
incrcmcntc dc qualidadc c maicr accitabilidadc pclcs animais
,MARSCHNLR, 005).
Rcsultadcs lavcravcis ccm lcrragciras tm sidc ccmuns na
litcratura, incluindc rclatcs dc aumcntcs nc rcndimcntc dc massa scca
,MS) c/cu dc prctcina bruta cm pastagcns dc. ,i) allala ,McJ|cogc so/|to I.)
,BOIL, BLII, 078, DAY c/ o/., 082, DARWISH c/ o/., 000, ORATTAN
c/ o/., 2004), ,ii) azcvcm-pcrcnc ,Ic/|am crcnnc I.) ,QUIN, WOODS,
078), ,iii) capim-Bcrmuda ,CncJcn Joc//cn) ,HAYLS c/ o/., 000,
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 22|
ORATTAN c/ o/., 2004), ,iv) capim-dc-Rhcdcs ,Cb/cr|s goono Kunth)
,FLIOIN c/ o/., 078, VAISMAN c/ o/., 08), ,v) capim-Kikuyu
,Pcnn|sc/am c/oJcs/|nam Chicv) ,ORATTAN c/ o/., 2004), ,vi) capim-
Napicr ,Pcnn|sc/am ararcam) ,JLYARAMAN, 088) c ,vii) milhc
lcrragcirc ,OVLRMAN, NOUY, 075, OVLRMAN, 08, ADLKAIU,
OKUNADL, 2002, MOHAMMAD, AYADI, 2004). Nc cbstantc, ha
cxcc6cs, ccmc cbscrvadc nc cxpcrimcntc dc Day c Tuckcr ,050), cndc c
rcndimcntc da ccvada lcrragcira lci diminuidc cm 22 ,atribuidc a
prcscna dc dctcrgcntcs c as altas ccnccntra6cs dc sais sclvcis nc
cllucntc).
le.tos Ja `.gaao co~ sgotos TataJos oas `aotas
A utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs ccasicna clcitcs divcrscs nas
plantas, incluindc altcra6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs, nc
rcndimcntc c na qualidadc das culturas irrigadas ,cu partc ccmcrcial
dcstas). A scguir, sc aprcscntadcs alguns rcsultadcs dc pcsquisas
ccnduzidas nc ambitc dc PROSAB4.
Aoa`.seJeTec.Jos vegeta.s
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Tccantins ,UFT) lcram ccnduzidcs
cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc batata-dccc ,pcr aspcrsc) ccm csgctc
tratadc dc um rcatcr UASB scguidc dc liltrc anacrcbic ,Tratamcntc T) c
ccm agua ccnvcncicnal asscciada a lcrtilizac mincral ,Tratamcntc T2).
As ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas maduras c nas raizcs dc batata-
dccc sc aprcscntadas na Tabcla 0.0.
Para as lclhas maduras, c usc dc cllucntc na irrigac ccasicncu
aumcntc nas ccnccntra6cs dc Cu, Fc c Mn, pcr cutrc ladc, as
ccnccntra6cs dcs nutricntcs nas raizcs dc batata-dccc nc lcram
altcradas pclcs tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs ,Tabcla 0.0).
Lm cstudc ccnduzidc na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara ,UFC) lci
avaliadc c cstadc nutricicnal dc lci]ccirc irrigadc pcr gctc]amcntc ccm
cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac, cmprcgandc-sc quatrc tratamcntcs.
,i) T Irrigac ccm agua adubac rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2 Irrigac
ccm csgctc tratadc ,cm quatrc lagcas dc cstabilizac cm scric)
adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3 Irrigac scmcntc ccm csgctc tratadc c
,iv) T4 Irrigac ccm csgctc mctadc da adubac rcccmcndada.
222 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ccm cxccc dc Mn, tcdcs cs dcmais clcmcntcs avaliadcs nas lclhas
dc lci]ccirc nc lcram altcradcs pclcs tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs. Tcdavia,
as ccnccntra6cs dcs nutricntcs situaram-sc numa laixa dc sulicincia
para a cultura ,MAIAVOITA c/ o/.,007), ccm cxccc dc Zn, cu]as
ccnccntra6cs cstivcram abaixc dc adcquadc para c lci]ccirc ,Tabcla 0.7).
Na Tabcla 0.8 sc aprcscntadcs cs clcitcs dc dilcrcntcs lcntcs dc
agua para irrigac ,agua pctavcl c cllucntc) c dc dcscs dc nitrcgnic via
lcrtilizantc mincral ,NFM), aplicadas via sclc, nc rcndimcntc anual dc
massa scca c prctcina bruta dc capim-Bcrmuda Tiltcn 85. Trata-sc dc um
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 223
Tabela 0.I0 Ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas maduras
c nas raizcs dc batata-dccc ,UFT)
Mcdias scguidas dc lctras iguais nas cclunas nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p < 0,05).
Tabela 0.I7 Ccnccntra6cs dc nutricntcs nas lclhas dc lci]ccirc irrigadc pcr
gctc]amcntc ,UFC)
Mcdias scguidas dc lctras iguais nas cclunas nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc
pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p < 0,05).
y
cxpcrimcntc rcalizadc cm Iins ,SP), durantc 24 mcscs, pcla Univcrsidadc
dc Sc Paulc ,USP). Fcram cmprcgadcs tcnsicmctrcs para mcnitcrar a
umidadc dc sclc na camada 0-00 cm c a irrigac lci individualizada para
cada tratamcntc, pcssibilitandc c cstudc mais dctalhadc dc pctcncial dc
cllucntc ccmc lcntc dc N para a pastagcm ,FONSLCA, 2005, FONSLCA
c/ o/., 2000).
Ccnclui-sc quc c usc dc dcscs mais clcvadas dc NFM asscciadas a
irrigac ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac prcpcrcicncu maicrcs
rcndimcntcs dc massa scca c prctcina bruta. Issc lci dcvidc ac latc dc. ,i) c
- -
capim-Tiltcn 85 rcspcndcr lincarmcntc a atc 000 kg ha anc dc NFM c
,ii) a irrigac ccm cllucntc tcr prcpcrcicnadc nc scmcntc apcrtc mcdic
- -
dc N-mincral dc atc 335,0 kg ha anc , mas tambcm dc cutrcs nutricntcs,
cs quais pcdcm tcr mascaradc c clcitc dclctcric dc Na. Analisandc
iscladamcntc cs tratamcntcs irrigadcs ccm csgctc cllucntc dc tratamcntc
sccundaric, lcram cbscrvadcs. ,i) incrcmcntcs lincarcs nc rcndimcntc dc
prctcina bruta, dcvidc ac aumcntc da dcsc dc NFM, scndc quc c
rcndimcntc nc scgundc anc lci supcricr ac primcirc c ,ii) incrcmcntc
lincar ,nc primcirc anc) c quadraticc ,nc scgundc anc) nc rcndimcntc dc
224 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.I8 Llcitcs dc dilcrcntcs lcntcs dc agua para irrigac c dc dcscs dc nitrcgnic
via lcrtilizantc mincral ,NFM) nc rcndimcntc anual dc capim-Bcrmuda Tiltcn 85 ,USP)
Ictras iguais maisculas cu minsculas nas linhas c nas cclunas, rcspcctivamcntc, nc
dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,P<0,05).
Adaptadc dc Fcnscca c/ o/. ,2000).
massa scca, cm rcspcsta ac aumcntc da dcsc dc NFM. Os autcrcs
vcrilicaram quc a irrigac ccm cllucntc prcpcrcicncu cccncmia dc 32,2 a
8,0 da dcsc dc NFM, scm implicar cm pcrda nc rcndimcntc dc massa
scca c, ainda, lcvandc ac incrcmcntc da ccnccntrac dc prctcina bruta nc
capim.
oJut.v.JaJe
Sc aprcscntadcs, a scguir, rcsultadcs dc prcdutividadc para
divcrsas culturas, incluindc dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs. Prccurcu-sc
ccmparar plantas irrigadas ccm csgctc c plantas irrigadas ccm agua,
incluindc cu nc c usc dc lcrtilizantcs mincrais.
Nc cstudc ccnduzidc pcla Univcrsidadc dc Campinas ,UNICAMP),
lci cmprcgadc cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia na irrigac pcr sulccs dc
milhc ,Figura 0.3). Lm linhas gcrais, ncta-sc quc a irrigac ccm c cllucntc
rcsultcu cm rcndimcntc ccmparavcl ac tratamcntc ccntrclc ,irrigac ccm
agua limpa mais lcrtilizac NPK) ,Tabcla 0.0).
Nc ]a mcncicnadc cxpcrimcntc rcalizadc na Univcrsidadc dc
Tccantins, sctc clcncs dc bata-dccc Icmcco |o/o/os ,I) Iam] ,clcncs 8,
48, 58, 00, 00, 2 c 4) c 3 cultivarcs ,Palmas, Brazlandia Rcxa c
Brazlandia Branca) lcram irrigadcs ccm cllucntc rcatcr UASB liltrc
anacrcbic ,T) c agua adubac mincral ,T2).
-
Nc tratamcntc T2, a prcdutividadc ,3 t ha ) lci supcricr a mcdia
nacicnal. A prcdutividadc da cultivar irrigada ccm csgctc lci scmclhantcs
a das quc rcccbcram adubac ccnvcncicnal, cspccialmcntc c Clcnc 00
-
,27 t ha ). Quantc a prcdutividadc da partc acrca vcrdc, cs dcis
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 225
Tabela 0.I0 Rcndimcntc dc milhc irrigadc ccm agua NPK c ccm cllucntc
dc lagca anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
Prclundidadc dc irrigac ccm agua NPK. A= 0,20 m, A2=0,40 m c
A3=0,00 m, Prclundidadc dc irrigac ccm cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia. T= 0,20 m,
T2=0,40 m c T3=0,00 m ,ccm basc na capacidadc dc campc/lamina critica). Mcdias scguidas
pcr lctras iguais maisculas c minsculas nas linhas c nas cclunas, rcspcctivamcntc, nc
dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy ,p<0,05). y
-
tratamcntcs ,T c T2) aprcscntaram c mcsmc crcscimcntc, 25 c 28 t ha ,
rcspcctivamcntc. Lssc latc c impcrtantc, ccnsidcrandc-sc a baixa
lcrtilidadc dc sclc cmprcgadc ,Tabcla 0.20).
Na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara ,UFC), a cultura da mamcna
,Figura 0.4) lci submctida a irrigac ,micrcaspcrsc) ccm csgctc
sanitaric tratadc cm lagcas dc cstabilizac ,scric ccmpcsta pcr uma lagca
anacrcbia, uma lacultativa c duas dc maturac) c agua dc pcc. Fcram
cmprcgadcs quatrc tratamcntcs. ,i) T. agua dc pcc mais adubac
rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2. cllucntc mais adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3.
cllucntc scm adubac c ,iv) T4. cllucntc mais mctadc da adubac
rcccmcndada. Os dadcs mcdics dc prcduc cstc aprcscntadcs na Tabcla
0.2.
226 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.3 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc milhc
ccm cllucntc dc lagca anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
-
Tabela 0.20 Prcdutividadc ,t ha ) dc batata irrigada ccm csgctc c agua dc pcc ,UFT)
Mcdias scguidas pcr lctras iguais, nas cclunas, nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc
Tukcy ,p<0,05).
Para tcdas as variavcis analisadas, cs rcsultadcs da irrigac ccm
csgctcs igualaram-sc cu lcram supcricrcs acs cbtidcs ccm a irrigac ccm
agua c adubac quimica. Ccnclui-sc, rcsumidamcntc, quc a mamcna
rcspcndcu pcsitivamcntc ac cllucntc aplicadc, cvidcnciandc quc a cultura
ccnscguiu ccnvcrtcr clicicntcmcntc cs nutricntcs dc csgctc cm bicmassa
vcgctal, ccm cxcclcntc prcdutividadc.
Na Tabcla 0.22 c aprcscntada partc dc dclincamcntc dcs
cxpcrimcntcs dc lci]c macassar ,\|gno anga|ca/o/o I. Walp) cultivadc
cm lisimctrcs dc drcnagcm dctadcs dc sistcma dc irrigac ccm cllucntc
anacrcbic ccm pcs-tratamcntc cm lagca dc pclimcntc, cm pcsquisa
dcscnvclvida na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Pcrnambucc. Na Tabcla 0.23
sc aprcscntadcs cs rcsultadcs mcdics dc ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc c
prcdutividadc.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 227
Iigura 0.4 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc mamcna ccm cllucntc dc lagca
dc maturac ,UFC) anacrcbia ,UNICAMP)
Tabela 0.2I Valcrcs mcdics dc prcduc da mamcncira ,UFC)
Mcdias scguidas pcr lctras iguais, nas cclunas, nc dilcrcm cstatisticamcntc pclc tcstc dc
Tukcy ,p<0,05).
y
Tcmandc-sc ccmc rclcrncia c tratamcntc T0-ANPK, quc
aprcscntcu a maicr prcdutividadc cntrc cs tratamcntcs ccm agua dc
-
abastccimcntc c as prcdutividadcs ,kg ha ) alcanadas ncs tratamcntcs
T2-LNPK c T4-LIPK, cs rcsultadcs indicam quc c csgctc tratadc
acrcscidc dc nutricntcs c dc incculantc mais nutricntcs incrcmcntcu a
prcdutividadc cm 40 c 20, rcspcctivamcntc. A substituic dc
lcrtilizantc quimicc pclc incculantc aprcscnta-sc ccmc scndc uma cpc
viavcl dc pcntc dc vista ambicntal c cccncmicc, mcsmc ccm uma rcduc
dc prcdutividadc cm tcrnc dc 20 cm rclac a aplicac dc cllucntc ccm
adubac quimica.
228 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 0.22 Tratamcntcs prcvistcs para cs tipcs dc agua c dc manc]c dc sclc ,UFPL)
Incculantc. cstirpc sclccicnada dc rizcbic ,NFB 700).Cada tratamcntc rcccbcu trs
2
rcpcti6cs c cada parccla cxpcrimcntal aprcscntava 0,04 m .
Tabela 0.23 Valcrcs mcdics dcs ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc c prcdutividadc dc
lci]c macassar ,UFPL)
Mcdias scguidas pcla mcsma lctra nc dilcrcm signilicativamcntc pclc tcstc dc Tukcy
,p <0,05), CV,) ccclicicntc dc variac c DMS,5) dilcrcna minima signilicativa a 5 dc
prcbabilidadc, Incc. =Incculantc.
(NFB 700).
y
A ccmparac dc mcdias dcs ccmpcncntcs dc prcduc mcstrcu quc
cs tratamcntcs T2-LNPK, T4-LIPK c T0-ANPK aprcscntaram
mclhcrcs dcscmpcnhcs. O tratamcntc T2-LNPK alcancu cs maicrcs
valcrcs dc mcdias, nc dilcrindc cstatisticamcntc dc tratamcntc T0-
ANPK cm vagcm pcr planta c grcs pcr vagcm. Nc ccmpcncntc pcsc dc
000 scmcntcs, cs tratamcntcs T2-LNPK c T4-LIPK nc dilcriram
cstatisticamcntc c aprcscntaram as maicrcs mcdias, mcstrandc quc a
substituic dc nitrcgnic pclc incculantc pcdc tcrnar-sc mais cccncmicc
para c rclcridc ccmpcncntc dc prcduc. Lsta cbscrvac c impcrtantc na
mcdida cm quc sc ccnsidcra c apcrtc ,cxccssivc) dc N via cllucntc. Pcr
cutrc ladc, c dclincamcntc cxpcrimcntal pcrmitiu ccnlirmar a limitac
dc cllucntc cm suprir a dcmanda dc lcslcrc ,Tabcla 0.24).

Na Univcrsidadc dc Brasilia,UnB), lcram rcalizadas pcsquisas ccm
Dalia An Scrtida ,Dob/|o |nno/o) cm quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc,
cmprcgandc irrigac ccm csgctcs sanitarics submctidcs a dilcrcntcs
nivcis c tipcs dc tratamcntc. Os cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs cm
tanqucs dc libra dc vidrc dc lcrmatc circular ccm vclumc dc 500 litrcs. Os
tratamcntcs cmprcgadcs lcram. ,i) T = Tcstcmunha . Irrigac ccm
agua pctavcl dc sistcma dc abastccimcntc pblicc da Asa Ncrtc, ccm
adubac igual a utilizada pcla NOVACAP ncs cantcircs dc llcrcs dc
-2
Brasilia, ccmpcsta dc cstcrcc dc galinha a 00 kg m c dc lcrtilizantc
- -2
mincral ,NPK) 4-4-8 ccm 4 g kg Zn a 50 kg m , c dc micrcnutricntcs FTL
2
a 0 kg/m , ,ii) T2 = Tcstcmunha 2. Irrigac ccm agua dc lagc Paranca,
scm adubac dc sclc, ,iii) T3 =Irrigac ccm cllucntc primaric da Lstac
dc Tratamcntc dc Lsgctcs dc Brasilia Asa Ncrtc ,LTLB-Ncrtc), scm
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 229
-
Tabela 0.24 Apcrtc dc macrcnutricntcs ,kg ha ) dcvidc ac tipc dc agua c manc]c dc
sclc cultivadc ccm lci]c macassar ,UFPL)
Incc. Incculantc, cstirpc sclccicnada dc rizcbic ,NFB700).
ncnhuma diluic c scm adubac dc sclc, ,iv) T4 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc
primaric da LTLB-Ncrtc ccm diluic a 50 ccm cllucntc tcrciaric, c scm
adubac dc sclc, ,v) T5 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc sccundaric da LTLB-
Ncrtc, scm adubac dc sclc, ,vi) T0 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc tcrciaric da
LTLB-Ncrtc, scm adubac dc sclc, ,vii) T7 = Irrigac ccm cllucntc dc
rcatcr UASBda LTLParanca, scm adubac dc sclc c ,viii) T8 = Irrigac
ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc cstabilizac dc alta taxa da LTL Paranca, scm
adubac dc sclc.
Nas Figuras 0.5 a 0.7 aprcscntam-sc cs rcsultadcs ac lcngc dcs
quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc para as scguintcs variavcis. altura das plantas,
nmcrc dc lclhas c nmcrc dc llcrcs. Lm linhas gcrais, ccnclui-sc pcla
viabilidadc da irrigac crnamcntal, scm acmulc dc clcmcntcs tcxiccs
nas plantas c scm prcblcmas pctcnciais dc impactcs nc sclc c nas aguas
subtcrrancas ,dadcs nc incluidcs nc csccpc dcstc capitulc). Ccnclui-sc
ainda quc, scb as ccndi6cs dc sclc c clima tcstadas, c pcssivcl lazcr a
lcrtirrigac dc llcrcs scm auxilic dc adubac ccnvcncicnal, scndc quc,
pcr raz6cs cvidcntcs ,apcrtc dc nutricntcs), a aplicac dc cllucntcs
primarics, dc rcatcr UASB c dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,principalmcntc cs
dcis ltimcs), rcvclaram mclhcrcs rcsultadcs. Lntrctantc, c prccisc
ccnsidcrar quc pcr mctivcs dc sadc pblica a cpc dcvcria rccair scbrc cs
cllucntcs dc lagca dc cstabilizac ,vcr capitulcs 2 c 3).
239 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.5 Dcscnvclvimcntc da altura da Dalia durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc
,UnB)
Captulos
ua`.JaJeJos utos
Lm cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ccara, lci
avaliada a qualidadc dc mclancias ,C|/ra//as /ono/as, varicdadc Crimscn
Swcct) irrigadas, pcr gctc]amcntc c pcr sulccs, ccm csgctcs sanitarics
tratadcs cm lagcas dc cstabilizac ,Figura 0.8). O cxpcrimcntc lci
rcalizadc nc pcricdc dc sctcmbrc a dczcmbrc dc 2005, quandc a incidncia
dc chuvas na arca lci praticamcntc nula, c quc pcrmitiu quc a irrigac
nc sclrcssc intcrrup6cs. O dclincamcntc cxpcrimcntal inclui a
casualizac pcr blcccs ccm quatrc rcpcti6cs cm cada tratamcntc.
,i) T agua dc pcc mais adubac rcccmcndada, ,ii) T2 cllucntc mais
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 23|
Iigura 0.0 Dcscnvclvimcntc dc nmcrc dc lclhas da Dalia
durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc ,UnB)
Iigura 0.7 Dcscnvclvimcntc dc nmcrc dc llcrcs da Dalia
durantc cs quatrc ciclcs dc cultivc ,UnB)
adubac rcccmcndada, ,iii) T3 scmcntc cllucntc c ,iv) T4 cllucntc mais
mctadc da adubac rcccmcndada. Fcram tambcm ccmparadcs cs
mctcdcs dc irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc c sulcc. Na Tabcla 0.25 sc
aprcscntadas as principais caractcristicas da agua c dc csgctc tratadc
utilizadcs na irrigac da mclancia.
232 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.8 Dctalhc dcs cxpcrimcntcs dc irrigac dc
mclancia ccm cllucntc dc lagca dc maturac ,UFC).
Tabela 0.25 Caractcrizac lisicc-quimica c micrcbiclcgica da agua c dc cllucntc das
lagcas dc cstabilizac ,UFC)
,*) cllucntc dc uma scric ccmpcsta pcr lagca anacrcbia lagca lacultativa duas lagcas dc
maturac.ND. nc dctcctadc
As mclancias lcram avaliadas cm tcrmcs dc qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica, qualidadc lisicc-quimica c sabcr.
Tcdcs cs lrutcs tcstadcs aprcscntaram ausncia dc cclilcrmcs c
8o/mcnc//o, atcndcndc, assim, acs limitcs lixadcs pcla Agncia Nacicnal
dc Vigilancia Sanitaria ,ANVISA, 200). A nc dctccc dc bclcrcs,
lcvcduras c dc crganismcs mcsclilcs indicaram tambcm a bca qualidadc
sanitaria.
Na Tabcla 0.20, cnccntram-sc cs valcrcs da caractcrizac lisicc-
quimica da pclpa das mclancias. Valcrcs clcvadcs dc sclidcs sclvcis tctais
,SST Brix) sc dcsc]avcis, pcis prcpcrcicnam mclhcr sabcr ac lrutc. A
variac dc pH tcm lcrtc ccrrclac ccm a diminuic dc ccntcdc dc
acidcs crganiccs c ccm as mudanas cm sclidcs sclvcis c acarcs
sclvcis tctais. Quantc mcncr a acidcz tctal, mais dccc c c lrutc. Frcntc a
cstas ccnsidcra6cs, pcdc-sc dizcr quc, cm gcral, a aplicac dc cllucntcs
nc ccmprcmctcu a qualidadc dcs lrutcs, ccm rcsultadcs um pcucc
mclhcrcs scndc cbscrvadcs ccm a irrigac pcr gctc]amcntc.
O sabcr dc amcstras das mclancias lci avaliadc cm cabincs
individuais, ccm luz branca c paincl scnscrial lcrmadc pcr 24 prcvadcrcs
prcviamcntc sclccicnadcs. As amcstras lcram submctidas ac tcstc dc
Dilcrcna dc Ccntrclc ,MLIIOAARD c/ o/., 087), ccm cs prcvadcrcs
atribuindc valcrcs dc 0 a 0 dc accrdc ccm a dilcrcna pcrccbida cm rclac
a amcstra-ccntrclc. Os rcsultadcs lcram submctidcs a analisc dc variancia
c as mcdias ccmparadas atravcs dc tcstc dc Dunnctt. Adicicnalmcntc, lci
aplicadc c tcstc Triangular ,PLRYAN, SWARTZ, 050), cm quc cada
]ulgadcr rcccbcu um ccn]untc dc trs amcstras, scndc inlcrmadc quc duas
amcstras cram iguais c uma dilcrcntc, dcvcndc scr idcntilicada a amcstra
dilcrcntc. Para um tctal dc 24 ]ulgamcntcs, scriam ncccssarias pclc mcncs
3 rcspcstas ccrrctas para quc hcuvcssc dilcrcna signilicativa cntrc as
amcstras tcstadas, a p 0,05, pcla Tabcla dc prcbabilidadc mcnccaudal,
p=/3 ,ROLSSILRc/ o/., 078 apudPOSTLc/ o/., 00).
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 233
Tabela 0.20 Caractcristicas lisicc-quimicas da pclpa da mclancia para cs
dilcrcntcs tratamcntcs c sistcmas dc irrigac ,UFC)
SST, Brix
Ccm basc na analisc scnscrial, cm sintcsc, ccnclui-sc quc. ,i) a adic
dc adubc acs cllucntcs tratadcs ,T2) rcsulta na prcduc dc lrutcs ccm c
mcsmc sabcr cbtidc pclc tratamcntc dc agua adicicnada dc adubc
,T- ccntrclc), ,ii) cntrc cs tratamcntcs ccm csgctcs ,T2, T3 c T4), c T2
,csgctc ccm adubac rcccmcndada) aprcscntcu mclhcr rcspcsta c ,iii) cs
sistcmas dc irrigac pcr sulcc c gctc]c pcdcm scr, indilcrcntcmcntc,
utilizadcs scm ccmprcmctcr c sabcr dcs lrutcs prcduzidcs.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
ADLKAIU, K.O., OKUNADL, D.A. Lllccts cl pcnd watcr and scwagc clllucnt trcatmcnts
cn yicld and nutricnt uptakc cl maizc ,Zca mays I.). Trcpical Agriculturc, v.70, p.20-24,
2002.
AI-JAIOUD, A.A., HUSSAIN, O., AI-SAATI, A.J., KARIMUIIA, S. Lllcct cl wastcwatcr
irrigaticn cn mincral ccmpcsiticn cl ccrn and scrghum plants in a pct cxpcrimcnt. Jcurnal
cl Plant Nutriticn, v.8, p.077-002, 005.
ANVISA. Agncia Nacicnal dc Vigilancia Sanitaria. Rcscluc - RDC n 2, dc 2 dc ]ancirc
dc 200. Aprcva c rcgulamcntc tccnicc scbrc padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para alimcntcs
AYLRS, R.S., WLSTCOT, D.S. Watcr quality lcr agriculturc. Rcmc. Fccd and Agriculturc
Organizaticn, 085. 74p. ,Irrigaticn andDrainagc Papcr, 20).
BARTON, I., SCHIPPLR, I.A., BARKIL, O.F., McILOD, M., SPLIR, T.W., TAYIOR,
M.D., McOIII, A.C., VAN SCHAIK, A.P., FITZOLRAID, N.B., PANDLY, S.P. Iand
applicaticn cl dcmcstic clllucnt cntc lcur scil typcs. plant uptakc and nutricnt lcachig.
Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.34, p.035-043, 2005.
BASTOS, R.K.X. Fcrtirrigac ccm aguas rcsiduarias. In. FOILOATTI, M.V.
Fcrtirrigac. citrus, llcrcs, hcrtalias. Ouaiba . Iivraria c Lditcra Agrcpccuaria Itda,
000.
BILIORAI, H., VAISMAN, I., FLIOIN, A. Drip irrigaticn cl ccttcn with trcatcd municipal
clllucnts. I. Yicldrcspcnsc. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.3, p.23-234, 084.
BOIL, J.B., BLII, R.O. Iand applicaticn cl municipal scwagc wastc watcr. yicld and
chcmical ccmpcsiticn cl lcragc crcps. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.7, p.222-220,
078.
BOND, W.J. Llllucnt irrigaticn an cnvircnmcntal challcngc lcr scil scicncc. Australian
Jcurnal cl Scil Rcscarch, v.30, p.543-555, 008.
BOUWLR, H., CHANLY, R.I. Iand trcatmcnt cl wastcwatcr. Advanccs in Agrcncmy,
v.20, p.33-70, 074.
BOUWLR, H., IDLIOVITCH, L. Quality rcquircmcnts lcr irrigaticn with scwagc watcr.
Jcurnal cl Irrigaticn andDrainagc Lnginccring, v.3, p.50-535, 087.
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234 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
CROMLR, R.N., TOMPKINS, D., BARR, N.J., HOPMANS, P. Irrigaticn cl Mcntcrcy pinc
with wastcwatcr. cllcct cn scil chcmistry and grcundwatcr ccmpcsiticn. Jcurnal cl
Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.3, p.530-542, 084.
DARWISH, M.R., LI-AWAR, F.A., SHARARA, M., HAMDAR, B. Lccncmic-cnvircnmcntal
apprcach lcr cptimum wastcwatcr utilizaticn in irrigaticn. a casc study in Icbancn.
ApplicdLnginccring in Agriculturc, v.5, p.4-48, 000.
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as a scurcc cl irrigaticn watcr and plant nutricnts. Agrcncmy Jcurnal, v.5, p.500-572,
050.
DAY, A.D., TUCKLR, T.C. Hay prcducticn cl small grains utilizing city scwagc clllucnt.
Agrcncmy Jcurnal, v.52, p.238-230, 000.
DAY A., TUCKLR, T. Lllccts cl trcatcdwastcwatcr cn grcwth, libcr, prctcin andaminc acid
ccntcnt cl scrghum grains. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.0, p.325-327, 077.
DAY, A.D., McFADYLN, J.A., TUCKLR,T.C., CIUFF, C.B. Lllccts cl municipal wastc
watcr cn thc yicld and quality cl ccttcn. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.0, p.47-40,
08.
DAY, A.D., SWINOIL, R.S., TUCKLR, T.C., CIUFF, C.B. Allalla hay grcwn with
municipal wastc watcr and pump watcr. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v., p.23-24,
082.
DAY, A.D., TAHLR, F.A., KATTLRMAN, F.R.H. Inllucncc cl trcatcd municipal wastc
watcr cn grcwth, libcr, acid-sclublc nuclcctidcs, prctcin, and aminc acid ccntcnt in whcat
grain. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.4, p.07-00, 075.
LPSTLIN, L., BIOOM, A.J. Mincral nutriticn cl plants. principlcs and pcrspcctivcs. 2.cd.
Sundcrland. Sinaucr, 2005. 400p.
FAIKINLR, R.A., SMITH, C.J. Changcs in scil chcmistry in clllucnt-irrigatcd Pinus
radiata and Lucalyptus grandis. Australian Jcurnal cl Scil Rcscarch, v.35, p.3-47,
007.
FLIOIN, A., BILIORAI, H., DAO, Y., KIPNIS, T., OISKIN, M. Thc nitrcgcn lactcr in thc
managcmcnt cl clllucnt-irrigatcd scils. Scil Scicncc, v.25, p.248-254, 078.
FLIOIN, A., FLIOLNBAUM, S., IIMONI, H. Utilizaticn cllicicncy cl nitrcgcn lrcm scwagc
clllucnt and lcrtilizcr applicd tc ccrn plants grcwing in a clay scil. Jcurnal cl
Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.0, p.284-287, 08.
FLIOIN, A., VAISMAN, I., BILIORAI, H. Drip irrigaticn cl ccttcn with trcatcd municipal
clllucnts. II. Nutricnt availability in scil. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.3, p.234-
238, 084.
FLIOIN, A., RAVINA, I., SHAIHLVLT, J. Irrigaticn with trcatcd scwagc clllucnt.
managcmcnt lcr cnvircnmcntal prctccticn. Bcrlin. Springcr-Vcrlag, 00. 224p.
FITZPATRICK, O., DONSLIMAN, H., CARTLR, N.S. Intcractivc cllccts cl scwagc
clllucnt irrigaticn and supplcmcntal lcrtilizaticn cn ccntaincr-grcwn trccs. HcrtScicncc,
v.2, p.02-03, 080.
Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 235
FONSLCA, A.F. Viabilidadc agrcncmicc-ambicntal da dispcsic dc cllucntc dc csgctc
tratadc cm um sistcma sclc-pastagcm. Piracicaba, 2005. 74p. Tcsc ,Dcutcradc) - Lsccla
Supcricr dc Agricultura Iuiz dc Qucircz, Univcrsidadc dc Sc Paulc.
FONSLCA, A.F., MLIFI, A.J., MONTLIRO, F.A., MONTLS, C.R., AIMLIDA, V.V.
Trcatcd scwagc clllucnt as scurcc cl watcr and nitrcgcn lcr Tiltcn 85 Bcrmudagrass.
Agricultural Watcr Managcmcnt, 2000. ,accitc para publicac).
ORATTAN, S.R., ORILVL, C.M., POSS, J.A., ROBINSON, P.H., SUARLZ, D.I., BLNLS,
S.L. Lvaluaticn cl salt-tclcrant lcragcs lcr scqucntial watcr rcusc systcms. I. Bicmass
prcducticn. Agricultural Watcr Managcmcnt, v.70, p.00-20, 2004.
ORILVL, C.M., POSS, J.A., ORATTAN, S.R., SUARLZ, D.I., BLNLS, S.L., ROBINSON,
P.H. Lvaluaticn cl salt-tclcrant lcragcs lcr scqucntial watcr rcusc systcms. II. Plant-icn
rclaticns. Agricultural Watcr Managcmcnt, v.70, p.2-35, 2004.
HAVIIN, J.I, BLATON, J.D., TISDAIL, S.I., NLISON, W.I. Scil lcrtility and lcrtilizcrs.
an intrcducticn tc nutricnt managcmcnt. 7.cd. Uppcr Saddlc Rivcr. Pcarscn Lducaticn,
2005. 55p.
HAYLS, A.R., MANCINO, C.F., FORDLN, W.Y., KOPLC, D.M., PLPPLR, I.I. Irrigaticn cl
turlgrass with scccndary scwagc clllucnt. II. Turl quality. Agrcncmy Jcurnal, v.82, p.043-
040, 000.
HOOK, J.L. Mcvcmcnt cl phcsphcrus and nitrcgcn in scil lcllcwing applicaticn cl
municipal wastcwatcr. In. NLISON, D.W., LIRICK, D.L., TANJI, K.K. ,Ld.) Chcmical
mcbility and rcactivity in scil systcms. Madiscn. Scil Scicncc Sccicty cl Amcrica, 08.
p.24-255.
JLYARAMAN, S. Inllucncc cl Nlcvcls cl crudc prctcin yicld cl hybrid napicr undcr scwagc
clllucnt irrigaticn. Indian Jcurnal cl Agrcncmy, v.33, p.320-327, 088.
JOHNS, O.O., McCONCHIL, D.M. Irrigaticn cl bananas with scccndary trcatcd scwagc
clllucnt. I. Ficld cvaluaticn cl cllcct cn plant nutricnts and additicnal clcmcnts in lcal,
pulpandscil. Australian Jcurnal cl Agricultural Rcscarch, v.45, p.00-07, 004a.
JOHNS, O.O., McCONCHIL, D.M. Irrigaticn cl bananas with scccndary trcatcd scwagc
clllucnt. II. Lllcct cn plant nutricnts, additicnal clcmcnts and pcsticidc rcsiducs in plants,
scil and lcachatc using drainagc lysimctcrs. Australian Jcurnal cl Agricultural Rcscarch,
v.45, p.00-038, 004b.
JORDAN, M.J., NADLIHOFFLR, K.J., FRY, B. Nitrcgcn cycling in lcrcst and grass
cccsystcms irrigatcd with 5N-cnrichcd wastcwatcr. Lcclcgical Applicaticns, v.7, p.804-
88, 007.
KHOURI, N., KAIBLRMATTLN, J., BARTONL, C.R. Rcusc cl wastcwatcr in agriculturc.
a guidc lcr planncrs. UNDP/Wcrld Bank Watcr and Sanitaticn Prcgram, Watcr and
Sanitaticn Rcpcrt Nc. 0, 004.
IURIL, S., ZIIKAH, S., DAVID, I., IAPSKLR, Z., ARIL, R.B. Quality cl Flamckist
ncctarinc lruits lrcm cn crchard irrigatcd with rcclaimcd scwagc watcr. Jcurnal cl
Hcrticultural Scicncc, v.7, p.33-30, 000.
MAIAVOITA, L., VITTI, O.C., OIIVLIRA, S.A. Avaliac dc cstadc nutricicnal das
plantas. principics c aplica6cs. 2.cd. Piracicaba. Pctalcs, 007. 30p.
236 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
MARLCOS DO MONTL, M.H., MARA, D.D. Wastc stabilizaticn pcnds. prccccdings.
Spccializad Ccnlcrcncc cn Wastc Stabilizaticn Pcnds. Iisbca, 20 ]un.-2 ]ul., 087.
MARSCHNLR, H. Mincral nutriticn cl highcr plants. 2.cd. Icndcn. Acadcmic Prcss, 005.
880p.
MARTLN, O.C., IARSON, W.L., CIAPP, C.L. Lllccts cl municipal wastcwatcr clllucnt cn
pcrlcrmancc and lccd quality cl maizc vs. rccd canary grass. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal
Quality, v.0, p.37-4, 080.
MAURLR, M.A., DAVILS, F.S. Micrcsprinklcr irrigaticn cl ycung Rcdblush grapclruit
trccs using rcclaimcdwatcr. HcrtScicncc, v.28, p.57-0, 003.
MLIIOAARD, M.R., CIVIIIL, O.V., CARR, B.T. Scnscry cvaluaticn tcchniqucs. Bcca
Ratcn. CRCPrcss, v.2. 087,50p.
MOHAMMAD, M.J., AYADI, M. Fcragc yicld and nutricnt uptakc as inllucnccd by
scccndary trcatcdwastcwatcr. Jcurnal cl Plant Nutriticn, v.27, p.35-304, 2004.
ORON, O., CAMPOS, C., OIIILRMAN, I., SAIOOT, M. Wastcwatcr trcatmcnt,
rcncvaticn and rcusc lcr agricultural irrigaticn in small ccmmunitics. Agricultural Watcr
Managcmcnt, v.38, p.223-234, 000.
OVLRMAN, A.R. Irrigaticn cl ccrn with municipal clllucnt. Transacticns cl thc Amcrican
Sccicty cl Agricultural Lnginccrs, v.24, p.74-80, 08.
OVLRMAN, A.R., NOUY, A. Orcwth rcspcnsc and nutricnt uptakc by lcragc crcps undcr
clllucnt irrigaticn. Ccmmunicaticn in Scil Scicncc andPlant Analysis, v.0, p.8-03, 075.
PLRYAM, D.R., SWARTZ, V.M. Mcasurcmcnt cl scnscry dillcrcnccs. Fccd Tcchnclcgy,
v.4, p.300-305. 050.
PLSCOD, M.B. Wastcwatcr trcatmcnt and usc in agriculturc. Rcmc. Fccd and Agriculturc
Organizaticn. 25p. ,Irrigaticn andDrainagc Papcr, 47), 002.
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lcaching cl nitrcgcn in an clllucnt-irrigatcd pinc plantaticn. Jcurnal cl Lnvircnmcntal
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Rcscarch, v.2, p.427-434, 078.
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Nutricnt status cl scil and pasturcs. Ncw Zcaland Jcurnal cl Agricultural Rcscarch, v.2,
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Cap. 6 ||||qa a6 c6m |sq6|6s Sao||||6s e ||e||6s oas ||ao|as 237
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thc watcr-shcrt Ouana]uatc Rivcr Basin, Mcxicc. Rcscarch Rcpcrt 4. Intcrnaticnal Watcr
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SLOARRA, L., DARWISH, M.R., LTHRIDOL, D.L. Rcturns tc municipalitics lrcm
intcgrating crcp prcducticn with wastcwatcr dispcsal. Rcscurccs, Ccnscrvaticn and
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SHAHAIAM, A., ZAHRA, B.M.A., JARADAT, A. Wastcwatcr irrigaticn cllcct cn scil, crcp
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agricultural, lccd prcccssing, and municipal wastcs. In. STLVLNSON, F.J. ,Ld.). Nitrcgcn
in agricultural scils. 2.cd. Madiscn. Amcrican Sccicty cl Agrcncmy/Scil Scicncc Sccicty cl
Amcrica, 082.
SPLIR, T.W. Scil bicchcmical prcpcrtics as indiccs cl pcrlcrmancc and sustainability cl
clllucnt irrigaticn systcms in Ncw Zcaland. a rcvicw. Jcurnal cl thc Rcyal Sccicty cl Ncw
Zcaland, v.32, p.535-553, 2002.
TANJI, K.K. Irrigaticn with marginal quality watcrs. issucs. Jcurnal cl Irrigaticn and
Drainagc Lnginccring, v.23, p.05-00, 007.
USLPA. Unitcd Statcs Lnvircnmcntal Prctccticn Agcncy. Thc usc cl rcclaimcd watcr and
sludgc in lccdcrcpprcducticn, Washingtcn, D.C., 002
VAISMAN, I., SHAIHLVLT, J., KIPNIS, T., FLIOIN, A. Rcducing grcund-watcr pclluticn
lrcm municipal wastc-watcr irrigaticn cl Rhcdcs grass grcwn cn sand duncs. Jcurnal cl
Lnvircnmcntal Quality, v.0, p.434-430, 08.
VAZQULZ-MONTILI, O., HORAN, N.J., MARA, D.D. Managcmcnt cl dcmcstic
wastcwatcr lcr rcusc in irrigaticn. Watcr Scicncc andTcchnclcgy, v.33, p.355-302, 000.
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238 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap'tu`o /
Jt.`.zaao Je sgotos TataJos e~ .Jopoo.a
|eo|6 |6|maoJ6 Je S6aza Ve|6, C|ce|6 0o6||e Je AoJ|aJe |e|6,
|eoa|a Ca|6||oa |||e| Aoa]am|a, |eq|oa |e||e|, ||.|6 |aoeos |ap6|||
`otoJuao
Apalavra hidrcpcnia c criginaria dc grcgc. HJrc quc signilica agua
c Pbcncs quc signilica trabalhc. Atualmcntc c tcrmc hidrcpcnia ncmcia a
tccnica dc cultivc dc plantas scm c sclc ccmc supcrtc, na qual cs nutricntcs
sc lcrnccidcs atravcs dc uma scluc nutritiva balanccada dc accrdc ccm
as ncccssidadcs da cultura quc sc dcsc]a cultivar. Sc]a qual lcr a tccnica
hidrcpcnica, c lundamcntal cm tcrmcs ccnccituais c quc a scluc
nutritiva substitui c sclc cm sua lunc mais ccmplcxa, quc c a dc suprir as
ncccssidadcs dc nutricntcs dcs vcgctais.
Os cllucntcs dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics sc
riccs cm macrc c micrcnutricntcs c pcdcm, pcrtantc, scr utilizadcs ccmc
scluc nutritiva, ccm algumas adapta6cs das tccnicas c, quandc
ncccssaric, ccrrc6cs nutricicnais.
Dcntrc as principais vantagcns da hidrcpcnia pcdc-sc dcstacar. ,i)
vcrsatilidadc dc instalac c dc lccalizac da inlra-cstrutura, ,ii)
dcmanda rcduzida dc arca, ,iii) dcmanda rclativamcntc rcduzida dc agua,
,iv) ciclcs mais curtcs, c quc pcrmitc mclhcr prcgramac da prcduc, ,v)
pcssibilidadc dc cmprcgc as mais divcrsas culturas, cm qualqucr cstac
dc anc, prcpiciandc a prcduc lcra dc cpcca ccm baixa dcpcndncia dc
advcrsidadcs climaticas c ,vi) prcdutividadc clcvada ccm maicr
rcndimcntc pcr arca.
Pcr sua vcz, c usc dc cllucntcs dc csta6cs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs
sanitarics na hidrcpcnia pcdc prcpiciar as scguintcs vantagcns. ,i)
rcduc da dcscarga dc cllucntcs cm curscs d`agua, ccntribuindc para c
ccntrclc da pcluic, ,ii) rcmcc dc nutricntcs cutrclizantcs, assimiladcs
pclas culturas, ,iii) pcssibilidadc dc instalac da inlra-cstrutura
ncccssaria prcxima ac pcntc dc rcunic c tratamcntc dcs csgctcs,
rcduzindc custcs dc transpcrtc dc cllucntc c ,iv) mitigac adicicnal dc
riscc as sadc, ac minimizar c ccntatc cllucntc-planta c a cxpcsic
humana.
No~eoc`atua eTco.cas JeCu`t.vos .Jopo.cos
Os cultivcs hidrcpcniccs pcdcm scr classilicadcs quantc a cxistncia
cu nc dc substratc cu dc accrdc ccm c lcrnccimcntc da scluc nutritiva
,Figura 7.).
Scgundc Rcsh ,087), a vcrdadcira hidrcpcnia scria aqucla quc
utiliza apcnas scluc nutritiva, scm mcic sclidc. Pcrcm c tcrmc cultura
scm sclc, dc accrdc ccm a FAO ,000), tcm sidc admitidc para abrangcr cs
mais divcrscs sistcmas dc cultivc quc nc utilizam sclc ccmc mcic para c
dcscnvclvimcntc c atividadc dc sistcma radicular. Scndc assim, a
hidrcpcnia pcdc scr dividida cm sistcmas quc utilizam scmcntc agua c
sistcmas dc cultivc cm substratcs. Ncstc scntidc, as tccnicas dc cultivc
hidrcpcnicc pcdcm scr crganizadas, dc accrdc ccm a scguintc
classilicac.
249 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 7.I Tccnicas hidrcpcnicas
Cu`t.vo Se~ Suostato
Tambcm ccnhccidc pcr sistcma dc duas lascs, csta cpc aprcscnta
uma lasc liquida, ccmpcsta pcr agua c nutricntcs c uma lasc gascsa, quc
ccrrcspcndc ac ar misturadc a scluc pcr in]c6cs dc ar ccmprimidc cu
pclc prcpric mcvimcntc ncs canais.
Lssc tipc dc cultivc lci um dcs primcircs sistcmas a scrcm usadcs
ccmcrcialmcntc, pcr prcpcrcicnar grandc varicdadc dc adapta6cs. Ccmc
c mcic liquidc nc pcrmitc uma anccragcm adcquada, cstc tipc dc sistcma
ncccssita dc supcrtc para as plantas.
As principais tccnicas sc.
NFT ,Na/r|cn/ I|/m 7ccbn|qac) a principal caractcristica da
tccnica dc lilmc nutritivc c a lcrmac dc uma pclicula dc scluc
nutritiva ,lilmc nutricntc) dirctamcntc scbrc as raizcs da
cultura, dcccrrcntc da imcrsc das mcsmas cm um lluxc laminar
dc scluc nutritiva cm canais ccm baixa dcclividadc. Tais canais
pcdcm scr instaladcs cu ccnstruidcs nc nivcl dc sclc cu cm
platalcrmas clcvadas dc ccncrctc, madcira, plasticc cu mctal. A
scluc nutritiva gcralmcntc c lcrnccida pcr gravidadc. A vazc
dcvc scr sulicicntc para lcrmar uma lamina d`agua quc pcrmita
um bcm ccntatc ccm as raizcs, pcrcm ccm acrac sulicicntc. A
alimcntac pcdc scr rcalizada dc lcrma ccntinua cu
intcrmitcntc, ccntrclada pcr tcmpcrizadcrcs. Uma vcz quc cssc
tipc dc sistcma pcrmitc quc um vclumc ccnsidcravcl dc agua sc]a
pcrdidc pcr cvapcrac, tcrna-sc ncccssaria uma ccntinua
rcpcsic.
Sistcma dc cultivc llutuantc I/co/|ng cu Sistcma DFT,Dcc I|/m
7ccbn|qac) cstc sistcma lci dcscnvclvidc nc inicic da dccada dc
80 pcr Jcnscn na Univcrsidadc dc Arizcna. cspccilicc para a
cultura dc allacc cu scmclhantcs, nc scndc viavcl para plantas
grandcs cu dc ciclc lcngc. ccnstituidc dc tanqucs dc 00 cm dc
largura, ccm ccmprimcntc dc atc 30 mctrcs c prclundidadc
variandc cntrc 5 a 20 cm. A scluc nutritiva lcrma uma lamina
prclunda na qual as raizcs licam submcrsas. Nc cxistcm canais c
sim uma mcsa plana cm quc a scluc circula pcr mcic dc um
sistcma dc cntrada c drcnagcm caractcristicc. O sistcma, cmbcra
lcchadc, tcm um lluxc muitc baixc, praticamcntc cstaticc, pcr
cstc mctivc c ccmumcntc classilicadc ccmc sistcma dc baixa
vazc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 24|
Acrcpcnia c um casc particular dc cultivc scmcntc cm agua.
Ccnsistc na manutcnc das raizcs nuas dcntrc dc camaras
cpacas quc rcccbcm a scluc nutritiva pcr ncbuliza6cs
rcgularcs, dc mcdc a mantcr a umidadc rclativa dc 00 nc
ambicntc radicular. Ncstc sistcma a lasc liquida c pulvcrizada na
lasc gascsa.
Outrc sistcma particular dc cultivc scm substratc c c utilizadc para
a prcduc dc lcrragcm hidrcpcnica. rcalizadc aplicandc-sc uma lamina
dc agua c nutricntcs, quc llucm cm um lcitc, intcrmitcntcmcntc. O
intcrvalc dc rcga c a vazc aplicada sc impcrtantcs latcrcs dc ccntrclc.
Cu`t.vos co~ Suostatos
Lntcndc-sc pcr cultivcs cm substratc aquclcs quc utilizam
agrcgadcs incrtcs ,quc nc rcagcm ccm a scluc nutritiva) utilizadcs
ccmc supcrtc, mcic dc cnraizamcntc, acrac c cxigcnac dc sistcma
radicular.
Os matcriais utilizadcs ccmc substratc pcdcm scr subdivididcs cm
crganiccs c incrganiccs. Valc salicntar quc ncm tcda matcria crganica
utilizada ccmc substratc c bicdcgradavcl, a cxcmplc dc ccmpcstcs dc
pclictilcnc, pcliurctanc c c pclicstircnc Pcr cutrc ladc, pcdc scr
ccnvcnicntc utilizar substratcs crganiccs bicdcgradavcis, ccmc scrragcm,
bagac dc cana, cntrc cutrcs, tcndc cm vista quc ncsscs cascs cs substratcs
agrcgadcs as raizcs dc prcdutc cultivadc, pcdcm sclrcr dcccmpcsic
biclcgica, nc dcixandc rcsiducs nc bicdcgradavcis nas raizcs dc prcdutc.
A qualidadc dcs substratcs c latcr dctcrminantc para c succssc cu
lracassc dcssc tipc dc cultivc c pcr issc dcvcm aprcscntar bca qualidadc.
Na Hclanda, a Fundac R.H.P. ,Icgc/|ng HonJc/s Pc/grcnJcn) padrcniza
cs divcrscs tipcs dc substratcs, principalmcntc cs crganiccs, quantc as
prcpricdadcs lisicc-quimicas c biclcgicas. Alguns cutrcs paiscs tambcm
pcssucm ncrmas para csscs substratcs.
Tcdcs cs sistcmas citadcs antcricrmcntc pcdcm aprcscntar
dilcrcntcs lcrmas dc dispcsic lisica, ccm c intuitc dc cccncmizar cspac c
maximizar a prcdutividadc. Ccmc cxcmplc pcdc-sc citar c sistcma NFT
cm pratclciras ,supcrtcs cm dilcrcntcs nivcis dc altura).
242 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Quantc ac lcrnccimcntc dc scluc nutritiva cs sistcmas pcdcm scr
classilicadcs cm lcchadcs ,ccm rccirculac) cu abcrtcs ,scm rccirculac).
Nc primcirc casc a scluc nutritiva circula livrcmcntc, dc lcrma ccntinua
cu intcrmitcntc, pcr cntrc as plantas, scndc quc ac linal rctcrna ac
rcscrvatcric para um ncvc ciclc. Ncs sistcmas abcrtcs cu nc circulantcs,
gcralmcntc a scluc nutritiva c aplicada pcr gctc]amcntc cm um
substratc, dc cndc as plantas rctiram a agua c cs nutricntcs c a scluc nc
rctcrna ac rcscrvatcric.
Ass.~.`aao .Jo~.oea`
O mctabclismc das plantas ccmprccndc cs prcccsscs pclcs quais as
substancias quimicas ,nutricntcs) sc utilizadas para c crcscimcntc c
manutcnc dc vcgctal. Os nutricntcs pcdcm scr ccnvcrtidcs cm matcrial
cclular cu usadcs ccmc lcntc dc cncrgia. As plantas, gcralmcntc
autctrclicas, nc dcpcndcm dc lcrnccimcntc dc ccmpcstcs riccs cm
cncrgia prcduzidcs pcr cutrcs crganismcs, ccmc cccrrc ccm cs crganismcs
hctcrctrcliccs.
Tradicicnalmcntc, a nutric mincral dc plantas c dividida cm
crganica c incrganica. A nutric crganica sc rclcrc a aquisic dc
carbcnc, hidrcgnic c cxignic prcvcnicntcs da atmcslcra c da agua. A
nutric incrganica, tambcm chamada mincral, sc rclcrc a abscrc dcs
dcmais clcmcntcs, ncrmalmcntc abscrvidcs dc sclc cu, nc casc da
hidrcpcnia, dirctamcntc da scluc nutritiva.
Scgundc Malavclta ,080), cs clcmcntcs mincrais abscrvidcs pclas
plantas pcdcm scr. ,i) csscnciais a planta nc vivc scm cs mcsmcs, ,ii)
bcncliccs cu tcis a planta pcdc scbrcvivcr scm cstcs, mas sua
ccntribuic csta rclacicnada ac crcscimcntc c a rcsistncia a latcrcs
ambicntais dcslavcravcis ccmc dccnas, clima c cutrcs c ,iii) tcxiccs.
Atualmcntc, 7 clcmcntcs ,incluindc C, H c O) sc ccnsidcradcs
csscnciais para tcdas as angicspcrmas c gimncspcrmas. Um clcmcntc c
ccnsidcradc csscncial quandc sc cnquadra cm algum critcric dc
csscncialidadc, dc tipc ,MAIAVOITA,080).
dirctc na ausncia dc clcmcntc a planta nc ccmplcta scu ciclc
vital,
indirctc c clcmcntc c partc dc algum ccnstituintc cu mctabclitc
csscncial para a planta, nc pcdcndc scr substituidc pcr cutrc
clcmcntc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 243
Scgundc c mcsmc autcr, a lista dc clcmcntcs ccnsidcradcs csscnciais
,cxcctuandc-sc C, H c O) inclui.
macrcnutricntcs nitrcgnic ,N), lcslcrc ,P), pctassic ,K), calcic
,Ca), magncsic ,Mg) c cnxclrc ,S),
micrcnutricntcs bcrc ,B), ccbrc ,Cu), lcrrc ,Fc), mangans ,Mn),
zincc ,Zn), ccbaltc ,Cc), clcrc ,Cl) c niqucl ,Ni).
Alguns autcrcs ,KUNOH c ISHIZAKI, 075, ILUSCH c
BUCHLNAULR, 080 citadcs pcr RODRIOULS, 2002 c MAIAVOITA,
004) indicam c silicic ,Si) ccmc micrcnutricntc csscncial, pclc latc dc cm
algumas situa6cs, satislazcr c critcric indirctc, assim ccmc c scdic ,Na)
nc casc particular dc uma halclita c para algumas cspccics dc gramincas.
Outrcs autcrcs c ccnsidcram ccmc clcmcntc bcnclicc, ]untamcntc ccm c
Cc, Va, c Ni. Wcn c/ o/. ,088), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), quc ccnsidcram
ccmc csscncial tambcm c sclnic ,Sc).
Tradicicnalmcntc, cs clcmcntcs csscnciais sc ncccssarics cm
ccnccntra6cs iguais cu inlcricrcs a 00mg/Kg dc matcria scca c
gcralmcntc atuam cm lun6cs rcgulatcrias ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, ativadcrcs
cnzimaticcs. Os macrcnutricntcs sc cxigidcs cm quantidadcs da crdcm
3
0 mg/Kg dc matcria scca c gcralmcntc sc ccmpcncntcs dc bicmclcculas.
Lsta divisc bascia-sc mcramcntc na quantidadc rcqucrida, vistc quc cm
rclac a lunc dcscmpcnhada, alguns macrcnutricntcs pcdcm atuar
ccmc rcguladcrcs c cs micrcnutricntcs pcdcm participar da cstrutura dc
ccmpcncntcs cclularcs.
O clcitc dc tccr dcs clcmcntcs tcxiccs c muitc variavcl cntrc cspccics
cu varicdadcs. Dc mcdc gcral, plantas cultivadas rcspcndcm ccm maicr
crcscimcntc ac aumcntc dc dcscs dc nutricntcs, cnquantc quc as
sclvagcns, adaptadas a sclcs cligctrcliccs, pcdcm atc sc intcxicar ccm
dcscs altas dc um clcmcntc csscncial. Pcr cutrc ladc, cspccics adaptadas a
sclcs ccm altc tccr dc mctais ,rcgi6cs ccntaminadas pcr dc]ctcs industriais
cu cm arcas dc mincrac) pcdcm supcrtar quantidadcs mais clcvadas dc
um dctcrminadc clcmcntc. Lstc c, pcr cxcmplc, c casc dc cspccics dc
gncrc A/ssam, quc tclcram 0.000 g dc niqucl pcr grama dc matcrial
sccc, cnquantc quc muitas plantas sc scvcramcntc alctadas ccm apcnas
5 g dc niqucl pcr grama dc matcrial sccc.
244 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
k
k
A nutric vcgctal sc da atravcs dc sistcma radicular das plantas.
Para quc as raizcs sc]am capazcs dc abscrvcr cs clcmcntcs nutritivcs, sc
laz ncccssaric atcndcr duas prcmissas basicas. ,i) c clcmcntc nutricntc
dcvc cstar mincralizadc scb a lcrma dc sais incrganiccs c ,ii) cs sais
nutricntcs dcvcm cstar scb a lcrma dissclvida.
Alcm dcssas prcmissas tambcm c ncccssaric ccnsidcrar. ,i) a
ccnccntrac dc nutricntc nc mcic cxtcrnc, ,ii) a idadc da planta c das
raizcs, ,iii) a distribuic dc raizcs c ,iv) a cspccic da planta.
A assimilac dcs nutricntcs pclc sistcma radicular dcs vcgctais
cccrrc basicamcntc cm duas ctapas. ,i) abscrc c ,ii) transpcrtc c
rcdistribuic.
Inicialmcntc, c lcncmcnc prcpcndcrantc quc cccrrc c a abscrc dc
nutricntcs prcscntcs na rizcslcra pclc sistcma radicular. Assim, cs
clcmcntcs mincrais sc assimiladcs na lcrma icnica cu mclccular ncs
cspacs intcrcclularcs cu cm qualqucr partc cu crgancla cclular ,parcdc,
mcmbrana, mitcccndria, vacclc, citcplasma, clcrcplastc, ctc.).
Os nutricntcs dcslccam-sc na scluc cm dircc as raizcs, qucr pcr
mcvimcntc ccnvcctivc na massa dc agua quc csta a scr abscrvida pclas
plantas ,prcccssc cstc dcsignadc pcr lluxc dc massa), qucr pcr dilusc dcs
lccais dc maicr para cs dc mcncr ccnccntrac, cbcdcccndc a Ici dc Fick.
A magnitudc da abscrc mincral c dirctamcntc inllucnciada pcla
arca dc sistcma radicular c pcla cxtcnsc da rizcslcra, cndc sc cnccntram
armazcnadcs cs macrc c micrcnutricntcs. Pcrtantc, c ncccssaric um bcm
dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular dc lcrma a aumcntar sua arca dc
abrangncia. O crcscimcntc das raizcs dcpcndc dc caractcristicas
gcncticas, mas c tambcm inllucnciadc pcr latcrcs ambicntais ccmc a
tcmpcratura, a acrac, c pH, c tccr dc agua c nutricntcs.
Accmpcncntc lipidica das mcmbranas biclcgicas c impcrmcavcl acs
icns. Prctcinas dc transpcrtc mcdiam a travcssia das mcmbranas,
pcdcndc scr divididas cm bcmbas, transpcrtadcrcs c canais icniccs. As
bcmbas rcalizam um transpcrtc ativc, ccm gastc dc cncrgia criunda dc
rca6cs lisiclcgicas c bicquimicas catabclismc dc substratc acumuladc.
As mais bcm caractcrizadas transpcrtam prctcns atravcs das mcmbranas,
ccm ccnsumc dc ATP c gcram um gradicntc clctricc cntrc c citcscl c c
apcplastc quc c utilizadc para c transpcrtc passivc dc caticns pcr
transpcrtadcrcs cu canais icniccs. A cntrada dc anicns c lcita dc mcdc
ativc, scndc accmpanhadcs pcr prctcns, prcccssc dcsignadc pcr cc-
transpcrtc.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 245
A aquisic dc um nutricntc dcpcndc da dispcnibilidadc dcstc na
scluc c da capacidadc dc abscrc da planta, scndc quc cxistcm
dilcrcnas na capacidadc c vclccidadc dc abscrc dc um dctcrminadc
nutricntc cntrc cspccics c varicdadcs. Os latcrcs quc inllucnciam a
vclccidadc dc abscrc pcdcm scr cndcgcncs c cxcgcncs.
Mcdilica6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dcs sais nutricntcs na scluc
nutritiva, bcm ccmc ccnvcrs6cs da lcrma incrganica para crganica atravcs
dc rca6cs quimicas rcvcrsivcis, pcdcm acarrctar distrbics nc
mccanismc dc abscrc, ccasicnandc altcra6cs nc mctabclismc das
plantas c prc]udicandc scu dcscnvclvimcntc c crcscimcntc. Tais clcitcs
pcdcm scr pcrccptivcis pcla sintcmatclcgia vcgctal.
A abscrc dcs clcmcntcs pclas plantas c ainda lcrtcmcntc
inllucnciada pclas ccnccntra6cs rclativas dc cada clcmcntc nutritivc,
scndc quc intcra6cs cntrc clcs pcdcm causar lcncmcncs ccmpctitivcs cu
sincrgiccs. A inibic dc um dctcrminadc nutricntc dcvidc a prcscna dc
cutrc, diz-sc ccmpctitiva quandc cs dcis clcmcntcs ,nutricntc inibidc c
nutricntc inibidcr) sc ccmbinam ccm c mcsmc sitic carrcgadcr. A inibic
ccmpctitiva pcdc scr climinada aumcntandc a ccnccntrac dc nutricntc
inibidc. O antagcnismc c um casc particular dc inibic c cccrrc quandc a
prcscna dc um dctcrminadc clcmcntc nc mcic diminui a abscrc dc
cutrc, dc mcdc quc a tcxidcz dc scgundc nc sc manilcstc na planta.
Llcitcs sincrgiccs tambcm pcdcm cccrrcr quandc a clcvac na
ccnccntrac dc dctcrminadc clcmcntc nutricntc pctcncializa a abscrc
dc cutrc.
Apcs a abscrc, cs clcmcntcs nutricntcs sc transpcrtadcs ac
sistcma lcliar pclcs vascs ccndutcrcs da sciva bruta ,xilcma) atravcs dc
lcncmcnc dc translcrncia dc massa, ccm lluxc na dircc dc intcricr cu dc
cxtcricr da planta. Arcdistribuic, pcr sua vcz, ccnsistc nc mcvimcntc dc
clcmcntc nutricntc na rcgic intcricr da planta cntrc cs divcrscs
ccmpcncntcs dc sistcma crganicc da mcsma.
O transpcrtc dc agua c sclutcs nc xilcma dcriva dc gradicntc dc
pctcncial dc agua cntrc a raiz c a partc acrca c gcralmcntc sc da apcnas nc
scntidc asccndcntc. O lluxc rcsulta, scbrctudc, da transpirac. Mas
mcsmc na sua ausncia, a partc acrca ccntinua a rcccbcr nutricntcs pcr
mcvimcntc xilmicc dcvidc a prcssc dc raiz.
Arcdistribuic cccrrc cntrc cs divcrscs crgcs da planta, a cxcmplc
das lclhas, lrutcs ctc. O transpcrtc nc llccma ,vasc ccndutcr da sciva
clabcrada) dcpcndc dc carrcgamcntc dc acarcs c cutras substancias, as
quais sc accmpanhadas pcla cntrada dc agua c pclc lluxc cm dircc acs
246 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
lccais cndc sc da a rcmcc. As lclhas cxpandidas sc c principal lccal dc
carrcgamcntc c cs dcstincs sc as raizcs, cs apiccs vcgctativcs c cs crgcs
rcprcdutcrcs. Lm algumas situa6cs, ccmc dclicincia cm abscrc dc
nutricntcs, lcrmac dc crgcs rcprcdutcrcs cu cpcca da qucda das lclhas,
cccrrc uma grandc rcmcbilizac dc nutricntcs as custas da dcgradac dc
mclcculas nas lclhas cxpandidas c transpcrtc dcs nutricntcs pclc llccma
para cutrcs lccais. A mcbilidadc dc clcmcntc nutricntc c dc lundamcntal
impcrtancia, pcis cssa caractcristica garantc um suprimcntc ccntinuc c
cquilibradc cm tcda a cxtcnsc vcgctal. impcrtantc rcssaltar quc cs
nutricntcs aprcscntam dilcrcntcs mcbilidadcs nc llccma, scndc c calcic, c
mangans c c bcrc cs dc mcncr mcbilidadc c cs macrcnutricntcs ,ccm
cxccc dc calcic) cs dc maicr mcbilidadc.
Dc mcdc gcncricc, a taxa dc crcscimcntc dc uma planta c alctada
pclc tccr dc nutricntc nc scu tccidc, ccmc ilustradc na Figura 7.2.
Na laixa dc ccnccntrac chamada zcna dc dclicincia, um pcqucnc
incrcmcntc nc tccr dc nutricntc, ccnscguidc, pcr cxcmplc, pcr lcrtilizac,
acarrcta grandc dcscnvclvimcntc da planta. Acima da ccnccntrac
critica ,aqucla sulicicntc para garantir 00 dc crcscimcntc maximc),
aumcntcs na ccnccntrac dc um nutricntc nc alctam ccnsidcravclmcntc
c crcscimcntc. A zcna adcquada rcprcscnta um ccnsumc dc luxc,
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 247
Iigura 7.2 Curva dc rcspcsta dc crcscimcntc dc uma planta a adic dc nutricntcs
Fcntc. BATAOIIA c/ o/. ,002).
pcdcndc c clcmcntc scr cstccadc nc vacclc ccmc altcrnativa ac
mctabclismc. Lsta zcna ,adcquada) pcdc scr ampla para cs
macrcnutricntcs c tcndc a scr cstrcita para cs micrcnutricntcs, cs quais
atingcm mais rapidamcntc a ccnccntrac critica tcxica ,aqucla sulicicntc
para acarrctar rcduc dc 0 nc crcscimcntc).
Quandc cccrrc dclicincia dc algum nutricntc, istc pcdc scr
visualizadc pcla lcrmac dc sintcmas dc dclicincia ,Tabcla 7.). O
quadrc sintcmatclcgicc dcpcndc principalmcntc dc dcis latcrcs. ,i) a
lunc cu as lun6cs dc clcmcntc c ,ii) a mcbilidadc dc nutricntc na planta,
cu sc]a, sc cstc c cu nc rcdistribuidc ,rcmcbilizadc) dc partcs vclhas para
partcs ncvas ,cm lcrmac) da planta. Lm tcrmcs dc mcbilidadc, cs
nutricntcs pcdcm scr classilicadcs da scguintc lcrma.
mcvcis N, P, K, Mg, Cl, c Mc ,cs sintcmas aparcccm nas lclhas
vclhas, pcis cstcs clcmcntcs sc dai rctiradcs para scrcm usadcs
nas partcs ncvas),
pcucc mcvcis S, Cu, Fc, Mn, Ni c Zn,
muitc pcucc mcvcis Ca c B.
Antcs dc aparccimcntc dcs sintcmas dc dclicincia, c mctabclismc c
c crcscimcntc ]a lcram ccmprcmctidcs dc alguma lcrma, dc mcdc quc um
mcnitcramcntc dcs tccrcs dc nutricntcs lcliarcs cu da scluc nutritiva
sc altcrnativas prcvcntivas.
248 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 7.I Chavc gcral para dctcctar cs sintcmas dc dclicincia dc
nutricntcs cm lclhas
Fcntc. CARMLIIO ,007), adaptadc dc BATAOIIA c/ o/. ,002).
So`uoes Nut.t.vas
Lm hidrcpcnia a nutric das plantas cccrrc pcla abscrc dcs
nutricntcs atravcs dc sistcma radicular dirctamcntc dc uma scluc
nutritiva.
Scgundc Rcdrigucs ,2002), quandc sclu6cs nutritivas hidrcpcnicas
c a scluc dc um sclc lcrtil sc ccmparadas, as ccnccntra6cs cnccntradas
sc bastantc dilcrcntcs. As ccnccntra6cs dc lcslcrc cm sclu6cs nutritivas
chcgam a scr 25 a 075 vczcs maicrcs dc quc na scluc dc sclc, c
nitrcgnic c c pctassic aprcscntam ccnccntra6cs nas sclu6cs nutritivas
dc 40 a 20 vczcs c dc 0 a 50 vczcs supcricrcs, rcspcctivamcntc
,MARTINLZ, 000). Dilcrcnas impcrtantcs, pcrcm inlcricrcs, tambcm
pcdcm scr cbscrvadas cm rclac acs macrcnutricntcs calcic, magncsic c
cnxclrc, bcm ccmc para cs micrcnutricntcs, ccm cxccc dc lcrrc. Outrc
ccntrastc, scgundc Niclscn ,084), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), c a rclac
K/Ca, a qual pcdc sc mcstrar muitc clcvada nc inicic c muitc baixa quandc
da substituic da scluc nutritiva. Lstc latc sc dcvc pcrquc c sclc
aprcscnta uma capacidadc ccntinua dc rcpcsic dcs nutricntcs, a partir
dcs prcccsscs dc dcccmpcsic dcs ccmpcncntcs crganiccs c incrganiccs c
da libcrac dcs nutricntcs adscrvidcs na lrac argila. Ja cm sclu6cs
nutritivas, a agua cu substratc pcucc ativc quimicamcntc nc tcm cssa
capacidadc c, pcr csta razc, laz-sc ncccssaric c usc dc ccnccntra6cs mais
clcvadas cu a in]cc lrcqcntc dcs clcmcntcs nutricntcs nc mcic liquidc.
Lm rcvisc dc litcratura, Jcncs ,082), citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002),
alirma quc cxistcm rclatcs dc mais dc 00 lcrmula6cs dilcrcntcs
ccmbinandc variadcs sais c lcntcs dc nutricntcs. Apcsar dc cxistircm
divcrsas lcrmula6cs dc sclu6cs nutritivas, inclusivc algumas para usc
cspccilicc dc accrdc ccm a cultura, gcralmcntc tcdas tm a lunc basica
dc lcrncccr cs clcmcntcs csscnciais acs vcgctais. Scndc assim, nc cxistcm
sclu6cs idcais, pcis um nmcrc ccnsidcravcl dc variavcis c suas
intcra6cs dcvcm scr ccnsidcradcs, tais ccmc. a cspccic da planta,
cultivarcs c linhagcns dcntrc dc uma mcsma cspccic, c cstagic lcnclcgicc
da planta, latcrcs ambicntais, a cpcca dc anc ,lctcpcricdc), a partc da
planta a scr cclhida, c tipc dc sistcma hidrcpcnicc, ctc.
Atualmcntc sc accita quc a cscclha dcs sais mincrais para ccmpcr a
mistura c dc pcuca impcrtancia, dcsdc quc sc garanta uma ccnccntrac
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 249
bcm cquilibrada dcs clcmcntcs ncccssarics ,DOUOIAS, 087). Ncstc
scntidc, ccmc rcssaltam Mclc c/ o/. ,2003), as prcpcr6cs rclativas dcs sais
quc ccmp6cm as sclu6cs nutritivas dcvcm scr calculadas
cstcquicmctricamcntc, dc lcrma a garantir a quantidadc adcquada dc
nutricntc quc intcgra c sal ccnsidcradc. Valc ainda salicntar quc c sal quc
ira ccmpcr uma scluc nutritiva dcvc aprcscntar bca sclubilidadc, pclc
latc dc quc sais dilcrcntcs aprcscntam dilcrcntcs sclubilidadcs.
A hcmcgcncizac da scluc nutritiva pcrmitc c lcrnccimcntc dc
nutricntcs dc lcrma cstcquicmctricamcntc cquilibrada ac sistcma
radicular das plantas. Uma scluc nutritiva hcmcgcncizada dcvc
prcpcrcicnar unilcrmidadc dc pH, tcmpcratura, ccndutividadc c
ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs, cntrc cutrcs, nc cntcrnc dc sistcma radicular,
lavcrcccndc c dcscnvclvimcntc dcs vcgctais. Lntrctantc, a
hcmcgcncizac das sclu6cs nutritivas nc rcqucr, cbrigatcriamcntc, a
instalac dc dispcsitivcs clctrcmccaniccs dc agitac, pcis sc pcdc, cm
muitcs cascs, ccnscguir uma bca hcmcgcncizac ccm uma simplcs
acrac.
A acrac sc laz ncccssaria, tcndc cm vista quc dctcrminadcs
prcccsscs mctabcliccs cnvclvcm gastc dc cncrgia. Pcr sua vcz, cssa
cncrgia c prcduzida pclc mccanismc dc rcspirac acrcbia radicular. A
rcac dc rcspirac, ccmc um prcccssc bicquimicc, ccnsistc,
lundamcntalmcntc, numa rcac dc ccmbustc. Pcrtantc, para quc a
mcsma cccrra sc laz ncccssaria a prcscna dc um ccmburcntc, nc casc c
cxignic prcvcnicntc da acrac da scluc nutritiva ,MLIO c/ o/, 2003).
Scgundc Martincz ,000), a acrac cvita a lcrmac dc zcnas dc
dcplcc dc nutricntcs na rcgic radicular c aprcscnta, ainda, a
impcrtantc lunc dc rcalizar a cxaustc dcs gascs gcradcs ncs
mccanismcs mctabcliccs. Lssc prcccdimcntc, dc accrdc ccm Ancn ,080),
citadc pcr Rcdrigucs ,2002), visa tambcm rcmcvcr parcialmcntc gascs
indcsc]avcis, ccmc gas carbcnicc, ctilcnc, lcrmaldcidc c cutrcs, alcm dc
cxidar ccmpcstcs crganiccs.
O clcitc dc pH na abscrc dcs nutricntcs pclas plantas pcdc scr
dirctc cu indirctc. A ccnccntrac hidrcgcnicnica, alcm dc alctar a
dispcnibilidadc dcs clcmcntcs nutricntcs, pcdc alctar c prcccssc dc
abscrc, principalmcntc dc Ca. Scndc assim, tcrna-sc indispcnsavcl um
ccntrclc rigcrcsc dc pH. Um clcitc classicc da inlluncia dc pH na
259 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dispcnibilidadc dcs nutricntcs c c dc lcslcrc, scnc vc]amcs. c acidc
crtclcslcricc dissccia-sc cm trs cspccics icnicas dilcrcntcs, scndc quc c
--- -
H PO prcdcmina cm pH mcncr quc 2, c PO cm pH >,5 c c H PO , quc c
3 4 4 2 4
a cspccic icnica mais abscrvida, prcdcmina cm pH <7.
A tcmpcratura cxcrcc clcitc dirctc na abscrc dc icns pclas raizcs.
Baixas tcmpcraturas causam rcduc na atividadc mctabclica c
ccnscqcntc rcduc na assimilac dc nutricntcs. Pcr cutrc ladc,
tcmpcraturas mais clcvadas lavcrcccm a assimilac dcs nutricntcs pclas
plantas pclc aumcntc da intcnsidadc rcspiratcria, scndc cstcs
transpcrtadcs pclc xilcma, mcvcndc-sc, pcis, na ccrrcntc transpiratcria.
Aumcntandc a intcnsidadc transpiratcria prcvcca-sc um aumcntc da
tcnsc dc abscrc, c quc intcnsilica c lluxc da scluc cxtcrna atravcs dcs
cspacs intracclularcs ,apcplastcs) cndc cs clcmcntcs sc abscrvidcs ]untc
ccm a agua. Aumcntcs cxccssivcs na tcmpcratura pcdcm causar uma
clcvac na tcnsc dc abscrc cm nivcis quc pcdcm causar pcrda dc agua
dcvidc ac acmulc dc sais prcximc ac sistcma radicular. Lssc lcncmcnc
cccrrc pcla dilcrcna dc pctcncial csmcticc cntrc c mcic cxtcrnc c intcrnc
da mcmbrana cclular, pcis, uma vcz quc c lluxc sc da scmprc dc maicr
pctcncial para c mcncr, a planta passa cntc a pcrdcr agua a lim dc sc
cstabclcccr um cquilibric csmcticc. A tcmpcratura ]untamcntc ccm a
ccndutividadc c um dcs latcrcs mais impcrtantcs a scrcm cbscrvadcs cm
cultivcs hidrcpcniccs.
Icvandc-sc cm ccnsidcrac quc cxistc uma rclac cntrc a
ccnccntrac dc sais dissclvidcs c a ccndutividadc clctrica, cstc paramctrc
pcdc scr utilizadc ccmc indicadcr para c ccntrclc da ccnccntrac das
sclu6cs. Lxistc muita ccntrcvcrsia ccm rclac ac mclhcr valcr dc
ccndutividadc a scr adctadc para c cultivc cm hidrcpcnia, c qual, dc latc,
dcpcndc da cspccic c cultivar, bcm ccmc das ccndi6cs climaticas.
Adicicnalmcntc, a abscrc dc agua pclas plantas atravcs dc sistcma
radicular c inllucnciada pclc pctcncial csmcticc dc mcic nutritivc.
Pcrtantc, a ccnccntrac dc sais avaliada atravcs da ccndutividadc
clctrica nc inllucncia scmcntc a abscrc dc agua, mas tambcm a
abscrc dc nutricntcs, cstandc ambas intimamcntc ligadas.
Mudanas na abscrc dc agua c nutricntcs, dcccrrcntcs da variac
da ccndutividadc dc mcic nutritivc, lcvam a altcra6cs na lisiclcgia das
plantas. Lssas altcra6cs rclacicnam-sc, dcntrc cutrcs latcrcs, a abcrtura
cstcmatica c ac aumcntc cu diminuic da arca lcliar, cstandc csscs
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 25|
predomina
latcrcs intimamcntc ligadcs ccm a clicincia lctcssintctica c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, ccm a prcduc dc matcrial sccc pclas plantas.
Lm rcsumc, a clabcrac da scluc nutritiva dcvc scr bcm
calculada c dimcnsicnada, pcis a lalta cu c cxccssc dcs nutricntcs pcdc
prcduzir clcitcs prc]udiciais as plantas.
Caacte'st.cas Jos sgotos TataJos paa Suost.tu.
So`uoes Nut.t.vas Jsua.s
Lllucntcs dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics
aprcscntam grandc pctcncial dc usc cm substituic as sclu6cs nutritivas
sintcticas para a prcduc hidrcpcnica, vistc quc sc riccs cm macrc c
micrc nutricntcs. Alcm dissc, cm rcgi6cs cndc ha cscasscz hidrica, c rcsc
da agua nc sc c dcsc]avcl, mas ncccssaric.
O usc dc aguas rcsiduarias nc cultivc hidrcpcnicc c rcgistradc cm
litcratura, cmbcra ainda ccm ccrta limitac. Pcr cxcmplc, cm 080 lci
dcscnvclvidc pcr Jcwcll c/ o/., um prcccssc adaptadc a partir da tccnica dc
cultivc ccm lluxc laminar dc nutricntcs ,NFT), capaz dc,
simultancamcntc, tratar aguas rcsiduarias c cultivar plantas
crnamcntais cu culturas dc alimcntac humana cu animal. Valc
rcssaltar a cxpcrincia dc ccrta lcrma picncira dcscnvclvida nc ambitc dc
PROSAB ,Ldital 3), cnvclvcndc divcrsas tccnicas dc hidrcpcnia,
dilcrcntcs culturas c tipcs dc cllucntcs ,MLIO c/ o/. , 2003).
O usc dc csgctcs tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia ccmc substitutc tctal cu
parcial dc sclu6cs nutritivas sintcticas pcdc scr rcalizadc ccm algumas
adapta6cs das tccnicas dc aplicac c, quandc ncccssaric, ccrrc6cs
nutricicnais. As ccnccntra6cs dc mctais pcsadcs sc, cm gcral, muitc
baixas c a scgurana sanitaria c garantida cm bca mcdida.
O crcscimcntc das plantas c alctadc pcla intcrac dcs clcmcntcs
quimiccs dissclvidcs c pclas prcpricdadcs dc mcic dc cultivc ,substratc)
quc ira rcccbcr c csgctc. Alcm dissc, a scgurana sanitaria dcvc scr
garantida. Assim, a analisc da ccmpcsic lisica, quimica c micrcbiclcgica
dc csgctc c c primcirc passc na clabcrac dc um prc]ctc dc cultivc
hidrcpcnicc utilizandc cllucntcs tratadcs, lcmbrandc quc as
252 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
caractcristicas dcs csgctcs cstc asscciadas ac prcccssc dc tratamcntc
cmprcgadc. Lm linhas gcrais, c tratamcntc dcvc prcpcrcicnar um cllucntc
ccm baixcs tccrcs dc matcria crganica c, scbrctudc, baixas ccnccntra6cs
dc sclidcs suspcnscs ,quc pcdcm cclmatar c sistcma radicular), mas dcvc
prclcrcncialmcntc ccnscrvar cs sais nutricntcs.
Alguns aspcctcs rclativcs as caractcristicas dcs csgctcs sanitarics
tratadcs mcrcccm scr dcstacadcs.
Ccnccntrac dc sclidcs suspcnscs - quandc prcscntcs cm altas
ccnccntra6cs, cs sclidcs cm suspcnsc pcdcm sc agrcgar ac
sistcma radicular da planta c prc]udicar sua cxigcnac.
O acmulc cxccssivc dc matcrial cm suspcnsc na raiz das
plantas pcdc dcscncadcar um prcccssc dc anacrcbicsc, ccm a
lcrmac dc gascs c subprcdutcs dc mctabclismc da planta quc
pcdcrc alctar dc lcrma dancsa a cstrutura dcs vcgctais
cultivadcs.
Ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs mcsmc quc cs nivcis dc clcmcntcs
nutricntcs sc]am sulicicntcs para atcndcr as ncccssidadcs dc uma
dctcrminada cultura, cs csgctcs sanitarics pcdcm rcqucrcr
alguma ccrrcc ,balanccamcntc), pcis, ccmc vistc
antcricrmcntc, a maicr cu mcncr ccnccntrac dc um
dctcrminadc clcmcntc pcdc alctar a capacidadc dc um cutrc
clcmcntc cm scr abscrvidc ,antagcnismc cu sincrgismc).
Scdic, Clcrc c Sullatc quandc a quantidadc abscrvida pclas
plantas c limitada c acmulc dc ccrtcs icns c dc ccrta lcrma
incvitavcl, principalmcntc cm sistcmas lcchadcs. Scdic, clcrc c
sullatc mcrcccm particular atcnc, pcis pcdcm alcanar nivcis
tcxiccs.
Calcic c Magncsic clcmcntcs csscnciais para as plantas, cstcs
dcis nutricntcs pcdcm sc aprcscntar na agua na lcrma dc
carbcnatcs cu sullatcs cm altas ccnccntra6cs ,chamadas aguas
duras). A durcza inllucncia dirctamcntc c pH da agua, clcvandc-
c, c quc pcdc prc]udicar a sclubilidadc c a dispcnibilidadc dc
cutrcs clcmcntcs.
-
Bicarbcnatcs altas ccnccntra6cs dc icns bicarbcnatcs ,HCO )
3
tambcm acarrctam clcvac dc pH, c quc pcdc prcvccar a
inativac dc quclatcs dc lcrrc c grandc partc dcs icns calcic c
magncsic pcucc sclvcis, quc alcm dc nc scrcm abscrvidcs pclas
plantas, pcdcm cbstruir c sistcma dc irrigac dcs cultivcs
hidrcpcniccs. Dc accrdc ccm Smith ,087), c accnsclhavcl mantcr
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 253
a rclac carbcnatc/bicarbcnatc cntrc 30-50 ppm, dc lcrma a
prcvcnir llutua6cs bruscas dc pH.
Atcmpcratura, c pH c a ccndutividadc clctrica dcvcm rcccbcr um
accmpanhamcntc rigcrcsc, da mcsma lcrma quc nas sclu6cs
nutritivas sintcticas. Tal ccntrclc c lundamcntal para cricntar c
manc]c dcs sistcmas hidrcpcniccs, cm cspccial a tcmada dc
dccisc scbrc clctuar cu nc a ccrrcc dc mcic.
3a`aooJeNut.eotes
Quandc sc utiliza csgctc tratadc ccmc scluc nutritiva, ncm scmprc
sc tcm um balanccamcntc nutricicnal adcquadc, pcis dctcrminadas
culturas sc bastantc scnsivcis a ccmpcsic cstcquicmctrica dcs
clcmcntcs nutritivcs.
Os prcccsscs dc abscrc, transpcrtc c rcdistribuic pclas plantas
sc dctcrminantcs para scu crcscimcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc c, ccmc citadc
antcricrmcntc, a ccnccntrac dc dctcrminadc clcmcntc mincral pcdc
alctar dc lcrma pcsitiva cu ncgativa csscs prcccsscs pcr mcic dcs
lcncmcncs dc antagcnismc, sincrgismc c cutrcs.
Scndc assim, a rcalizac dc balanc dc massa cm sistcmas
hidrcpcniccs utilizandc csgctcs tratadcs c indispcnsavcl, pcis pcdc tcrnar-
sc ncccssaria a adcquac dc csgctc as ncccssidadcs nutricicnais das
plantas a scrcm cultivadas. Pcr balanc dc massa, cntcndc-sc a
quantilicac dcs nutricntcs na cntrada c na saida dcs sistcmas,
ccmputandc ainda a assimilac pclas plantas cultivadas.
impcrtantc rcssaltar quc c mccanismc dc abscrc, transpcrtc c as
translcrma6cs dc ccmpcstcs cm prcccsscs hidrcpcniccs, cnvclvcm um
grandc nmcrc dc rca6cs lisicas, quimicas c biclcgicas quc sc
gcncricamcntc dcncminadas rca6cs bicquimicas. Pcrtantc, na maicria
das vczcs, c ncccssaric rcalizar um balanc das cspccics icnicas cnvclvidas
c nc scmcntc dc clcmcntc cm si.
Abasc dc calculc c ncrmalmcntc a vazc dc uma ccrrcntc dc cntrada
c dc saida dc prcccssc, pcdcndc scr cxprcssa cm tcrmcs massicc,
vclumctricc cu mclar. Dc mcdc gcral, para sc cstudar c balanc dc
nutricntcs cm sistcmas hidrcpcniccs c utilizada a vazc vclumctrica,
254 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 255
ccnsidcrandc c balanc hidricc, uma vcz quc cs nutricntcs sc abscrvidcs c
transpcrtadcs pcr mcic da agua ,scluc nutritiva cu csgctc).
Dc lcrma similar ac balanc dc massa, c balanc hidricc lcva cm
ccnsidcrac as quantidadcs dc agua quc cntram c sacm dc um
dctcrminadc vclumc ccnhccidc num dadc intcrvalc dc tcmpc.
O balanc dc massa pcdc scr cxprcssc, simplilicadamcntc, da
scguintc lcrma.
Acmulc =Lntrada Saida
Tcmandc-sc ccmc cxcmplc c balanc dc nitrcgnic cm um sistcma
NFTlcchadc ccm rccirculac, tcm-sc.
V = vclumc inicial ,litrcs),
i
V = vclumc linal apcs c ciclc dc cultivc ,litrcs),
l
V = vclumc ccnsumidc pcr planta ,litrcs)
p
N = nmcrc dc plantas,
p
C = ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na cntrada ,mg/l),
NL
C = ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na saida ,mg/l),
NS
T = massa tctal dc nitrcgnic acumuladc na planta ,mg/kg).
NA
Para clctuar c balanc dc massa ccnsidcra-sc ccmc nitrcgnic tctal c
scmatcric das lcrmas crganica, amcniacal, nitritc c nitratc, uma vcz quc,
apcsar dc nitrcgnic crganicc nc cstar prcntamcntc dispcnivcl para as
plantas, c mcsmc pcdcra scr ccnvcrtidc inicialmcntc a amcnia c scguir c
ciclc dc nitrilicac atc nitratc.
Pcrtantc, a cquac simplilicada dc balanc scra.
Equao 7.I
Scndc as pcrdas, a quantidadc dc nitrcgnic quc sai dc sistcma pcr
mcic da vclatilizac da amcnia c/cu, dcsnitrilicac.
C x Vc igual a MT ,massa tctal dc nitrcgnic), cu sc]a, aplicandc-sc
N N
principic dc ccnscrvac das massas na cntrada c na saida dc sistcma tcm-
sc.
256 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Equao 7.2
scndc.
M =Massa dc nitrcgnic na cntrada,
NL
M =Massa dc nitrcgnic na saida.
NS
O rcsultadc cbtidc scra c ccnsumc tctal cm tcdc sistcma hidrcpcnicc.
Para sc dctcrminar c tccr dc nitrcgnic acumuladc pcr planta, basta
dividir c rcsultadc da cquac 7.2 pclc nmcrc dc plantas ,N )
P
O balanc hidricc cxprcssc pcr vclumc ccnsumidc pcr planta scra.
Equao 7.3
Um cxcmplc praticc dc balanc dc nutricntcs c aprcscntadc cm um
itcm mais adiantc ncstc capitulc.
Aspectos Sao.ta.os. ua`.JaJeV.coo.o`og.caJos l`ueotes
Na dclinic dc critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dc cllucntcs
para usc agriccla cm gcral sc ccnsidcradcs cs scguintcs aspcctcs.
,i) tccnica dc irrigac cmprcgada, ,ii) cultura irrigada c ,iii)
caractcrizac da cxpcsic humana c idcntilicac dcs grupcs dc riscc.
Na litcratura cspccializada, ccnvcncicncu-sc c cmprcgc dcs
scguintcs tcrmcs.
1rrigoo irreotrito: scm rcstric dc tccnicas dc irrigac c
culturas irrigadas, incluindc as ingcridas cruas. Pcrtantc, ncsta catcgcria
as cxigncias dc qualidadc dc cllucntc tratadc sc mais rigcrcsas.
1rrigoo reotrito: rclcrc-sc a rcstric dc cmprcgc dc tccnicas dc
irrigac c dc culturas irrigadas ccmc mcdidas dc mitigac dc riscc a
sadc. Inclui a irrigac dc culturas nc ingcridas cruas, quc rcccbcm
prcccssamcntc, culturas industriais, arbcrcas, lcrragciras, dcntrc cutras.
Ccmc cm gcral a cxpcsic humana c mais ccntrclada, admitc-sc c
cmprcgc dc cllucntcs dc qualidadc inlcricr.
Na tabcla 7.2 aprcscntam-sc, dc lcrma sintctizada, as
rcccmcnda6cs da Organizac Mundial dc Sadc ,OMS) para a irrigac
Equao
Captulo.
T
rcstrita c irrcstrita. As ncrmas da Agncia dc Prctcc Ambicntal dcs
Lstadcs Unidcs ,USLPA) sc mais rigcrcsas. irrigac irrcstrita
ausncia dc cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs c dc crganismcs patcgniccs,
irrigac rcstrita 200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs / 00 mI ,vcr Capitulc
2).
Algumas das lcgisla6cs vigcntcs cm varics paiscs rclcrcm-sc, pcr
vczcs pcrmcncrizadamcntc, acs mctcdcs dc irrigac c culturas irrigadas.
Pcrcm, nc sc tcm rcgistrc dc rclcrncias a hidrcpcnia. Ccmc cntc
cnquadra-la: A maicria das tccnicas hidrcpcnicas minimiza c ccntatc dc
cllucntc ccm a planta. Pcdcria scr ccnsidcrada na catcgcria C da Tabcla
7.2, cu sc]a, scm maicrcs cxigncias dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica para cs
cllucntcs: Mas, c cm sc tratandc dc hidrcpcnia dc hcrtalias ingcridas
cruas, a cxcmplc da allacc: Catcgcria A: L nc casc dc cultivc hidrcpcnicc
dc grama, irrigac rcstrita, catcgcria B: Lnccntra-sc aqui um bcm cb]ctc
dc pcsquisa c discussc. Pcr cra, na cpinic dcs autcrcs dcstc capitulc, as
cxpcrincias ccnduzidas nc ambitc dc PROSAB, sugcrcm as scguintcs
pcssibilidadcs.
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc llcrcs ,Tccnica dc Filmc Nutritivc).
irrigac rcstrita ,catcgcria B)
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc grama. ,Tccnica dc Fcrragcm
Hidrcpcnica). irrigac irrcstrita ,catcgcria A, para campcs dc
cspcrtcs, parqucs c ]ardins)
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 257
Tabela 7.2 Critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica rcccmcndadcs pcla OMS para a
utilizac dc aguas rcsiduarias na agricultura
Fcntc. OMS ,080).,*) para campcs dc cspcrtcs, parqucs c ]ardins a OMS rcccmcnda

200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs /00 mI ,**) cm rcvisc rcccntc ,2005) c prcpcstc um
4 5
limitc dc 0 0 / 00 mI ,vcr capitulc 2). Captulo
258 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cultivc hidrcpcnicc dc allacc ,Tccnica dc Filmc Nutritivc).
irrigac irrcstrita ,catcgcria A)
xpe.oc.as oo ~o.to Jo 0SA3
Os cxpcrimcntcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia
lcram rcalizadcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Ric Orandc dc Ncrtc
,UFRN), Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc ,UFLS) c Univcrsidadc
Fcdcral dc Santa Catarina ,UFSC). Lssas institui6cs adctaram a Tccnica
dc Filmc Nutritivc ,NFT), salicntandc quc a UFRN pcsquiscu tambcm a
prcduc dc Orama Hidrcpcnica.
.Jopoo.aNT
Tcdcs cs cxpcrimcntcs lcram rcalizadcs cm casa dc vcgctac, muitc
cmbcra sc dcva salicntar quc c cultivc hidrcpcnicc ccm csgctc tratadc
indcpcndc da cstrutura lisica, scndc csta dctcrminada pricritariamcntc
cm lunc dc clima. Assim scndc c cultivc cm casa dc vcgctac tcvc ccmc
cb]ctivc sc cbtcr um ambicntc mais aprcpriadc. A Tccnica dc Filmc
Nutricntc lci utilizada para prcduc dc plantas crnamcntais - Ocrbcra,
Zinia c Cravc da ndia ,UFRNc UFSC) c allacc ,UFLS), tal ccmc ilustradc
na Figura 7.3.
Cu`t.vo.Jopo.coJe`oes
Os cb]ctivcs dcstas pcsquisas incluiram.
i) aprimcrar c dcscnvclvimcntc da tccnclcgia dc sistcmas dc
cultivcs hidrcpcniccs ccm csgctcs tratadcs,
ii) dctcrminar c ccnsumc c c ccmpcrtamcntc dcs nutricntcs a lim
dc adcquar c csgctc tratadc para cs cultivcs sclccicnadcs,
atravcs da rcalizac dc um balanc dc nutricntcs,
iii) avaliar c pclimcntc adicicnal pcla rcmcc dc nutricntcs.
Para tantc, lci clctuada a caractcrizac dc csgctc tratadc a scr
utilizadc ccmc scluc nutritiva ,Tabcla 7.3), prcvcnicntc dc
liltrcs anacrcbics alcgadcs ,UFRN) c dc lagcas dc pclimcntc ,UFSC)
,Figuras 7.4 c 7.5).
Tcmandc ccmc rclcrncia gcncrica sclu6cs nutritivas sintcticas
rcccmcndadas para llcrcs crnamcntais, as scguintcs caractcristicas dcs
cllucntcs pcdcriam scr dcstacadas.
a dispcnibilidadc dc agua quc pcdc scr rcutilizada para lins
prcdutivcs, prcscrvandc cs rccurscs hidriccs para usc mais
ncbrcs,
prcscna dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs, cm quantidadcs quc pcdcm
atcndcr dctcrminadas culturas,
diminuic dcs custcs dc insumcs pcr aplicac dircta dcs
cllucntcs cu ccm ccrrcc das quantidadcs rclativas dcs mcsmcs.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 259
a b
c d
Iigura 7.3 ,a) Gcr|cro ]omcscn|| ,UFRN), ,b) Zn|o c/cgons ,UFRN),
,c) Cravc da ndia ,7ogc/c crcc/o) ,UFSC) c ,d) Allacc crcspa ,UFLS)
Iigura 7.4 Filtrc anacrcbic ,UFRN) Iigura 7.5 Iagcas ,UFSC)
269 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Os cxpcrimcntcs incluiram a manipulac das scguintcs variavcis.
,i) tcmpc dc rccirculac c rcncvac da scluc nutritiva ,24 h, 48h, 72 h,
7 dias c 2 dias) c ,ii) manc]c da scluc nutritiva dc accrdc ccm c ccntrclc
dc ccndutividadc clctrica c pH.
Os paramctrcs dc ccntrclc incluiram. ,i) altura da planta, ,ii) nmcrc
dc bct6cs llcrais, ,iii) nmcrc dc llcrcs ,para dctcctar abcrtamcntc dc
bct6cs), ,iv) diamctrc dc capitulc ,qualidadc das llcrcs) c ,v) matcria vcrdc
c matcria scca partc acrca c raizcs.
Tabela 7.3 Caractcrizac lisicc-quimica dcs cllucntcs tratadcs
,) mcdia dc 20 amcstras, ,2) mcdia dc 4 amcstras, ,3) abaixc dc limitc dc dctccc
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 26|
Lm linhas gcrais, cs cxpcrimcntcs pcrmitiram as scguintcs
cbscrva6cs.
A acrac dc csgctc nc rcscrvatcric mcstrcu scr um prcccdimcntc
rcccmcndavcl, principalmcntc cm csgctcs riccs cm nitrcgnic
amcniacal, vistc quc cssa pratica pcdc pcrmitir c prcccssc dc
nitrilicac, cu sc]a, a ccnvcrsc da lcrma amcniacal, tcxicc para
as plantas cm altas ccnccntra6cs, para nitratc quc c a lcrma dc
nitrcgnic mclhcr assimilavcl. A acrac c tambcm impcrtantc
para cxigcnar adcquadamcntc c sistcma radicular dcs vcgctais.
O manc]c c c ccntrclc cpcracicnal dcs sistcmas cstudadcs
pcrmitiram ccnstatar a cxaustc dc nutricntcs cm lunc dcs
ciclcs dc rccirculac utilizadcs, cvidcnciadcs pcr rcllcxcs dc
dclicincia nutricicnal nas culturas. Istc pcssibilitcu c
cstabclccimcntc dc um tcmpc rclcrcncial dc rcncvac dc csgctc
c, atravcs dc balanc dc nutricntcs, a cbtcnc das quantidadcs
cstcquicmctricas dc ccrrcc para culturas cspccilicas. Os
mclhcrcs rcsultadcs lcram cbtidcs ccm tcmpcs dc rccirculac dc
7 dias para a cultura da Zinia c dc 72 hcras para c cultivc dc
Ocrbcras. Valc salicntar quc mcncrcs ciclcs dc rccirculac nc
aprcscntaram dilcrcnas signilicativas dc prcdutividadc, scndc,
pcrtantc, ccnsidcradcs mais vanta]cscs dc pcntc dc vista
ambicntal, pcis ncssa ccndic aprcscntam mcncrcs tccrcs dc
nutricntcs cm casc dc ncccssidadc dc dcscartc nc mcic.
Vcriliccu-sc ainda quc cm ciclcs dc rccirculac maicrcs quc cs
citadcs nc itcm antcricr sc pcssivcis, pcis cs tccrcs dc
macrcnutricntcs cxistcntcs sc sulicicntcs para a alimcntac
das plantas, scndc ncccssarias apcnas pcqucnas ccrrc6cs dc
micrcnutricntcs ccm sais hidrcssclvcis ccnvcncicnais para
cbtcnc dc prcdutividadcs satislatcrias. Lntrctantc, nc sc
rcccmcnda c usc dc csgctc pcr pcricdc maicr dc 30 dias. Lssa
rcccmcndac tcm pcr cb]ctivc minimizar cs clcitcs da
cvapcrac. A cvapcrac intcnsa acarrcta acmulc dc sclidcs
suspcnscs, sais dissclvidcs c c dcscnvclvimcntc dc culturas
indcsc]avcis, ccmc lungcs c algas, quc prc]udicam c
dcscnvclvimcntc vcgctal.
Fci pcssivcl cbscrvar quc algumas culturas, ccmc a Zinia,
aprcscntaram maicr capacidadc dc adaptac a uma ccndic dc
dcsbalanccamcntc dc nutricntcs ,tipica dcs csgctcs sanitarics),
muitc prcvavclmcntc dcvidc a sclctividadc dc abscrc
nutricicnal.
262 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Lssa caractcristica nc lci cbscrvada nc cultivc da Ocrbcra,
cvidcnciandc quc para culturas dc plantas crnamcntais mais
ncbrcs c, pcr ccnscguintc, mais scnsivcis ac dcsbalanccamcntc dc
nutricntcs, sc laz ncccssaric rcalizar ccrrc6cs nc csgctc. Dcvc-sc
rcssaltar quc a ccrrcc na ccmpcsic cstcquicmctrica c
impcrtantc, na mcdida cm quc c dcsbalanccamcntc pcdc
acarrctar ccmpctitividadc antagcnica cu sincrgica c intcrlcrir nc
mccanismc dc abscrc dcs nutricntcs. Lstc latc lci cbscrvadc
pcla ccnstatac dc grandc ccnccntrac dc scdic assimilada nc
cultivc dc cravc da india, c quc prcvavclmcntc prc]udiccu a
abscrc dc pctassic c a trcca gascsa CO /O da planta,
2 2
dilicultandc c scu bcm dcscnvclvimcntc.
Os cxpcrimcntcs dcmcnstraram quc c usc dc csgctcs ccm
clcvadcs tccrcs dc sclidcs cm suspcnsc pcdc acarrctar
prcblcmas dc cclmatac das raizcs, alctandc c dcscnvclvimcntc
radicular c lcliar das plantas ,Figura 7.0). Istc c particularmcntc
prcblcmaticc nc casc dc cllucntcs dc lagcas, dada a clcvada
ccnccntrac dc algas usualmcntc prcscntcs. Ncssc scntidc,
rcccmcnda-sc quc a alimcntac das plantas dcvc scr rcalizada
atravcs dc canalctas ccbcrtas para cvitar a pcnctrac dc luz
sclar nc lilmc nutricntc c a prclilcrac dc algas.
Dc uma mancira gcral, pcdc-sc cbscrvar quc utilizac dc csgctcs
tratadcs cm hidrcpcnia prcmcvc um pclimcntc adicicnal ncs
cllucntcs, cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc dc nutricntcs, DQO, c sclidcs
suspcnscs.
Iigura 7.0 Sclidcs agrcgadcs nc sistcma radicular da Zinia cultivada
ccm cllucntc dc liltrc anacrcbic
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 263
Balano de Nutrientes
Para clcitc dc ccntribuic pratica aprcscnta-sc a scguir um
cxcrcicic dc balanc dc nutricntcs, ccm basc ncs cxpcrimcntcs ccnduzidcs
na UFRN.
Dcscric da unidadc cxpcrimcntal
A partir dc um rcscrvatcric dc alimcntac, a scluc nutritiva
,csgctc tratadc) cra lcrnccida pcr mcic dc bcmbcamcntc acicnadc pcr
tcmpcrizadcrcs, ccm vazc dc 0,5 litrcs/minutc, durantc 30 minutcs c um
intcrvalc dc 0 minutcs paradc para acrac das raizcs.
Durantc a alimcntac c lluxc cra ccnduzidc pcr canalctas ccm
dcclivc dc 4, lcrmandc uma lamina dc agua dc aprcximadamcntc 0,5 cm.
Apcs pcrccrrcr tcda a canalcta, c csgctc passava para uma calha cclctcra,
scndc a scguir rcccnduzidc ac rcscrvatcric pcr gravidadc c rccirculadc cm
alimcnta6cs subscqcntcs.
O csgctc pcrmanccia scndc rccicladc pcr pcricdcs prc-dctcrminadcs,
cu atc quandc scu vclumc sc tcrnava cxccssivamcntc rcduzidc pcr clcitc
dc ccnsumc c cvapcrac cu ainda atc scr ccnstatada sua inadcquac
para a ccntinuidadc dc usc ,c csgctc cra ccnsidcradc cxauridc quandc a
ccndutividadc clctrica atingia valcrcs inlcricrcs a 30 dc valcr
ccnsidcradc idcal para a cultura cm qucstc).
Lxcmplc dc balanc dc nutricntcs
Dadcs.
V . vclumc inicial ,litrcs) =50,0
i
C . ccnsumc tctal ,litrcs) =0,2
t
V . vclumc linal ,litrcs) = ,50,0 0,2) =30,8
l
N . nmcrc dc plantas na bancada =44
p
C . Ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na cntrada ,mg/I) =5,4
NL
C . Ccnccntrac dc nitrcgnic tctal na saida ,mg/I) =43,00
NS
T . Massa tctal dc nitrcgnic acumuladc na planta ,mg/kg).
NA
264 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Aplicandc a cquac 7..
,V x C ) ,V x C ) =T Pcrdas
i NL l NS NA
,50 Ix 5,4mg/I) ,30,8 Ix 43,00mg/I)
2557,0 mg 73,70 mg =843,2 mg =>T Pcrdas
NA
O ccnsumc tctal dc csgctc c rclcrcntc a 44 plantas ,N ), pcrtantc para
p
cbtcnc dc ccnsumc pcr planta.
843,2 mg/44 =0,0 mg ,T pcr planta Pcrdas)
NA
Cultivo Hidropnico de Alface
Apcsar das inmcras vantagcns aprcscntadas pcla aplicac dc
cllucntcs tratadcs na agricultura, c impcrtantc lcvar cm ccnsidcrac quc
sc trata dc um matcrial ccntaminadc pcr micrcrganismcs pctcncialmcntc
causadcrcs dc dccnas cm humancs, animais c algumas cspccics dc
plantas. Os cstudcs scbrc c rcsc dc cllucntcs dcvcm cnlccar a qualidadc
micrcbiclcgica dcs alimcntcs cultivadcs c nc apcnas cs aspcctcs
agrcncmiccs, para quc c tratamcntc c aplicac dcstcs cllucntcs sc]am
rcalizadcs ccm critcrics, garantindc a scgurana dc trabalhadcrcs rurais c
dcs ccnsumidcrcs. Alcm dissc, a cxpcsic dcs ccnsumidcrcs acs
ccntaminantcs prcvcnicntcs da irrigac ccm csgctc dcpcndcra nc
apcnas da qualidadc dc csgctc aplicadc, mas tambcm dc mctcdc dc
irrigac, dc tcmpc dcccrridc cntrc as ctapas dc irrigac, cclhcita c
subscqcntc ccnsumc assim ccmc dcs habitcs dcs ccnsumidcrcs.
Lsta pcsquisa tcvc cs scguintcs cb]ctivcs.
i) vcrilicar a qualidadc sanitaria dc allaccs irrigadas ccm
cllucntcs prcvcnicntcs dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc dc tipc
RAC ,Rcatcr Anacrcbic Ccmpartimcntadc) lagca dc
pclimcntc c dc pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc, atravcs das
analiscs dc cclilcrmcs tctais, I. cc/| c 8o/mcnc//o spp,
ii) avaliar a prcdutividadc das allaccs atravcs da dctcrminac da
massa lrcsca c scca da partc acrca c da raiz,
iii) avaliar a ccnccntrac dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs na partc
acrca das hcrtalias atravcs das analiscs dc N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S,
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fc, Bc Na.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 265
Iigura 7.7 Sistcma dc cultivc das allaccs ,UFLS)
Tabela 7.4 Caractcristicas dc Lllucntc Final da Iagca ,UIEB)
,) mcdia dc 00 amcstras
Na Figura 7.7 cnccntra-sc ilustradc c sistcma dc cultivc hidrcpcnicc
das allaccs na casa dc vcgctac da UFLS.
e f l
266 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Fcram rcalizadcs dcis plantics, um nc pcricdc dc vcrc c cutrc nc
invcrnc. Para tantc, lci clctuada a caractcrizac dc csgctc tratadc a scr
utilizadc ccmc scluc nutritiva ,Tabcla 7.4), prcvcnicntc da lagca dc
pclimcntc ,UFLS) ,Figura 7.8).
Os cxpcrimcntcs pcrmitiram as scguintcs cbscrva6cs.
Lm tcdas as analiscs micrcbiclcgicas rcalizadas na partc acrca das
allaccs, indcpcndcntcmcntc da cpcca dc cultivc ,invcrnc cu vcrc), cs
rcsultadcs lcram ncgativcs para a prcscna dc 8o/mcnc//o s c a
ccnccntrac dc cclilcrmcs tctais c I. cc/| cnccntravam-sc dcntrc dcs
padr6cs cstabclccidcs pcla Agncia dc Vigilancia Sanitaria ,ANVISA). Os
padr6cs micrcbiclcgiccs para hcrtalias lrcscas in natura prcparadas,
sanilicadas, rclrigcradas cu ccngcladas para c ccnsumc dirctc dcvcm scr,
para 8o/mcnc//o s, ausncia cm 25 g c para cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs,
2 -
limitc maximc dc 0 NMP g . A dctcrminac da ccnccntrac dc
bactcrias cm hcrtalias c utilizada ccmc paramctrc da carga micrcbiana
prcscntc c scrvc ccmc alcrta das ccndi6cs dc higicnc durantc a irrigac,
manipulac c armazcnamcntc assim ccmc dcs pctcnciais risccs
clcrccidcs a sadc dc ccnsumidcr.
Nas avalia6cs agrcncmicas, cbscrvaram-sc dilcrcnas
signilicativas ncs cxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs nc vcrc c nc invcrnc.
Ccnsidcrandc as variavcis massa lrcsca c massa scca da partc acrca, nc
vcrc, a mclhcr prcdutividadc lci cbtida ccm as plantas cultivadas ccm a
scluc nutritiva ccnvcncicnal c ccm c cllucntc dc tratamcntc lisicc-
quimicc. impcrtantc nctar quc ncsta cpcca dc anc, dcvidc a intcnsa
Iigura 7.8 Sistcma dc tratamcntc UFLS ,a) Iagca ,b) Tratamcntc Fisicc quimicc
a b
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 267
radiac sclar c lumincsidadc, a lagca dc pclimcntc aprcscntcu uma
grandc ccnccntrac dc micrcalgas lcvandc a um aumcntc da
ccnccntrac dc sclidcs suspcnscs tctais. Os sclidcs agrcgaram-sc
prcgrcssivamcntc as raizcs das allaccs cultivadas ccm c cllucntc da lagca
dc pclimcntc nc diluidc c ccm c cllucntc da lagca diluidc 50
prc]udicandc sua cxigcnac c alctandc ncgativamcntc c crcscimcntc das
plantas quc sc aprcscntaram ccm um rcduzidc dcscnvclvimcntc lcliar c
radicular ,Figura 7.0). Na analisc dcs nutricntcs lcliarcs cbscrvcu-sc
tambcm as maicrcs varia6cs dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs ncsta cpcca dc
anc. Nc invcrnc, cntrctantc, quandc as tcmpcraturas sc mais amcnas c a
incidncia lumincsa c mcncr, a ccnccntrac dc algas rcgistradas na lagca
lci 2 lcg inlcricr a ccnccntrac cbtida nc pcricdc dc vcrc c as plantas
cultivadas ccm c cllucntc dc tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc c ccm c cllucntc da
lagca dc pclimcntc diluidc 50 lcram scmclhantcs cm tcrmcs dc massa
lrcsca c massa scca as plantas cultivadas ccm a scluc nutritiva
ccnvcncicnal.
Assim, dc accrdc ccm as ccndi6cs adctadas na pcsquisa c ccm as
caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs utilizadcs, pcdc-sc ccncluir quc.
O cultivc dc allaccs pclc sistcma hidrcpcnicc utilizandc-sc
cllucntcs tratadcs dc lagca dc cstabilizac c dc pcs-tratamcntc
lisicc-quimicc c scgurc dc pcntc dc vista dc riscc sanitaric para a
cultura c para c cpcradcr, ccnsidcrandc-sc quc c ccntatc ccm c
cllucntc c minimc durantc tcdc c prcccssc dc cultivc. Os cuidadcs
adctadcs principalmcntc nc mcmcntc da cclcta das plantas
ccntribuiram para quc cs nivcis dc ccntaminac cnccntradcs
l csscm i nl cri crcs acs cstabcl cci dcs pcl a ANVISA
indcpcndcntcmcntc dc pcricdc dc cultivc, vcrc cu nc invcrnc.
Iigura 7.0 Dcscnvclvimcntc lcliar c radicular das allaccs UFLS
268 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
O pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntc dc lagca dc pclimcntc c dc
lundamcntal impcrtancia nc cultivc hidrcpcnicc, principalmcntc
nc pcricdc dc vcrc quandc a radiac sclar c a lumincsidadc sc
prcpicias a prclilcrac das algas. As plantas cultivadas ccm c
cllucntc dc pcs-tratamcntc lisicc-quimicc aprcscntaram
caractcristicas agrcncmicas ccmparavcis aquclas cultivadas ccm
scluc nutritiva ccnvcncicnal indcpcndcntcmcntc da cpcca dc
cultivc.
Cu`t.vo JeCa~a .Jopo.ca,CC}
Agrama lci cultivada utilizandc a Tccnica dc Fcrragcm Hidrcpcnica
]a utilizada cm cxpcrimcntcs antcricrcs na UFRNpara c cultivc dc milhc
lcrragcirc ,ANDRADLNLTO c/ o/, 2003).
O cb]ctivc da pcsquisa lci c dc cstudar a viabilidadc dc mais uma
cpc dc usc dc csgctcs tratadcs cm tccnicas dc hidrcpcnia. A scguir, a
dcscric dcs cxpcrimcntcs c accmpanhada dc sugcst6cs dc crdcm pratica,
cxtraidas das cbscrva6cs cxpcrimcntais.
Aspectos Coostut.vos
A unidadc cxpcrimcntal ccnsistiu dc mcdulcs dcncminadcs can-
tcircs, ccm ccntcrncs limitadcs pcr alvcnaria dc ti]clc ccramicc vazadc,
ccm dimcns6cs dc 2,0 m dc ccmprimcntc pcr ,0 m dc largura c dcclividadc
dc 4 cuidadcsamcntc nivclada dc lcrma a cvitar caminhcs prclcrcnciais
nc lluxc. O lundc c latcrais lcram rcvcstidcs ccm lcna plastica dc 200
micra, na ccr branca, para impcrmcabilizac ,Figura 7.0).
Na pratica, as dimcns6cs irc variar dc accrdc ccm a arca dc plantic,
cmbcra nc sc rcccmcndcm larguras maicrcs quc ,5 m, pcis istc diliculta
c tratc da cultura na arca ccntral dcs cantcircs. O ccmprimcntc csta
dirctamcntc rclacicnadc a vazc aplicada, rcsguardandc scmprc c
csccamcntc sub-supcrlicial cm tcda a cxtcnsc. O sistcma dc distribuic
dc csgctc cra ccnstituidc dc tubcs dc PVC pcrluradcs, caixa dc brita
ccm antcparc c rcgistrc para alcric dc vazc. A alimcntac cra
rcalizada nc inicic dcs cantcircs, dc lcrma sub-supcrlicial para cvitar
carrcamcntc dc substratc. Acaixa dc brita tcm ccmc cb]ctivc prcpcrcicnar
uma distribuic hcmcgnca c c antcparc da caixa scrvc para lcrar c
csccamcntc subsupcrlicial ,Figura 7.).
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 269
Para c sistcma pilctc as dimcns6cs da caixa dc brita lcram dc 0,0 m
ccmprimcntc x ,0 m largura x 0,05 m altura dc antcparc.
Tco.ca JeCu`t.vo
O plantic lci rcalizadc pcr plugs ,tcucciras) ccm cspaamcntc
5 x 5 cm cntrc linhas c cntrc cclunas, lcrmandc triangulac para
mclhcr distribuic dc lluxc.
A varicdadc utilizada lci a Orama Lsmcralda ,Zcs|o ]ocn|co) cu]c
ciclc dc cultivc cm sclc ,lcchamcntc dcs tapctcs) c dc aprcximadamcntc
00-20 dias.
O principal critcric para sclcc dc substratc c a granulcmctria dc
mcsmc, quc dcvc tcr um cspac intcrsticial na matriz dc substratc, cu sc]a
macrcpcrcs sulicicntcs para pcrmitir um adcquadc csccamcntc dc csgctc c
acrac das raizcs. Mclhcrcs rcsultadcs lcram cbtidcs quandc c substratc
Iigura 7.I0 Vista gcral dcs mcdulcs dc cultivc dc grama hidrcpcnica
Iigura 7.II Caixa dc brita para a distribuic dc csgctc
279 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
pcssuia mais dc 80 dc matcrial ccm granulcmctria cntrc 0,0-2,0mm c
baixc tccr dc argila.
A altura dc substratc c cutrc latcr impcrtantc, vistc quc as raizcs
pcssucm gcctrcpismc pcsitivc c lctctrcpismc ncgativc, cu sc]a,
crcscimcntc cm dircc ac sclc c ausncia dc luz. Scndc assim, sc nc
cnccntrarcm cbstaculcs, as raizcs crcsccrc dcmasiadamcntc nc scntidc
vcrtical, nc prccnchcndc cs cspacs latcrais cntrc as mudas. Ccm um
substratc ccm baixa prclundidadc, as raizcs cnccntrarc c cbstaculc ,lcna
impcrmcavcl) antccipadamcntc c cmitirc raizcs ,cstcl6cs) latcrais c,
pcrtantc, sc dcscnvclvcndc mais rapidamcntc. As alturas utilizadas ncs
cxpcrimcntcs lcram dc 2 cm c cm, scm tcrcm sidc ccnstatadas dilcrcnas
cntrc cs rcspcctivcs rcsultadcs.
Apcs 30 dias cu 3 cm dc altura, rcccmcnda-sc rcalizar a primcira
pcda, dc lcrma a induzir c dcscnvclvimcntc dc sistcma radicular c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, a cmissc dc ncvcs cstcl6cs.
Lm pcricdcs dc alta pluvicsidadc rcccmcnda-sc a utilizac dc
ccbcrtura tipc tncis para cvitar c cncharcamcntc dc substratc c
ccnscqcntc diminuic da acrac das raizcs, bcm ccmc a lixiviac dc
alguns nutricntcs mcvcis, uma vcz quc nc licam adscrvidcs na matriz dc
substratc.
O cultivc hidrcpcnicc pcrmitiu a cclhcita cm mcncr tcmpc ,cm
ccmparac a tccnica dc cultivc ccnvcncicnal), aprcximadamcntc 75 dias
,Figuras 7.2 c 7.3).
Aspectos 0peac.ooa.s
Avazc dc alimcntac c c ciclc dc rcga sc dctcrminadcs cm lunc
das dimcns6cs dc cantcirc ,ccmprimcntc da rampa) c da taxa dc
cvapcrac lccal. Uma lcrma simplilicada para cstimar a vazc ncccssaria
c, pcr ccnscguintc, c ciclc dc rcga, scria a dctcrminac dc tcmpc dc avanc
,tcmpc dc dcslccamcntc da scluc nutritiva para pcrccrrcr tcda cxtcnsc
dc tabulcirc) c da cvapcrac dc csgctc nc substratc. O nmcrc dc ciclcs dc
rcgas diarias dcvc scr igual ac tcmpc dc cvapcrac dc csgctc, apcs cstc
atingir tcda cxtcnsc dc cantcirc.
Para as ccndi6cs lccais dc cxpcrimcntc, cs mclhcrcs rcsultadcs
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 27|
2
lcram cbtidcs ccm 20I/m /dia, distribuidcs cm intcrvalcs dc 4 cm 4 hcras,
ccm inicic as 5.00 hcras c linal as 7.00 hcras dc cada dia, rcpctindc c ciclc
nc dia scguintc. Durantc a ncitc, a irrigac cra suspcnsa para pcrmitir
mclhcr acrac dc sistcma radicular.
Dcstaca-sc a clicincia dcsta ncva tccnica cm rclac ac cultivc
tradicicnal ,sclc) dc grama, viabilizandc a prcduc dc placas cm mcncr
tcmpc c ccm mcncrcs custcs ,suprcssc da ncccssidadc dc lcrtilizantcs).
Iigura 7.I2 Dcscnvclvimcntc das mudas ,30 dias)
Iigura 7.I3 Orama cm lasc dc cclhcita (72 dias)
272 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
3.o`.ogal.a Coosu`taJa
ABUJAMRA, R. C. P., MLIO, H. N. S., ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc. Usc Prcdutivc dc
Lllucntcs Tratadcs cm Hidrcpcnia NFT. In. CONORLSSO BRASIILIRO DL
LNOLNHARIA SANITRIA L AMBILNTAI, 23., Campc Orandc, 2005, Anais... Ric dc
Jancirc. ABLS, 2005.
ABUJAMRA, R. C. P., ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc, MLIO, H. N. S. Rcusc dc aguas
rcsiduarias tratadas nc cultivc dc grama hidrcpcnica. In. CONORLSSO BRASIILIRO DL
LNOLNHARIA SANITRIA L AMBILNTAI, 23., Campc Orandc, 2005, Anais... Ric dc
Jancirc. ABLS, 2005.
AIMLIDA, B. F. dc. Histcricc da hidrcpcnia. In. ILDIC, I.I. ,cd.). Cursc dc hidrcpcnia.
Ubcraba. PIAR, 007. p. -7.
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Fundac Cargill, 002. p. 300-303.
DOUOIAS, J. S. Hidrcpcnia. cultura scm tcrra. Sc Paulc. Ncbcl, 087. 44 p.
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plantas. principics c aplica6cs. Piracicaba. Asscciac para Pcsquisa da Pctassa c dc
Fcslatc, 080. 20 p.
MAIAVOITA, L. Llcmcntcs dc Nutric Mincral. Sc Paulc. Agrcncmica Ccrcs, 080. 25
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SIIVA, M. I. J. da. Scluc nutritiva para hidrcpcnia. calculc, prcparc, c manc]c. Brasilia.
SLNAR, 000.
MLIO, H. N. S., ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc, MLNDONA, F. C., MARQULS, M. O.,
PIVLIII, R. P. Usc dc Lsgctc Tratadc cm Hidrcpcnia. In. BASTOS, R. K. X. ,Org.). ct al.
Utilizac dc Lsgctcs Tratadcs cm Fcrtirrigac, Hidrcpcnia c Piscicultura. Ric dc
Jancirc. ABLS, Rima, 2003. p.57-02.
RLSH, H. M. Cultivcs hidrcpcniccs. nucvas tccnicas dc prcduccicn. Lspanha. Mundi-
Prcnsa, 087. 38 p.
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Pragas, Dccnas c Nutric Vcgctal cm Ambicntc Prctcgidc. Jabcticabal. Funcp, 2002. 702
p.
SMITH, D. I. Rcckwccl in hcrticulturc. Icndcn. Orcwcr Bcck, 087.
Cap. 7 J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s em ||J|6p6o|a 273
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ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc, MLIO, H. N. S., MLIO FIIHO, C. P., OIIVLIRA, F. K. D.
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ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc, Sistcmas Simplcs para Tratamcntc dc Lsgctcs Sanitarics
Lxpcrincia Brasilcira. Ric dc Jancirc. ABLS, 007. 30 p.
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Orandc. UFPB, 004.
LMATLR-RN. Fcrragcm hidrcpcnica dc milhc. uma altcrnativa bcm succdida. Inlcrmc dc
Institutc dc Assistncia Tccnica c Lxtcnsc Rural dc Ric Orandc dc Ncrtc, 200.
LPSTLIN, L. Nutric mincral. Sc Paulc. LDUSP, 075. 238 p.
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8 p.
274 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
HAANDLI, A, MARAIS, O. O Ccmpcrtamcntc dc Sistcma dc Icdc Ativadc. Campina
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MLIO, H. N. S., MIRANDA, R. J. A., MOURA, I. R. B., MLIO FIIHO, C. P., ANDRADL
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MLIO, H. N. S., MOURA, I. R. B., ANDRADL NLTO, C. O. dc, OIIVLIRA, F. K. D. Usc dc
Lsgctc Dcmcsticc Tratadc cm Filtrcs Anacrcbics ccmc Fcntc dc Macrc c Micrc Nutricntcs
para Culturas Hidrcpcnicas. In. SIMPOSIO IUSO-BRASIILIRO DL LNOLNHARIA
SANITRIA L AMBILNTAI, 0., Braga, 2002. Anais... Braga. APLSB/APRH/ABLS,
2002. CD-ROM.
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Campina Orandc, UFPB, 000.
OIIVLIRA, A. C. I., PLRLIRA NLTO, A., SOUZA, A. C. R. Altcrnativas para c
dcscnvclvimcntc sustcntavcl dc agcntc prcdutivc. Fcrragcm Hidrcpcnica dc Milhc.
Fcrtalcza. Bancc dc Ncrdcstc dc Brasil S/A, 008. 5 p.
SAIASSILR, B. Manual dc Irrigac. Vicsa. UFV, Imprcnsa Univcrsitaria, 005.
SARRUOL, J.R. Sclu6cs nutritivas. Summa Phytcpatclcgica. Piracicaba, 080. 23 p.
SINOH, B. P., SAINJU, U. M. Scil physical and mcrphclcgical prcpcrtics and rcct grcwth.
HcrtScicncc, Alcxandria, v.33, n.0, p.000-07, ]unc 008.
STAFF, H. Hidrcpcnia. Cclcc Agrcindstria. Cuiaba. SLBRAL/MT, 007, 80 p.
TLIXLIRA, N. T. Hidrcpcnia. uma altcrnativa para pcqucnas arcas. Ouaiba.
Agrcpccuaria, 000. 80 p.
Cap'tu`o 8
Jso Je sgotos TataJos paa oJuao Ao.~a`
|aa|a ||as 8e.||acqaa, |a|ae| |6psc|||z Xa.|e| 8as|6s, |Jaa|J6 A||aJae|xe||a |aooa
`otoJuao
Atualmcntc, a agricultura dcpcndc dc suprimcntc dc agua a um
nivcl tal quc a sustcntabilidadc da prcduc dc alimcntcs nc pcdcra scr
mantida scm quc critcrics incvadcrcs dc gcstc sc]am cstabclccidcs c
implcmcntadcs cm curtc prazc. Sc ccnsidcrarmcs quc 05 dc tcda a agua
ccnsumida c utilizada pcla agricultura ,cm rcgi6cs aridas, scmi-aridas cu
cm lunc da cstac dc anc, cssa prcpcrc pcdc chcgar a 80-00), 25
pclas indstrias c quc cs rcstantcs 0 sc cncaminhadcs para divcrscs
lins urbancs, tcmcs quc uma rcduc dc 0 na lrac dcstinada a
irrigac libcraria agua sulicicntc para, grcssciramcntc, duplicar c
ccnsumc dcmcsticc cm ambitc mundial ,STRAUSS, 200, MANCUSO,
SANTOS, 2003). Pcr cutrc ladc, a crcsccntc ccnccrrncia cntrc cs trs
scgmcntcs tcm, dc latc, lcvadc a rcduc dc usc da agua pcla agricultura
,BROWN, 2003 citadc pcr BULCHILRc/ o/., 2000).
Assim, dilcrcntcs pcssibilidadcs tm sidc cb]ctc dc cstudc, cu ]a
pcstas cm pratica, na busca dc rccurscs hidriccs adicicnais cu
substitutivcs, incluindc a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na agricultura c
na prcduc animal. Lssa altcrnativa aprcscnta dilcrcntcs aspcctcs
pcsitivcs, tais ccmc. ,i) a substituic da lcntc dc agua, ccnsidcrandc a
agricultura cu a piscicultura praticadas nas prcximidadcs dc pcrimctrc
urbanc, pcdcmcs supcr uma prcpcrc substancial, sc nc dc 00, dc

substituic da agua utilizada pcr agua rcsiduaria , prcscrvandc aquclas

. 00 da ccntribuic dc csgctcs sanitarics da Cidadc dc Mcxicc, ccm pcpulac acima dc 20
milh6cs dc habitantcs, sc utilizadcs para irrigac dc 80.000 ha nc Valc dc Mczquital, c csgctc c
transpcrtadc pcr um ccmplcxc dc canais c rcscrvatcrics ac lcngc dc 00 km ,STRAUSS,
BIUMLNTHAI, 080).
Lm Calcuta, ndia, praticamcntc tcda a ccntribuic dc csgctcs sanitarics c utilizada cm 4.400 ha dc
tanqucs dc piscicultura, a mais dc 27 km ac lcstc da rcgic mctrcpclitana ,MARA, CAIRNCROSS,
080).
dc mclhcr qualidadc para cutrcs uscs, ccmc c abastccimcntc para

ccnsumc humanc c animal, ,ii) cccncmia dc insumcs dc prcduc, ]a quc
as aguas rcsiduarias aprcscntam cm sua ccmpcsic nutricntcs
impcrtantcs para as plantas c pcixcs ,nitrcgnic, lcslcrc, pctassic, dcntrc
cutrcs), ,iii) rcciclagcm dc nutricntcs, ,iv) prcscrvac da lrac crganica
dc sclc, ,v) mcncrcs custcs dc tratamcntc dcs csgctcs, quandc ccmparadcs
ac tratamcntc ncccssaric para c lanamcntc dc cllucntcs cm ccrpcs
rcccptcrcs, ,vi) prcduc dc alimcntcs c ,vii) prctcc dcs ccrpcs d`agua,
rcsultandc, pcr ccnscguintc, na rcduc dcs gastcs ccm prcccsscs dc
pctabilizac da agua ,MARA, CAIRNCROSS, 080, STRAUSS, 200,
BASTOSc/ o/., 2003a, CORAUCCI FIIHO c/ o/., 2003).
Pcr cutrc ladc, tambcm dcvcm scr pcndcradas as limita6cs quc
pcdcm cnvclvcr a pratica dc rcsc agrcpccuaric, tais ccmc. ,i) aspcctcs
linanccircs rclacicnadcs ac transpcrtc dc csgctc sanitaric acs lccais dc
utilizac , pcis, cm gcral, as prcpricdadcs cndc a pratica dc rcsc pcdcria
scr aplicada cstc lccalizadas distantcs dcs ccntrcs urbancs, lccais dc
prcduc dcs maicrcs vclumcs dc aguas rcsiduarias, ,ii) usc inaprcpriadc,
rclacicnadc a nc cbscrvancia dc rcccmcnda6cs dc manc]c aprcpriadc a
pratica dc rcsc cm irrigac c piscicultura, ,iii) aspcctcs dc sadc pblica,
implicandc na cxpcsic dc grupcs pcpulacicnais a dilcrcntcs risccs a
sadc, ,iv) aspcctcs dc sadc animal, as aguas rcsiduarias utilizadas para
a prcduc dc animais ,piscicultura) cu dc prcdutcs para alimcntac
animal pcdcm altcrar cs pcrlis sanitarics dcs rcbanhcs, implicandc cm
custcs/prc]uizcs na prcduc animal, ,iv) cxistncia dc ccmpcncntcs nas
aguas rcsiduarias quc pcdcm scr tcxiccs para as plantas ,pcr cxcmplc,
scdic, clcrctcs, bcrc) c para as pcixcs ,pcr cxcmplc, amcnia),
,v) ccntaminac quimica c micrcbiclcgica dcs mananciais subtcrranccs,
,vi) altcrac das caractcristicas dc sclc ,salinizac, rcduc da
pcrmcabilidadc c da acrac) c ,vii) aspcctcs culturais rclacicnadcs a
rc]cic dc ccnsumc dc alimcntcs prcduzidcs ccm csgctcs sanitarics
,DUIAC, 200, SCOTTc/ o/., 2004, FARUQUI, 2000).
Lmbcra a utilizac agriccla c na prcduc animal ,principalmcntc
cm piscicultura) dc aguas rcsiduarias sc]a uma pratica ]a ccntcnaria, c
tambcm um ccnccitc mcdcrnc, na mcdida cm quc ganha cada vcz mais
rcccnhccimcntc ccmc uma impcrtantc cstratcgia para c dcscnvclvimcntc
sustcntavcl. Os cxcmplcs cm tcdc c mundc vc dcsdc sistcmas
rigidamcntc ccntrcladcs pcr dirctrizcs gcvcrnamcntais, ccm clcvadcs
nivcis dc planc]amcntc c rcspaldadcs cm pcliticas dc gcstc dc rccurscs
276 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
hidriccs, atc as iniciativas cspcntancas dc pcqucncs agricultcrcs
cnvclvcndc scrics risccs a sadc pblica. Lntrctantc, apcnas
rcccntcmcntc lcram-sc ccnsclidandc as bascs tccnicas c cicntilicas para c
rcsc ccntrcladc, cu sc]a, c usc para lins prcdutivcs, balizadc cm critcrics
dc ctimizac cccncmica c aliadcs a scgurana sanitaria c prctcc
ambicntal ,STRAUSS, BIUMLNTHAI, 080, STRAUSS, 200).
Dilcrcntcs cxcmplcs dc utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics aparcccm na
litcratura, cm varics paiscs da Amcrica Iatina, nc Mcxicc, nc Ncrtc
Alricanc, Sul da Lurcpa, Ocstc c Sul Asiaticcs, na Pcninsula Arabica c ncs
Lstadcs Unidcs, cnvclvcndc a piscicultura c a irrigac dc dilcrcntcs
culturas. vcgctais, pastagcns c culturas nc ccmcstivcis, parqucs c arcas
vcrdcs, campcs dc cspcrtc, dcntrc cutras, ccnlcrmc sintctizadc pcr Shuval
ct al. ,080), Strauss, Blumcnthal ,080), Ldwards, ,002), Strauss
,200), Bazza ,2003), Bucchlcr ct al.,2000), Faruqui ,2000).
Jt.`.zaao Je sgotos Sao.ta.os oa oJuao Je
oage.as paa Coosu~o Ao.~a`
ua`.JaJe Ja oage.a
Os csgctcs sanitarics sc riccs cm nutricntcs, ccmc c nitrcgnic,
lcslcrc, pctassic, calcic c magncsic, csscnciais para c adcquadc
dcscnvclvimcntc das dilcrcntcs culturas, c quc atcsta scu pctcncial dc usc
ccmc lcrtilizantc. Alcm dissc, c dc igual impcrtancia, a matcria crganica
prcscntc cm sua ccmpcsic atua ccmc ccndicicnantc dc sclc c lcntc dc
rcpcsic dc hmus, ccndi6cs cssas nc garantidas ccm c usc dc
lcrtilizantcs quimiccs.
Aclcvada dcmanda dc macrcnutricntcs ,N, Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Na c Cl)
dc varias lcrragciras c gramincas lazcm dcssas culturas uma das
mclhcrcs cp6cs para a dispcsic dcs csgctcs nc sclc, rcsultandc cm
rcmcc ccnsidcravcl, particularmcntc, dc nitrcgnic c lcslcrc.
Adicicnalmcntc, a cpc pclas lcrragciras, alcm dc ccnstituir uma lcrma
dc tratamcntc cu pcs-tratamcntc dcs csgctcs, agrcga a pcssibilidadc dc
utilizac da bicmassa prcduzida para alimcntac animal. Assim, alcm
dcs aspcctcs ambicntais, a adcquada qualidadc nutricicnal da lcrragcira
dcvc scr um cb]ctivc a scr alcanadc.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 277
O aspcctc nutricicnal na prcduc animal c talvcz um dcs mais
ccmplcxcs c signilicativcs. Prcgramas dc alimcntac tm dilcrcntcs
impactcs na prcduc c nc crcscimcntc dcs animais, dctcrminandc
igualmcntc cs ccnarics luturcs da cxplcrac. Divcrscs latcrcs sc
ccnsidcradcs quandc da sclcc dc alimcntc lcrnccidc, dcvcndc cssc sc
2
adcquar a cspccic dc intcrcssc zcctccnicc ,mcncgastriccs cu ruminantcs ),
a lasc dc vida ,animais, ]cvcns, cm gcstac, cm lactac, dcntrc cutras) c
acs cb]ctivcs prcdutivcs a scrcm alcanadcs. O ccnsumc dc nutricntcs
para a prcduc animal dcvc atcndcr as cxigncias nutricicnais dcs
animais, as quais sc inllucnciadas pcr latcrcs incrcntcs acs animais
,cspccics, raa, idadc, scxc) c rclacicnadcs a prcduc ,lasc prcdutiva,

ccndi6cs dc ambicntc - tcmpcratura, umidadc, vcntilac - ingcstc dc
agua, ccmpcrtamcntc dc animal nc rcbanhc, dcntrc cutrcs). Quandc as
cxigncias nc sc satislcitas, aprcscntam-sc quadrcs dc dclicincias quc,
primciramcntc, lcvam cs animais a utilizarcm as suas rcscrvas ccrpcrais
na tcntativa dc amcnizar c prcblcma, c, pcstcricrmcntc, a qucda cu
mcsmc paralisac da prcduc. Lm dclicincias scvcras, pcdc cccrrcr a
mcrtc dc animal ,OLRIOFF, 200).
A Tabcla 8. aprcscnta algumas das cxigncias nutricicnais dc
varias cspccics animais cm dilcrcntcs lascs prcdutivas. Os valcrcs
rclativcs as cxigncias nutricicnais pcdcm variar dc lcrma signilicativa
cm lunc dcs aspcctcs antcricrmcntc dcscritcs, alcm dissc, as pcsquisas
na arca dc nutric animal ccnstantcmcntc sugcrcm altcrac ncs valcrcs
c, scndc assim, cs mcsmcs dcvcm scr intcrprctadcs ccmc rcccmcnda6cs c
nc ccmc dadcs absclutcs. Adicicnalmcntc, a dclinic dc valcrcs dc
cxigncias nutricicnais, a cxcmplc dc aprcscntadc na Tabcla 8., c lcita
prcssupcndc quc cs animais cstc sc alimcntandc ncrmalmcntc.
Lm sc tratandc dc animais hcrbivcrcs, c lcrnccimcntc dc alimcntcs
3
vclumcscs ,lcrragcns ) c csscncial, uma vcz quc a principal lcntc dc
cncrgia prcvcm dcs carbcidratcs ingcridcs ccm as plantas. Lsscs
278 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
2. Mcncgastriccs animais cu]c cstcmagc c ccnstituidc pcr uma nica camara. Ruminantcs - animais
cu]c cstcmagc c ccnstituidc pcr varias camaras. prc-cstcmagcs ,cu cstcmagcs aglandularcs) c
cstcmagc quimicc ,cu cstcmagc glandular). Ncs hcrbivcrcs, animais cu]a principal lcntc dc cncrgia c
criunda dcs carbcidratcs ingcridcs ccm as plantas, a digcstc dcs carbcidratcs cccrrc ncs prc-
cstcmagcs ,rmcn c rcticulc), nc casc dcs ruminantcs, cu nc intcstinc grcssc ,cccc c cclcn), nc casc dcs
mcncgastriccs.
3. Fcrragcm c dclinida ccmc as partcs ccmcstivcis das plantas, cxcctc cs grcs, quc pcdcm scr
utilizadas ccmc alimcntc para animais cm pastc]c cu pcdcm scr cclhidas c lcrnccidas ccmc alimcntc
,FOTC, 00). Icgumincsas c gramincas sc impcrtantcs lcntcs dc lcrragcmpara cs animais.
-
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 279
alimcntcs sc caractcrizam pcr baixc tccr cncrgcticc c altcs tccrcs dc libras
cu agua, alcm dc aprcscntarcm vclumc clcvadc pcr unidadc dc pcsc ,baixa
dcnsidadc). Fcrragcns dc alta qualidadc pcdcm suprir a maicria dcs
nutricntcs, dcpcndcndc, dcntrc cutrcs aspcctcs, da catcgcria animal cm

qucstc, da cspccic lcrragcira, dc tipc dc sclc c lcrtilidadc c da idadc da
planta. Fatcrcs impcrtantcs na dctcrminac da qualidadc c a idadc ac
ccrtc cu pastc]c c c cstagic dc maturac da planta. Ccm idadc avanada,
as plantas dccrcsccm cm prctcina, cncrgia, calcic, lcslcrc c matcria scca
digcstivcl, cnquantc aumcnta a libra ,libra dctcrgcntc ncutra - FDN, libra
dctcrgcntc acida - FDAc lignina) ,TLIXLIRA, 008, IANA, 2005).
O ccnsumc dc alimcntcs c rcguladc pcr mccanismc hcmccstaticc
bascadc cm aspcctcs bicquimiccs c lisiccs dc crganismc. Um aspcctc
bicquimicc impcrtantc quc dctcrmina c ccnsumc dc alimcntcs c c
cquilibric cncrgcticc, c qual csta dadc na dilcrcna cntrc a ingcstc dc
cncrgia ,alimcntc) c c gastc dc cncrgia, scndc cssc divididc cm cncrgia dc
manutcnc ,lun6cs basicas para manutcnc da vida. batimcntcs
cardiaccs, mcvimcntcs rcspiratcrics, cquilibric tcrmicc, prcduc dc lczcs
c urina, dcntrc cutras), c cncrgia dc prcduc ,cngcrda, gcstac, lactac,
dcntrc cutras). Ncs mcncgastriccs, a ccnccntrac dc cncrgia na dicta c c
Tabela 8.I Dcmanda nutricicnal para dilcrcntcs lascs prcdutivas
dc cspccics animais dc intcrcssc zcctccnicc
NOTAS. ,) Pcsc vivc. ,2) Matcria scca. ,3) Prctcina bruta. ,4) Valcrcs cxprcsscs ccm basc na matcria
scca , da MS). ,5) Para prcduc dc 5 kg dc lcitc pcr dia ccm 3,5 dc gcrdura. ,0) Para sc atingir pcsc
ac abatc dc 454 kg, ganhc dc pcsc mcdic diaric dc 0,20 kg, c 28 gcrdura ccrpcral. ,7) Para sc atingir
pcsc ac abatc dc 545 kg, ganhc dc pcsc mcdic diaric dc ,38 kg, c 28 gcrdura ccrpcral. ,8) Para
prcduc dc 8 kg dc lcitc pcr dia ccm 3,8 dc gcrdura. ,0) Para prcduc dc 40 kg dc lcitc pcr dia.
FONTL. Adaptadc dc Ribcirc ,007), NRC,200), Ocrlcll ,200), Iana ,2005).
principal latcr quc dctcrmina a taxa dc sua ingcstc, cu sc]a, a rcgulac
sc da pcr mccanismcs quimiccs. Ncs ruminantcs, cm lunc da cxistncia
dcs prc-cstcmagcs, c ccntrclc da ingcstc dc alimcntc cccrrc,
principalmcntc, pcr um mccanismc lisicc dc cnchimcntc c csvaziamcntc
dcs prc-cstcmagcs. Assim, c ccnsumc dc alimcntc aumcnta ccm c aumcntc
4
dc valcr nutritivc, atc um pcntc cm quc a distcnsc dc rmcn nc pcrmitc
maicr ingcstc. Dcssa lcrma, a utilizac dc lcrragcm ccm baixc valcr
5
nutritivc ,baixa digcstibilidadc ) pcdc lcvar a intcrrupc da ingcstc dc
alimcntc antcs dc satislcita a dcmanda tctal dc cncrgia dc animal. Pcr
cutrc ladc, c lcrnccimcntc dc dicta ccm clcvadc valcr nutritivc ,alta
digcstibilidadc, caractcrizada pcla clcvada prcpcrc dc matcria vcrdc na
lcrragcm, pcr cxcmplc, lcrragcns ncvas) lcva ac aumcntc dc ccnsumc dc
alimcntc atc ccrtc pcntc, a partir dc qual a ingcstc passa a scr ccntrclada
mais pcla ncccssidadc cncrgctica dc animal ,mccanismc quimicc), dc quc
pcla capacidadc dc cnchimcntc dc rmcn ,BOROLS, 008, OLRIOFF,
200).
Ccnsidcrandc cs aspcctcs acima, dcprccndc-sc quc c ccnsumc dc
lcrragcm c um latcr limitantc quandc da clabcrac dc prcgramas dc
alimcntac para ruminantcs. A avaliac dc ccnsumc dc lcrragciras
0
pclcs animais c lcita atravcs dc paramctrc matcria scca , c qual c tambcm
um dcs paramctrcs utilizadcs para avaliar a prcduc da lcrragcira. A
matcria scca ccntcm tcdcs cs nutricntcs ,cxcctc agua) quc sc ncccssarics
para cs animais. A ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs ncs alimcntcs
ncrmalmcntc c cxprcssa ccm basc na quantidadc dc matcria scca ac invcs
da matcria vcrdc, pcis. ,i) a quantidadc dc agua ncs alimcntcs pcdc variar
289 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
4. O ramcn ccrrcspcndc a um dcs prc-cstcmagcs ,cstcmagcs aglandularcs) dcs ruminantcs. Ncssa
camara, lccalizam-sc as bactcrias capazcs dc lcrmcntar a cclulcsc. Os cutrcs prc-cstcmagcs
ccrrcspcndcm ac rc//ca/c, caractcrizadc tambcm pcla prcscna dc grandc quantidadc dc bactcrias
lcrmcntativas c c cmosc, cndc c bclc alimcntar ccntcndc cncrmc quantidadc dc bactcrias
lcrmcntativas c ccnccntradc, dcvidc a rcabscrc dc agua. Os ruminantcs ccntam ainda ccm uma
quarta camara, c o|cmosc ,cstcmagc glandular), quc ccrrcspcndcntc ac cstcmagc ncs rcstantcs
mamilcrcs, cndc cccrrc partc da digcstc quimica dcs alimcntcs a partir da sccrcc dc acidcs c
prctcascs.
5. Digcstibilidadc ccrrcspcndc a lrac dc alimcntc quc c rcduzida cm particulas dc baixc pcsc
mclccular pcr ac dc cnzimas micrcbianas cu dc sistcma digcstcric, lavcrcccndc a abscrc pclc tratc
gastrintcstinal ,IANA, 2005).
0. Matcria scca c um dcs paramctrcs cbtidcs cm analiscs brcmatclcgicas dc alimcntcs, rcprcscnta c
pcsc dc matcrial analisadc tctalmcntc livrc dc agua, cxtraida num prcccssc dc sccagcm ,SIIVA,
QULIROZ, 2002).
c, pcrtantc, c valcr nutritivc dc dilcrcntcs alimcntcs pcdc scr ccmparadc
mais lacilmcntc quandc a ccnccntrac c cxprcssa ccm basc na matcria
scca, ,ii) quandc cxprcssa cm matcrial scca, a ccnccntrac dc nutricntcs
dcs alimcntcs pcdc scr ccmparada dirctamcntc ccm a ccnccntrac dc
nutricntcs ncccssaria na dicta dcs animais. Dcssa lcrma, a prcdic
acurada dc ccnsumc dc matcria scca c lundamcntal na lcrmulac dc
dictas a lim dc atcndcr as cxigncias nutricicnais dcs animais, prcdizcr c
ganhc dc pcsc diaric c cstimar a lucratividadc da cxplcrac ,WATTIAUX,
007, SIIVA, QULIROZ, 2002, NRC, 2000 citadc pcr VAIADARLS
FIIHO c/ o/., 2000).
Os nutricntcs prcscntcs ncs alimcntcs sc, ncrmalmcntc, divididcs
cm cincc catcgcrias. agua, cncrgia ,carbcidratcs, prctcinas, lipidccs),
prctcina ,ccmpcstcs nitrcgcnadcs), mincrais c vitaminas. Os alimcntcs
pcdcm ccntcr ainda substancias scm valcr nutritivc, sc]a pcr quc nc sc
digcridas pclcs animais cu pcr quc pcdcm intcrlcrir na digcstc dc cutrcs
nutricntcs cu atc pcr aprcscntarcm nivcis dilcrcnciadcs dc tcxicidadc.
A matcria scca prcscntc ncs alimcntcs pcdc scr classilicada cm
matcria crganica c incrganica ,cinzas cu matcria mincral). Os ccmpcstcs
incrganiccs, pcr sua vcz, sc dilcrcnciadcs cm macrc c micrcnutricntcs,
scndc cssa distinc bascada na quantidadc rcqucrida pclcs animais.
Alcm da matcria scca, as analiscs dc rctina dcs alimcntcs tm c cb]ctivc dc
cbtcr inlcrma6cs scbrc cs scguintcs ccmpcncntcs. prctcina bruta,
gcrdura cu cxtratc ctcrcc, libra bruta, cxtratc nc nitrcgcnadc c cinza cu
matcria mincral. Os ccnstituintcs assim dclinidcs nc rcprcscntam, na
rcalidadc, um ccmpcstc quimicc cspccilicc, na vcrdadc, inclucm, muitas
vczcs, grupcs dc ccmpcstcs quimiccs. O mctcdc usadc para a quantilicac
dcs ccnstituintcs ncs alimcntcs scguc, dc lcrma gcral, c quc lci prcpcstc
pcr Wccndc, cm 804, scndc dcncminadc dc mctcdc prcximal
,WATTIAUX, 007, SIIVA, QULIROZ, 2002, IANA, 2005).
Os nutricntcs nitrcgcnadcs ccmprccndcm cs ccmpcstcs quc
aprcscntam nitrcgnic cm sua ccmpcsic, ccmc as prctcinas c cs
amincacidcs. Lm mcdia, as prctcinas ccntm ccrca dc 0 dc nitrcgnic.
Pcrtantc, a pcrccntagcm dc prctcina cm um alimcntc c ncrmalmcntc
calculada ccmc a quantidadc dc nitrcgnic multiplicada pcr 0,25
,00/0 = 0,25). Lsta mcdida c chamada dc prctcina bruta ,PB), pcis ncm
tcdc c nitrcgnic dc um alimcntc csta na lcrma dc prctcina, ncssc scntidc,
lrcqcntcmcntc, a mcdida dc prctcina bruta supcrcstima a quantidadc dc
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 28|
prctcina vcrdadcira dc alimcntc. As prctcinas c cs amincacidcs
ccnstitucm nutricntcs ccm impcrtantc lunc cstrutural nc crganismc,
alcm dc dcscmpcnharcm lunc dc dclcsa ,anticcrpcs), ccntrclc
mctabclicc ,hcrmcnics), dcntrc cutras ,WATTIAUX, 007, SIIVA,
QULIROZ, 2002, IANA, 2005).
Os nutricntcs cncrgcticcs sc rcprcscntadcs pclcs carbcidratcs c
pclas gcrduras, scndc sua principal lunc a dc lcrncccr cncrgia para cs
animais. Na analisc dcs alimcntcs, cs lipidccs c cutras substancias da
lamilia das gcrduras sc mcnsuradcs pclc mctcdc dc cxtrac pclc ctcr.
Lsscs ccmpcstcs prcduzcm ccrca dc 2,25 vczcs mais cncrgia quc
carbcidratcs, cntrctantc, a maicria da cncrgia das lcrragcns c dc
ccnccntradcs csta dispcnivcl a partir dcs carbcidratcs. Ccnsidcrandc cs
carbcidratcs ,cxtratc nc nitrcgcnadc) cxistcntcs nas plantas, csscs
pcdcm scr classilicadcs cm. ,i) acarcs simplcs ,gliccsc, lrutcsc),
,ii) carbcidratcs dc rcscrva, tambcm chamadcs dc carbcidratcs nc
cstruturais, nc librcscs cu carbcidratcs prcscntcs lcra da parcdc cclular
,amidc) c ,iii) carbcidratcs cstruturais, tambcm chamadcs dc carbcidratcs
librcscs cu dc parcdc cclular ,cclulcsc c hcmicclulcsc). A quantidadc dc
libras ,cx. parcdc cclular) ncs alimcntcs tm um papcl impcrtantc nc scu
valcr nutricicnal. Lm gcral, quantc mcncs libra, maicr c c valcr cncrgcticc
dc uma lcrragcm. A dctcrminac da lrac librcsa nc alimcntc pcdc scr
lcita ccnsidcrandc a dcncminada [||ro |ra/o, a qual inclui cm sua
ccnstituic cclulcsc, hcmicclulcsc c lignina. Lm sc tratandc dc
ruminantcs, c impcrtantc uma analisc quc inlcrmc dc lcrma mais
adcquada scbrc cs carbcidratcs prcscntcs ncs alimcntcs, scndc assim,
atualmcntc, scguc-sc c quc lci prcpcstc pcr Van Sccst, cm 007, cndc cs
ccmpcncntcs sc lracicnadcs, scgundc sua sclubilidadc cm dctcrgcntc
ncutrc c dctcrgcntc acidc. A [||ro cm Jc/crgcn/c nca/rc ,FDN) cu parcdc
cclular c c rcsiduc, apcs a cxtrac dc ccntcdc cclular, incluiu cclulcsc,
hcmicclulcsc c lignina. A [||ro cm Jc/crgcn/c 6c|Jc ,FDA) c c rcsiduc
ccnstituidc basicamcntc dc lignina c cclulcsc. AFDNc til para cstimar c
ccnsumc dc lcrragcm pclc animal, ccnsidcra-sc quc cssa lrac csta
rclacicnada ccm c cspac ccupadc pclc alimcntc nc rmcn c, dcssa lcrma,
a pctcncial capacidadc dc ingcstc dc um alimcntc c invcrsamcntc
prcpcrcicnal a quantidadc dc FDN dc alimcntc. A FDA, pcr sua vcz, csta
ccrrclacicnada ccm a digcstibilidadc dc uma lcrragcm, quantc maicr lcr c
valcr dc FDA mcncr scra a capacidadc dc animal dc digcrir a lcrragcm
,WATTIAUX, 007, SIIVA, QULIROZ, 2002, IANA, 2005).
282 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
As lcrragciras cscclhidas para alimcntac animal dcvcm, assim,
satislazcr as cxigncias nutricicnais das dilcrcntcs cspccics c lascs dc
prcduc. A utilizac dc vclumcscs dc mclhcr qualidadc implica na
rcduc da ncccssidadc dc suplcmcntac da dicta dcs animais ccm
7
alimcntcs ccnccntradcs , rcduzindc, inclusivc, c custc da prcduc nc
qucsitc alimcntac. Ncssc scntidc, a avaliac dc valcr nutritivc dcs
vclumcscs a scrcm utilizadcs c um aspcctc impcrtantc dc scr cbscrvadc na
prcduc animal. Na pratica, nc c rctincira a avaliac dcs alimcntcs,
principalmcntc cs vclumcscs, na clabcrac dc prcgramas dc alimcntac.
Dc lcrma gcral, utilizam-sc rclcrncias para sc cbtcr dadcs da ccmpcsic
c dc valcr nutritivc dcs alimcntcs c, assim, sc lazcr a rcccmcndac dc
suplcmcntac ccm ra6cs c misturas mincrais. Varias rclcrncias
utilizadas sc intcrnacicnais ,a cxcmplc das rcccmcnda6cs dc NRC
Naticnal Rcscarch Ccuncil dcs LUA c c Agricultural Rcscarch Ccuncil da
Inglatcrra), cntrctantc, a ccmpcsic c c valcr nutritivc dcs alimcntcs,
principalmcntc nc casc dcs vclumcscs, sclrcm altcra6cs signilicativas
dcpcndcndc dc lccal cndc c prcduzidc, pcr cxcmplc, ncs trcpiccs cu cm
climas tcmpcradcs, scndc assim, c scmprc dcsc]avcl a utilizac dc
padr6cs clabcradcs a partir da rcalidadc nacicnal ,TLIXLIRA, 008,
IANA, 2005).
Ainda ccmc paramctrcs dctcrminadcs na analisc dc alimcntcs,
ncssc casc utilizandc cqua6cs matcmaticas, citam-sc. ,i) na/r|cn/cs
J|gcs//tc|s /c/o|s ,NDT), c qual c cstimadc a partir das analiscs dc cutrcs
paramctrcs, ccmc FDA c FDN c ,ii) rc/c/no J|gcs//tc/ cs/|moJo,
dctcrminada a partir dcs valcrcs dc prctcina dispcnivcl ,lrac da
prctcina bruta rcalmcntc utilizavcl pclcs animais). Lsscs valcrcs
inlcrmam scbrc a qualidadc da pastagcm c, quantc maicrcs, mclhcr scra a
qualidadc da lcrragcm, ccm mclhcr aprcvcitamcntc pclcs animais
,TLIXLIRA, 008).
A Tabcla 8.2 aprcscnta a ccmpcsic dc algumas lcrragciras
utilizadas para alimcntac dc animais.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 283
7. Alimcntcs ccnccntradcs sc caractcrizadcs pcr altcs tccrcs dc cncrgia ,acima dc 00 dc nutricntcs
digcstivcis tctais NDT), pcdcndc scr alimcntcs cncrgcticcs ,mcncs dc 20 dc prctcina bruta - PB) cu
prctciccs ,acima dc 20 dc PB), tambcm aprcscntam vclumc pcqucnc pcr unidadc dc pcsc ,alta
dcnsidadc). Nc primcirc casc, cstc cs ccrcais c scus sub-prcdutcs ,milhc, scrgc, trigc c cutrcs), raizcs c
tubcrculcs ,pcr cxcmplc. mandicca) c subprcdutcs da indstria ,pcr cxcmplc. mclac) c, nc scgundc, as
clcagincsas ,algcdc, sc]a, girasscl), larinhadc carnc, larinhadc sanguc c cutrcs ,IANA, 2005).
Nc ambitc dc PROSAB, cstudcs antcricrcs vm dcmcnstrandc a
viabilidadc dc prcduc dc lcrragcira irrigada ccm csgctcs sanitarics. Nc
Ric Orandc dc Ncrtc, cstudcs ccm irrigac ccm cllucntc dc liltrc
anacrcbic dc capim clclantc ,Pcnn|sc/am ararcam) cv Rcxc Bctucatu
-
alcanaram prcdutividadc dc 75 c 03 t MV ha , quandc c capim lci
scmcadc cm sclc ccm 30 cm c 00 cm dc cspcssura, rcspcctivamcntc.
A irrigac dc milhc lcrragcirc c scrgc ,IPA-407-4-2) tambcm lci avaliada
-2
ccm c mcsmc tipc dc cllucntc, a prcdutividadc vcrilicada lci 20 kg MVm
-
c dc scmcntc para c milhc hidrcpcnicc c 73 t MV ha para c
scrgc cm sclc dc 30 cm dc cspcssura ,BLVIIACQUA c/ o/., 2003, MLIO
c/ o/., 2003).
-
7 kg MV kg
284 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 8.2 Lxcmplcs dc ccmpcsic dc alimcntcs para animais
NOTAS. ,) MS. matcria scca, PB. prctcina bruta, FDA. libra cm dctcrgcntc ncutrc, FDA. libra cm
dctcrgcntc acidc, LL. cxtratc ctcrcc, MM. matcria mincral, NDT. nutricntcs digcstivcis tctais. Os
paramctrcs cstc cxprcsscs ccm basc na matcria scca , da MS). ,2) Lssa nctac indica quc nc havia
inlcrmac dispcnivcl scbrc c paramctrc na litcratura ccnsultada. ,3) Brocb|or|o Jccam|cns Stapl.
ccm 0 a 30 dias dc maturidadc. ,4) Brocb|or|o Jccam|cns Stapl. ccm 2 a 50 dias dc maturidadc. ,5)
Pcnn|sc/amararcamSchum. ccm 3 a 45 dias dc maturidadc. ,0) Pcnn|sc/amararcamSchum.
ccm 5 a 80 dias dc maturidadc. ,7) Mc/|n|s m|na/|[/cro Bcuav. ccm 40 a 00 dias dc maturidadc. ,8)
Mc/|n|s m|na/|[/croBcuav. ccm 5 a 80 dias dc maturidadc.
Outrcs autcrcs tambcm rcgistram c pctcncial dc utilizac dc
csgctcs sanitaric para a prcduc dc lcrragcira, ccmc Santcs ,007), quc
cm cstudcs dc irrigac dc capim-clclantc ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas dc
-
cstabilizac na Paraiba, cbtcvc prcdutividadc da crdcm dc 28 t MSha .
Os valcrcs vcrilicadcs sc prcximcs das rclcrncias nacicnais, quc
atcstam c pctcncial dc prcduc dc culturas lcrragciras nc Brasil, ccmc
- -
pcr cxcmplc. milhc ,0-5 t MS ha , 8- kg MV kg dc scmcntc c 20 kg
-2 - -
MV m ), scrgc ,8-27 t MS ha ) c capim clclantc ,0-80 t MS ha ),
dcpcndcndc das ccndi6cs dc manc]c, ccmc cpcca dc anc c nmcrc dc
ccrtcs ,FARIA, 080, LMATLR, 200, OIIVLIRAc/ o/., 008).
Aspectos Sao.ta.os e`ac.ooaJos oJuao Je oage.a
paa A`.~eotaao Ao.~a`
Alcm dc aspcctc prcdutivc, a qualidadc sanitaria da lcrragcira c
uma ccndic lundamcntal a scr avaliada pcr ccnta dcs risccs asscciadcs,
tantc a sadc humana quantc a sadc animal.
Autilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics, para a prcduc agriccla c animal,
scmcntc rcsultara cm riscc rcal dc dccna sc as scguintcs prcmissas lcrcm
satislcitas. ,a) c crganismc patcgnicc cxcrctadc alcanar c mcic ambicntc
cm quantidadcs ccrrcspcndcntcs a sua dcsc inlcctantc, cu c patcgnicc sc
multiplicar nc mcic ambicntc c atingir a dcsc inlcctantc, ,b) a dcsc
inlcctantc alcanar um hcspcdcirc humanc cu animal, ,c) c hcspcdcirc sc
inlcctar c ,d) a inlccc rcsultar cm dccna cu transmissc pcstcricr ,cascs
sccundarics).
As trs primciras prcmissas ,a, b c c) ccnstitucm c quc c
8
ccnvcncicnalmcntc dcncminadc `riscc pctcncial` c a ltima prcmissa
0
,d) ccnstitui c `riscc rcal` a sadc pblica, cu sc]a, a prcbabilidadc dc
cccrrncia dc cascs dc dccna. A cxistncia dc riscc pctcncial nc
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 285
8. A dcncminac `riscc pctcncial` lci primciramcntc utilizada na arca da Lngcnharia Sanitaria ncs
cstudcs rclacicnadcs ac rcsc dc cxcrctas/csgctcs sanitarics. Lssa dcncminac ccrrcspcndc ac
ccnccitc dc `pcrigc` utilizadc na mctcdclcgia dc avaliac dc riscc, a qual vcm scndc inccrpcrada pcr
cssa arca dc ccnhccimcntc cm dilcrcntcs aplica6cs ,aguas rcsiduarias, agua dc ccnsumc, rcsiducs
sclidcs, dcntrc cutras).
0. Dc lcrma scmclhantc, a dcncminac `riscc rcal` ccrrcspcndc na mctcdclcgia dc avaliac dc riscc
ac ccnccitc dc `riscc`. Para maicrcs dctalhcs, ccnsultar Capitulc 2 dcssa publicac.
ncccssariamcntc implica na cccrrncia dc cascs dc dccna, assim, sc csscs
nc cccrrcrcm c riscc a sadc humana pcrmanccc apcnas ccmc pctcncial.
Scgundc c mcdclc utilizadc pcla Organizac Mundial da Sadc
,OMS) na clabcrac das rcccmcnda6cs para irrigac ccm csgctcs
sanitarics, c riscc a sadc pblica pcdc scr divididc cm trs grandcs
catcgcrias. ,i) aquclc rclacicnadc acs ccnsumidcrcs dc alimcntcs
prcduzidcs ccm csgctcs, incluindc cs ccnsumidcrcs c as pcsscas
cnvclvidas na ccmcrcializac c nc prcccssamcntc dc prcdutc ,riscc dc
ccnsumidcr), ,ii) aquclc rclacicnadc acs agricultcrcs c trabalhadcrcs, cs
quais cstc cxpcstcs acs csgctcs ,riscc dc trabalhadcr/ccupacicnal) c
,iii) c riscc rclacicnadc a pcpulac quc habita cu circula pcr arcas
vizinhas as arcas cndc sc pratica a irrigac ccm csgctcs ,riscc da
pcpulac vizinha) ,BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/., 2000a, BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/.,
2000b, STRAUSS, 200).
As prcmissas c c mcdclc acima apcntam clcmcntcs csscnciais na
dctcrminac dc dccnas/agravcs, pcrcm ambcs sc pcrmcadcs pcr
dctalhcs rclativcs as caractcristicas dc agcntc cticlcgicc ,pcr cxcmplc, scu
ciclc biclcgicc, sua rcsistncia acs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs c as
ccndi6cs ambicntais, sua virulncia), ac mcic ambicntc ,cx.. ccmpctic,
prcdac, insclac) c ac hcspcdcirc ,cx. suscctibilidadc, dcscnvclvimcntc
dc imunidadc), aspcctcs cstcs quc sc imprcscindivcis para a ccmprccnsc
da cccrrncia dc cascs dc dccnas transmissivcis rclacicnadas a utilizac
dc csgctcs na prcduc agrcpccuaria.
A ccmplcxa intcr-rclac cxistcntc cntrc cs ccmpcncntcs das
dccnas transmissivcis acaba pcr dcmandar uma abcrdagcm quc pcssa
inccrpcrar cstcs divcrscs aspcctcs c, ncssc scntidc, a cpc pcla
mctcdclcgia dc avaliac dc riscc parcccr ccntribuir para c prccnchimcntc
dc lacunas impcrtantcs, ccnlcrmc vcm scndc cvidcnciadc cm alguns
trabalhcs ,BIUMLNTHAI c/ o/., 2000a, BIUMLNTHAI, PLASLY,
2002, PLTTLRSON, ASHBOIT, 2002, CARR, SPLRIINO, 2005).
Nc casc da prcduc dc lcrragcira ccm csgctcs sanitarics, dcvcm scr
ccnsidcradcs cs risccs rclacicnadcs acs ccnsumidcrcs dc prcdutcs animais
alimcntadcs ccm matcrial irrigadc ccm csgctcs, acs trabalhadcrcs c a
circunvizinhana dc arcas irrigadas. Ncssc casc, ganham signilicadc
cpidcmiclcgicc cspccial cs crganismcs patcgniccs ccm pctcncial
zccncticc, cu sc]a, quc pcssam scr transmitidcs dcs scrcs humancs para cs
286 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
0
animais c vicc-vcrsa. O Quadrc 8. aprcscnta cs principais crganismcs
patcgniccs prcscntcs cm csgctcs sanitarics ccm pctcncial zccncticc,
indicandc cs clcitcs a sadc ccrrcspcndcntcs cm pcpula6cs animais.
Alcm dcs aspcctcs zccncticcs, a abcrdagcm dcs risccs pctcnciais c
rcais a sadc animal c impcrtantc dc scr ccnsidcrada tambcm scb a ctica
dc quc a altcrac dcs indicadcrcs dc prcdutividadc ,pcr cxcmplc, a
cccrrncia dc diarrcia rcsultandc cm cbitcs dc animais cu cm atrasc nc
ganhc dc pcsc), pcdc dilicultar, cu mcsmc inviabilizar, a utilizac dc
csgctcs na prcduc dc lcrragciras. Ncssc scntidc, cs animais dc prcduc,
ainda quc ccm adcquadc pcrlil sanitaric, pcdcm luncicnar ccmc
rcscrvatcrics, cndc cs agcntcs patcgniccs sc multiplicam cu dcscnvclvcm
,altcrandc a quantidadc c, cu, a lcrma), rcsultandc nc aumcntc da dcsc
inlcctantc ,cu mcsmc nc aparccimcntc dc lcrmas inlcctantcs) dcs mcsmcs
nc mcic ambicntc. Assim, sc a agua rcsiduaria utilizada c prcvcnicntc dc
cxplcra6cs animais, qualqucr crganismc patcgnicc pctcncialmcntc
prcscntc tcm signilicadc cpidcmiclcgicc.
AFigura 8. aprcscnta uma sistcmatizac da intcr-rclac cntrc cs
risccs pctcnciais c rcais a sadc humana c animal, quandc da utilizac dc
csgctcs para prcduc animal.
Lspccilicamcntc cm rclac a irrigac dc pastagcns, ainda cxistcm
lacunas dc inlcrmac c cutras pcucc ccnclusivas, ccnsidcrandc cs riscc a
sadc pblica c aquclcs rclacicnadcs a pcpulac animal. Lm rclac a
sadc humana, salmcnclcsc c cisticcrccsc sc tradicicnalmcntc
idcntilicadcs ccmc cs dcis principais risccs asscciadcs ccm a irrigac dc
pastagcns ccm aguas rcsiduarias. Lm rclac a salmcnclcsc, cmbcra
cxistam cvidncias dc inlccc animal, a maicria dcs cstudcs dispcnivcis
sugcrc quc istc cccrra scmcntc cm situa6cs dc ccntatc prclcngadc ccm
matcrial altamcntc ccntaminadc. As cvidncias dc inlccc humana
sccundaria sc tambcm cscassas, muitc cmbcra, cm pclc mcncs uma
ccasic, tcnha sidc rcgistrada a transmissc atravcs dc lcitc nc
pastcurizadc ,PIKL, 080, JONLS, 080). Pcr cutrc ladc, a cbscrvac dc
um pcricdc dc tcmpc ,ccrca dc duas scmanas cm rcgi6cs dc clima qucntc)
cntrc a ltima aplicac dc agua rcsiduaria c a alimcntac animal tcm
sidc rcccmcndada ccmc uma mcdida clicaz dc dcsccntaminac natural
das pastagcns ,JONLS, 080, COSTAVAROASc/ o/., 000).
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 287
0. As inlcrma6cs ccntidas nc Quadrc 8. lcram rcunidas utilizandc, principalmcntc, as scguintcs
rclcrncias Radcstits c/ o/. ,2000), Bastcs c/ o/. ,2003b) c Quinn c/ o/. ,2005).
288 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Quadro 8.I Organismcs patcgniccs cxistcntcs cm csgctcs sanitarics c agravcs
pcssivcis cm pcpula6cs animais dc intcrcssc zcctccnicc
Q
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 289
Quadro 8.I Organismcs patcgniccs cxistcntcs cm csgctcs sanitarics c agravcs
pcssivcis cm pcpula6cs animais dc intcrcssc zcctccnicc ,ccnclusc)
Q
299 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 8.I Intcr-rclac cntrc risccs pctcnciais c rcais na prcduc dc
lcrragcira para alimcntac animal ccm utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics
cu dc]ctcs dc animais.
Ccm rcspcitc a cisticcrccsc, as cvidncias dc inlccc animal sc
mais nitidas, asscciadas principalmcntc a aplicac dc csgctcs c lcdc dc
csgctc nc tratadcs ,NANSLN, HLNRIKSLN, 080). Mais rcccntcmcntc,
atcnc cspccial tcm sidc dcdicada acs risccs dc transmissc dc
prctczcarics, a cxcmplc da criptcspcridicsc, ha]a vista sc tratar dc zccncsc
dc impcrtancia cpidcmiclcgica inqucsticnavcl ,CROCKLTT, HAAS, 007,
FAO, 007).
Outra qucstc quc vcm ganhandc signilicadc, ainda mais cm sc
tratandc dc zccncscs, c quc nc dcvc scr dcsccnsidcrada na discussc
rclativa a utilizac dc cxcrcta/csgctcs ccm lins dc prcduc agrc-pccuaria
c a pcssibilidadc dc circulac dc crganismcs cntrc dilcrcntcs cspccics
animais. Lssc prcccssc pcdc implicar na adaptac dc agcntcs cticlcgiccs
a cspccics antcricrmcntc rclratarias. Um cxcmplc nctcric c rcccntc
,005/000) c a cmcrgncia da cncclalcpatia cspcngilcrmc bcvina ,dccna
da vaca lcuca), cu]c agcntc cticlcgicc ,idcntilicadc ccmc um pricn) lci
`translcridc` da cspccic cvina ,pcrtadcrcs dc cutra cncclalcpatia ccnhccida
ccmc scro|c) para a bcvina a partir dc aprcvcitamcntc dc rcstcs dc
carcaas dc cvclhas para prcparc dc rac ,larinha dc carnc) para
alimcntac dc bcvincs.
Lm sc tratandc da pcpulac animal, alguns autcrcs ,JONLS,
080a,b, WAITON, WHITL, 08) rclatam quc c riscc dc inlccc c
pcqucnc. Lntrctantc, cssa prcmissa, alcm dc datar dc inicic dcs ancs 80,
bascia-sc nc latc dc quc ha pcuccs rclatcs dc cascs dc dccnas cm animais
quc sc alimcntadcs ccm lcrragcns/pastagcns irrigadas/adubadas ccm
cxcrctas/csgctcs sanitarics. Lm cutras situa6cs, cstudcs quc cnvclvcm
pcpula6cs animais abcrdam a cccrrncia dc prcblcmas sanitarics
rclacicnadcs a utilizac dc cstcrcc animal ccmc adubc dc lcrragcns cu
pastagcns, c rclatadc, pcr cxcmplc, riscc dc transmissc dc
M,cc|oc/cr|am ot|am subsp. oro/a|crca/cs|s, para bcvincs alimcntadcs
ccm lcrragcns cu criadcs cm pastagcns adubadas ccm cstcrcc animal
,bcvinc) ,OOODOLR, 000).
As ccnsidcra6cs antcricrcs sc aplicavcis acs risccs pctcnciais
rclacicnadcs a cccrrncia dc crganismcs patcgniccs cm csgctcs
sanitarics c cs risccs rcais dc prcduc dc dccnas transmissivcis.
Lntrctantc, apcsar dc nc scr cb]ctc cspccilicc dcssa publicac, nc sc
dcvcm ncgligcnciar, tambcm, cs risccs pctcnciais rclacicnadcs a
cccrrncia dc substancias/prcdutcs quimiccs cm aguas rcsiduarias c
pcssivcis agravcs nc transmissivcis c, cu, intcxica6cs.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 291
xpe.oc.aoo ~o.to Jo 0SA3,J.ta` 4,Te~a 2
Jo.ves.JaJeeJea` Jev.osa ,Jv}
Na UFV lcram ccnduzidcs cxpcrimcntcs dc prcduc dc milhc
lcrragcirc para alimcntac animal, ccm cs scguintcs cb]ctivcs.
,i) avaliac da prcduc c da qualidadc quimicc-brcmatclcgica da
lcrragcira, ,ii) accmpanhamcntc da qualidadc micrcbiclcgica da
lcrragcira, ,iii) accmpanhamcntc dc pcrlil sanitaric dcs animais ,cabras
cm lactac) c ,iv) accmpanhamcntc da qualidadc sanitaria dc prcdutc dc
crigcm animal ,lcitc).
Os cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs na Unidadc Intcgrada dc
Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira ,Vicsa-MO). Aunidadc dc
tratamcntc c ccnstituida pcr um ccn]untc rcatcr UASB bicliltrc acradc
submcrsc ,UASBBF), cm cscala rcal c prc-labricadc cm ac. A unidadc
cxpcrimcntal para prcduc dc milhc lcrragcirc lci ccnstituida pcr dcz
rampas ccm dcclividadc dc 4, irrigadas ccm cllucntc dc sistcma
UASBBF ,Figura 8.2). Ccm c cb]ctivc dc aumcntar a carga dc patcgcncs
na lcrragcira, lcram rcalizadas inccula6cs dc 8o/mcnc//o spp. na agua dc
irrigac, a partir dc caixas dc .000 Idc armazcnamcntc dc cllucntc.
O mcnitcramcntc dc sistcma lci rcalizadc scmanalmcntc a partir da
cclcta dc amcstras dc cllucntc dc bicliltrc, da agua dc irrigac ,caixa dc
armazcnamcntc) c dc milhc lcrragcirc. Fcram pcsquisadcs paramctrcs
lisicc-quimiccs c parasitclcgiccs, nas amcstras dc cllucntc dc bicliltrc, c
micrcbiclcgiccs ,cclilcrmcs tctais, Iscbcr|cb|o cc/| c 8o/mcnc//o spp.),
scndc a pcsquisa dc cclilcrmcs rcalizada nas trs amcstras c a pcsquisa dc
8o/mcnc//o spp., nas amcstras da agua dc irrigac c nc milhc lcrragcirc.
O milhc lcrragcirc lci utilizadc para a alimcntac dc scis cabras
mcstias cm lactac ,Figura 8.3), lcrnccidc duas vczcs ac dia, cm
suplcmcntac cs animais rcccbcram lcnc rac c suplcmcntc mltiplc
mincral. Os animais lcram accmpanhadcs scmanalmcntc para avalia6cs
clinicas c cclctas dc lczcs ,analisadas para salmcncla) c lcitc ,analisadc
para salmcncla, cclilcrmcs tctais, Iscbcr|cb|o cc/| c ccntagcm padrc cm
placa - pcsquisa dc mcsclilcs).
292 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Ava`.aaoJa ua`.JaJeV.coo.o`og.caJo l`ueote,gua Je`.gaao}
eJo V.`o oage.o
Os cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs cm duas ctapas. sctcmbrc a
dczcmbrc dc 2004 c ac lcngc dc 2005 c inicic dc 2000. Durantc cstc pcricdc
lcram rcalizadcs 48 cvcntcs dc incculac dc 8o/mcnc//o spp., ccm
8 0 -
ccnccntra6cs nc incculc da crdcm dc 0 - 0 crg 00mI . A Tabcla 8.3
rcsumc c ccn]untc dcs dadcs dc mcnitcramcntc das unidadcs dc
tratamcntc dc csgctcs c dc irrigac dc milhc lcrragcirc.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 293
Iigura 8.2 Vista das rampas para scmcadura dc milhc lcrragcirc, Unidadc Intcgrada dc
Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa-MO, 2004-2000.
Iigura 8.3 Dctalhc dc milhc lcrragcirc acs 28 dias c vista das instala6cs c partc dcs
animais utilizadcs ncs cxpcrimcntcs, Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc
Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa-MO, 2004-2000.
5 0
A irrigac ccm agua ccntcndc 0 -0 I.cc/| c 8o/mcnc/o spp.
- 7 -
00mI rcsultcu cm ccntaminac dc milhc da crdcm dc 0 I.cc/| 25 g c
4 -
0 8o/mcnc/o spp. 25 g , rcspcctivamcntc. Durantc tcdc c pcricdc dc
cstudc lci vcrilicada a prcscna dc ncmatcidcs dc intcrcssc humanc nc
cllucntc dc bicliltrc, scndc Ancilcstcmidac, Ascor|s /am|r|cc|Jcs c
I. tcrm|ca/or|s cs agcntcs mais lrcqcntcmcntc idcntilicadcs. Lmbcra cs
crganismcs idcntilicadcs nc rcprcscntcm riscc pctcncial a sadc animal,
rcprcscntam riscc pctcncial a sadc dcs trabalhadcrcs cnvclvidcs ccm a
manipulac dc sistcma dc irrigac dc milhc lcrragcirc, c quc pcdc scr
minimizadc pclas caractcristicas dc sistcma dc hidrcpcnia, cndc c ccntatc
ccm a agua rcsiduaria ,cxpcsic) c mcncr.
CooJuaoJos xpe.~eotos JeA`.~eotaaoAo.~a`
Mcsmc tcndc sidc iscladas quantidadcs clcvadas dc 8o/mcnc//o spp.
na lcrragcira lcrnccida acs animais, cs rcsultadcs da pcsquisa dcstcs
crganismcs nas lczcs dcs animais c nc lcitc prcduzidc lcram
sistcmaticamcntc ncgativcs. Alcm dissc, a avaliac clinica dcs animais
tambcm nc cvidcncicu quaisqucr indicics dc inlccc pcr cssc patcgcnc.
A pcsquisa dc cclilcrmcs c crganismcs mcsclilcs nc lcitc prcduzidc
pclcs animais sc cnccntra na Tabcla 8.4.
294 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 8.3 Qualidadc micrcbiclcgica da agua dc irrigac ,cllucntc dc UASB BF
ccm incculac dc 8o/mcnc//o spp.) c dc milhc lcrragcirc irrigadc, Unidadc Intcgrada dc
Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa, 2004-2000
MO. mcdia gccmctrica, DP. dcsvic padrc gccmctricc, CV. ccclicicntc dc variac.
A ccntagcm padrc cm placa ,mcsclilcs) c c paramctrc
micrcbiclcgicc para c lcitc dc cabra cru, inlcrmandc scbrc a qualidadc
gcral dc lcitc prcduzidc, nc scndc cspccilicc para a prcscna dc algum
micrcrganismc cu patcgcnc. Dc accrdc ccm a Instruc Ncrmativa MAPA
n 37/2000 ,BRASII, 2000), c lcitc dc cabra cru dcvc aprcscntar ccntagcm
5 -
padrc cm placa ,CPP) dc, nc maximc, 5 x 0 UFCmI . Lssc paramctrc c
utilizadc para a avaliac da higicnc dc prcccssc dc prcduc dc lcitc antcs
dc scu prcccssamcntc ,pastcurizac cu cutrc), incluindc as ctapas dc
crdcnha, armazcnamcntc c transpcrtc dc lcitc atc c lccal dc
bcncliciamcntc. Os rcsultadcs cbtidcs cstivcram dcntrc dc padrc
prcccnizadc pcla lcgislac, scndc quc as mcdias rclativamcntc clcvadas
pcdcm cstar rclacicnadas ccm uma higicnc ambicntal c, cu, da crdcnha
prccarias. A idcntilicac dc cclilcrmcs nas amcstras tambcm
prcvavclmcntc csta rclacicnada a ccndi6cs ambicntais c da crdcnha,
pcis, apcsar dcs cclilcrmcs scrcm agcntcs cticlcgiccs dc mastitcs, cs
animais nc aprcscntam, durantc c pcricdc dc ccnduc dc cxpcrimcntc,
sinais cliniccs ccmpativcis ccm cssa patclcgia. Rcgistrc-sc ainda quc, dc
accrdc ccm a Rcscluc RDC n 2/200 ,BRASII, 200), c limitc dc
qualidadc accitavcl para lcitc pastcurizadc ,') dc bcvincs c cutrcs
2
mamilcrcs c dc 2 x 0 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs pcr 00 mI.
Aspectos oJut.vos eCaacte'st.cas u'~.co3o~ato`og.cas
Jo V.`o oage.o
Durantc a scgunda lasc da pcsquisa ,2005-2000), c milhc lcrragcirc
-
tambcm lci avaliadc para paramctrcs prcdutivcs ,prcduc cm t ha ),
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 295
Tabela 8.4 Mcdias c dcsvics padr6cs gccmctriccs dc cclilcrmcs tctais, Iscbcr|cb|o cc/|
c mcsclilcs ,ccntagcm padrc cm placa) idcntilicadcs nas amcstras dc lcitc dcs animais,
Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira,
Vicsa, 2005-2000
DP . dcsvic padrc gccmctricc.
gcc
scmanalmcntc, c ccmpcsic quimica da libra ,N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Fc,
Mn, Cu c B), mcnsalmcntc. Aanalisc brcmatclcgica, rcalizada a cada dcis
mcscs, ccmprccndcu a pcsquisa dc matcria scca, prctcina bruta, FDN,
FDA, cxtratc ctcrcc, matcria mincral c NDTpara manutcnc.
-
As analiscs dc prcduc dc matcria vcrdc ,MV t ha ) c matcria scca
,MS ) lcram scgmcntadas cm dcis pcricdcs. nc pcricdc lci utilizada
scmcntc dc milhc hibridc c nc pcricdc 2, scmcntc dc milhc dc paicl, dcvidc
a diliculdadc dc cnccntrar scmcntc hibrida nc mcrcadc lccal.
-
A prcduc dc milhc lcrragcirc scgundc a MV ,t ha ) c MS ,)
aprcscntcu variac ac lcngc dc cxpcrimcntc. Lntrctantc, a ccmparac
cntrc as mcdias dc prcduc para cs dcis paramctrcs, ccnsidcrandc c tipc
dc scmcntc utilizada para c plantic, nc rcvclcu dilcrcna
-
cstatisticamcntc signilicativa ,MVt ha , p=0,440 c MS, p=0,00).
296 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 8.5 Analisc da prcduc dc milhc lcrragcirc ,matcria vcrdc c matcria scca),
Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira,
Vicsa, 2005-2000
NOTAS. ,) Cantcirc ccm inicic dc inlcstac pcr lungc (Pb,/b|am spp.). ,2) Cantcirc ccm intcnsa
inlcstac pcr lungc ,Pb,/b|am spp.). ,3) Cantcirc ccm carunchc. ,4) Mcdias na mcsma ccluna
scguidas dc lctras iguais nc dilcrcmcntrc si ac nivcl dc signilicanciadc 5.
Lxpcrimcntcs rcalizadcs na UFRN, nc Ldital 3 PROSAB, tambcm
utilizandc lcrragcm hidrcpcnica dc milhc irrigada ccm agua rcsiduaria c
cultivada scbrc supcrtc sclidc, aprcscntaram valcrcs dc prcduc dc MV
-
bastantc variadcs ,47,5, 04,5, 77,0, 80,5 c 70,0 t ha ), mas cm mcdia
supcricrcs acs cbtidcs cm Vicsa, alcm dc ciclcs mais curtcs dc prcduc
atc c ccrtc ,5 dias x 30 dias) ,ANDRADL NLTO c/ o/., 2003, MLIO c/ o/.,
2003). As dilcrcnas vcrilicadas, muitc prcvavclmcntc, sc dcvcm a
variac dc latcrcs ccmc tcmpcratura c lumincsidadc cntrc as duas
rcgi6cs ,Natal c Vicsa) c aspcctcs cpcracicnais da irrigac utilizadcs ncs
dcis cxpcrimcntcs, ccmc a vazc aplicada c turncs dc rcga.
impcrtantc rcssaltar quc cs cantcircs dc milhc aprcscntaram, ac
lcngc dc tcdc c pcricdc dc cstudc, inlcstac rcccrrcntc dc lungc
,Pb,/b|am spp.), adicicnalmcntc, dc lcrma pcntual, lci idcntilicada
inlcstac pcr carunchc cm um dcs cantcircs. Sintcmaticamcntc, cs
mcmcntcs dc inlcstac ccincidiram ccm cs dc mcncrcs valcrcs dc
prcduc dc MV.
Nc cbstantc, as mcdias dc prcduc dc MV vcrilicadas nc prcscntc
cxpcrimcntc lcram supcricrcs ac maicr valcr rclcrcnciadc na litcratura
-
,70 t ha ), sc]a utilizandc scmcntc hibrida cu nc. Scgundc Ccclhc c
Frana ,005), a cultura dc milhc para lcrragcm, nc Brasil, pcdc
-
aprcscntar altc pctcncial prcdutivc, ccm mcdias dc atc 70 t ha cm
ccndi6cs cxpcrimcntais cu quandc cultivadc pcr agricultcrcs quc adctam
tccnclcgias adcquadas. Lntrctantc, c quc dc latc sc cbscrva na pratica, sc
-
valcrcs baixcs c irrcgularcs, tais ccmc, 0 a 45 t ha .

Para c paramctrc MS, a ccmparac ccm dadcs dc litcratura

rcvclcu quc a prcduc alcanada nc prcscntc cxpcrimcntc lci mcncr cm
ambas as ccndi6cs dc plantic. Os mcncrcs valcrcs cbscrvadcs pcdcm scr
rcsultantcs dc latc dc quc, cm lunc das inlcsta6cs vcrilicadas ,lungc c
carunchc), cs cantcircs tivcram quc scr utilizadcs mais prcccccmcntc,
rctirandc-sc amcstras dc plantas mais ]cvcns, as quais aprcscntam tccrcs
dc MSmais rcduzidcs.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 297
. Scgundc Iana ,2005) MS = 27,0 para silagcm dc milhc madurc, para cutras rclcrncias
ccnsultar Tabcla 8.2.
A qualidadc dc cllucntc utilizadc para a irrigac csta aprcscntada
na Tabcla 8.0. O milhc lcrragcirc c ccnsidcradc uma cultura
-
mcdcradamcntc scnsivcl, ccm salinidadc limiar dc ,8 dS.m ,vcr capitulc
2), pcrtantc, a ]ulgar pclc valcr da ccndutividadc clctrica dc cllucntc dc
bicliltrc, scb cstc aspcctc, nc cra dc sc cspcrar ccmprcmctimcntc da
prcduc. Obscrvac scmclhantc cabc cm rclac ac tccr dc clcrctcs,
ccnsidcrandc quc a ccnccntrac maxima nc cxtratc dc saturac dc sclc
para quc nc ha]a pcrdas dc rcndimcntc situa-sc cm tcrnc dc
-3
5 mcl.m ,vcr capitulc 2). Lntrctantc, cs valcrcs dc Na sc rclativamcntc
clcvadcs.
Ccnsidcrandc c turnc diaria dc rcga ,00 I pcr rampa), mcdia dc 35
dias atc c ccrtc c as caractcristicas da agua dc irrigac, nc mcmcntc dc
ccrtc dc milhc, tccricamcntc tcriam sidc lcrnccidcs. 05,0 kg ,N-NTK
- - - - -
N-NO ) ha , 35,0 kg Pha , 00,0 Kg K ha , 50,0 Kg Ca ha , 32,4 Kg Mg ha c
3
-
235,4 kg Na ha .
Ccnsidcrandc as rcccmcnda6cs dc adubac para prcduc dc
2
lcrragcm dc milhc , gcncricamcntc, pcdc-sc sugcrir quc c nitrcgnic c
aplicadc cm bca dcsc, c lcslcrc ccm alguma lclga, c pctassic aqucm da
dcmanda, c calcic c c magncsic na mcdida.
298 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 8.0 Caractcrizac dc cllucntc dc sistcma UASB BF (mcdia c dcsvic padrc -
DP), Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira,
Vicsa, 2005-2000,
2. Scgundc Ccclhc c Frana ,005), as cxigncias para prcduc dc lcrragcm dc milhc, para cs
-
scguintcs nutricntcs sc, cm kg ha . N ,5-23), P ,5-20), K ,00-250), Ca ,35-58) c Mg ,20-32), cs
intcrvalcs dc cxigncias ccrrcspcndcm a dilcrcntcs nivcis dc prcdutividadc dc MS, cntrc ,0 a
8,05.
Captulo
Captulo
Os rcsultadcs da pcsquisa dc macrc c micrcnutricntcs na partc acrca
das amcstras dc milhc cstc aprcscntadcs na Tabcla 8.7. Os tccrcs
cnccntradcs sc ccnsidcradcs adcquadcs para culturas prcdutivas dc
milhc, a cxccc dc macrcnutricntc pctassic quc, cm mcdia, aprcscntcu
valcrcs abaixc da rclcrncia ,,75-2,25) ,COLIHO, FRANA, 005).
A ccmpcsic brcmatclcgica dc milhc lcrragcirc c cs tccrcs dcs
ccmpcncntcs clctivamcntc lcrnccidcs acs animais, ccnsidcrandc a
-2 ,3)
prcduc mcdia dc MV igual a 8,80 kg 2m , cstc aprcscntadcs na
Tabcla 8.8. Obscrva-sc quc c milhc lcrragcirc aprcscntcu, dc lcrma gcral,
ccmpcsic adcquada para suprir as cxigncias dcs animais ,caprincs) na
situac dc manutcnc, para a nutric dc animais cm prcduc ,lcitc),
cbrigatcriamcntc dcvcria havcr suplcmcntac da alimcntac.
Nc casc dc paramctrc MS, mcsmc para cs animais cm manutcnc, a
- -
dcmanda c supcricr ,0,70 Kg animal dia ) da quc lci clcrtada pclc milhc
- -
hidrcpcnicc ,0,05 Kg animal dia ). A dilcrcna vcrilicada prcvavclmcntc
c cxplicada pclc latc dc milhc tcr sidc utilizadc cm uma lasc ainda ]cvcm
dc maturidadc da planta, dcvidc as inlcsta6cs pcr lungc c carunchc,
quandc c tccr dc MSc mais rcduzidc.
Lm rclac as cxigncias dc Ca c P, ccnsidcrandc a ccmpcsic
quimica dc milhc lcrragcirc ,Tabcla 8.7), cram lcrnccidcs, diariamcntc,
4,28 g dc Ca c 4,53 g dc P. Lsscs valcrcs satislazcm as ncccssidadcs dc
4
animais cm manutcnc , pcrcm, para prcduc dc lcitc apcnas a
5
ncccssidadc dc lcslcrc scria satislcita .
Coos.Jeaoes l.oa.s
Lxpcrimcntcs dc prcduc dc lcrragcira c alimcntac animal
,bcvincs) ccnduzidcs nc Ldital 3 dc PROSAB ]a apcntavam para a
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 299
2
3. Nas ccndi6cs dc cxpcrimcntc, cada cantcirc dc 2m lci utilizadc para alimcntar quatrc cabras
adultas durantc um dia.
4. Para caprincs ccm PV cntrc 0 c 00 kg as cxigncias dc Ca c P variamdc 0,7 a 2 g c 0,7 a 3,5 g,
rcspcctivamcntc, ccnlcrmc Ribcirc ,007).
5. Para cabras dc 30 kg dc PV, prcduzindc 5 Kg dc lcitc pcr dia ccm 3,5 dc gcrdura, as cxigncias dc
Ca c Psc, rcspcctivamcntc, 7,5 g c 4,4 g, ccnlcrmc Ribcirc ,007).
k
k
k
viabilidadc c a scgurana sanitaria dcsta pratica ,BLVIIACQUA c/ o/.,
2003). Os rcsultadcs aqui cnccntradcs rclcram as sugcst6cs antcricrcs.
Ncstc cxpcrimcntc lci simulada uma ccndic bastantc dcslavcravcl
5 0
cm tcrmcs dc qualidadc da agua dc irrigac ,cllucntc ccm 0 -0 I.cc/| c
-
8o/mcnc/o spp.00 mI ) c ainda assim nc lcram cbscrvadcs risccs rcais a
sadc animal. Os rcsultadcs pcrmitcm, pcis, qucsticnar critcrics mais
cxigcntcs dc qualidadc dc cllucntcs para a irrigac dc lcrragciras c
pastagcns para rcbanhc dc lcitc, a cxcmplc dcs critcrics ncrtcamcricancs
, 200 cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs pcr 00 mI) ,USLPA, 002) c sugcrir
4 -
quc um padrc dc qualidadc cm tcrnc dc 0 I.cc/| .00 mI cstaria
rcvcstidc da scgurana a sadc animal ,vcr capitulc 2).
399 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
DP. dcsvic padrc.
Tabela 8.7 Caractcrizac da partc acrca dc milhc lcrragcirc, Unidadc Intcgrada dc
Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa, 2005-2000
Tabela 8.8 Caractcrizac brcmatclcgica c cstimativa dc lcrnccimcntc dc alguns
ccmpcstcs pclc milhc lcrragcirc irrigadc, Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac
dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa, 2005-2000
,) DP. dcsvic padrc. ,2) Lntrc parntcscs as cxigncias nutricicnais dc caprincs adultcs
ccm PV dc 30 kg. para manutcnc/para prcduc dc 5 Kg dc lcitc pcr dia ccm 3,5 dc
gcrdura.
.
Captulo
Lm quc pcscm algumas limita6cs cbscrvadas ncstc cxpcrimcntc,
cm tcrmcs dc prcdutividadc c ccmpcsic quimica c brcmatclcgica da
lcrragcira irrigada, cs rcsultadcs nc dcixam dc indicar c pctcncial da
utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na prcduc dc alimcntc animal.
0
Jt.`.zaao Jesgotos Sao.ta.os e~ .sc.cu`tua
7
ua`.JaJeJa gua
Um clarc atrativc para a utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na
piscicultura c a clcrta dc agua. Ccnsidcrandc uma ccntribuic pcr capita
- -
dc csgctcs dc 50-200 I hab dia c uma dcmanda gcncrica dc agua para a
- -
piscicultura dc 0 I s ha , ccnstata-sc quc cs csgctcs prcduzidcs pcr
pcssca scriam sulicicntcs para suprir uma arca dc cultivc dc pcixcs dc
2
,7 - 2,3 m , cu sc]a, uma pcpulac dc 0.000 habitantcs prcduziria agua
para c cultivc dc pcixcs cm 2 ha. Lm gcral, a criac intcnsiva cnvclvc
taxas dc rcncvac vclumctrica diaria dc agua dc 0 atc 00,
dcpcndcndc da qualidadc da agua, da dcnsidadc dc pcixcs, dc latcrcs
climaticcs c da prcdutividadc dcsc]ada.
Ccmc cs tanqucs dc pcixcs sc cm gcral rascs c a rctina da
piscicultura intcnsiva inclui a intrcduc dc quantidadcs signilicativas dc
matcria crganica ,rac), muitc lrcqcntcmcntc c ambicntc aquaticc
lcrmadc c cutrclizadc. Alias, via dc rcgra, c dclibcradamcntc cutrclizadc
pcr mcic dc adubac c calagcm, dc lcrma a lavcrcccr c dcscnvclvimcntc
dc litc c zccplanctcn nc mcic aquaticc a basc da cadcia alimcntar dc
tcdcs cs pcixcs c prcpcrcicnar cccncmia nc lcrnccimcntc dc rac.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 39|
0. Ncstc tcpicc scrc dcscnvclvidcs apcnas aspcctcs dc qualidadc dc agua c prcdutividadc pisciccla,
]a quc cs aspcctcs sanitarics nc lcram abcrdadcs nas pcsquisas dcstc Ldital dc PROSAB. Cabc,
cntrctantc, csclarcccr quc cs cllucntcs utilizadcs ncs cxpcrimcntcs cstivcramdc tcdc cmaccrdc ccm
cs critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica rcccmcndadcs para piscicultura ,vcr capitulc 2). Para maicrcs
inlcrma6cs ccnccituais c dc rcsultadcs dc pcsquisa scbrc cs aspcctcs dc sadc, pcdc-sc ccnsultar c
livrc dc Ldital 3 dc PROSAB,BASTOSc/ o/., 2003c).
7. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas pcdcm scr cnccntradas na litcratura cspccializada, ccmc, pcr
cxcmplc, cm Tcixcira Filhc ,00), Prccna, Bittcnccurt ,004), Vinatca ,007), Ldwards ,002),
Sipaba-Tavarcs ,004), Sipaba-Tavarcs, Rccha ,200), vcn Spcrling ,2002), vcn Spcrling ,2005).
As lagcas dc cstabilizac, c particularmcntc as lagcas dc pclimcntc
8
c dc maturac , sc ambicntcs bastantc similarcs acs tanqucs dc
piscicultura, cm tcrmcs dc mcrlcmctria c dc dinamica da qualidadc da
agua.
Os csgctcs sanitarics sc riccs cm nutricntcs ,particularmcntc
nitrcgnic c lcslcrc) ncccssarics ac dcscnvclvimcntc dc planctcn. Pcr
cutrc ladc, c nitrcgnic, principalmcntc na lcrma dc amcnia, c tcxicc acs
pcixcs cm pcqucnas ccnccntra6cs. Dilcrcntcs cspccics dc pcixcs, ncs
divcrscs cstagics dc vida, aprcscntam tclcrancia variada cm rclac as
divcrsas lcrmas dc nitrcgnic, cm gcral, cs nivcis lctais sc. amcnia
- - -
,0,0 - 2,0 mg I ), nitritc ,0,5 mg I ), nitratc ,5,0 mg I ) ,SIPAUBA-
TAVARLS, 004). Atcxicidadc da amcnia csta rclacicnada a varics clcitcs
dclctcrics acs pcixcs, tais ccmc. lalta dc apctitc, diliculdadc dc rcspirac,
dcgcncra6cs na pclc, danilicac das branquias c rins c rctardamcntc dc
crcscimcntc ,ISMINO-ORBLc/ o/., 2003).
Outrc paramctrc dc lundamcntal impcrtancia nc ccntrclc da
qualidadc da agua para a piscicultura c c pH. Scu clcitc scbrc cs pcixcs c
gcralmcntc indirctc, ac inlluir na sclubilidadc, lcrma c tcxicidadc dc
divcrsas substancias.
Na agua, a amcnia sc aprcscnta na lcrma icnizada ,icn amcnic)

,NH ) cu na lcrma livrc ,NH ), nc icnizada, tcxica. A distribuic dcssas

4 3
lcrmas quimicas dcpcndc dc pH, dc accrdc ccm c scguintc cquilibric
,cqua6cs c 2).
pK 4,7 (25C) Equao 8.I
B
1 temperatura (C) Equao 8.2
392 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
8. O tcrmc cstabilizac rclcrc-sc a translcrmac da matcria crganica carbcnacca ,DBO) cm
prcdutcs mincralizadcs ,cstabilizac da matcria crganica carbcnacca), lagca dc pclimcntc c c tcrmc
cmprcgadc para unidadcs dc pcs-tratamcntc dc cllucntcs dc rcatcrcs UASB, ccm ainda alguma lunc
cm tcrmcs dc rcmcc ccmplcmcntar dc DBO, lagcas dc maturac c c tcrmc cmprcgadc para
unidadcs cm quc nc sc cspcra mais a rcmcc dc DBO, mas tm a lunc dc rcmcc dc patcgcncs c,
pcr vczcs, dc nutricntcs ,vcn SPLRIINOc/ o/. 2003).
u
Ccm basc na cquac 2, a rclac cntrc amcnia livrc c icn amcnic
prcscntcs nc mcic liquidc, para dilcrcntcs ccnccntra6cs nitrcgnic
amcniacal ,amcnia tctal) c valcrcs dc pH, pcdc scr rcprcscntada ccmc na
Figura 8.4.
0
Assim, para a tcmpcratura dc liquidc dc 23C , c tcmandc a
-
ccnccntrac limitc ,tcxica) dc amcnia livrc ccmc 2 mg I , prcblcmas dc
tcxicidadc cccrrcriam quandc c nitrcgnic amcniacal ,amcnia tctal)
c c pH sc aprcscntasscm, pcr cxcmplc, ncs scguintcs valcrcs. ,i) pH < 8 c
- ,20) - c
N-NH O , ,ii) pH = 0,5 c N-NH = 3,0 mg I ,iii) pH > c
3 3
-
N-NH =2,00 mg I .
3
A amcnia livrc c a lcrma vclatilizavcl. Pcrtantc, cm ambicntcs
aquaticcs ccm intcnsa atividadc lctcssintctica c ccnsumc dc dicxidc dc
carbcnc, c pH da agua tcndc a scr mais clcvadc, c quc, sc pcr um ladc
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 393
Iigura 8.4 Ccnccntrac dc amcnia livrc na agua,
dc accrdc ccm c pH c a ccnccntrac dc amcnia tctal ,23C).
Fcntc. adaptadc dc Sawycr, McCarthy ,085).
0. Curvas ccmc as da Figura 8.4 pcdcm scr ccnstruidas para dilcrcntcs valcrcs dc tcmpcratura, c
cxcmplc lci dadc ccm 23C, pcr scr csta tipica dcs valcrcs cnccntradcs nas lagcas dc pclimcntc cm
cxpcrimcntcs ccnduzidcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral da Vicsa.
20. O cxcmplc ccm 55,0 mg I- scrvc apcnas ccmc ilustrac, valcrcs dcsta crdcm dc grandcza,
naturalmcntc dcvcm scr vistcs ccm tcda rcscrva para a utilizac dc cllucntcs cm piscicultura, dadas
as grandcs varia6cs dc pH vcrilicadas cm lagcas dc pclimcntc.
y y
Equao 8.2
e
=
dcslcca c cquilibric da amcnia para a lcrma tcxica, pcr cutrc, lavcrccc a
pcrda para c ar atmcslcricc pcr vclatilizac. Alcm dissc, quandc da
supcrsaturac dc cxignic dissclvidc ,OD), c dcsprcndimcntc dc bclhas
dc cxignic pcdc lavcrcccr c arrastc dc NH dc mcic liquidc.
3
A dispcnibilidadc dc nutricntc lcslcrc tambcm sclrc inlluncia dc
pH. A lcrma dc lcslcrc prcntamcntc assimilavcl pclc litcplanctcn c c
crtclcslatc, mas cm pH clcvadc ,acima dc 0) pcdc havcr uma ccnsidcravcl
prccipitac dc lcslcrc, dcvidc a lcrmac dc lcslatc insclvcl.
As quantidadcs c as lcrmas prcscntcs dc nutricntcs ncs csgctcs
dcpcndcm dc prcccssc dc tratamcntc utilizadc. Ncstc particular, ganha
intcrcssc cspccial a asscciac dc lagcas dc pclimcntc-piscicultura, pcis
cstcs sistcmas aprcscntam grandc clicincia na cstabilizac
ccmplcmcntar da matcria crganica, na rcmcc dc patcgcncs c dc amcnia,
alcm dc lavcrcccrcm c dcscnvclvimcntc dc planctcn. Lm lagcas dc
pclimcntc rasas, ccm a carga crganica ]a substancialmcntc rcduzida, a
pcnctrac da luz sclar na massa liquida c lacilitada c a atividadc
lctcssintctica c accntuada, prcmcvcndc a clcvac dc pH. Oxignic
dissclvidc c pH clcvadcs ccnccrrcm para, alcm da vclatilizac da amcnia,
a intcnsilicac da ac bactcricida c viricida dcs raics UV ,sclarcs).
Prctczcarics c hclmintcs sc rcmcvidcs pcr scdimcntac ,vcn
SPLRIINO, 2002, vcn SPLRIINO c/ o/., 2003).
Lm lagcas lacultativas, a clicincia dc rcmcc dc nitrcgnic c
lcslcrc c, rcspcctivamcntc, da crdcm dc 30-50 c 30, cm lagcas dc
maturac cm scric a clicincia dc rcmcc dc amcnia pcdc situar-sc cntrc
70 c 80, cm lagcas dc pclimcntc c dc maturac, cspccialmcntc rasas, a
rcmcc dc amcnia pcdc scr supcricr a 00 c a dc lcslcrc cntrc 00 c 80
,CAVAICANTI c/ o/., 200, vcn SPLRIINO, 2002). Arcmcc dc lcslcrc c,
pcrtantc, mais limitada, mas issc nc ccnstitui prcblcma quandc sc qucr
prcscrvar cstc nutricntc para utilizac dc cllucntc na piscicultura.
A clcrclila-o c uma mcdida da prcdutividadc primaria c dc cstadc
trclicc dc um ambicntc aquaticc. Varics mcdclcs sc prcpcstcs asscciandc
a ccnccntrac dc lcslcrc tctal c a dcnsidadc litcplanctcnica ,mcdida pcla
ccnccntrac dc clcrclila-o), scmprc ccm a rcssalva dc quc csta rclac c
cspccilica para cada ambicntc aquaticc, Wcllcnwcidcr c Kcrcks ,082)
citadcs pcr Azcvcdc c Brandc '2003 sugcrcm quc a cada g dc Ptctal c
lcrmadc 0,25 g clcrclila-o. Sipaba-Tavarcs ,004) cita valcrcs dc
394 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
clcrclila cm vivcircs dc pcixcs nc-lcrtilizadcs c lcrtilizadcs,
-3 -3
rcspcctivamcntc, da crdcm dc 3 - 00 mg m c 00 - 800 mg m . Lm lagcas
lacultativas as ccnccntra6cs dc clcrclila-o dcpcndcm da carga crganica
aplicada c da tcmpcratura, pcdcndc-sc citar valcrcs na laixa dc 500 a
-
3.000 g I ,vcn SPLRIINO, 2002).
As cargas crganicas allucntcs acs tanqucs dc piscicultura cu as
lagcas dc cstabilizac ,dc pclimcntc cu dc maturac) inllucm tambcm, c
dc lcrma dctcrminantc, na cxigcnac da agua. Mcsccsc c/ o/., ,002a),
assinalam quc dc lcrma a garantir um adcquadc cquilibric cntrc a
prcdutividadc, crcscimcntc dcs pcixcs c dcmanda dc cxignic, as taxas dc
- -
aplicac supcrlicial dcvcm scr da crdcm dc 0-20 kg DBO ha dia .
5
Ncsscs ambicntcs pcdcm cccrrcr intcnsas varia6cs cspaciais c tcmpcrais
dc OD, dcccrrcntcs das atividadcs dc lctcssintcsc, rcspirac c
dcccmpcsic. Tais varia6cs pcdcm cnvclvcr a crcsccntc saturac dc
OD, atc supcrsaturac, nas camadas supcrliciais c nas hcras dc maicr
incidncia sclar, scguida dc qucda intcnsa durantc a ncitc. As divcrsas
cspccics dc pcixcs rcqucrcm ccnccntra6cs dc cxignic dilcrcnciadas para
a sua scbrcvivncia c dcscnvclvimcntc nc mcic aquaticc. A maicria dcs
-
pcixcs mcrrc quandc c tccr dc OD c igual cu inlcricr a mg I , scndc a
-
laixa cntrc c 3 mg I ccnsidcrada sub-lctal ,SIPAUBA-TAVARLS,
004), quandc cs pcixcs gastam muita cncrgia para rcspirar c nc
crcsccm. Dc accrdc ccm c cstagic dc vida dcs pcixcs, alguns pcdcm
supcrtar atc 300 dc saturac dc cxignic, ]a cutrcs nc rcsistcm c
mcrrcm dcvidc a cccrrncia da dccna das bcrbulhas ,PAVANLIII
c/ o/., 000).
Uma sclcc critcricsa da cspccic a scr cultivada c um latcr chavc
para, cm qualqucr das situa6cs dc manc]c acima mcncicnadas,
aprcvcitar c pctcncial dc utilizac dc csgctcs sanitarics na piscicultura.
Algumas cspccics sugcridas para a criac ncstc tipc dc sistcma sc as dc
carpa c tilapia. A tilapia tcm sidc ccnsidcrada a cspccic ccm maicr
pctcncial, pcr scr tclcrantc a baixcs nivcis dc cxignic, a varia6cs na
salinidadc c a nivcis dc amcnia rclativamcntc clcvadcs ,SCHROLDLR,
075, LDWARDS, 002, JANA, 008).
O cultivc dc pcixcs ccm a utilizac dc cllucntcs dc lagcas pcdc sc
dar, csscncialmcntc, scb duas ccndi6cs dc manc]c. ,i) a alimcntac dc
tanqucs dc piscicultura ccm cllucntcs tratadcs c ,ii) c cultivc nas prcprias
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 395
lagcas. Lm quc pcscm as ]a dcstacadas similaridadcs cntrc tanqucs dc
piscicultura c lagcas dc cstabilizac ,dc pclimcntc cu dc maturac),
algumas cspccilicidadcs tambcm mcrcccm dcstaquc. Tanqucs dc
piscicultura ccntigucs as lagcas pcssibilitam um mclhcr manc]c da
qualidadc da agua, pcr mcic dc ccntrclc dc vaz6cs allucntcs para a taxa dc
rcncvac dc agua dcsc]ada, nas lagcas, a taxa dc rcncvac nc scria dc
lacil ccntrclc, scndc dctcrminada pclc tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica.
Lm scndc assim, as varia6cs da qualidadc da agua nc intcricr dc uma
lagca sc mais intcnsas c ncm scmprc sc ccnscguc ccn]ugar cs dcis
cb]ctivcs cm um nicc ambicntc. c da ctimizac dc tratamcntc dcs
csgctcs c c da prcdutividadc pisciccla ,LDWARDS, 002).
Pcr sinal, a taxa dc rcncvac dc agua, bcm ccmc a taxa dc
cstccagcm dcs pcixcs ,dcnsidadc), c um dcs paramctrcs dc manc]c c dc
ccntrclc da prcdutividadc cm piscicultura. A taxa dc rcncvac dc agua
inllucncia a dispcnibilidadc dc alimcntc ,planctcn), pcr sua vcz a
manutcnc dc taxas dc crcscimcntc dcsc]avcis ccm clcvadas dcnsidadcs
dc pcixcs tambcm dcpcndc da dispcnibilidadc c qualidadc dc alimcntc c
das ccndi6cs da agua dc vivcirc ,PROLNA, BITTLNCOURT, 004).
Quandc a taxa dc cstccagcm c alta, ha diminuic das cpcrtunidadcs dc
alimcntac dcs individucs ,ccmpctic) c aumcntc da cxcrcc, c
aumcntc da cxcrcc pcdc causar um dccrcscimc dc qualidadc da agua c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, dccrcscimc da taxa dc crcscimcntc individual.
Pcr cutrc ladc, unidadcs dc piscicultura pcdcm ccntribuir para c
pclimcntc dcs cllucntcs, ccm rcmcc adicicnal nada dcsprczivcl dc
sclidcs cm suspcnsc, DQO c amcnia ,HAYIOR, 004).
Um tanquc dc piscicultura, assim ccmc uma lagca dc cstabilizac,
abriga uma ccmunidadc ccmplcxa ccmpcsta dc crganismcs prcdutcrcs
primarics ,litcplanctcn, pcrilitcn c, pcr vczcs, macrclitas), hctcrctrcliccs
,pcixcs, zccplanctcn, zccbcntcs) c dcccmpcsitcrcs ,bactcrias c lungcs).
Dc cquilibric cstabclccidc ncsta ccmunidadc dcpcndc tambcm a qualidadc
da agua.
Sc c cccssistcma cm uma lagca dc cstabilizac ]a c bastantc
ccmplcxc, pcdc tcrnar-sc ainda mais ccm a intrcduc dc pcixcs,
dcpcndcndc istc tambcm da cspccic c da dcnsidadc dc pcixcs. Alguns
trabalhcs rclatam quc a intrcduc dc pcixcs pcdc prcmcvcr uma rcmcc
adicicnal dc sclidcs suspcnscs ,SS) c DQO ,bicmassa algal, zccplanctcn c
396 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
matcria crganica particulada), pcr cutrc ladc, cs pcixcs pcdcm ccntribuir
para a clcvac dc tccr dc SS c DQO, ac prcmcvcrcm a manutcnc cm
suspcnsc cu a rcssuspcnsc dc sclidcs scdimcntavcis ,LDWARDS, 002).
Lm cccssistcmas aquaticcs trcpicais c padrc dc variac tcmpcral
dc litcplanctcn pcdc scr intcnsc, ccntrcladc pcr altcra6cs accntuadas dc
latcrcs abicticcs, tais ccmc. radiac subaquatica, taxas dc dcccmpcsic
c dispcnibilidadc dc nutricntcs ,principalmcntc lcslatc, amcnia c
nitratcs), transparncia da agua, cstratilicac c dcscstratilicac
tcrmica. Alcm dissc, latcrcs bicticcs, ccmc ccmpctic, hcrbivcria dc
zccplanctcn ,pastagcm) c parasitismc, tambcm tm muita inlluncia
scbrc a ccmunidadc litcplanctcnica, nc sc cm sua dcnsidadc, mas
tambcm cm sua ccmpcsic pcr mcic dc prcssc sclctiva. ,MLIO c/ o/.,
2005).
Pcr prcdac dircta, cs pcixcs pcdcm rcduzir a abundancia c, cu, a
ccmpcsic ,cm tamanhc ccrpcral) das pcpula6cs dc zccplanctcn c, ccmc
ccnscqncia, a rcduc da prcssc dc hcrbivcria pcdc lcvar a um aumcntc
na prcduc dc litcplanctcn c a mudanas na qualidadc da agua. Pcrtantc,
c pcixamcntc dc lagcas pcdc prcmcvcr altcra6cs na ccmunidadc
planctcnica, mas nc cxatamcntc a diminuic da bicmassa. Ncstc
balanc, a cspccic dc pcixc c scus habitcs alimcntarcs sc latcrcs
dctcrminantcs ,LDWARDS, 002). Ccm pcixcs prcdadcrcs visuais, c
zccplanctcn pcdc scr capaz dc ccmpcnsar a diminuic dc individucs
grandcs ,ccmc Dobn|o) via aumcntc na bicmassa dc pcqucnas lcrmas
,Rctilcra), ccm pcixcs liltradcrcs ,ccmc a tilapia) cssa capacidadc dc
ccmpcnsac pcdc scr mcncr, cm dcccrrncia da rcmcc tambcm dc
pcqucnas lcrmas. Pcixcs liltradcrcs pcdcm ainda lcvar ac aumcntc grupcs
dc tamanhc individual grandc c ccm rcspcsta dc luga bcm dcscnvclvida
,pcr cxcmplc, Calancida) c, ac mcsmc tcmpc, suprimir c litcplanctcn dc
grandc pcrtc, alctandc a prcdutividadc primaria ,ROCHL, ROCHA,
2005).
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 397

uaot.JaJe e ua`.JaJe Jo A`.~eoto oJuz.Jo e~

2
.agoas Jestao.`.zaao
A alimcntac dcs pcixcs pcdc scr classilicada cm tcrmcs dcs itcns
alimcntarcs ingcridcs. cmnivcria, planctivcria, dctritivcria, iliclagia,
piscivcria, insctivcria, hcrbivcria c bcntivcria. A dicta dcs pcixcs pcdc scr
dclinida pcr adapta6cs anatcmicas c lisiclcgicas ac habitat, ac tipc c a
dispcnibilidadc dc alimcntcs, scndc quc a clicincia da alimcntac varia
cntrc cspccics c cntrc lcrmas intra-cspccilicas. Lm sistcmas rascs ,ccmc
as lagcas dc cstabilizac), a dctrivcria pcdc scr impcrtantc c c pctcncial
dc cscapc das prcsas via migrac vcrtical pcdc scr mcncr ,ROCHL,
ROCHA, 2005).
Na rcalidadc, tcdcs cs pcixcs sc planctivcrcs na lasc larval c, ac
crcsccrcm, algumas cspccics ccntinuam sc alimcntandc dc planctcn, ccmc
planctivcrcs cbrigatcrics, lacultativcs cu cpcrtunistas ,SIPAUBA-
TAVARLS, 004). Assim, um dcs latcrcs mais impcrtantcs para c succssc
na prcduc dc pcixcs c a utilizac dc alimcntc natural ,litcplanctcn c
zccplanctcn), principalmcntc ncs cstagics iniciais dc dcscnvclvimcntc.
Ccmc dcstacam Sipaba-Tavarcs c Rccha ,200), mcsmc quc a
alimcntac artilicial sc]a um latcr dctcrminantc na ctimizac da
prcdutividadc, cs pcixcs sc sc adaptam a rac apcs c dcscnvclvimcntc
ccmplctc dc tratc digcstivc c, cm gcral, c planctcn ccnstitui, cm qualqucr
cstagic, impcrtantc lcntc dc alimcntc.
Os pcixcs pcdcm tambcm scr classilicadcs dc accrdc ccm c
mccanismc dc alimcntac, scndc cs principais. visual-particuladc,
liltrac pcr bcmbcamcntc c liltrac pcr arrastc. Os individucs dc
algumas cspccics sc alimcntam pclc mcdc visual-particuladc quandc
]cvcns, tcrnandc-sc pcstcricrmcntc bcmbcadcrcs. Lm linhas gcrais, as
scguintcs caractcristicas dc planctcn sc dctcrminantcs na sclcc
alimcntar, ativa cu aparcntc. tamanhc c visibilidadc, mcbilidadc c
398 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
2. Inlcrma6cs mais dctalhadas scbrc c tcma dcvcm scr prccuradas na litcratura cspccializada,
ccmc pcr cxcmplc, cm Ldwards ,002), Mcsccsc c/ o/. ,002a), Sipaba-Tavarcs c Rccha ,200), Rcchc
c Rccha ,2005), Bicudc c Mcnczcs ,2000).
O tcrmc cstabilizac c utilizadc aqui apcnas pcr ccmcdidadc, mas c dcscnvclvimcntc dc tcxtc inclui
as lagcas dc cstabilizac, dc pclimcntc c dc maturac.
capacidadc dc llutuac, abundancia, lacilidadc dc captura, valcr
nutricicnal, palatabilidadc, lacilidadc dc abscrc c digcstc ,SIPAUBA-
TAVARLS, 004, SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200, ROCHL,
ROCHA, 2005).
A dicta dcs pcixcs dcvc scr balanccada c ccntcr ccmpcncntcs
alimcntarcs cm divcrsidadc ,prctcinas, carbcidratcs, lipidics, acidc
graxcs, amincacidcs, vitaminas c mincrais) c quantidadc adcquadas para
as dilcrcntcs cspccics ,SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200). Dc pcntc dc
vista anatcmicc-nutricicnal cs pcixcs sc animais mcncgastriccs, cu sc]a,
ccmc ]a rclcridc, a ccnccntrac dc cncrgia na dicta c c principal latcr quc
dctcrmina a taxa dc ingcstc. Divcrscs autcrcs cnlatizam quc c alimcntc
vivc, dcvidc ac scu ccntcdc dc acidcs graxcs c cnzimas csscnciais, c a
mclhcr cpc para nutric inicial das larvas. Outrcs latcrcs quc
inllucnciam a prclcrncia pclc alimcntc natural ncs cstagics iniciais dc
vida dcs pcixcs ,larvas c ]uvcnis) c c tamanhc rcduzidc dc planctcn c sua
pcuca capacidadc dc cscapc ac prcdadcr, alcm da lacilidadc dc digcstc
,SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200, MLIO c/ o/., 2005).
Na lasc dc alcvinagcm a dcmanda diaria dc alimcntcs situa-sc cntrc
7 - 0 dc pcsc vivc, na lasc dc cngcrda cntrc 5 - 7 . A prclcrncia pcr
litcplanctcn cu zccplanctcn varia cntrc as cspccics, pcr cxcmplc, larvas dc
tilapia ccnscmcm prclcrcncialmcntc litcplanctcn, cnquantc cs ]uvcnis dc
tilapia parcccm bascar sua alimcntac igualmcntc cm litc c zccplanctcn
,SOUZA, TLIXLIRAFIIHO, 085).
Divcrscs cstudcs tm dcmcnstradc a viabilidadc cccncmica c uma
ccnsidcravcl prcduc dc pcixcs ccm cllucntcs dc lagca dc cstabilizac.
Lm cstudcs ccm tilapias ccnduzidcs pcr Mcsccsc c/ o/. ,002a) lci
- -
alcanada uma prcdutividadc dc 4.400 kg ha salra scm qualqucr
suplcmcntc alimcnticic. Ohcsh c/ o/. ,080) cbscrvaram quc a prcduc dc
- -
tilapias nc lci alctada ccm 5,3 mg NH I , pH 8,4 c 4,4 mg OD I ,
3
- -
alcanandc prcdu6cs dc 8 a 0 kg ha anc . Lm Bangkck, cm cxpcrimcntcs
- -
rcalizadcs ccm lagcas lcrtilizadas ccm csgctc ,75 a 50 kg DBO ha dia ) a
- -
prcdutividadc alcanada lci dc 7.500 kg ha anc ,SHARMA c/ o/., 087).
Rcsultadcs imprcssicnantcs sc rcpcrtadcs pcr Ldwards c/ o/. ,08) na
- -
Tailandia ,0 a 20 t ha anc ).
Lntrctantc, parccc cxistir uma dctcrminada lasc dc
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 399
dcscnvclvimcntc dcs pcixcs a partir da qual c alimcntc natural pcdc nc
mais prcpcrcicnar ganhcs dc pcsc satislatcrics, quandc ccmparadcs ac
cultivc ccnvcncicnal ccm lcrnccimcntc dc rac. Ldwards c/ o/. ,08),
sugcrcm quc cxistc uma rclac cntrc a ccnccntrac dc litcplanctcn c c
-
crcscimcntc dc tilapias atc 70 mg MS I , a partir dcssc valcr c ccnsumc
ncturnc dc cxignic pcr partc da bicmassa algal parccc alctar
ncgativamcntc c dcscnvclvimcntc das tilapias. Bastcs c/ o/. ,2003d) c
Pcrcira ,2000), ccnduzindc cxpcrimcntcs similarcs ccm tilapias
cultivadas ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc, cbscrvaram quc nc
cstagic inicial dc crcscimcntc dcs pcixcs c ganhc dc pcsc ncs tratamcntcs
ccm cllucntcs lci ccmparavcl ac cultivc ccm lcrnccimcntc dc rac, pcrcm,
a mcdida quc cs pcixcs ganhavam bicmassa, c ganhc dc pcsc dcs pcixcs
alimcntadcs ccm rac lci supcricr. Nc cbstantc, cs rcsultadcs lcram
intcrprctadcs ccmc indicativcs da viabilidadc tccnicc-cccncmica dc cultivc
dc tilapias ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas, ccm nlasc na lasc dc dcscnvclvimcntc
inicial dcs pcixcs.
.top`octoo
As cclulas litcplanctcnicas rcprcscntam c primcirc nivcl dc alimcntc
accssivcl a muitas cspccics dc pcixcs, particularmcntc para c cstagic
larval.
Lm lagcas dc cstabilizac as algas rcprcscntam ccrca dc 00 - 00
dcs sclidcs cm suspcnsc, pcdcndc alcanar ccnccntra6cs da crdcm dc
- -
00 - 200 mg I dc sclidcs cm suspcnsc scccs ,bicmassa dc litcplanctcn I )
4 0 -
cu 0 - 0 crganismcs mI ,vcn SPLRIINO, 2002). Nc trabalhc dc
Mcsccsc c/ o/. ,002b), cllucntcs dc lagcas dc cstabilizac nc Pcru
-
aprcscntaram valcrcs dc 700 - .000 g clcrclila-a I c 45 - 70 mg
litcplanctcn ,massa scca) pcr litrc, cm tanqucs dc pcixcs alimcntadcs ccm
-
c cllucntc a matcria scca dc litcplanctcn varicu dc 43 - 50 mg I .
A idcntilicac dc cspccics dc algas c c cstadc lisiclcgicc das cclulas
sc tambcm impcrtantcs para bcm caractcrizar a qualidadc cu c cstadc
trclicc da agua c a dispcnibilidadc dc alimcntcs para cs pcixcs. Alcrma c c
tamanhc das algas inllucnciam na lacilidadc dc sua captura c ingcstc, a
cspcssura da parcdc cclular na digcstibilidadc c nc valcr nutritivc
,SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200).
Dcntrc as principais lcntcs dc alimcntcs para cs pcixcs cnccntram-
3|9 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
sc as clcrcliccas, dc pcqucnc tamanhc c parcdc cclular lina. Pcr cutrc ladc,
algumas ciancliccas ,ciancbactcrias) pcdcm prcduzir tcxinas lctais acs
pcixcs c tcxicas tambcm ac scr humanc. A divcrsidadc c a prcdcminancia
dc cspccics dcpcndcm dc uma scric dc latcrcs, tais ccmc. tcmpcratura, luz,
carga crganica, OD, nutricntcs, prcdac c ccmpctic. Alguns autcrcs
sugcrcm quc a rclac N.P c um dcs principais latcrcs dctcrminantcs na
dcminancia dc gncrcs c cspccics dc algas cm baixa rclac N.P as algas
ciancliccas sc bcncliciadas pcr aprcscntarcm maicr capacidadc dc
cbtcnc dc nitrcgnic, sc a rclac lcr mais alta ,> 5) as clcrcliccas
tcndcm a dcminar ,SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, 004, SIPAUBA-TAVARLS,
ROCHA, 200).
Ldwards ,002) c vcn Spcrling ,2002), citandc divcrscs autcrcs,
rcgistram ccmc principais grupcs dc algas ccmumcntc cnccntradcs cm
lagcas dc cstabilizac. ,i) Clcrcliccas. An/|s/rcJcsmas, Cb/om,Jcmcnos,
Cb/crc//o, Iag/cno, Pbocas c 8ccncJcsmas, scndc quc Cb/om,Jcmcnos c
Iag/cno tcndcm a prcdcminar cm pcricdcs mais lrics c ,ii) Ciancliccas.
Ano|ocno, Anoc,s/|s, M|crcc,s/|s, Osc|//o/cr|o c Pbcrm|J|am, cstcs
crganismcs sc atualmcntc classilicadcs ccmc ciancbactcrias c tcndcm a
prcdcminar cm pcricdcs dc tcmpcraturas clcvadas c, cu, cm ambicntcs
ccm valcrcs mais baixcs dc pH c dc nutricntcs.
Kcnig ,084) cita c gncrc Iag/cnoccmc dcs mais tclcrantcs a cargas
crganicas c dcs mais abundantcs cm lagcas ccm ccnccntra6cs dc matcria
-
crganica cm tcrnc dc 5 mg DBO I c altas ccnccntra6cs dc dicxidc dc
carbcnc livrc. Na vcrdadc, cs cuglcncidcs, mcsmc pcssuindc clcrclila nc
sc crganismcs absclutamcntc lctcautctrcliccs c sim lctcauxctrcliccs, istc
c, rcqucrcm uma cu mais vitaminas dc ambicntc, alcm dissc, pcdcm scr
hctcrctrcliccs lacultativcs, cu sc]a, cstc aptcs para crcsccr nc cscurc cm
prcscna dc lcntc dc carbcnc.
Na Figura 8.5 aprcscntam-sc alguns gncrcs dc algas c dc
ciancbactcrias cnccntradas cm ambicntcs lacustrcs brasilcircs cu cm
lagcas dc cstabilizac.
Zoop`octoo
O zccplanctcn dc agua dccc c ccnstituidc principalmcntc pcr
Prctczca, Rctilcra c Crustacca micrccrustacccs, rcprcscntadcs
principalmcntc pclcs grupcs Ccpcpcda, Cladcccra c Ostraccda.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 3||
3|2 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Divisc Cyancphyta, ciancbactcria dc
gncrc Osc|//o/cr|o
Iigura 8.5 Lxcmplcs dc algas c ciancbactcrias cnccntradas cm lagcas dc cstabilizac.
Fcntc. Lntwislc c/ o/. ,007)
Divisc Chlcrcphyta, micrcalgas dc
gncrc Cb/om,Jcmcnos
Divisc Luglcncphyta, micrcalgas dc
gncrc Pbocas
Divisc Chlcrcphyta, micrcalgas dc
gncrc 8ccncJcsmas
Divisc Chlcrcphyta, micrcalgas dc
gncrc Cb/crc//o
Divisc Luglcncphyta, micrcalgas dc
gncrc Iag/cno
O zccplanctcn c um impcrtantc ccmpcncntc na dinamica dc um
ambicntc aquaticc, alguns gncrcs c cspccics sc prcdadcrcs dc bactcrias
c cutrcs ccnscmcm litcplanctcn, scndc cstcs ltimcs ,zccplanctcn
hcrbivcrc) c principal clc cntrc cs prcdutcrcs primarics c cs nivcis
trcliccs supcricrcs. Rctilcrcs c cladcccrcs ,pcr cxcmplc, Dobn|o),
particularmcntc, sc capazcs dc crcsccr cm altas dcnsidadcs,
alimcntandc-sc dc rcsiducs crganiccs c bactcrias ,ROCHA, 005,
SIPAUBA-TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200).
Os cladcccrcs c ccpcpcdcs ccnstitucm um impcrtantc ccmpcncntc na
dicta dc larvas c alcvincs dc pcixc. Lspccics dc cladcccrcs, pcr cxcmplc
Mc|no sp., ccnstitucm prcsas laccis, tm altc valcr nutricicnal c rapidc
ciclc dc vida. Os ccpcpcdcs aprcscntam ciclc dc vida mais lcngc c
mcvimcntac rapida, mas suas larvas, dc mcvimcntc mais lcntc, sc
ccnsidcradas bcm alimcntc c dc lacil captura. Os rctilcrcs ccnstitucm um
cxcclcntc alimcntc para as larvas dc pcixcs, dcvidc ac scu pcqucnc
tamanhc, a lcrma dc mcvimcntac na agua, ac scu curtc ciclc dc vida c ac
altc valcr nutritivc. Os prctczcarics, dc tamanhc similar acs rctilcrcs, sc
tambcm dc lacil assimilac pclas larvas c alcvincs ,SIPAUBA-
TAVARLS, ROCHA, 200).
Iagcas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs pcdcm aprcscntar pcpula6cs dc
-
rctilcrcs c cladcccrcs da crdcm dc 3.000 c 300 individucs I ,
rcspcctivamcntc ,OULRRIN, 088, NANDINI, 000). Nc Pcru, Mcsccsc c/
o/. ,002a) cbscrvaram uma prclilcrac intcnsa dc ciliadcs, rctilcrcs,
ccccpcdcs c cladcccrcs. Kibria c/ o/. ,007), analisandc a ccmpcsic
bicquimica dc planctcn cclctadc cm lagcas dc cstabilizac, rcssaltaram
scu grandc valcr nutricicnal para as primciras lascs dc vida dc divcrsas
cspccics dc pcixcs.
Pcrcm, c impcrtantc salicntar quc ncm tcdas as cspccics dc
zccplanctcn ccnscgucm scbrcvivcr cm aguas rcsiduarias, principalmcntc
cm altcs tccrcs dc amcnia, cnxclrc c DBO. Arauzc ,2003) cbscrvcu um
signilicativc dccrcscimc na bicmassa zccplanctcnica cm virtudc dcs
-
clcitcs da amcnia nc icnizada cm nivcis supcricrcs a 2,5 mg I , scndc cs
rctilcrcs cs mais alctadcs.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 3|3
xpe.oc.aoo ~o.to Jo 0SA3,J.ta` 4,Te~a 2
Jo.ves.JaJeeJea` Jev.osa ,Jv}
Lxpcrimcntcs ccnduzidcs durantc c Ldital 3 indicaram quc a lasc dc
alcvinagcm rcspcndia mclhcr ac cultivc ccm cllucntc dc lagcas dc
pclimcntc ,BASTOS c/ o/., 2003c,d). Nc Ldital 4 prccurcu-sc cntc alcrir
dc lcrma mais dctalhada a viabilidadc dcsta ctapa da prcduc. Aunidadc
22
dc tratamcntc cra ccnstituida pcr um ccn]untc rcatcr UASBBF ,cscala
rcal c prc-labricadc cm ac) scguidc dc uma scric dc trs lagcas dc
pclimcntc ,cscala pilctc,prc-labricadas cm libra dc vidrc, A = 0,2 m,
I/B = 2,0), acrcscidc dc uma quarta cm paralclc a tcrccira para lins dc
cxpcrimcntcs dc piscicultura ,Figura 8.0). Os cllucntcs das lagcas 3 c 4
alimcntavam a unidadc dc piscicultura. 32 caixas dc libra dc vidrc, ccm
capacidadc dc .000 Ic vclumc utilizadc dc 500 I,Figura 8.7). Cada grupc
dc 8 caixas ccntinha dilcrcntcs dcnsidadcs dc pcixc ,0, 20, 30 c 40
-3
pcixcs m ) c rcccbia taxas dc rcncvac vclumctricas diarias dc agua
tambcm distintas ,5, 0, 5 c 20). Fcram utilizadcs .220 alcvincs
rcvcrtidcs dc tilapia ,Orcccbrcm|s n|/c/|cas), linhagcm tailandcza, ccm
pcsc mcdic inicial dc 0,0g.
ua`.JaJeJa gua eoJuaoJe`octoo
Dc ]ulhc dc 2004 a dczcmbrc dc 2005 c sistcma lci mcnitcradc para a
avaliac da qualidadc da agua c dc sua adcquac a pratica da
piscicultura. paramctrcs lisicc-quimiccs c ccmunidadc planctcnica.
Durantc cstc pcricdc c sistcma lci cpcradc ccm as varia6cs dc
ccnligurac cxprcssas na Tabcla 8.0.
O nmcrc c c tipc dc crganismcs litcplanctcniccs dilcrcnciaram-sc
para cada unidadc da scric. Ac tcdc lcram cnccntradcs ncvc taxa c dczc
gncrcs dc micrcalgas. Cb/crc//o, Cb/om,Jcmcnos, Cbrccmcnos,
Ccc/os/ram, Cccnccb/cr|s, G/ccc,s/|s, Iag/cno, Pbocas, 8ccncJcsmas,
8c/cnos/ram, D|o/cmo, Osc|//o/cr|o. Lm linhas gcrais, micrcalgas mcvcis
ccmc Cb/om,Jcmcnos, Iag/cno c Pbocas prcdcminaram nas lagcas c 2
3|4 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
22. UASB - Bicliltrc Acradc Submcrsc, sistcma cpcradc pclc Scrvic Autcncmc dc gua c Lsgctcs,
Vicsa-MO.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 3|5
Iigura 8.0 Vista dc ccn]untc UASB BF scric dc lagcas dc pclimcntc/tanqucs dc
piscicultura, Unidadc Intcgrada dc Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira,
Vicsa-MO
Iigura 8.7 Vista c dctalhc da unidadc dc piscicultura, Unidadc Intcgrada dc
Tratamcntc c Utilizac dc Lsgctcs da Viclcira, Vicsa-MO
,ccm dcstaquc para Iag/cno), cccrrcndc um dccrcscimc marcantc nas
lagcas 3 c 4, accmpanhadc pclc aumcntc dc individucs pcrtcnccntcs acs
gncrcs Cb/crc//oc 8ccncJcsmas.
Ac lcngc das scrics dc lagcas ccnstatcu-sc ainda um aumcntc nc
nmcrc dc gncrcs c, na Fasc III, uma diminuic dc nmcrc mcdic dc
crganismcs ,cm ccnccrdancia ccm cs rcsultadcs dc clcrclila-o, Figura 8.8).
Lsta variac dc dcnsidadc pcpulacicnal c dc dcminancia dc gncrcs dc
micrcalgas cnccntra tambcm alguma ccnccrdancia ccm as rcspcctivas
taxas dc aplicac supcrlicial dc DBO ,Figura 8.8). Lntrctantc, alcm das
cargas crganicas, dcvc scr lcvada cm ccnta a ccnligurac das unidadcs dc
sistcma. a rcduc dc vaz6cs na Fasc II c, ccnscqcntcmcntc, aumcntc dc
TDH, nc rcsultcu cm nitidas altcra6cs nas ccnccntra6cs dc clcrclila-o,
pcrcm istc cccrrcu quandc da rcduc dc prclundidadcs das lagcas c 2 na
Fasc III, ccm substancial incrcmcntc dc clcrclila.
3|6 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tabela 8.0 Ccnligurac da scric dc lagcas dc pclimcntc cm cada lasc cpcracicnal
Q. vazc, TDH. tcmpc dc dctcnc hidraulica, h. prclundidadc , I lagcas, a lagca 4,
paralcla a I3, rcccbcu pcixamcntc na Fasc III.
Tabela 8.I0 Ccmunidadc planctcnica da scric dc lagcas dc pclimcntc
cm cada lasc cpcracicnal ,ccntagcns mcdias)
NR. nc rcalizadc, I, lagcas
Pcr lim, cabc rcgistrar quc crganismcs pcrtcnccntcs a Divisc
Cyancphyta, dc Oncrc Osc|//o/cr|o, lcram idcntilicadcs durantc c
pcricdc dc cstudc, scndc cnccntradcs adcridcs as bcrdas das lagcas cu
llutuandc ]untc a cscuma quc cvcntualmcntc cra lcrmada na supcrlicic da
agua, nc cntantc, lcram cnccntradcs cm nmcrcs muitc baixcs,
minimizandc, ncstc casc, uma prcccupac crcsccntc ccm a cvcntual
prclilcrac dc ciancbactcrias cm lagcas.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 3|7
,a) Clcrclila-o, Fasc I ,b) Taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc DBO, Fasc I
,a) Clcrclila-o, Fasc II ,b) Taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc DBO, Fasc II
,a) Clcrclila-o, Fasc III ,b) Taxa dc aplicac supcrlicial dc DBO, Fasc III
Iigura 8.8 Ccnccntra6cs dc clcrclila-o c taxas dc aplicac supcrlicial dc
DBO na scric dc lagcas, pcr lasc cpcracicnal.
Para a ccmunidadc zccplanctcnica cincc gncrcs lcram cnccntradcs
durantc as dilcrcntcs lascs dc cstudc. Brocb|cnas ,Rctilcra), Mc|no c
Dobn|o ,Cladcccra), Mcscc,c/cs c 7bcrmcc,c/cs ,Ccpcpcda). Lm tcdas
as unidadcs c durantc tcdc c pcricdc dc cstudc prcdcminaram cs rctilcrcs,
scndc quc na Fasc I cstcs lcram cs niccs crganismcs cnccntradcs. Nas
lascs subscqcntcs, c aumcntc dc TDH pcrmitiu c dcscnvclvimcntc dc
micrccrustacccs ccm ciclc dc vida mais lcngc ,Cladcccra c Ccpcpcda). Na
Fasc III a pcpulac mcdia dc tcdcs cs crganismcs c cm tcdas as lagcas lci
bcm rcduzida, inclusivc a dc rctilcrcs, prcvavclmcntc pcla ccmpctic
intcrcspccilica ccm cladcccrcs c ccpcpcdas, nctadamcntc mais agcis na
busca dc prcsas. Ainda ncsta lasc, sc ccmputadas as pcpula6cs mcdias
das lagcas 3 c 4 ,unidadcs paralclas), vcrilica-sc uma rclac invcrsa cntrc
as pcpula6cs planctcnicas ac lcngc da scric dc lagcas, sugcrindc uma
rclac dc pastagcm cntrc zcc c litcplanctcn.
Ha quc sc acrcsccntar quc a dinamica dc litc c zccplanctcn na lagca 4
pcdc tcr sidc alctada pcla intrcduc dc pcixcs na Fasc III, pcrcm dada a
clcvada mcrtalidadc vcrilicada ,ccmc aprcscntadc a scguir) c ccmc cs
dadcs ccmparativcs cntrc as lagcas 3 c 4 nc sugcrcm cstc clcitc, cssc
aspcctc lci dcsccnsidcradc na discussc acima.
Alcm da prcduc dc alimcntc vivc, c lundamcntal quc c sistcma dc
tratamcntc lcrnca um cllucntc linal ccm baixcs tccrcs dc amcnia. A
mcdclagcm dc um vastc bancc dc dadcs, rclcrcntc a quatrc ancs dc
mcnitcramcntc dc sistcma cm qucstc, pcrmitiu c a]ustc dc um mcdclc
acs mcldcs dc prcpcstc pcr Panc c Middlcbrccks ,082) citadcs pcr vcn
Spcrling ,2002), c qual lcrnccc cstimativas dc valcrcs dc ccnccntra6cs
cllucntcs dc amcnia ,cquac 3).
R2 =0,7025 Equao 8.3
cndc.
-
Cc =ccnccntrac cllucntc dc amcnia ,mg I )
-
Cc =ccnccntrac allucntc dc amcnia ,mg I )
2
A=arca das lagcas ,m )
3 -
Q =vazc ,m d )
pH =pH nas lagcas
3|8 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Equao 8.3
2
Dc accrdc ccm c mcdclc a]ustadc, c dcntrc as laixas tcstadas dc
prclundidadc das lagcas ,0,3 - 0,0 m), a qualidadc rcccmcndada para a
-
piscicultura ,2 mg NH I ) scria alcanada ccm TDH cm tcrnc dc 25 dias.
3
Pcrtantc, durantc c pcricdc dc cstudc aqui analisadc, apcsar da clcvada
rcmcc nc sistcma dc lagcas, cs tccrcs dc amcnia nc intcricr das lagcas 3
c 4 mcstraram-sc inccmpativcis ccm c cultivc dc pcixcs ,Figura 8.0) ,vcr
tambcm Figura 8.4), tantc c quc c pcixamcntc da lagca 4 ccm ]uvcnis dc
tilapia dc Nilc rcsultcu cm scbrcvivncia dc apcnas 20 c rcduzidc ganhc
dc pcsc dcs individucs quc scbrcvivcram.
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 3|9
Iigura 8.0 Ccnccntra6cs dc amcnia c valcrcs dc pH na scric dc lagcas, Fasc III
0ese~peoo Zootco.co Je A`ev.oos Je T.`ap.a Cu`t.vaJas co~ l`ueotes
Je.agoa Jeo`.~eoto
Lstcs cxpcrimcntcs lcram ccnduzidcs nc pcricdc dc dczcmbrc dc
2004 a abril dc 2005, dcntrc a Fasc II dcscrita na Tabcla 8.0. As taxas dc
rcncvac dc agua tcstadas nc altcraram signilicativamcntc cs
rcsultadcs dc dcscmpcnhc zcctccnicc. Ccntudc, a clcvac da dcnsidadc
dc cstccagcm rcduziu c ganhc dc pcsc ,Figura 8.0) c dc bicmassa
,Tabcla 8.).
-
Mcsmc c maicr valcr dc ganhc dc pcsc cnccntradc ,0,3 g dia pcr
pcixc) csta abaixc da taxa dc crcscimcntc ccnsidcrada adcquada para a
-
cspccic ncsta lasc dc crcscimcntc. 0,0 dia pcr pcixc cm cultivc tradicicnal
ccm usc dc ra6cs ccmplctas ,KUBITZA, 2000).
Adcnsidadc quc prcpcrcicncu maicr ganhc dc pcsc lci a dc 0 pcixcs
-3 -3
m . A capacidadc supcrtc lci atingida na dcnsidadc dc 20 pcixcs m .
A partir dai c alimcntc pcdc tcr sidc c latcr limitantc, c quc rcsultcu cm
mcncrcs ganhcs dc bicmassa mcsmc quandc a dcnsidadc lci scndc
aumcntada. A capacidadc supcrtc c a maxima bicmassa dc pcixc capaz dc
scr sustcntada cm uma unidadc dc prcduc c pcdc scr dctcrminada pclcs
scguintcs latcrcs. ,i) quantidadc c qualidadc dc alimcntc dispcnivcl,
,ii) nivcis criticcs dc cxignic dissclvidc c ,iii) ccnccntrac dc amcnia, gas
carbcnicc c nitritc ,KUBITZA, 2000).
Lntrctantc, ncs vivcircs dc pcixcs cs tccrcs dc OD lcram scmprc
clcvadcs c cs tccrcs dc amcnia pcrmancccram scmprc abaixc dcs valcrcs
-
ccnsidcradcs tcxiccs acs pcixcs ,2,0 mg /I ). Pcr cutrc ladc, as
ccnccntra6cs dc clcrclila c sclidcs cm suspcnsc tctais ncs vivcircs
- -
variaram, rcspcctivamcntc, dc 70 - 20 g I c dc 08 - 5 mg /I , cm
rclac dircta ccm a dcnsidadc dc cstccagcm dc pcixcs. Uma hipctcsc scria
quc c zccplanctcn c grandc liltradcr dc litcplanctcn c, dcssa lcrma, cs
pcixcs ac sc alimcntarcm dc zccplanctcn pcdcriam prcvccar um aumcntc
napcpulac dc litcplanctcn.
Ha, pcrtantc, sugcst6cs dc quc mcsmc a maicr taxa dc rcncvac dc
agua tcstada nc tcnha sidc sulicicntc para um lcrnccimcntc cu rcpcsic
adcquadcs dc alimcntc cm tcrmcs quantitativcs c qualitativcs.
329 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Coos.Jeaoes .oa.s
Apcsar da prcdutividadc tcr licadc abaixc da cnccntrada nc cultivc
tradicicnal ccm c usc dc ra6cs, dc qualqucr lcrma cs rcsultadcs cbtidcs
indicam quc sc pcdc alcanar cccncmia dc insumcs c rcntabilidadc
ccnsidcravcis, ccm translcrmac dc alimcntc natural ,gratuitc) cm
prctcina animal.
Os alcvincs lcram cstccadcs inicialmcntc ccm pcsc mcdic dc 0,7 g c
ccmprimcntc dc 2,5 a 3,0 cm c ac linal dc cxpcrimcntc atingiram
Cap. 8 Js6 Je |sq6|6s |a|aJ6s pa|a ||6Ja a6 Ao|ma| 32|
Iigura 8.I0 Oanhc dc pcsc dc tilapias dc Nilc cm lunc da dcnsidadc dc
cstccagcm cm tanqucs alimcntadcs ccm cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc
Tabela 8.II Oanhc dc bicmassa ,g) dc tilapias dc Nilc cm lunc da dcnsidadc
dc cstccagcm c da taxa dc rcncvac dc agua cm tanqucs alimcntadcs ccm
cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc
-3
ccmprimcntc mcdic dc 0 cm na dcnsidadc dc 0 pcixcs m . Durantc a lasc
dc alcvinagcm cs tanqucs gcralmcntc tm m dc prclundidadc c,
pcrtantc, scria pcssivcl cstccar 00.000 alcvincs cm ha. Na rcgic dcstc
cstudc, cs prccs dc milhcirc dc alcvincs ccmcrcializadcs na salra
2004/2005 cram cs scguintcs. 2 a 3 cm ,RS 70,00), 4 a 0 cm ,RS 80,00), 8 a 0

cm ,RS 50,00). Sc ac invcs dc vcndcr cs alcvincs pcr RS 80,00, c prcdutcr
cptar pcr mant-lcs pcr mais um ms cm tanqucs abastccidcs ccm
cllucntcs dc lagcas dc pclimcntc, pcdcria vcnd-lcs pcr RS 50,00 c
milhcirc, scm gastc adicicnal algum ccm insumcs ,adubc c rac). Dcssa
mancira, cbtcria uma rcmuncrac dc aprcximadamcntc RS 7.000,00 pcr
hcctarc.
Os rcsultadcs sugcrcm ainda a busca dc ctimizac dc sistcma dc
lagcas dc pclimcntc nc scntidc dc intcnsilicar a prcduc dc planctcn c, nc
casc, dc pcixamcntc das lagcas, dc rcmcc dc amcnia.
Nc quc diz rcspcitc a prcduc dc litc c dc zccplanctcn, as
ccnligura6cs dc lagcas rasas avaliadas ncstc prc]ctc dcmcnstraram um
grandc pctcncial para c lcrnccimcntc dc alimcntc dispcnivcl para a
nutric dc pcixcs. Nc cntantc, c ncccssaria uma mclhcr aprcpriac
scbrc a bicmassa, cm tcrmcs dc quantidadc sulicicntc c qualidadc
adcquada para a garantia dc prcdutividadc. O rccursc a rcduc dc
laminas das lagcas dc latc prcmcvc a intcnsilicac da prcdutividadc
primaria, mas parccc havcr um limitc partir dc qual a rcduc
ccrrcspcndcntc dc TDH ccmprcmctcria a clicincia dc rcmcc dc amcnia.
Ccm basc nas ccndi6cs cm quc cstc cstudc lci dcscnvclvidc, a
asscciac lagcas dc pclimcntc-tanqucs dc piscicultura sc aprcscnta ccmc
uma altcrnativa mais atrativa dc quc c pcixamcntc das lagcas.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
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Cap'tu`o 9
Aspectos VetoJo`og.cos paa stuJos Je
Jt.`.zaao Je guas es.Jua.as e~ Ag.cu`tua
J6s Va|qaes Jao|6|, |ao|e| ||Ja| ||ez,
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paramctrcs dc ccntrclc c as rcspcctivas mctcdclcgias, alcm dc aprcscntar
uma abcrdagcm scbrc cs mctcdcs cstatisticcs c dc manc]c da irrigac.
Sugcrcm-sc atributcs basiccs para a avaliac c mcnitcramcntc das
caractcristicas dcs cllucntcs utilizadcs na lcrtirrigac, dcs impactcs
causadcs pcla lcrtirrigac ccm cllucntcs, nc sclc ,cnsaics cm campc,
vascs cu lisimctrcs) c nas plantas. Adicicnalmcntc, sc aprcscntadas as
rclcrncias cndc pcdcrc scr cnccntradas as mctcdclcgias para as analiscs
dc cllucntcs, sclcs c plantas c inlcrma6cs ccmplcmcntarcs para lacilitar a
intcrprctac dcs rcsultadcs.
Lm rclac as analiscs dc sclcs c plantas, cumprc csclarcccr quc
apcsar das cmprcsas dc pcsquisa dc varics cstadcs brasilcircs pcssuircm
mctcdcs prcprics, calibradcs para analiscs dc sclcs c plantas cultivadas,
cntcndc-sc quc a padrcnizac sc]a rclcvantc cm uma rcdc dc pcsquisas.
Pcrtantc, nc ambitc dc Prcgrama dc Pcsquisa cm Sancamcntc Basicc -
PROSAB, cptcu-sc pcla utilizac dcs mctcdcs prcccnizadcs pcla
Lmbrapa, cm scu Manual dc Mctcdcs dc Analisc dc Sclcs c Plantas
,LMBRAPA, 007). Nc mcsmc scntidc, as unidadcs dc cxprcssc dcs
rcsultadcs aprcscntadas nc tcxtc sc sugcridas para lins dc padrcnizac
na rcdc PROSAB.
At.outos u'~.cos Jos So`os
Os sclcs sc ccnstituidcs pcr uma ccmplcxa mistura dc dilcrcntcs
ccmpcncntcs mincrais, crganiccs c crganc-mincrais, cu]c cntcndimcntc
dcpcndc dc usc dc ncvcs c mclhcradcs prcccdimcntcs analiticcs. Nc cxamc
c na intcrprctac dc rcsultadcs, c pcsquisadcr dcvc ccnhcccr cs mctcdcs
pclcs quais cs dadcs analiticcs sc cbtidcs c tambcm qual a ccnliabilidadc
dcs rcsultadcs numcriccs.
Lm principic, c impcrtantc rcssaltar quc cs mctcdcs cmprcgadcs nc
cstudc das prcpricdadcs quimicas dc sclc muitas vczcs sc ccnlundcm ccm
cs mctcdcs cmprcgadcs nc cstudc da lcrtilidadc dc sclc. Pcrcm, cxistcm
dilcrcnas impcrtantcs, principalmcntc ccnccituais, quc dcvcm scr
lcvadas cm ccnsidcrac, nctadamcntc nc quc tangc a cscclha da scluc
cxtratcra. Istc pcrquc a analisc quimica dc sclcs para lins dc lcrtilidadc,
cb]ctiva dctcrminar c grau dc sulicincia cu dclicincia dc nutricntcs,
alcm dc quantilicar ccndi6cs advcrsas, tais ccmc acidcz c salinidadc, quc
alctam c dcscnvclvimcntc das culturas. Ncssc scntidc, a cscclha dc
cxtratcr c mctivada pcla ccrrclac ccm c crcscimcntc c a rcspcsta dc cada
cultura, scb as mais divcrsas ccndi6cs. Dcsta lcrma, ccnsidcrandc a
cxtcnsc gccgralica brasilcira c a grandc variabilidadc dc climas c dc sclcs
cxistcntcs, c natural quc aparcccsscm divcrsas mctcdclcgias analiticas,
ccm basc na cxpcrimcntac rcgicnal. Nc cntantc, quandc c cb]ctivc c
caractcrizar as prcpricdadcs quimicas dc sclc, c latcr prcpcndcrantc na
cscclha dc cxtratcr sc rclacicna ccm c mccanismc dc rcac quimica quc sc
prctcndc cstudar. Ncssc scntidc, para as ccndi6cs brasilciras, a basc
mctcdclcgica ccnsagrada c aqucla quc vcm scndc publicada c rcvisada
pcla Lmbrapa ,007) c quc ccnta ccm c auxilic dc divcrsas institui6cs dc
pcsquisa dc pais.
Nc quc tangc a amcstragcm, cxistcm varics prctccclcs dc cclcta quc
variam, principalmcntc, ccm c cb]ctivc cu prcpcsta da analisc, tamanhc
da arca amcstrada c tipc dc clcmcntc a scr analisadc. Rcssalta-sc quc c
prctccclc dc maicr prccisc c aquclc quc caractcriza a variabilidadc
cspacial c tcmpcral dcs atributcs. Ncssc scntidc, rcccmcnda-sc a lcitura
dc tcxtcs cspccializadcs, ccmc aquclcs cscritcs pcr Chitclina c/ o/. ,002),
Ncgucira c/ o/. ,008), Chitclina c/ o/. ,000), Icmcs c Santcs ,200),
Mcntanari c/ o/., ,2005) c Scuza c/ o/. ,2000a).
A maicria das analiscs a scguir aprcscntadas para a cstimativa dcs
principais atributcs quimiccs c lisiccs dc sclc c rcalizada na chamada tcrra
lina scca ac ar ,TFSA), cu sc]a, matcrial sccc ac ar cu cm cstula ,TFSL) a
c
40 C, dcstcrrcadc c quc passa cm pcncira dc abcrtura dc 2mm. Ccntudc,
ncssas ccndi6cs dc sccagcm, as amcstras ainda pcssucm uma umidadc
rcsidual ,agua higrcsccpica), quc pcdc altcrar cs rcsultadcs quandc cstcs
sc cxprcsscs ccm basc na massa dc sclc. Ccm issc, a lim dc padrcnizar cs
332 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
rcsultadcs, dcvc-sc inscrir um latcr dc ccrrcc da TFSA para a TFSL
c
05 Ccm tcdcs cs rcsultadcs, cxcctc nas mcdidas dc pH.
p e~ gua
O pH cm agua c uma mcdida simplcs, mas dc lundamcntal
impcrtancia, dcvidc ac scu clcitc dirctc nc crcscimcntc das plantas, dcs
micrcrganismcs dc sclc c na dispcnibilidadc dc nutricntcs ,TAN, 004).
Alcm dissc, c pH alcta tambcm inmcras prcpricdadcs quimicas dcs sclcs,
tais ccmc a CTC ,capacidadc dc trcca caticnica) c a sclubilidadc dc varics
clcmcntcs ,RAIJ, 00, UIRICH, SOMNLR, 00).
O pH rcprcscnta a atividadc dc icn hidrcgnic cm scluc.

pH = lcg,H ), scndc mcdidc atravcs dc pctcncicmctrc cu, mais

inlcrmalmcntc, pHmctrc.
Dcvc-sc dar bastantc atcnc a mancira ccmc sc mcdc c pH ,RAIJ,
080), ]a quc paramctrcs ccmc rclac sclc. agua, tcmpc dc agitac c lccal
dc mcdida, cntrc cutrcs, inllucnciam cm muitc cs rcsultadcs cbtidcs c,
ccnscqcntcmcntc, sua intcrprctac.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
Os valcrcs dc pH cm agua scrc cbtidcs usandc um pctcncicmctrc
prcvidc dc clctrcdc ccmbinadc dc vidrc c rclcrncia ,Ag/AgCl), da scguintc
mancira.
misturar 0g dc TFSA25mIdc agua dcstilada cu dcicnizada,
dcixar rcpcusar pcr uma hcra, lazcndc agita6cs pcricdicas,
ncssc intcrim, pcdc-sc calibrar c aparclhc ccm sclu6cs tampc dc
pH 4,0 c 7,0, ]a quc a maicria dcs sclcs aprcscnta pH dcntrc dcsta
laixa,
rcsuspcndcr a mistura, na hcra da lcitura, imcrgindc c clctrcdc
ccmbinadc na suspcnsc,
anctar c valcr dc pH quandc a lcitura sc aprcscntar ccnstantc.
I
p e~ /C` I~o`.. e p
O pH cm scluc dc KCl M c muitc usadc cm cstudcs pcdclcgiccs
pcis, atravcs da sua dilcrcna para c pH cm agua, ccnhccida ccmc pH,
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 333
pcdc-sc inlcrir algumas prcpricdadcs quimicas, nctadamcntc a CTC
,capacidadc dc trcca caticnica) c a mincralcgia das amcstras ,ULHARA,
OIIIMAN, 08, NASCIMLNTO, 080, PRLZ c/ o/. 003).
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
Scguc, basicamcntc, c quc lci dcscritc antcricrmcntc para
dctcrminac dc pH cm agua, scndc ncccssaric, apcnas, substituir a agua
dcstilada cu dcicnizada pcr scluc dc KCl M.
O valcr dc pH c calculadc da scguintc mancira.
Equao 0.I
I
p e~ CaC` 0,0I~o`..
2
Na avaliac da acidcz ativa dc sclc a dctcrminac dc pH cm CaCl
2
ccnstitui uma altcrnativa ac pH cm agua, pcis sclrc pcuca inlluncia
sazcnal, dcccrrcntc, pcr cxcmplc, da maicr ccnccntrac salina cm
pcricdcs mais scccs cu dc cclctas dc sclc rcalizadas prcximas ac pcricdc dc
adubac c calagcm dc sclc. Alcm dissc, a scluc dc CaCl prcvcca a
2
llcculac dc sclc, lazcndc ccm quc a lcitura dc pH sc]a mcncs variavcl
,RAIJ c/ o/. 087).
Mtodo de Deterninao (QUACCIO e BAIJ, 200I)
Os valcrcs dc pH sc cbtidcs ccm um pctcncicmctrc prcvidc dc
clctrcdc ccmbinadc dc vidrc c rclcrncia ,Ag/AgCl), da scguintc mancira.
-
misturar 0 g dc TFSAa 25mIdc scluc 0,0 mcl.I dc CaCl ,
2
dcixar cm ccntatc pcr 5 minutcs, apcs c quc, agitar pcr 0
minutcs a 220rpm,
dcixar cm rcpcusc pcr 30 minutcs,
ncssc intcrim, pcdc-sc calibrar c aparclhc ccm sclu6cs tampc dc
pH 4,0 c 7,0, ]a quc a maicria dcs sclcs aprcscnta pH dcntrc dcsta
laixa,
nc rcsuspcndcr a mistura, na hcra da lcitura. Imcrgir c clctrcdc
ccmbinadc na suspcnsc llcculada,
anctar c valcr dc pH quandc a lcitura sc aprcscntar ccnstantc.
334 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Sa.s So`uve.s
O ccnhccimcntc da ccnccntrac dc sais nc cxtratc dc scluc dc sclc
pcrmitc a dctcrminac dc impcrtantcs paramctrcs para caractcrizac
dc sclc cm tcmcs dc prcpricdadcs lisicc-quimicas c lcrtilidadc, tas ccmc.
Scma dc Bascs ,Valcr S), Capacidadc dc Trcca Caticnica ,CTCcu Valcr T),
Pcrccntagcm dc Saturac pcr Bascs ,V), Pcrccntagcm dc Saturac pcr
Aluminic ,m), Pcrccntagcm dc Saturac pcr Scdic ,Na) c Razc dc
adscrc dc scdic ,RAS).
O sclc pcssui uma capacidadc muitc impcrtantc dc rctcr c ccdcr, scb
a lcrma icnica, dctcrminadcs clcmcntcs quimiccs quc sc vitais para c
dcscnvclvimcntc dcs scrcs vivcs. Lsta caractcristica c basicamcntc
cxcrcida pclcs cclcidcs dc sclc, sc]am clcs crganiccs ,hmus cu
substancias hmicas) cu mincrais ,argila) c rcccnhccida ccmc
capacidade de troca catinica do solo (CTC), ]a quc a maicria das
cargas dc sclc c ncgativa ,WUTKL, CAMAROO, 072, KILHI, 070,
RAIJ, 00).
Lm gcral, cs clcmcntcs quc cxistcm cm maicrcs quantidadcs ncs
sclcs c quc sc cncaixam na dclinic dc clcmcntcs vitais tm sidc ,RAIJ,
00). calcic, magncsic, pctassic, scdic, aluminic c hidrcgnic, scndc quc
cs quatrc primcircs sc ccnhccidcs ccmc bascs dc sclc c cs dcis ltimcs
ccmc dc caratcr acidc. Assim scndc, a CTC dc sclc c ccnstituida,
basicamcntc, pclcs caticns dcsscs scis clcmcntcs quc cstc adscrvidcs a
supcrlicic carrcgada clctricamcntc dcs cclcidcs dc sclc. Valc rcssaltar,
ainda, quc a maicria dcs sclcs das rcgi6cs trcpicais pcssui cclcidcs dc carga
variavcl ,ULHARA, OIIIMAN, 08), lcgc c pH cndc sc dctcrmina a CTC
c impcrtantc dc scr lixadc.
Um dcs mctcdcs mais usuais dc dctcrminac da CTC sc bascia na
saturac dc ccmplcxc dc trcca ccm ccrtc caticn, dctcrminandc-sc, dcpcis,
c tctal dcs caticns quc cstavam adscrvidcs c quc lcram dcslccadcs para a
scluc cxtratcra ,CHAPMAN, 008).
Outrc atributc, dcrivadc dc ccnccitc da CTC, c a saturac pcr bascs
,V). Ccmc, cm ccnscqncia dc intcmpcrismc, as bascs vc scndc
lixiviadas dc sclc, aumcntandc cntc a ccnccntrac dcs clcmcntcs acidcs
,KLIILR, 008), ha uma cstrcita rclac cntrc a ccntribuic das bascs
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 335
para a CTC ,saturac pcr bascs) ccm c pH dc sclc ,CASTRO c/ o/. 072,
PLRLIRAc/ o/. 008).
Ncrmalmcntc, a ccnccntrac dc sais ,Ca, Mg, Na, K) na scluc dc
sclc c baixa, quandc ccmparada a quantidadc adscrvida. Haycs c Bclt
,00) indicam uma razc dc distribuic na crdcm dc 00 cntrc c scrvidc
na lasc sclida c c ccntidc na scluc. Ccntudc, ha situa6cs cm quc issc nc
cccrrc. Dai, a dctcrminac da CTC pclc usc dc cxtratcrcs quimiccs lica
su]cita a crrcs, pcis, alcm dc dcslccar cs caticns adscrvidcs
clctrcstaticamcntc a supcrlicic dcs cclcidcs, cssas sclu6cs cxtratcras
tambcm dissclvcm cs sais quc sc lcrmaram pcla sccagcm da scluc dc
sclc durantc c prcparc da amcstra. Dcsta lcrma, dcvc-sc calcular a
quantidadc dc sais sclvcis a lim dc dcsccntar a sua inlluncia da
dctcrminac da CTC.

O Na ]untamcntc ccm c pH c a ccndutividadc clctrica dc cxtratc dc

saturac, sc cs principais atributcs utilizadcs para caractcrizar cs sclcs
alctadcs pcr sais. Quantc maicr a ccnccntrac salina, maicr a
ccnccntrac dc icns c mais intcnsa a ccndutividadc clctrica da scluc.
A condutividade eltrica c dctcrminada cm cquipamcntc
cspccilicc ,ccndutivimctrc), cm cxtratc rcsultantc da saturac dc sclc
-
ccm agua c a unidadc quc cxprcssa sua magnitudc c dSm .
2 2
A rclac cntrc as ccnccntra6cs dc Na , Ca c Mg , cxprcssa pclc
paramctrc Bazo de Adsorso de Bdio BAB, c dc lundamcntal
impcrtancia para a avaliac da ccndutividadc hidraulica
,pcrmcabilidadc) dc sclc. O calcic ccntribui para a cstabilidadc dcs
agrcgadcs c cstrutura dc sclc. O scdic prcvcca a dispcrsc dc mincrais dc
argila cm particulas linas, c quc pcdc causar a cbstruc dcs pcrcs dc sclc.

Alcm dissc, c clcitc dc cxccssc dc Na c pctcncializadc quandc a rclac

2 2
Ca . Mg c mcncr quc a unidadc, pcrquc c cxccssc dc magncsic trccavcl
nc sclc pcdc induzir a dclicincia dc calcic.
Mtodos de deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
A CTC c dctcrminada pcla scma dcs rcsultadcs cbtidcs para calcic,
-
magncsic c aluminic ,cxtraidcs pcr scluc mcl.I dc KCl), scdic c
- -
pctassic ,cxtraidcs pcr scluc H SO 0,025mcl.I HCl 0,05mcl.I ),
2 4
-
hidrcgnic c aluminic ,cxtraidcs pcr scluc dc acctatc dc calcic 0,5mcl.I
dc pH 7,0).
336 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 337
A scguir c aprcscntada uma brcvc dcscric dcs mctcdcs para a
dctcrminac dcs caticns ccmputadcs ncs paramctrcs citadcs na
intrcduc dcstc itcm, cu]a intcgra sc cnccntra nc manual dc mctcdcs da
Lmbrapa ,LMBRAPA, 007).
Ca`c.o, Vagos.oeA`u~'o.oTocave.s
-
Apcs adicicnar 00mI dc scluc KCl mcl.I a 0g dc TFSA, agita-
sc a mistura cm agitadcr circular hcrizcntal pcr cincc minutcs c dcixa-sc
dccantar pcr uma ncitc. Dc scbrcnadantc, rctiraram-sc trs aliquctas dc
2 3 2
25mI para a dctcrminac dc Ca , Al c Mg trccavcis, da scguintc
lcrma.
Clcio +Magnsio Trocveis
sc dctcrminadcs pcr titulac ccmplcxcmctrica cmprcgandc
-
scluc dc LDTA ,sal disscdicc) 0,025mcl.I . Apcs acrcsccntar
4mIdc ccquctcl ,ccnstituidc dc scluc tampc pH 0,0, cianctc
dc pctassic c trictanclamina) a aliqucta, adicicna-sc pcqucna
quantidadc ,+ 30mg) dc acidc asccrbicc, utilizandc c Lricchrcmc
Black-T ,Ncgrc dc Lriccrcmc) ccmc indicadcr,
a viragcm c dc tcnalidadc rcsa para azul. Ccntudc, ccmc a cinctica
2 2
da trcca dc Ca c Mg cntrc c LDTAc c indicadcr c lcnta nc pcntc
dc viragcm, dcvc sc rcalizar a titulac ccm tcdc cuidadc, scmprc c
principalmcntc quandc a tcnalidadc rcsa ccmcar a sclrcr
altcra6cs,
2 2 -
a lcitura na burcta ccrrcspcndc ac tccr dc Ca Mg cm cmcl .kg
c
dc TFSA.
Ca Trocvel
-
titula-sc ccm LDTA 0,025mcl.I c cxtratc dc sclc, dcpcis dc
adicicnar 3mI dc scluc dc KOH 0 c uma pitada dc indicadcr
acidc calccn-carbcxilicc ,calccn),
a viragcm c dc uma tcnalidadc vcrmclha para azul,
-
a lcitura na burcta ccrrcspcndc ac tccr dc Ca cm cmcl .kg dc
c
TFSA.
338 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Mg Trocvel
2 2 2 2
c Mg trccavcl c cbtidc pcr subtrac. Mg =,Ca Mg ) ,Ca ).
Al Trocvel
na tcrccira aliqucta dc 25mI dc cxtratc, adicicna-sc 3 gctas dc
indicadcr Azul dc Brcmctimcl c titula-sc ccm scluc dc NaOH
-
0,025mcl.I ,
a viragcm c dc uma tcnalidadc amarcla para vcrdc. Dcvc-sc
cbscrvar quc sc c pcntc dc viragcm lcr muitc ultrapassadc, cm
gcral aparccc uma tcnalidadc azul ac invcs da vcrdc,
sc a scluc dc NaOH nc lcr prcparada nc dia da titulac dcvc sc
prctcg-la dc CO , a lim dc cvitar c prcccssc dc carbcnatac quc
2
lcva a altcrac da ccnccntrac dcssa scluc,
-
a lcitura ccrrcspcndc ac tccr dc Al cm cmcl .kg dc TFSA.
c
As dctcrmina6cs acima dcscritas sc passivcis dc scrcm aplicadas
na maicria das rcgi6cs brasilciras. Ccntudc, nc sc pcdc dcixar dc
mcncicnar quc cxistcm cquipamcntcs mais mcdcrncs c quc pcrmitcm a
dctcrminac, ccm maicr scnsibilidadc c rapidcz, dcs clcmcntcs Ca, Mg c
Al, nctadamcntc c cspcctrclctcmctrc dc abscrc atcmica ,AAS) c c
cspcctrcmctrc dc plasma indutivamcntc accpladc dc cmissc ,ICP-OLS).
A marcha analitica dc dctcrminac dcsscs clcmcntcs c pcculiar a cada
cquipamcntc c cnvclvc, ncrmalmcntc, a diluic dc cxtratc cbtidc, c quc
pcdc ccmprcmctcr a cxatidc dc rcsultadc.
otass.oeSoJ.o Tocave.s
Apcs adicicnar 00mI dc uma scluc duplc acida, tambcm
- -
ccnhccida ccmc Mchlich ,HCl 0,05mcl.I c H SO 0,025mcl.I ) a 0g dc
2 4
TFSA, agita-sc a scluc cm agitadcr circular hcrizcntal pcr cincc minutcs
c dcixa-sc dccantar pcr uma ncitc. Dc scbrcnadantc, rctira-sc uma

aliqucta dc 25mIpara a dctcrminac dc K c Na trccavcis cm lctcmctria
dc chama, quc c uma tccnica cspcctrcsccpica dc cmissc. As lun6cs da
chama sc. ,i) ccnvcrtcr a amcstra liquida ac cstadc gascsc c ,ii) dcccmpcr
cs ccnstituintcs cm atcmcs c cxcita-lcs clctrcnicamcntc. Quandc vcltam
ac cstadc lundamcntal, c ccmprimcntc dc cnda da cncrgia radiantc
cmitida pclcs atcmcs, caractcristica para cada clcmcntc, c rcgistradc.
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 339
apcs sclccicnar c liltrc ccrrcspcndcntc ac clcmcntc dcsc]adc dcvc
sc prcccdcr a calibrac dc lctcmctrc. Amaicria dcs cquipamcntcs
atuais ]a aprcscnta cs rcsultadcs cxprcsscs cm ccnccntrac.
Dcsta lcrma, utilizam-sc sclu6cs padr6cs para calibrar c
aparclhc c dctcrminar a laixa dc ccnccntrac cm quc a sua
rcspcsta c lincar. Dcsta lcrma, quandc as lcituras caircm lcra
dcssa cscala, dilui-sc as amcstras atc quc sua lcitura sc]a pcssivcl,

cs rcsultadcs dc Na c K sc cxprcsscs na unidadc dc ccnccntrac
-
cm quc sc calibra c lctcmctrc, c quc c lcitc cm mg.kg .
.Jogo.oeA`u~'o.oxta've.s
-
Adicicna-sc 75mIdc scluc dc acctatc dc calcic 0,5mcl.I ,pH 7,0) a
5 g dc TFSA. Fccha-sc imcdiatamcntc c rccipicntc, agitandc a scluc
algumas vczcs durantc c dia para, cntc, dcixa-la dccantar pcr uma ncitc.
Dc scbrcnadantc, rctira-sc uma aliqucta dc 25mI para a dctcrminac dc
3
H Al , da scguintc lcrma.
titulac dc tipc acidc-basc, cmprcgandc-sc scluc dc NaOH
-
0,025mcl.I c utilizandc-sc ccmc indicadcr a lcnclltalcina,
a viragcm c dc uma tcnalidadc incclcr para rcsa,
a utilizac dc uma prcva cm brancc c impcrtantc para ccrrigir c
clcitc dc ccntaminantcs acidcs, ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, c acidc accticc
quc c usadc para accrtar c pH dc acctatc dc calcic a 7,0, c c acidc
carbcnicc, criundc da rcac dc CO ccm H O,
2 2
3
c rcsultadc dc H Al c cbtidc da scguintc cxprcssc.
Equao 0.I
Lm ccrtcs cstadcs, a scluc tampc dcncminada dc SMP ccmp6c c
mctcdc mais utilizadc para analisc da acidcz pctcncial ,H Al), cm virtudc
da cstrcita ccrrclac cntrc cs valcrcs dc pH dc sclc, mcdidcs cm scluc
3
tampc SMP, ccm cs tccrcs dc H Al , dctcrminadcs pcla cxtrac ccm
acctatc dc calcic. Ccntudc, dcvc-sc ccnsidcrar a cxistncia dc cqua6cs
rcgicnais para lazcr cssa cstimativa ,PLRLIRAc/ o/. 008).
2
epaaaoJa A~ostaJeSo`os co~ Cooceotaoes `evaJas JeCat.oos
Lm ccrtas ccndi6cs, ccmuns cm sclcs salincs cu irrigadcs ccm aguas
salcbras, a quantidadc dc caticns na scluc dc sclc c muitc clcvada c, pcr
issc, dcvc scr dctcrminada analiticamcntc.
Lm bcckcr dc pcliprcpilcnc, pcsa-sc 00g dc amcstra. Ccm burcta dc
50mI, adicicna-sc agua dcstilada a amcstra, misturandc ccm uma
cspatula atc cbtcr uma pasta saturada ccm as scguintcs caractcristicas.
aspcctc cspclhadc,
csccrrcr ccm lacilidadc da cspatula,
rc]untar imcdiatamcntc apcs c ccrtc ccm a cspatula.
Fcitc issc, c prcccdimcntc dc cbtcnc dc cxtratc aqucsc c c scguintc.
anctar c vclumc dc agua dcstilada gastc c dcixar cm rcpcusc atc c
dia scguintc. Apcs cssc pcricdc, vcrilicar sc as caractcristicas
pcrsistcm, acrcsccntandc mais agua sc ncccssaric,
ccm um kitasatc ccncctadc a bcmba, prcccdcr a liltragcm. Nc
intcricr dc kitasatc, cclccar um tubc plasticc c accplar c lunil dc
buchncr ccm c papcl dc liltrc, dc mancira quc c liltradc ccrra nc
tubc,
cclccar uma quantidadc dc pasta c sulicicntc para cspalhar c
ccbrir tcdc c papcl dc liltrc, tcmandc c cuidadc para nc rasgar c
liltrc cu vazar pcr cstc.
Obscrva6cs impcrtantcs.
casc nc ha]a 00g dc amcstra, pcdc-sc utilizar massa mcncr,
prcccdcndc, cntrctantc, a dcvida ccrrcc ccm uma simplcs rcgra
dc trs. O impcrtantc c ccnscguir cxtratc sulicicntc para a lcitura
,minimc dc 3mI),
as vczcs nc sc ccnscguc cxtratc sulicicntc, mcsmc ccm 00g dc
amcstra. Assim scndc, pcdc-sc lazcr uma pasta . ,00g dc
amcstra para 00mI dc agua) cu ainda 50g dc amcstra para
00mIdc agua,
349 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
kitassato
kitassato
dcpcndcndc da naturcza da amcstra, algumas das trs
caractcristicas da pasta pcdcrc variar. Pcr cxcmplc, uma
amcstra muitc arcncsa tcndcra a csccrrcgar lacilmcntc da
cspatula, mcsmc scm tcr alcanadc c pcntc dc saturac. Outrc
casc ccmum cccrrc ccm sclcs crganiccs, ccm cs quais sc ccrrc c
riscc dc ultrapassar a saturac sc c tcstc dc ccrtc lcr ccnsidcradc.
Amcstras muitc argilcsas, dcvidc a sua clcvada plasticidadc,
tcndcrc a nc sc dcsprcndcr ccm lacilidadc da cspatula, mcsmc
]a tcndc atingidc c pcntc dc saturac. Ncstcs cascs, dcvc sc ccntar
ccm a cxpcrincia c c bcm scnsc.
Dc pcssc dc cxtratc aqucsc, laz-sc a dctcrminac dc Ca, Mg, Na c K,
ccnlcrmc dcscritc antcricrmcntc.
Ca`cu`o Jos a~etos JeCaacte.zaaoJo So`o
Dc pcssc da ccnccntrac dcs caticns c, nc casc dc itcm antcricr, da
quantidadc dc agua gasta para lazcr a pasta dc saturac, calcula-sc a
ccnccntrac dc sais sclvcis nc sclc, pcr mcic das scguintcs lcrmulas.
Bases de Troca (Valor B)
Equao 0.3
Capacidadede Troca Catinica (CTC ou Valor T)
Equao 0.4
Equao 0.5
Percentagen de Baturao por Bases (V)
Equao 0.0
Percentagen de Baturao por Aluninio (n)
Equao 0.7
Percentagen de Baturao por Bdio (Na)
Equao 0.8
Bazo de Adsoro de Bdio (BAB)
Equao 0.0
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 34|
Vat.a 0go.ca
Scgundc Alliscn ,005) c Jackscn ,058) a matcria crganica dc sclc
inclui.
i) rcsiducs lrcsccs dc animais c plantas, capazcs dc rapida
dcccmpcsic c pcrda da idcntidadc, ccm simultanca libcrac
dc clcmcntcs nutricntcs,
ii) hmus, c qual rcprcscnta a grandc quantidadc dc matcria
crganica rcsistcntc,
iii) lcrmas incrtcs dc carbcnc clcmcntar, ccmc carvc, gralitc, ctc,
- =
iv) lcrmas mincrais carbcnatadas ,cx.. CaCO , CO , HCO , CO ).
3 2 3 3
A quantidadc dc matcria crganica prcscntc nc sclc gcralmcntc c
cstimada a partir da quantidadc dc carbcnc, ]a quc cssc c c principal
ccmpcncntc da matcria crganica c tambcm c dc mais lacil mcdic. A
matcria crganica quimicamcntc ativa, aqucla rclacicnada a gncsc c a
lcrtilidadc, rcprcscnta, cm ltima instancia, as lcrmas ,i) c ,ii), as quais
sc ccmpcstas basicamcntc pcr carbcnc ccm valncia zcrc. Dai, dcntrc cs
mctcdcs dc dctcrminac dc carbcnc crganicc, aquclcs quc utilizam a
cxidac sc cs mais cmprcgadcs.
Mtodos de deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
A Lmbrapa adcta um mctcdc bascadc ncs trabalhcs dc Tiurim
,035) c Tinslcy ,050). Arcac basica c a cxidac dc carbcnc dc valncia
0 para 4, pclc usc dc um rcdutcr, nc casc, c dicrcmatc. A quantidadc dc
carbcnc crganicc cxistcntc scra cbtida indirctamcntc, pcla dilcrcna cntrc
a quantidadc tctal dc rcdutcr utilizada c a quantidadc rcstantc apcs a
cxidac dc carbcnc.
A scguir c aprcscntada uma brcvc dcscric dcs mctcdcs, cu]a
intcgra sc cnccntra nc manual dc mctcdcs da Lmbrapa ,LMBRAPA,
007).
triturar cm gral uma quantidadc dc TFSA c passar cm pcncira dc
80 mcsh,
]untar cm um crlcnmcycr 0,5g dc matcrial pcnciradc c 0mI dc
342 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 343
-
scluc dc dicrcmatc dc pctassic 0,2mcl.I . Adapta-sc c sistcma
dc rclluxc, quc nc casc c um tubc dc cnsaic ccm pcnta mais grcssa
prccnchidc ccm agua ,tambcm ccnhccidc ccmc dcdc lric),
aqucccr atc cbtcr uma tcmpcratura branda, mantcndc-a assim
pcr 5 minutcs,
rcslriar, ]untar 80mI dc agua dcstilada, mI dc acidc lcslcricc
ccnc. c 3 gctas da scluc dc dilcnilamina,
-
titular ccm a scluc aprcximadamcntc 0,05mcl.I dc sullatc
lcrrcsc amcniacal, atc a ccr azul passar para vcrdc,
casc a amcstra atin]a a ccr vcrdc antcs da titulac, indicandc quc
ainda cxistc carbcnc crganicc, adicicna-sc mais dicrcmatc dc
pctassic ,0, 20, 30 cu 40mI) c rcinicia-sc c prcccssc. Apcs
rcslriar, adicicna-sc agua dcstilada, diluindc tudc a,
rcspcctivamcntc, 00, 50, 200 cu 250mI. Tcma-sc 50mI dc
cxtratc c dilui-sc a 00mI ccm agua dcstilada, iniciandc a
titulac ccmc dcscritc antcricrmcntc,
c ncccssaric lazcr um brancc ccm 0mIda scluc dc dicrcmatc dc
pctassic, para a]ustar c titulc da scluc dc sullatc lcrrcsc
amcniacal.
O tccr dc carbcnc c cntc calculadc da scguintc mancira.
Equao 0.I0
cndc.
-
V. vclumc, cm mI, dc dicrcmatc dc pctassic 0,2 mcl.I cmprcgadc,
I2. quantidadc dc sullatc lcrrcsc amcniacal gastc na titulac da
amcstra,
I. quantidadc dc sullatc lcrrcsc amcniacal gastc na titulac dc
brancc.
Ccnsidcrandc quc ccrca dc 58 da matcria crganica c ccmpcsta dc
carbcnc crganicc, c tccr dc matcria crganica c calculadc da scguintc
lcrma.
Equao 0.II
344 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
N.togo.o
Na maicria dcs sclcs, a maicr partc dc nitrcgnic sc cnccntra na
lcrma crganica, ccnccntrandc-sc, pcr issc, nas camadas supcrliciais dc
sclc.
As lcrmas incrganicas dc nitrcgnic inclucm, basicamcntc. ,i) c icn
-
nitratc ,NO ), c qual c sclvcl c lacilmcntc lixiviavcl, ]a quc a
3
prcdcminancia das cargas dcs cclcidcs dcs sclcs brasilcircs c ncgativa c ,ii)

c icn amcnic ,NH ), c qual c rapidamcntc ccnvcrtidc a nitratc, cm

4
ambicntcs acradcs, pcr micrccrganismcs ,SIQULIRA, FRANCO, 088).
O mctcdc tradicicnalmcntc usadc para mcdir c tccr dc nitrcgnic nc
sclc c c dc K]cldahl. Ccntudc, clc nc rcprcscnta a quantidadc tctal dcssc
clcmcntc ,BRLMNLR, MUIVANLY, 082), ]a quc nc rccupcra as lcrmas
dc nitrcgnic cm ccmpcstcs hctcrccicliccs c cm liga6cs N-N c N-O. Alcm
dissc, cssc mctcdc nc sc prcsta para a dctcrminac dc nitratc c nitritc.
A rclac carbcnc/nitrcgnic tcm signilicac impcrtantc pcis
pcrmitc idcntilicar c cstadc da matcria crganica nc sclc ,JOROL, 072).
Alcm dissc, cssa rclac pcrmitc avaliar c pctcncial cncrgcticc para
dcscnvclvimcntc dc micrccrganismcs ,WUTKL, 072).
Mtodo de deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
A Lmbrapa-Sclcs rcccmcnda a dctcrminac dc nitrcgnic dc sclc
cmprcgandc a digcstc cm mcic acidc ,H SO ) ccm aquccimcntc, ccm a
2 4
adic dc Na SO ,cu K SO ) para aumcntar a tcmpcratura dc digcstc c
2 4 2 4
CuSO para acclcrar a rcac ,catalisadcr). A digcstc ccnvcrtc as varias
4

lcrmas dc N-crganicc para NH , c qual lcrma um ccmplcxc ccm H BO . Da

4 3 3
titulac dcssc ccmplcxc, dctcrmina-sc c tccr dc nitrcgnic.
O mctcdc classicc dc dctcrminac dc nitrcgnic ,K]cldahl)
cnvclvc duas ctapas. a digcstc c dcstilac. Ccntudc, para analisar
muitas amcstras cstc mctcdc c pcucc praticc, principalmcntc na scgunda
ctapa. Dcsta lcrma, Vcttcri ,07) dcscnvclvcu a dcstilac a partir dc
uma camara dc dilusc, nc casc, um pcsa-liltrc. Trata-sc dc um ambicntc
hcrmcticamcntc lcchadc, cm quc c NH c libcradc, pcla adic dc uma basc
3
ac cxtratc da digcstc, scndc, cntc, quantitativamcntc rccupcradc pclc
H BO , quc lica cm rccipicntc plasticc nc intcricr da camara.
3 3
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 345
A scguir c aprcscntada uma brcvc dcscric dcs mctcdcs, cu]a
intcgra sc cnccntra nc manual dc mctcdcs da Lmbrapa ,LMBRAPA,
007).
triturar cm gral, uma quantidadc dc TFSAc passar cm pcncira dc
80 mcsh,
translcrir 0,7g dc TFSA para balc K]cldahl dc 00mI
,prcviamcntc taradc) c adicicnar 5mI da mistura acida dc
sullatcs ,Na SO CuSO cm H SO ),
2 4 4 2 4
lcrvcr a mistura atc cccrrcr c clarcamcntc da amcstra,
adicicnar 2 gctas dc scluc xarcpcsa dc FcCl c dc NaOH ,30)
3
atc quc c ccntcdc dc balc aprcscntc ccr castanha clara, c quc
signilica quc c pH dc mcic csta cntrc 4,5 c 5,0,
apcs cslriar, cclccar c balc na balana c adicicnar agua atc sc
cbtcr a massa dc 00,35g,
cclccar a camara dc dilusc na balana c adicicnar, pcr mcic dc
pipcta, 2,0g da scluc hcmcgcncizada,
adicicnar a um rccipicntc plasticc, tal ccmc uma tampa, 2,5mI dc
scluc dc acidc bcricc c 4 gctas dc indicadcr mistc ,Brcmccrcscl
vcrdc c vcrmclhc dc mctila),
cclccar cuidadcsamcntc c rccipicntc cm cima dc um tripc dcntrc
da camara dc dilusc,
adicicnar pcla bcrda da camara 2mI dc NaOH ,30), lcchandc-a
imcdiatamcntc,
nc dia scguintc, rctirar c rccipicntc plasticc c translcrir scu
ccntcdc para um bcckcr ccm c auxilic dc agua dcstilada,
titular ccm HCl 0,0Matc atingir a cclcrac rcsca,
c ncccssaric lazcr um brancc sc ccm as sclu6cs usadas.
O tccr dc nitrcgnic c cntc calculadc da scguintc mancira.
Equao 0.I2
346 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cndc.
-
V. vclumc, cm mI, dc dicrcmatc dc pctassic 0,2 mcl.I cmprcgadc,
I2. quantidadc dc sullatc lcrrcsc amcniacal gastc na titulac da
amcstra,
I. quantidadc dc sullatc lcrrcsc amcniacal gastc na titulac dc
brancc.
Valc rcssaltar quc tambcm cxistcm dcstiladcrcs autcmaticcs c scmi-
autcmaticcs quc pcrmitcm agilizar c prcccssc dc dcstilac da amcnia
,NH ).
3
osloo Ass.~.`ave`
O lcslcrc c um dcs trs macrcnutricntcs mais abscrvidcs pclas
plantas, scndc sua carncia um latc gcncricc ncs sclcs brasilcircs ,RAIJ,
00).
A quimica dc lcslcrc nc sclc c bastantc ccmplcxa, scndc quc cstc
clcmcntc pcdc cccrrcr tantc na lcrma crganica, ccmc na incrganica
,TISDAIL c/ o/. 085, MLNOLI, KIRKBY, 087). Rai] ,00) cita quc a
prcpcrc rclativa dc lcslcrc incrganicc c ccndicicnada pclc pH c pclc tipc
c quantidadc dcs cclcidcs mincrais.
Lxistcm varics mctcdcs, cm litcratura, para avaliar a
dispcnibilidadc dc lcslcrc para as plantas. A mclhcr dctcrminac
dcpcndcra, cntc, da lcrma cm quc c lcslcrc sc cnccntra nc sclc
,MLNOLI, KIRKBY, 087). Ccntudc, pcuccs sc cs mctcdcs quc lcvam
cm ccnsidcrac c ccmpcrtamcntc quimicc dcssc clcmcntc nc sclc ,RAIJ,
00).
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
Dc scbrcnadantc da cxtrac rcalizada pcla scluc duplc acida
,tambcm ccnhccida ccmc Mchlich ) rctira-sc uma aliqucta dc 5mI para a
dctcrminac dc lcslcrc assimilavcl da scguintc lcrma.
acs 5mI dc cxtratc, adicicnam-sc 0mI dc scluc acida dc
mclibdatc dc amcnic diluida c uma pitada ,30mg) dc acidc
asccrbicc, hcmcgcncizandc a mistura cm agitadcr circular
hcrizcntal pcr minutc. Dcpcis dissc, nc prazc minimc dc hcra,
prcccdc-sc a lcitura da dcnsidadc ctica ,dc prclcrncia, cm
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 347
abscrbancia) cm lctccclcrimctrc usandc liltrc vcrmclhc
,ccmprimcntc dc cnda dc 000m),
-
ccnvcrtc-sc a lcitura ctica, cm cscala lcgaritmica, para mg.kg
,ppm) dc P atravcs dc tabcla clabcrada ccm a lcitura dc sclu6cs
padr6cs,
nc casc dc amcstras quc tcnham altas ccnccntra6cs dc P
assimilavcl, rcccmcnda-sc diluir a amcstra dc scbrcnadantc antcs
dc sc prcccdcr a rcac dc lcrmac dc ccmplcxc lcslc-mclibdinicc.
Obscrvc-sc quc alguns cstadcs, ccm basc ncs trabalhcs
dcscnvclvidcs pclc grupc dc IAC ,Institutc Agrcncmicc dc Campinas) cm
Sc Paulc, adctam a mctcdclcgia da cxtrac dc lcslcrc pclc mctcdc da
rcsina trccadcra dc icns ,RAIJ, QUAOOIO, 200, SOUZAc/ o/., 2000b).
V.coout.eotes e Veta.s oteoc.a`~eote Tox.cos ,e, Vo, Zo,
Cu, C, CJ, N., o}
Micrcnutricntcs tm um papcl impcrtantc na agricultura, dcvidc a
sua csscncialidadc para plantas c a pcssibilidadc dc scrcm tcxiccs as
plantas c acs animais, scndc quc cs quatrc clcmcntcs mais ccmumcntc
dctcrminadcs sc. Cu, Fc, Mn c Zn. Nc Brasil, dcis cxtratcrcs simplcs sc
cs mais utilizadcs. c DTPA c c Duplc cidc ,Mchlich ). Algumas tm sidc
lcitas nc scntidc dc aprcvcitar cssas cxtra6cs para dctcrminar cutrcs
quatrc clcmcntcs pctcncialmcntc tcxiccs, a sabcr, c Cd, Cr, Pb c Ni. Abrcu
c/ o/. ,2005) chcgam a indicar, para a cxtrac ccm DTPA, laixas dc tccrcs
ccnsidcradas ncrmais c clcvadas.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
DTPA,acidc dictilcnc trilaminc pcntaccticc).
mcdir 0g dc sclc c translcrir para lrasccs ccniccs dc pclictilcnc
,tubc dc ccntriluga tipc Falccn),
adicicnar 20mIdc scluc cxtratcra DTPA,
agitar pcr 2 hcras a 220rpm cm agitadcr mccanicc crbital c liltrar
imcdiatamcntc a suspcnsc.
348 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
- -
Duplc cidc cu Mchlich ,HCl 0,05mcl.I c H SO 0,025mcl.I ).
2 4
mcdir 5g dc sclc c translcrir para lrasccs ccniccs dc pclictilcnc
,tubc dc ccntriluga tipc Falccn),
adicicnar 25mIdc scluc cxtratcra DTPA,
agitar pcr 5 minutcs cm agitadcr mccanicc crbital c liltrar
imcdiatamcntc a suspcnsc.
Para ambas as cxtra6cs, as dctcrmina6cs dc Fc, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr,
Cd, Ni c Pb pcdcm scr rcalizadas pclc usc dc um cspcctrclctcmctrc dc
abscrc atcmica ,AAS) cu pcr um cspcctrcmctrc dc plasma
indutivamcntc accpladc dc cmissc ,ICP-OLS).
At.outos 's.cos Jos So`os
Caou`o~et.a
O ccnhccimcntc da tcxtura dc sclc, cu sc]a, da distribuic pcr
tamanhc das particulas quc ccmp6cm a sua lasc sclida, c lundamcntal ncs
cstudcs dc quimica c mccanica dc sclcs ,KOHNKL, 008, KILHI, 070,
ULHARA, OIIIMAN, 08). Ha]a vista quc, pcr cxcmplc, a maicria das
particulas dc argila tcm prcpricdadcs cclcidais, principalmcntc a dc
aprcscntar cargas clctricas dc supcrlicic, c quc pcrmitc, ac sclc, rctcr agua
c nutricntcs alcm dc prcmcvcr a sua prcpria cstruturac ,TAN, 003).
A analisc granulcmctrica, ccm dispcrsc quimica c lisica, pcrmitc a
dctcrminac das scguintcs lra6cs. arcia grcssa ,diamctrc cntrc 2 c
0,2mm), arcia lina ,cntrc 0,2 c 0,05 mm), siltc ,cntrc 0,053 c 0,002mm) c
argila ,diamctrc mcncr quc 0,002mm). Ccm basc ncssa ccmpcsic, pcdc
dclinir-sc a classc dc tcxtura dc sclc ccnlcrmc indicadc na Figura 0..
Aanalisc granulcmctrica tambcm pcdc scr avaliada scm a utilizac
da dispcrsc quimica c lisica, utilizandc apcnas agua para cbtcr a argila
naturalmcntc dispcrsa. Ccm issc, pcdc-sc calcular c grau dc llcculac dc
sclc, c quc c uma lcrma dc mcdir a cstabilidadc da agrcgac das
particulas dc sclc.
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 349
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
Aanalisc granulcmctrica tctal pcdc scr rcalizada da scguintc lcrma.
agitar vigcrcsamcntc , 2.000 rpm), pcr quinzc minutcs, uma
mistura dc 50g dc TFSAccm 250mIdc scluc dc NaOH M,
translcrir a mistura para cilindrc alcridc dc I, atravcs dc tamis
dc abcrtura dc 0,053mm,
c
sccar a 05 Cc matcrial rccclhidc nc tamis c, cm scguida, pcncirar
cm tamis dc 0,2mm dc diamctrc, cbtcndc-sc, cntc, as lra6cs dc
arcia lina c arcia grcssa,
lcvar c matcrial quc liccu nc cilindrc ac vclumc dc Ic agitar pcr
minutc,
ccmputadc c tcmpc adcquadc ,scgundc a lci dc Stckc para a
vclccidadc dc scdimcntac dc particulas discrctas), rctirar a
suspcnsc cxistcntc ncs primcircs cincc ccntimctrcs dc cilindrc
para um rccipicntc adcquadc, ncrmalmcntc, uma prcvcta dc
250mI,
mcrgulhar, cntc, c hidrcmctrc dc Bcuycuccs graduadc cm
gramas dc cclcidcs pcr litrc, lazcndc-sc a lcitura na hastc.
Iigura 0.I Diagrama dc dctcrminac da classc tcxtural dc sclc
,ILMOS, SANTOS, 200)
y
359 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Apcrccntagcm dc siltc c cbtida pcr dilcrcna, cu sc]a.
Equao 0.I3
Lm cascs dc amcstras ricas cm matcria crganica, cxidcs dc lcrrc cu
cm calcaric, c dc amcstras dc sclcs salincs, sc ncccssarics prc-
tratamcntcs cspcciliccs c, cm ccrtcs cascs, c usc dc dispcrsantc quimicc,
ncrmalmcntc c hcxamctalcslatc dc scdic.
Para rcalizar a dctcrminac da argila naturalmcntc dispcrsa
,argila natural), basta scguir c prctccclc antcricr, pcrcm, scm a adic dc
NaOH, ncstc casc c dctcrminada scmcntc a lrac argila. O Orau dc
Flcculac scra, cntc, a rclac pcrccntual cntrc a argila natural c a
argila tctal.
gua Jo So`o
J~.JaJe
Aagua dc sclc c um indicc quc lcrnccc a quantidadc dc agua ccntida
cm uma dada amcstra dc sclc, num dadc mcmcntc. Lstc indicc varia dc 0 a
, cu sc]a, c sclc tctalmcntc sccc cu tctalmcntc saturadc c pcdc scr
cxprcssc cm umidadc a basc dc massa c abasc dc vclumc.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
Unidade Basede Massa (U)
a razc cntrc a massa dc agua ,mag) c a massa dcs sclidcs ,ms) da
amcstra dc sclc.
Equao 0.I4
Unidade Atual ou Cravintrica (U)
cclccar a amcstra, ccm cu scm cstrutura dclcrmada, cm lata dc
aluminic, numcrada c dc massa ccnhccidc,
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 35|
dctcrminar a massa da amcstra mida ,pcsar) c translcrir para
cstula a 05 - 0C, dcixandc a amcstra pcr 24 hcras cu atc
atingir massa ccnstantc,
rctirar da cstula, cclccar cm dcssccadcr, dcixar cslriar c
dctcrminar a massa da amcstra scca ,pcsar).
Calcular a umidadc atual pcla cquac.
Equao 0.I5
cndc.
a. massa da amcstra mida,
b. massa da amcstra scca.
Unidade Basede Volune( )
a razc cntrc c vclumc dc agua ,V ) ccntidc nc sclc c c scu vclumc
ag
tctal dc sclc ,V).
Equao 0.I0
-3
Quandc a dcnsidadc da agua , ) c ccnsidcrada igual a 000 kg.m a
cquac sc rcduz a = .|c, pcrtantc, para cbtcr a umidadc vclumctrica a
partir da gravimctrica, basta multiplicar c valcr dc U pclc valcr da
dcnsidadc dc sclc ,ds).
dctcrminar c vclumc da amcstra,
cclccar a amcstra, ccm cu scm cstrutura dclcrmada, cm lata dc
aluminic, numcrada c dc pcsc ccnhccidc,
dctcrminar a massa da amcstra mida ,pcsar) c translcrir para
cstula a 05 - 0C, dcixandc a amcstra pcr 24 hcras cu atc
atingir massa ccnstantc,
rctirar da cstula, cclccar cm dcssccadcr, dcixar cslriar c
dctcrminar a massa da amcstra scca ,pcsar).
352 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Calcular c ccntcdc atual dc agua vclumctrica , ) pcla Lquac 0.7.
Equao 0.I7
3
cndc c c c vclumc da amcstra ,cm ).
Voo.toa~eoto Ja gua oo So`o
A avaliac dc ccmpcrtamcntc hidrclcgicc dc sclc c dc
dcscnvclvimcntc das plantas csta rclacicnada ac suprimcntc adcquadc dc
agua. Para a avaliac da dispcnibilidadc dc agua durantc a cxccuc dcs
cxpcrimcntcs, sugcrc-sc quc sc]am instaladcs scnscrcs dc umidadc dc
sclc, pcr cxcmplc cs tcnsicmctrcs c/cu scnscrcs dc matriz granular ,OMS).
Ambcs lcrncccm inlcrma6cs scbrc c ccntcdc vclumctricc dc agua nc sclc
c sua dinamica tcmpcral. Nc cntantc, c usc dcs OMS c prclcridc dcvidc a
lacilidadc dc manuscic c cbtcnc dcs dadcs.
Prcccdimcntcs dc instalac, lcitura c mcnitcramcntc dc ccntcdc
dc agua nc sclc pcr mcic dcs Scnscrcs dc Matriz Oranular ,OMS).
inicialmcntc dcvc scr lcita a calibrac dcs OMSs,
cs OMSs dcvcm pcrmancccr inscridcs num rccipicntc ccm agua
durantc pclc mcncs 24 hcras c, cm scguida, dcvcm scr rctiradcs
dcssc rccipicntc c imcdiatamcntc instaladcs nc sclc,
apcs a sua instalac, c sclc dcvc rcccbcr um vclumc dc agua
sulicicntc para saturar scu vclumc abaixc da prclundidadc dc
instalac dcs OMSs,
as prclundidadcs dc instalac dcvcm scmprc scr rclacicnadas a
zcna radicular c, quandc pcssivcl, abaixc dcsta,
cm pcricdcs rcgularcs ,24 hcras) dcvcm scr lcitas cclctas dc
amcstras dc sclc. As amcstras dc sclc cclctadas cndc as lcituras
aprcscntarcm variac minima dc 0kPa dcvcm scr lcvadas ac
labcratcric para a dctcrminac dc ccntcdc dc agua,
a dctcrminac dc ccntcdc dc agua dcvc scguir a dctcrminac
dc ccntcdc dc agua vclumctricc dcscrita nc itcm antcricr,
as lcituras dcvcm scr diarias c, dc prclcrncia, rcalizadas na partc
da manh ,as 0.00h),
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 353
apcs a calibrac, pcdcm-sc rclacicnar cs rcsultadcs dc
crcscimcntc vcgctal, lluxc dc agua nc sclc, ctc, ccm cs dadcs
cbtidcs ccm cs OMSs.
CuvaJeeteoaoJegua
Para c cstudc dc ccmpcrtamcntc dc mcvimcntc da agua nc sclc,
lrcqcntcmcntc sc cnccntradas dclini6cs c cpcra6cs cnvclvcndc c
ccntcdc c a cncrgia da agua nc sclc. Impcrtantcs cxcmplcs distc sc
dadcs pclas cqua6cs dc Darcy-Buckingham c dc Richards, cu]as sclu6cs
dcpcndcm dc ccnhccimcntc da curva dc rctcnc, a qual c capaz dc
lcrncccr inlcrma6cs a rcspcitc da cncrgia cu pctcncial da agua nc sclc.
Richards ,028), dcliniu c pctcncial tctal ccmc scndc a scma dc
pctcncial matricial , m) c dc pctcncial gravitacicnal , g).
Para a cbtcnc da curva dc rctcnc, a curva quc lcrnccc c valcr dc
m, ), tcm-sc utilizadc c mctcdc da camara dc prcssc dc Richards
,RICHARDS, 028, RICHARDSLFIRLMAN, 043).
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
O mctcdc dc Richards ccnsistc cm inscrir cm uma camara dc prcssc
,Figura 0.2) amcstras dc sclc saturadas ,cm gcral indclcrmadas) cm
ccntatc hidraulicc ccm uma placa pcrcsa, mcmbrana cu cutrc mcic pcrcsc
,KIUTL, 080, IIBARDI, 005). Apcs a accmcdac da amcstra, sc
aplicadas dilcrcntcs prcss6cs nc intcricr da camara, c quc laz ccm quc
partc da agua rctida na amcstra sc]a cxpulsa. Adctcrminac da massa da
amcstra antcs c apcs a aplicac dcsta prcssc pcrmitc a dctcrminac dc
valcr da umidadc rcmancsccntc, cu sc]a, aqucla quc csta rctida ccm maicr
cncrgia quc a aplicada.
O cquipamcntc ccnsistc basicamcntc dc uma camara ccnstruida
para supcrtar prcss6cs maicrcs quc a da atmcslcra c, cm scu intcricr,
pcdcm scr adaptadas placas pcrcsas para accmcdac dc uma cu mais
amcstras dc sclc.
354 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
CooJut.v.JaJe.Jau`.caJo So`o SatuaJoe~ .aooato.o
A agua nc sclc pcdc mcvcr-sc cm qualqucr scntidc c dircc.
Lntrctantc, cstc mcvimcntc sc da scmprc dc accrdc ccm a minimizac da
cncrgia da agua nc sclc. O mcvimcntc da agua nc sclc c alctadc pclc
pctcncial tctal dc agua nc sclc c pcla ccndutividadc hidraulica dc sclc ,K),
quantidadc quc da idcia da vclccidadc ccm a qual a agua sc dcslcca atravcs
dc um dctcrminadc vclumc dc sclc.
A ccndutividadc ,K) c dcpcndcntc dc ccntcdc dc agua nc sclc c c
tantc maicr, quantc maicr a umidadc , ) cm quc c sclc sc cnccntra,
pcrtantc, pcssui scu valcr maximc quandc c sclc cnccntra-sc saturadc.
Acquac mais utilizada para quantilicar c mcvimcntc dc agua nc sclc c a
cquac dc Darcy-Buckingham, rcprcscntada pcla cquac.
Equao 0.I8
cndc.
lluxc dc agua atravcs dc sclc,
ccndutividadc hidraulica,
gradicntc dc pctcncial tctal .
Iigura 0.2 Camara dc prcssc dc Richards
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 355
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
A analisc dc ccndutividadc hidraulica c rcalizada dc accrdc ccm as
scguintcs ctapas ,LMBRAPA, 007).
climinar c cxccdcntc dc sclc c raizcs dc ancl vclumctricc ccm
matcrial ccrtantc,
cclccar na cxtrcmidadc inlcricr dc ancl vclumctricc um pcdac dc
tccidc tipc mcrim lixadc pcr liga dc bcrracha,
cclccar na partc supcricr dc ancl um cutrc cilindrc dc igual
diamctrc c cspcssura ccm 2cm dc altura, a]ustar c lixar ccm lita
adcsiva impcrmcavcl,
cclccar c ccn]untc cm uma cuba ccm agua atc a saturac dc sclc c
translcrir c ccn]untc para c supcrtc dc pcrmcamctrc ,Figura 0.3).
O pcrccladc scra cclctadc cm ccpcs dc 500mI,
cclccar c ccn]untc scbrc as tclas, nivclar c tubc dc rcscrvatcric dc
mcdc quc a partc inlcricr liquc cm nivcl ccm a bcca dc ancl para
mantcr a carga hidraulica dc 2cm dc altura,
ccm c auxilic dc uma pisscta, cclccar agua cuidadcsamcntc,
rctirar a rclha nc primcirc cilindrc, cvitandc a cntrada dc ar nc
sistcma,
cbscrvar c anctar c mcmcntc dc inicic da pcrcclac dc cada
cilindrc,
mcdir ccm prcvcta c vclumc dc pcrccladc a cada hcra, durantc nc
minimc scis hcras cu atc atingir vazc cstavcl.
Accndutividadc hidraulica scra calculada ccnlcrmc a cquac.
Equao 0.I0
cndc.
-
K. ccndutividadc hidraulica cm cm h ,
Q. vclumc dc pcrccladc cm mI, valcr da ltima lcitura quandc nc
ha mais variac signilicativa cntrc cs valcrcs antcricrcs, cu a
mcdia das duas ltimas lcituras, quandc ha alguma variac,
I. altura dc cilindrc maicr dc sclc cm cm,
H. altura dc cilindrc maicr cilindrc mcncr cm cm,
2
A. arca dc cilindrc cm cm ,
t. tcmpc cm hcras.
356 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
e~eao.`.JaJeJo So`o oo Ca~po co~ e~e~etoJeCue`p
As dctcrmina6cs da pcrmcabilidadc sc rcalizadas ccm c usc dc
Pcrmcamctrc dc Ouclph Mcdilicadc ,VILIRA, 008) ,Figura 0.4).
Mtodo de Deterninao (VIEIBA, I008, BOUZAet o/., 2004)
Dcvcm scr rcalizadas trs rcpcti6cs pcr parccla cxpcrimcntal,
utilizandc crilicic ccm 0 cm dc diamctrc.
O calculc da pcrmcabilidadc c rcalizadc pcr mcic da scguintc
cquac.
Equao 0.20
cndc.
Q. lluxc ccnstantc,
H. carga hidtaulica,
C. latcr dc gccmctria,
A. raic dc crilicic.
A scluc da cquac sc da aplicandc-sc duas cargas hidraulicas
scguidas, dc 5 c 0 cm, ccm c intuitc dc sc cbtcr as duas cqua6cs c
sclucicnar c sistcma.
A inliltrac saturada tridimcnsicnal c calculada usandc a rclac
cntrc c Vclumc dc gua Inliltrada - V,litrcs) c a rca Mclhada dc Orilicic
2
,m ) pcla taxa ccnstantc c a gccmctria dc crilicic.
O rcsultadc da inliltrac pcdc scr cbtidc pcla cquac.
Equao 0.2I
cndc.
I. inliltrac ,mm/h),
Q. taxa ccnstantc ,mm/min).
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 357
e`aoes Vassavo`u~eJo So`o
As analiscs lisicas a scguir rclacicnam-sc as lra6cs sclida, liquida c
gascsa dc sclc, scndc ncccssaria a utilizac dc algumas rcla6cs massa-
vclumc.
Uma amcstra dc sclc c ccmpcsta pcr trs lascs c pcdc scr
rcprcscntada, csqucmaticamcntc, ccmc csta mcstradc na Figura 0.2.
Pclc diagrama ,Figura 0.5) c pcssivcl cbscrvar quc c vclumc tctal dc
sclc ,V) c dclinidc ccmc scndc igual a scma dcs vclumcs dc sclidcs ,V ), dc
s
agua ,V ) c dc ar ,V ) cxistcntc nc mcic pcrcsc.
ag ar
Iigura 0.3 Lsqucma dc mcntagcm dc um pcrmcamctrc dc labcratcric
Iigura 0.4 Instalac dc um pcrmcamctrc dc Ouclph nc campc
Equao 0.22
A scma dcs vclumcs dc agua c ar ccntidcs nc mcic pcrcsc c chamada
dc vclumc dc pcrcs ,V ).
p
Amassa tctal dc sclc ,M) c dclinida ccmc a scma da massa dcs sclidcs
,M ), da massa dc agua ,M ) c da massa dc ar ,M ), scndc csta ltima
s ag ar
dcsprczada ncs calculcs.
Equao 0.23
0eos.JaJeJeat'cu`as , }
s
Na cincia dc sclc a dcnsidadc dc particulas dc uma amcstra dc sclc c
dclinida ccmc a razc cntrc a massa tctal c c vclumc tctal dcs sclidcs da
amcstra.
Equao 0.24
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
cclctar uma amcstra dc sclc ccm 20g dc sclc, cclccar cm lata dc
aluminic dc massa ccnhccida, lcvar a cstula a 05C pcr 0 a 2
hcras, dcssccar c dctcrminar a massa da amcstra scca ,pcsar),
translcrir a amcstra para um balc vclumctricc alcridc dc 50mI,
358 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.5 Diagrama csqucmaticc dc sclc ccmc um sistcma trilasicc
d
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 359
adicicnar alcccl ctilicc, agitandc bcm c balc para climinar as
bclhas dc ar quc sc lcrmam,
prcsscguir ccm a cpcrac, vagarcsamcntc, atc a ausncia dc
bclhas c ccmplctar c vclumc dc balc ccm alcccl,
anctar c vclumc dc alcccl gastc.
Adcnsidadc dc particulas scra calculada pcla cquac.
Equao 0.25
cndc.
a. massa ,g) da amcstra scca a 05C,
3
b. vclumc ,cm ) dc alcccl ctilicc gastc.
0eos.JaJeJo So`o ou 0eos.JaJeApaeote,J }
s
Adcnsidadc dc sclc c um indicc dc grau dc cstruturac dc sclc, pcis
ccnsidcra c cspac pcrcsc cntrc cs sclidcs. calculada pcla razc cntrc a
massa dcs sclidcs dc sclc c scu vclumc tctal.
Equao 0.20
Dc accrdc ccm Lmbrapa ,007), a dcnsidadc dc sclc pcdc scr
dctcrminada pcr mcic dc mctcdc dc ancl vclumctricc, dc mctcdc da
prcvcta c dc mctcdc dc tcrrc, scndc c mctcdc dc ancl vclumctricc c mais
rcccmcndadc.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
A dcnsidadc dc sclc pclc mctcdc dc ancl vclumctricc pcdc scr
dctcrminada dc accrdc ccm cs scguintcs passcs.
cclctar amcstras dc sclc ccm cstrutura indclcrmada, pcr mcic dc
um ancl dc ac ,Kcpcck) dc bcrdas ccrtantcs c vclumc intcrnc
ccnhccidc,
ccrtar c cxccssc dc sclc c matcrial vcgctal, vcdar c accndicicnar
ccm cuidadc atc c transpcrtc ac labcratcric,
dctcrminar cu anctar c vclumc dc ancl cu cilindrc quc ccntcm a
amcstra,
369 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dctcrminar a umidadc atual,
pcsar c ccn]untc c anctar c pcsc cu translcrir a amcstra para uma
lata dc aluminic numcrada dc pcsc ccnhccidc c pcsar,
cclccar a amcstra ,c sclc cclctadc ccm um dctcrminadc ancl) na
cstula a 05C c, apcs atingir massa pcsc ccnstantc ,24 a 48
hcras), rctirar, dcixar cslriar nc dcssccadcr c dctcrminar a massa
scca da amcstra ,pcsar).
Adcnsidadc dc sclc scra calculada pcla cquac.
Equao 0.27
cndc.
a. massa ,g) da amcstra dc sclc scca a 05Ccm gramas,
3
b. vclumc ,cm ) dc ancl ccm c qual lci cclctada a amcstra dc sclc.
oos.JaJeJo So`o ou oos.JaJeTota` Jo So`o ,}
A pcrcsidadc dc sclc rcprcscnta uma mcdida dc cspac pcrcsc, cu
sc]a, um indicc quc quantilica a lrac dc vclumc dc sclc ccupada pclcs
pcrcs.
Equao 0.28
A pcrcsidadc dc sclc pcdc scr dctcrminada pcr mcic dc trs
prcccdimcntcs analiticcs ,LMBRAPA, 007).
i) pcla rclac cntrc a dcnsidadc dc sclc c a dcnsidadc dc
particulas.
Equao 0.20
cndc.
= pcrcsidadc tctal
ds = dcnsidadc dc sclc
s = dcnsidadc dc particulas
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 36|
ii) pcla scma cntrc a micrcpcrcsidadc c a macrcpcrcsidadc.
= micrcpcrcsidadc macrcpcrcsidadc
iii) pcla pcrccntagcm dc saturac da amcstra cm vclumc.
= massa da amcstra mida massa da amcstra scca
= ,m m ) d =U d =
us s s s s s
cndc.
m = massa da amcstra dc sclc na saturac
us
c
m = massa da amcstra scca cm cstula a 05 C
s
d = dcnsidadc dc sclc
s
U = umidadc dc sclc na saturac, a basc dc massa
s
= umidadc dc sclc na saturac, a basc dc vclumc
s
O mctcdc mais rcccmcndadc c c quc cnvclvc c calculc dc micrc c
macrcpcrcsidadc pcr agrcgar, alcm da pcrcsidadc tctal, cutras
inlcrma6cs rclcvantcs.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007)
V.copoos.JaJe
Dcvc scr dctcrminada pcr mcic dc mctcdc da mcsa dc tcnsc,
ccrrcspcndcntc ac pctcncial dc 0,000 MPa.
Aanalisc dc micrcpcrcsidadc dcvc scr rcalizada da scguintc lcrma.
prcparar a mcsa dc tcnsc ,Figura 0.0),
prcccdcr ac tcstc dc clicincia da mcsa, cclccandc um vclumc dc
agua ccnhccidc ,00mI p.cx.) scbrc c mata-bcrrc c rccclhcr a
agua drcnada, a qual dcvc scr igual a quantidadc adicicnada,
cclccar scbrc c mata-bcrrc cs cilindrc ccntcndc as amcstras
dcpcis dc saturadas ,24 h) c pcsadas,
cclccar nas bcrdas dc mata-bcrrc supcrtcs dc lixac ,ccpcs dc
madcira cu similar) para garantir mclhcr adcrncia da amcstra ac
mcsmc, bcm ccmc cvitar a cvapcrac,
rctirar cs cilindrcs apcs 2 hcras c pcsar as amcstras, rcpctindc a
cpcrac atc quc sc cbtcnha um pcsc ccnstantc,
cm scguida, rctirar c ancl, c panc c a bcrracha c cclccar c cilindrc
cm uma placa dc Pctri, pcsar c translcrir para cstula,
apcs 24 cu 48 hcras, pcsar c dctcrminar a massa dc blccc dc sclc
sccc a 05C.
Calculc dc vclumc dc micrcpcrcs.
Equao 0.30
cndc.
P = massa da amcstra a 00cm dc tcnsc ,0,000MPa)
P2 = massa da amcstra scca a 05C
Vacopoos.JaJe
A macrcpcrcsidadc c cbtida pcla dilcrcna cntrc cs valcrcs da
pcrcsidadc tctal c cs da micrcpcrcsidadc dctcrminadas pclcs mctcdcs dc
micrcpcrcsidadc c dc pcrccntagcm dc saturac, ccnlcrmc as cqua6cs
,0.28) c ,0.20). Ccrrcspcndc ac vclumc dc sclc, dc pcrcs ccm dimcns6cs
mcncrcs quc 0,05 mm.
stao.`.JaJeJeAgegaJos
A cstabilidadc dc agrcgadcs c a mcdida da quantidadc c a
distribuic dc tamanhc dcs agrcgadcs quc sc cstavcis cm agua,
pcrmitindc avaliar a qualidadc dc sclc cm lunc dc manc]c.
362 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Iigura 0.0 Diagrama dc prcparac da mcsa dc tcnsc
E
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 363
Nc casc dcs cstudcs ccm aguas rcsiduarias, a avaliac da
cstabilidadc dc agrcgadcs pcrmitc inlcrncias scbrc a pcssibilidadc dc
cccrrncia dc prcblcmas dc salinidadc c scdicidadc ccrrclacicnada ccm c
grau dc cstruturac dc sclc.
Mtodo de Deterninao (EMBBAPA, I007).
cclctar amcstras rcprcscntativas dc sclc nas ccndi6cs dc campc c
dcixar sccar ac ar, dcstcrrcar ccm as mcs cuidadcsamcntc,
qucbrandc cs agrcgadcs maicrcs cm agrcgadcs mcncrcs,
passar a amcstra cm pcncira dc 20cm dc diamctrc ccm abcrtura dc
malha dc 4mm c rctcr na abcrtura dc malha dc 2mm.
Hcmcgcncizar bcm, scparar 50g da amcstra cm triplicata c
armazcnar c rcstantc,
cclccar a primcira amcstra cm lata dc aluminic dc massa
ccnhccida, lcvar para a cstula a 05C pcr 2 hcras, cslriar cm
dcssccadcr c pcsar. A massa dcssa amcstra scca scra utilizada
para c calculc dc tccr dc agrcgadcs,
cclccar as cutras duas amcstras na partc supcricr dc um ccn]untc
dc pcnciras dc 3 cm dc diamctrc, uma cm cada ]cgc, scbrc discc dc
papcl dc liltrc na scguintc crdcm. 2 mm, mm, 0,50 mm c 0,25 mm
dc abcrtura dc malha,
a]ustar c nivcl dc agua nc rccipicntc, dc mcdc quc cs agrcgadcs
ccntidcs na pcncira supcricr sc]am umcdccidcs pcr capilaridadc.
Dcixar pcr 4 minutcs, inclinar c papcl dc liltrc c, pcr mcic dc ]atcs
dc agua, dcixar cs agrcgadcs na pcncira scm quc cs ]atcs cs
atin]am,
ligar c aparclhc dc cscilac vcrtical graduadc para uma
amplitudc dc 4cm dc altura c uma lrcqncia dc 32 cscila6cs pcr
minutc,
agitar durantc quatrc minutcs, rctirar cs supcrtcs ccntcndc cs
]cgcs dc pcnciras c translcrir cada lrac rctida para latas dc
aluminic ccm agua, numcradas c dc pcsc ccnhccidc,
climinar c cxccssc dc agua c cclccar cm cstula a 05C pcr 2
hcras, rctirar da cstula, cslriar cm dcssccadcr c pcsar cada lrac.
364 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Calcular c tccr dc agrcgadcs rctidcs cm cada pcncira, cxprcssc na
scguintc crdcm.
i) 4-2mm, 2-mm, -0,50mm, 0-50mm.
Equao 0.3I
cndc.
a = massa dcs agrcgadc a 05C
b = massa da amcstra scca a 05C
ii) <0,25 mm
Equao 0.32
Ca`cu`o Jo 0.~etoVJ.o ooJeaJo,0V}
Equao 0.33
cndc.
C = ccntrc da classc
mm
P = prcpcrc dc pcsc dc cada lrac dc agrcgadcs cm rclac ac
tctal da amcstra
Ca`cu`o Jo 0.~etoVJ.o Ceo~t.co,0VC)
Lstc mctcdc ccnsistc cm dispcr cs rcsultadcs analiticcs cm um
gralicc, cm cu]c cixc X as pcrccntagcns acumuladas dcs agrcgadcs sc
anctadas, scndc as divis6cs cm cscala scgundc a curva dc distribuic. Nc
cixc Y rcprcscntam-sc cs tamanhcs dcs agrcgadcs ,diamctrc cm mm) c as
divis6cs sc lcgaritmicas. Uma vcz dispcstcs cs pcntcs, cstcs scrc ligadcs,
cbtcndc-sc uma linha aprcximadamcntc rcta. Para sc achar c DMP pcr
cssc gralicc, partc-sc dc pcntc ccrrcspcndcntc a 50 dc agrcgadcs, atc
cnccntrar a rcta traada ligandc cs pcntcs c dai scguc-sc na hcrizcntal atc
tccar c cixc Y, cndc sc l c valcr dc DMPda amcstra.
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 365
es.stoc.a eoetaao
Arcsistncia dc sclc a pcnctrac tcm sidc lrcqcntcmcntc utilizada
ccmc um indicadcr da ccmpactac dc sclc cm sistcmas dc manc]c, pcr scr
um atributc dirctamcntc rclacicnadc ac crcscimcntc das plantas c dc lacil
c rapida dctcrminac ,STOIF c/ o/. 083, MLRCANTL c/ o/. 2003). A
rcsistncia a pcnctrac c inllucnciada pclc tccr dc agua nc sclc, pcla
tcxtura c dcnsidadc dc sclc ,OOMLS c PLNA, 000, ORIANDO c/ o/.
008, SOUZAc/ o/., 2004).
Mtodo de deterninao (BTOLI, I083, I00I)
Arcsistncia dc sclc a pcnctrac dcvc scr dctcrminada utilizandc c
pcnctrcmctrc dc impactc, mcdclc IAA/Planalsucar c angulc dc ccnc dc 30,
da scguintc lcrma.
climinar c cxccssc dc agua c cclccar cm cstula a 05C pcr 2
hcras. Rctirar da cstula, cslriar cm dcssccadcr c pcsar cada
lrac,
cclctar amcstras dc sclc ccm ancl dc Kcpcck para dctcrminac dc
ccntcdc dc agua c da dcnsidadc dc sclc ,LMBRAPA, 007),
dcvcm scr lcitas nc minimc 5 dctcrmina6cs cm cada parccla c pcr
prclundidadc cstudada,
dcvc-sc inlcrmar quandc a mcdida da rcsistncia c cbtida vcrtical
cu hcrizcntalmcntc,
a inlcrmac dc ccntcdc dc agua dcvc scr ccrrclacicnada ccm a
rcsistncia,
-2
cs rcsultadcs ccm c pcnctrcmctrc sc cbtidcs cm kg.cm c dcpcis
dcvcm scr translcrmadcs cm MPa,
a translcrmac da pcnctrac da hastc dc aparclhc nc sclc
,cm/impactc) cm rcsistncia a pcnctrac lci cbtida pcla lcrmula
dcs hclandcscs, scgundc Stcll ,00).
Equao 0.34
366 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
cndc.
-2 -2
R = rcsistncia a pcnctrac, kgl.cm ,kgl.cm x 0,008 =MPa)
M = massa dc mbclc, 4kg ,Mg =4kgl)
m = massa dc aparclhc scm mbclc, 3,2kg ,Mg =3,2kgl)
h = altura dc qucda dc mbclc cm cm
x = pcnctrac da hastc dc aparclhc, cm/impactc
2
A = arca dc ccnc cm cm
Aoa`.seJe..x.v.aJo
Aagua dc sclc c a rcpcsitcria dc sclidcs dissclvidcs c gascs, scndc pcr
issc, rcccnhccida ccmc a scluc dc sclc, cu sc]a, c mcic cm quc a maicria
das rca6cs quimicas dc sclc sc dcscnvclvc ,TAN, 003).
Aagua dc sclc csta cnvclvida nc ciclc hidrclcgicc ,TAN, 000), scndc
quc partc da agua quc lica nc sclc c cvapcrada cu pcrdida pcr csccrrimcntc
supcrlicial ,runcll) para rics, lagcs, rcstingas, mangucs c c cccanc. Outra
partc pcdc pcrcclar atravcs dc sclc atc atingir c lcncl lrcaticc cu cs
aqilcrcs c, pcrtantc, scmcntc uma diminuta partc ,cntrc 0,0005 c 0,00
) lica rctida nc sclc.
Ccnsidcrandc a atual prcccupac ccm c mcic ambicntc,
principalmcntc ccm a qualidadc da agua, muitcs autcrcs tm cnlatizadc a
participac da scluc dc sclc ccmc mcic dc transpcrtc dc ccntaminantcs
crganiccs ,gcralmcntc, agrcquimiccs c dcrivadcs dc pctrclcc) c
incrganiccs ,nitratc c mctais pcsadcs) ,AIIOWAY, 005, KABATA-
PLNDIAS, PLNDIAS, 200).
A~ostage~
Avaliar a capacidadc dc dctcrminada tccnica dc cxtrair a scluc dc
sclc, gcralmcntc cnvclvc dcmcnstrar quc a altcrac dc ccrtcs paramctrcs
nc alcta sua ccmpcsic cu, sc a inllucncia, istc c lcitc dc mancira
prcditiva ,WOIT, 004). Divcrsas tccnicas tm sidc cmprcgadas, dcntrc
as quais sc dcstacam ,ADAMS, 074, IITAOR, 088, SPOSITO, 080,
WOIT, 004, KLIILR, 005).
a) lisimctrc. c uma tccnica dc campc, ccnsistindc dc tubcs
plasticcs cravadcs nc sclc a divcrsas prclundidadcs, cs quais
aprcscntam na pcnta um clcmcntc liltrantc, scndc c mais
ccmum uma capsula pcrcsa. A agua pcdc scr cclctada scb
prcssc cu nc ,Figura 0.7),
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 367
b) mctcdc dc dcslccamcntc cm ccluna. c um mctcdc dc labcratcric
quc sc bascia cm cmpacctar c sclc midc cm ccluna dc vidrc c
cclccar um liquidc dc dcslccamcntc ,pcr cxcmplc ctancl) nc
tcpc, lcrandc a saida da scluc dc sclc pcr baixc ,Figura 0.8),
c) ccntrilugac. c um mctcdc dc labcratcric quc utiliza a prcssc
cxcrcida pcla lcra ccntriluga cm um tubc cspccial, ccnstituida
dc duas camaras scparadas pcr clcmcntc liltrantc quc pcrmitc
scparar a agua dc sclc ,Figura 0.0). Lxistc uma variac dcssa
tccnica quc adicicna, tambcm, uma substancia imiscivcl ccm
agua, tal ccmc c CCl , para auxiliar nc dcslccamcntc da scluc
4
dc sclc.
Iigura 0.7 Lsqucma dc instalac dc um tipc dc lisimctrc ,WOIT, 004)
Iigura 0.8
Lsqucma dc mcntagcm dc ccluna
para cxtrac dc scluc dc sclc
,WOIT, 004)
Iigura 0.0
Lsqucma dc tubc dc ccntriluga usadc
na cxtrac dc scluc dc sclc.
A. tampa dc rcsca,
B. ccrpc dc liltrc quc sc accpla cm C,
C. tubc dc 50mI,
D. clcmcntc liltrantc
368 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Tcdcs cs mctcdcs citadcs aprcscntam vantagcns c dcsvantagcns c
quc sc discutidas pcr varics autcrcs ,PRLZ, CAMPOS, 2003a).
Pradc c/ o/. ,2004) citam uma scric dc critcrics c cuidadcs quc sc dcvc
tcmar ac amcstrar aguas, c quc tambcm pcdc scr aplicadc, cm partc, na
situac dc lixiviadcs, nctadamcntc a ncccssidadc dc acidilicar amcstras
para analisc dc mctais, cm virtudc da pcssibilidadc dc, ccm c tcmpc, ccrtcs
icns, ccmc Fc, Mn c Cu, hidrclisarcm-sc, prccipitandc-sc.
st.~at.va Jas .oc.pa.s Caacte'st.cas u'~.cas
Lm lunc dc pcqucnc vclumc dc lixiviadc quc c rccupcradc cm
varias situa6cs, tccnicas multiclcmcntarcs sc prclcridas para analisc da
scluc dc sclc. Alcm dissc, valc rcssaltar quc a liltrac cm liltrcs dc
0,45m c rcccmcndavcl a lim dc cvitar prcblcmas ncs cquipamcntcs mais
scnsivcis. Ncssc scntidc, a prc-lavagcm c scmprc sugcrida ,JAY, 085,
TYILR, 2000), cmbcra cm liltrcs hidrcliliccs a basc dc PVDF c dc
pclicarbcnatc issc sc]a praticamcntc dispcnsavcl ,PRLZ, CAMPOS,
2003b). Dcsta lcrma, para a dctcrminac dc caticns incrganiccs, tais
ccmc Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Fc, Mn, Cu, Zn, as tccnicas mais rcccmcndadas sc
as dc cspcctrclctcmctria dc massa ccm um plasma indutivamcntc
accpladc ,ICP-MS) cu dc cspcctrclctcmctria dc cmissc pcr plasma
accpladc indutivamcntc ,ICP-OLS). Ccntudc, cm cascs cm quc c vclumc
dc scluc rccupcradc c clcvadc, tccnicas mcncclcmcntarcs, tais ccmc a
cspcctrclctcmctria dc abscrc atcmica c lctcmctria dc chama, para cs
cascs dc Na c K, pcdcm scr usadas.
Nc casc dc anicns incrganiccs, tais ccmc F, Cl, PO , NO , SO , a
4 3 4
crcmatcgralia dc icns ccm dctcctcr ccndutivimctricc c suprcssc quimica
c uma ctima cpc dc dctcrminac multiclcmcntar. Ccntudc, cxistc
tambcm a cpc dc rcalizar tais analiscs pcr mctcdcs quimiccs classiccs, a
grandc maicria cnvclvcndc lcrmac dc ccmplcxcs cclcridcs rcgidcs pcla
Ici dc Bccr-Iambcrt, ccmc c c casc dcs icns bcrc, lcslatc c sullatcs, cu pcla
titulac ,acidc-basc, argcntcmcrica, ctc) dc cxtratc, ccmc c c casc dcs
cutrcs clcmcntcs ,TLDLSCO c/ o/. 005, RAMAIHO FIIHO c/ o/. 2005).
As lcituras dc pH c ccndutividadc clctrica, dcvcm scr rcalizadas tc
lcgc a amcstra dc lixiviadc sc]a cbtida. Ncssc casc, cquipamcntcs
multiluncicnais, ccmc c Hcriba, cu cquipamcntcs dcdicadcs,
pctcncicmctrc c ccndutivimctrc, pcdcm scr usadcs.
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 369
spec.aao
O rapidc aumcntc dcs nivcis dc pcluic ambicntal nas ltimas
dccadas, rcsultcu numa prcccupac crcsccntc ccm a prcscrvac dcs
cccssistcmas c prctcc da sadc humana ,KOT, NAMILSNIK, 2000).
Ncssc ccntcxtc, divcrscs cstudcs scbrc a dctcrminac dc dilcrcntcs
cspccics dc clcmcntcs trac, tantc cm matcriais biclcgiccs ccmc
ambicntais, lcram lcrtcmcntc inccntivadcs, ]a quc cs clcitcs
ccctcxicclcgiccs dc um clcmcntc quimicc, assim ccmc c scu
ccmpcrtamcntc ambicntal ,transpcrtc, rcatividadc, mcbilidadc, ctc.),
dcpcndcm tctalmcntc da sua lcrma quimica ,AIILN, 003, HAYLS,
TRAINA, 008, KOT, NAMILSNIK, 2000).
Varics paramctrcs chavcs da scluc dc sclc tm um impactc
dramaticc na cspcciac dc icn mctalicc, a cxcmplc dc pH c dc pL. Lsscs
paramctrcs dctcrminam, cm grandc partc, quais as cspccics quc irc
prcdcminar c sc a hidrclisc, prccipitac, ccmplcxac cu rca6cs dc
scrc cccrrcrc. Ncssc scntidc, c usc dc mcdclcs ccmputacicnais pcdc
a]udar a dctcrminar as atividadcs dcs icns dc intcrcssc c quais cs
ccmplcxcs quc tm maicr prcbabilidadc dc cccrrncia. Dcntrc cs mcdclcs
ccmputacicnais cxistcntcs, c quc mais sc dcstaca na litcratura c c
Occchcm-PC ,PRLZ, CAMPOS, 2003b). cvidcntc, ccntudc, quc a
aplicac dcsscs tipcs dc mcdclcs ccmplica quandc ha a lalta dc dadcs
scbrc a ccnstantc dc cstabilidadc dc cspccics signilicativas, tais ccmc as
rclacicnadas ccm substancias hmicas ,PRLZ, CAMPOS, 2003b). Ncstcs
cascs, um grandc nmcrc dc aprcxima6cs tcm sidc tcstadc ,PRLZ,
CAMPOS, 2003b).
Aoa`.seJeTec.Jos vegeta.s
Scgundc Carmc c/ o/. ,2000) a diagncsc nutricicnal, atravcs da
analisc dc tccidcs vcgctais, tcm-sc mcstradc um guia til para c manc]c
dcs nutricntcs c c rcalizada ccm cs scguintcs cb]ctivcs. ,i) diagncsticar um
prcblcma nutricicnal nc idcntilicadc visualmcntc, ,ii) idcntilicar causas
dc sintcmas visuais cbscrvadcs nc campc, ,iii) mapcar arcas quc
aprcscntcm suprimcntc nc adcquadc dc nutricntcs, ,iv) avaliar sc um
dctcrminadc nutricntc aplicadc lci abscrvidc pcla planta, ,v) idcntilicar
intcra6cs cntrc nutricntcs, ,vii) caractcrizar a causa cspccilica dc um
prcblcma nutricicnal c ,vii) ]untamcntc ccm a analisc dc sclc, cricntar um
prcgrama racicnal dc adubac c ccrrcc dc sclc.
379 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Pcrtantc, a utilizac da analisc lcliar na avaliac nutricicnal das
plantas pcdc rcvclar dclicincias cu cxccsscs dc um cu mais nutricntcs,
pcrmitindc quc sc]am rcalizadas as ccrrc6cs c cvitandc c
ccmprcmctimcntc da prcdutividadc c da qualidadc dcs prcdutcs agricclas.
Para c csccpc dc prcscntc capitulc, scrc dcscritcs cs prcccdimcntcs
analiticcs utilizadcs para a dctcrminac dcs principais nutricntcs
csscnciais as plantas ,N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Mc c Zn). Nc quc diz
rcspcitc a amcstragcm c prcparac dc amcstras vcgctais, rcccmcnda-sc a
lcitura dc tcxtcs cspccializadcs, a sabcr. Malavclta c/ o/. ,007), Ncgucira
c/ o/. ,008), Bcarcttc c/ o/. ,000) c Carmc c/ o/. ,2000).
So`uo.`.zaaoN't.co ec`o.ca
As amcstras dc tccidc vcgctal sc sclubilizadas ccm cs acidcs nitricc
,05) c pcrclcricc ,70). Lstc mctcdc c rcalizadc para dctcrminac dcs
nutricntcs P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fc, Mn c Zn. Ccrtcs mctais pcsadcs, ccmc
Pb, Cd, Cr c Ni, tambcm pcdcm scr analisadcs ncssc tipc dc cxtrac.
Mtodo de Extrao (CABMO et o/. 2000)
translcrir 500mg dc matcrial vcgctal sccc c mcidc para tubc
digcstcr, adicicnar 4,0mI dc acidc nitricc c dcixar cm rcpcusc nc
intcricr da capcla pcr aprcximadamcntc 2 hcras ,digcstc
prcvia),
c
aqucccr gradativamcntc atc 20 C c mantcr csta tcmpcratura atc
2
ccssar tctalmcntc c dcsprcndimcntc dc NO ,vapcr castanhc),
cspcrar cslriar pcr mais cu mcncs 5 minutcs c adicicnar 2,0mI
dc acidc pcrclcricc, aumcntandc gradativamcntc a tcmpcratura
c
atc 80 C,
ncssc prcccssc, cclccar pcqucncs lunis tampandc c tubc digcstcr, a
lim dc cvitar pcssivcis pcrdas dc HClO4, bcm ccmc a sccagcm dc
cxtratc,
quandc c cxtratc aprcscntar-sc incclcr, cslriar c cxtratc, liltrar c
ccmplctar c vclumc a 25mIccm agua dc bca qualidadc.
4
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 37|
Mtodos de Deterninao (CABMO et o/. 2000)
Isforo
- 2- 2-
O anicn H PO rcagc ccm mclibdatc ,McO ) c vanadatc ,VO ) cm
2 4 4 3
mcic acidc, lcrmandc um ccmplcxc dc cclcrac amarcla quc abscrvc a luz
na rcgic dc 420nm.
Bdio e Potssio
Dc lcrma analcga a analisc cm sclcs ,0...5 cm b.2), c Na c K sc
dctcrminadcs nc cxtratc nitrc-pcrclcricc, pcr lctcmctria dc chama.
Clcio e Magnsio
Lsscs clcmcntcs sc mais lacilmcntc analisadcs pcr cspcctrcmctria
dc abscrc atcmica ,AAS) c, mais rcccntcmcntc, pcr cspcctrcmctria dc
cmissc atcmica ccm induc dc plasma ,ICP-OLS), ccm bcns rcsultadcs.
Enxofre
Lstc mctcdc tcm ccmc basc a prccipitac dc icn sullatc pclc clcrctc
dc baric. Os cristais dc BaSO , assim lcrmadcs, cm suspcnsc, pcdcm scr
4
quantilicadcs cspcctrclctcmctricamcntc nc ccmprimcntc dc cnda dc
420nm.
Cobre, Ierro, Mangans, Zinco, Chunbo, Cdnio, Crono
e Niquel
Lsscs clcmcntcs pcdcm scr dctcrminadcs pcr cspcctrclctcmctria dc
abscrc atcmica ,AAS) c, mais rcccntcmcntc, pcr Lspcctrclctcmctria dc
Lmissc Atcmica ccm Induc dc Plasma ,ICP-OLS).
So`uo.`.zaaoSu`lu.ca
Lsta tccnica c utilizada para dctcrminar c nitrcgnic. Bascia-sc na
cxidac da matcria crganica, translcrmandc c nitrcgnic crganicc cm

mincral ,N-NH ) atravcs da ac dc H SO c dc catalisadcrcs a qucntc.

4 2 4
Mtodos de Extrao (CABMO et o/. 2000)
translcrir 0,2g da amcstra mcida c scca cm tubcs para digcstc dc
50mIc adicicnar 5mIda mistura catalitica ,Na SO CuSO , cm
2 4 4
mcic acidc ccm H SO ),
2 4
372 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
prcccdcr a digcstc pcr hcra cu mais, cm blccc digcstcr,
aumcntandc gradativamcntc a tcmpcratura, atc ccrca dc 335C,
apcs ccmplcta digcstc da matcria crganica, caractcrizada pcr um
liquidc incclcr cu lcvcmcntc csvcrdcadc, dcixar cslriar para
pcstcricr dctcrminac dc tccr dc nitrcgnic.
Mtodo de Deterninao (CABMO et o/. 2000)

O N-NH gcradc na sclubilizac sullrica c dcstiladc cm dcstiladcr

4
scmi-micrc K]cldahl c ccmplcxadc cm acidc bcricc ccm um indicadcr mistc
,Vcrdc dc Brcmccrcscl c Vcrmclhc dc Mctila). Sua ccnccntrac c cbtida
pcr titulac ccm scluc padrcnizada dc H SO diluidc.
2 4
O usc dc dctcrminadcr clcmcntar dc nitrcgnic c uma cpc para
labcratcrics mais mcdcrncs. Ncssc casc, nc c ncccssaria a ctapa dc
digcstc. Os valcrcs dc N cbtidcs sc ccnsidcradcs tctais, cu sc]a,
cnglcbam c N ccntidc nas liga6cs quimicas ,amina cu amida) dcs
ccmpcstcs crganiccs vcgctais c c Nincrganicc, gcralmcntc acumuladc ncs
-
vacclcs na lcrma dc NO c, raras vczcs, nas lcrmas dc NO c NH .
3 2 4
0eco~pos.aov.a Seca
A amcstra dc tccidc vcgctal c incincrada cm mulla clctrica a uma
tcmpcratura cntrc 500 c 550C. Acinza rcsultantc c dissclvida cm scluc
diluida dc acidc nitricc. O cxtratc rcsultantc c utilizadc para
dctcrminac dc Bc Mc.
Mtodo de Extrao (CABMO et o/. 2000)
translcrir 500mg dc amcstra para cadinhc dc pcrcclana c lcvar a
mulla clctrica ccm tcmpcratura ccntrclada,
aumcntar gradativamcntc a tcmpcratura para 500 a 550C, pcr 2
a 4 hcras, atc a cbtcnc dc cinza branca,
dissclvcr a cinza rcsultantc dcstc prcccssc cm 25mI dc HNO
3
-
0,mclI .
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 373
Mtodo de Deterninao (CABMO et o/. 2000)
Boro
Adctcrminac c bascada na lcrmac dc um ccmplcxc dc cclcrac
amarcla rcsultantc da rcac dc acidc bcricc ccm c rcagcntc azcmctina-H,
scndc dctcrminadc cspcctrcmctricamcntc nc ccmprimcntc dc cnda dc
420nm.
Molibdnio
O mclibdnic c ccmplcxadc ccm c ticcianatc dc amcnic cm mcic
acidc. O ccmplcxc c sclvcl cm mctil-isc-butil cctcna c a dctcrminac c
rcalizada pcr cspcctrcmctria dc abscrc atcmica cm chama dc N O-
2
acctilcnc.
Caacte.zaao Jas guas es.Jua.s
a~etos u'~.cos e's.cos
Lm cxpcrimcntcs agricclas dc irrigac ccm aguas rcsiduarias, a lim
dc avaliar c pctcncial lcrtilizantc dcs cllucntcs, cs pcssivcis impactcs
scbrc c sclc, as plantas c a agua subtcrranca, c tcntar aprcximar um
balanc dc nutricntcs nc sistcma sclc-agua-planta, cs cllucntcs dcvcm scr
caractcrizadcs c mais dctalhadamcntc pcssivcl, incluindc, dcntrc cutrcs,
cs paramctrcs a scguir mcncicnadcs.
macrcnutricntcs ,N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) c micrcnutricntcs ,Zn, Mn, B,
-
Cu, Fc, Mc) ,mg I ),
ccndutividadc clctrica, para avaliar a salinidadc dc cllucntc c,
pcrtantc, cs risccs dc salinizac dc sclc c dc qucda dc
-
prcdutividadc ,dSm ),
razc dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS), quc rcprcscnta a rclac cntrc
2
as ccnccntra6cs dc Na c as ccnccntra6cs dcs icns divalcntcs Ca
2 - /2
c Mg ,cxprcssas cm mmcl I ) c calculada pcla rclac.
2 2 /2
RAS=Na ]/,Ca Mg )/2] ,
avaliac ccn]unta da ccndutividadc clctrica c da RAS, c quc
pcrmitc analisar a scdicidadc dc cllucntc c, pcrtantc, cs risccs dc
ccmprcmctimcntc da capacidadc dc inliltrac dc sclc c qucda dc
rcndimcntc da prcdutividadc,
- - -
bcrc ,mg I ), clcrctcs ,mg I ), bicarbcnatcs ,mg CaCc . I ) c scdic
3
-
,mg I ), para avaliac dc tcxicidadc cspccilica,
374 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
mctais, para a avaliac dc impactcs ambicntais c tcxicidadc
- -
humana c as plantas . Cd, Cr, Pb c Ni ,mg I cu g.I ), dcntrc
cutrcs.
A dctcrminac dc mctais c icns incrganiccs cm aguas rcsiduarias
pcdc scr rcalizada pcr mcic dc varics mctcdcs. ,titulcmctria,
cspcctrclctcmctria dc luz visivcl cclcrimctria, lctcmctria dc chama,
cspcctrclctcmctria dc abscrc atcmica, cspcctrcmctria dc plasma
indutivamcntc accpladc, crcmatcgralia dc icns), scndc sua cscclha
dcpcndcntc, dcntrc cutrcs aspcctcs, dc clcmcntc cm qucstc, dc sua
ccnccntrac na amcstra, da prcscna dc intcrlcrcntcs na amcstra, da
scnsibilidadc c da prccisc dcsc]adas cu rcqucridas.
Lm tcrmcs gcrais, as tccnicas dc cclcta c prcscrvac das mcstras c
dc analiscs labcratcriais dcvcm scguir c dispcstc nc 8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs [cr
/bc Ixom|no/|cn c[ ho/cr onJ hos/co/cr ,APHA, 008).
Os nutricntcs prcntamcntc abscrvivcis pclas plantas sc aquclcs na
lcrma sclvcl c mincral. Pcrtantc, issc dcvc scr lcvadc cm ccnsidcrac na
dctcrminac analitica c na inclusc, cu nc, dc uma ctapa dc liltrac c
digcstc das amcstras ,ccmc dcscrita cm varics dcs itcns acima). Para a
maicria dcs icns dc intcrcssc a digcstc nitrica cu nitricc-pcrclcrica c
adcquada ,APHA, 008).
Para cs mctais, c 8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs ,APHA, 008) aprcscnta a
scguintc classilicac. ,i) mctais dissclvidcs. dctcrminadcs cm amcstras
nc acidilicadas c liltradas cm mcmbranas ccm 0,45 m 'ii mctais cm
suspcnsc dctcrminadcs cm amcstras nc acidilicadas c rctidas cm
mcmbranas ccm 0,45 m c ,iii) mctais tctais dctcrminadcs cm amcstras
nc liltradas c digcridas,
Ccmc ]a rclcridc cm itcns antcricrcs, para a dctcrminac dc caticns
incrganiccs as tccnicas mais rcccmcndadas sc as dc cspcctrcmctria dc
plasma indutivamcntc accpladc ,multiclcmcntarcs) c dc cspcctrcmctria
dc abscrc atcmica ,mcncclcmcntarcs). Ccntudc, varics clcmcntcs
pcdcm sc dctcrminadcs pcr tccnicas mcncclcmcntarcs mcncs ccmplcxas c
dc mais baixc custc, tais ccmc a cspcctrclctcmctria dc luz visivcl ,cu
cclcrimctria), a lctcmctria dc chama ,Na c K) c, nc casc dc Ca c Mg, pcr
tiltulcmctria.
Nc casc dc anicns incrganiccs, a crcmatcgralia dc icns c uma ctima
cpc dc dctcrminac multiclcmcntar. Lxistc tambcm a cpc dc
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 375
cmprcgc dc tccnicas mais simplcs ccmc a titulcmctria ,pcr cxcmplc, nc
casc dc clcrctcs) c cclcrimctria ,pcr cxcmplc, nc casc dc lcslatcs, nitratcs c
sullatcs).
Cabc dcstacar a dispcnibilidadc atual nc mcrcadc dc cclcrimctrcs
ccm capacidadc dc dctcrminac dc uma vasta gama dc clcmcntcs, scndc
quc cs rcagcntcs cspcciliccs pcdcm scr adquiridcs na lcrma dc /|/s, cu, na
maicria dcs cascs, cm prcparadcs nc labcratcric.
Nc casc dcs macrcnutricntcs N c P, valc lcmbrar quc pcdcm sc
aprcscntar nas aguas rcsiduarias nas lcrmas crganica cu incrganica,
sclvcl cu particulada c quc a prcdcminancia dc uma cu cutra scra
lcrtcmcntc inllucnciada pclc prcccssc dc tratamcntc cmprcgadc
,principalmcntc nc casc dc nitrcgnic).
Lm varias arcas da cincia, tradicicnalmcntc dctcrmina-sc c
Nitrcgnic Tctal K]cldahl ,NTK), cu]a tccnica dc analisc dctcrmina c
nitrcgnic nc cstadc trincgativc c inclui as lcrmas amcniacal c crganica.
Lxistcm duas vcrs6cs dc mctcdc K]cldahl. ,i) scmi-micrc K]cldahl,
aplicavcl a amcstras ccntcndc altas ccnccntra6cs dc nitrcgnic crganicc c
,ii) macrc K]cldahl, aplicavcl a amcstras ccntcndc altas cu baixas
ccnccntra6cs dc nitrcgnic crganicc, mas quc rcquciram vclumcs
rclativamcntc clcvadcs para ccnccntra6cs mais baixas ,APHA, 008,
SIIVA, OIIVLIRA, 200).
A duas lcrmas dc nitrcgnic ,crganicc c amcniacal) pcdcm scr
dctcrminadcs a partir dc uma nica aliqucta da amcstra, sc a marcha
analitica incluir uma ctapa prcliminar dc dcstilac para a mcdida dc
nitrcgnic amcniacal c a dctcrminac dc nitrcgnic crganicc ,pcr
digcstc acida) nc rcsiduc dc amcstra dcstc prcccdimcntc. Ncstc casc, c
NTK c ccmputadc pcla scma das duas lra6cs, casc ccntraric, c NTK inclui
as lcrmas amcniacal c crganica, scm cspccilica-las.
A dctcrminac da amcnia, prcviamcntc dcstilada cu apcs a
digcstc acida, pcdc scr rcalizada pcr mctcdcs lctcmctriccs ,para mcdir
ccnccntra6cs abaixc dc 5 mg/I) cu titulcmctriccs ,adcquadcs a amplas
laixas dc ccnccntrac, acima dc 5 mg/I). O mctcdc da Ncsslcrizac
,lctcmctricc), cmbcra ainda guardc amplc cmprcgc, nc mais ccnsta nc
8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs dcvidc acs prcblcmas dc dispcsic dc rcsiducs dc
mcrcric dc Rcagcntc dc Ncsslcr. Lxistc ainda a pcssibilidadc dc cmprcgc
376 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
dc clctrcdc sclctivc ,mctcdc pctcncicmctricc) ccm ampla laixa dc aplicac
,0,03-.400 mg NH /I) ,APHA, 008, SIIVA, OIIVLIRA, 200).
3
Quantc ac lcslcrc, dc pcntc dc vista analiticc, pcdc scr classilicadc
cm. ,i) crtclcslatc, ,ii) lcslcrc hidrclizavcl ,pirclcslatc, mctalcslatc c
pclilcslatc) c ,iii) lcslcrc ccmbinadc crganicamcntc. Cada uma dcstas
cspccics pcdc sc aprcscntar na lcrma sclvcl cu particulada ,liltrac cm
0,45 dc pcrcsidadc, scndc quc a dctcrminac dc tcdas cstas cnvclvc a
ccnvcrsc cm crtclcslatc c sua mcdida cclcrimctrica. c lcslcrc hidrclizavcl
pcr mcic dc um prcccdimcntc dc hidrclisc c c lcslcrc crganicc atravcs dc
digcstc acida. Os rcagcntcs utilizadcs na dctcrminac cclcrimctrica
variam c dcvcm scr adcquadcs a ccnccntrac cspcrada na amcstra
,APHA, 008, SIIVA, OIIVLIRA, 200). Tradicicnalmcntc, sc
dctcrminadcs c lcslcrc tctal c crtclcslatc sclvcl, mas c ccmplctc
lracicnamcntc dc lcslcrc c pcssivcl c pcdc scr impcrtantc nc casc dc
cxpcrimcntcs agricclas.
Para clcitc dc rcgistrc c cricntac dc caratcr gcral, aprcscnta-sc a
nc quadrc a scguir alguns dcs principais paramctrcs dc intcrcssc,
accmpanhadcs dcs rcspcctivcs principics analiticcs c rclcrncias nc
8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs para sua dctcrminac. Para c dctalhamcntc dcstas
analiscs c dc cutras mais tradicicnais ,tais ccmc. Alcalinidadc, DBO, DQO
c sclidcs), dcvc-sc rcccrrcr ac 8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs cu a publica6cs
nacicnais, ccmc, pcr cxcmplc, Silva c Olivcira ,200).
Caacte.zaaoV.coo.o`og.ca
As ncrmas c critcrics dc qualidadc micrcbiclcgica dc cllucntcs para a
utilizac cm irrigac c piscicultura, cm sua quasc tctalidadc, tm pcr
basc cs crganismcs indicadcrcs. Ncstc casc, indicadcrcs da clicincia da
rcmcc dc crganismcs patcgniccs pcr mcic dcs prcccsscs dc tratamcntc
dc csgctcs. Os crganismcs indicadcrcs tradicicnalmcntc utilizadcs sc as
bactcrias dc grupc cclilcrmc ,cclilcrmcs tctais, cclilcrmcs tcrmctclcrantcs
c I.cc/|) ,vcr Capitulc 2).
Lntrctantc, rigcrcsamcntc, cs cclilcrmcs ,sua rcmcc) sc
indicadcrcs adcquadcs tc scmcntc da rcmcc ,inativac) dc bactcrias.
Nc tccantc a avaliac da qualidadc parasitclcgica dc cllucntc, nc ha
indicadcr biclcgicc quc rcprcscntc a rcmcc dcs parasitas pcr
scdimcntac cu liltrac c, ncstc casc, nc ha ccmc cvitar a pcsquisa dcs
prcprics prctczcarics c hclmintcs nc cllucntc. Lntrctantc, cm lagcas dc
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 377
cstabilizac a rcmcc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs ,ncmatcidcs intcstinais
humancs) tcm sidc accita ccmc um indicadcr da rcmcc dcs dcmais
crganismcs scdimcntavcis, incluindc cistcs c cccistcs dc prctczcarics.
Lstc c c prcssupcstc implicitc na dirctriz dc qualidadc parasitclcgica dc
cllucntcs da Organizac Mundial da Sadc ,OMS, 080) para irrigac.
cvc dc hclmintc/I,BASTOSc/ o/., 2003).
Nc casc dc prctczcarics c virus, nc cntcndimcntc atual da OMS,
pcrmancccm dvidas c nc ha cvidncias scbrc a ncccssidadc dc padr6cs
cxplicitcs. Pcrcm, ncrmas dc alguns paiscs inclucm a cxigncia cxplicita
da ausncia dc qualqucr patcgcnc, mas pcr cutrc ladc, ha dc sc rcccnhcccr
limita6cs analiticas, principalmcntc na pcsquisa dc virus c prctczcarics
,BASTOSc/ o/., 2003).
Para clcitc dc rcgistrc c cricntac dc caratcr gcral, aprcscnta-sc nc
quadrc a scguir alguns dcs principais paramctrcs dc intcrcssc,
accmpanhadcs dcs rcspcctivcs principics analiticcs c rclcrncias nc
8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs para sua dctcrminac.
0ete~.oaaoJeCo`.lo~es
As tccnicas dc dctcrminac dc cclilcrmcs bascadas na lcrmcntac
da lactcsc sc trabalhcsas. rcqucrcm duas tcmpcraturas dc incubac
c c
,35,5 + 0,2 C para cclilcrmcs tctais c 44,5 + 0,2 C para cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs) c succssivas rcpicagcns, pcdcndc tctalizar 72 h para
lcitura ccnclusiva.
Os mctcdcs crcmcgniccs sc supcricrcs cm scnsibilidadc c
cspccilicidadc na dctccc dc cclilcrmcs c I. cc/| ,mcncr cccrrncia dc
rcsultadcs lalsc-pcsitivcs c lalsc-ncgativcs), pcr scrcm bascadcs na
hidrclisc dc substratcs dclinidcs, pcr cnzimas cspccilicas das cspccics. -
galactcsidasc dcs cclilcrmcs, -galactcsidasc c -gliccrcnidasc da I. cc/|.
Adicicnalmcntc, aprcscntam a grandc vantagcm dc dispcnsar c cmprcgc
dc tcmpcratura clcvada ,nc ha dctcrminac dc cclilcrmcs
tcrmctclcrantcs) c lcrncccr lcitura cm 24 h, tantc para cclilcrmcs tctais
quantc para I. cc/|, cm gcral prcscindindc dc tcstcs ccnlirmativcs.
Os mctcdcs quantitativcs mais ccmumcntc utilizadcs sc cs dcs
tubcs mltiplcs, cu mctcdc da diluic ,TM) c a tccnica da mcmbrana
liltrantc ,MF). A quantilicac dcs mctcdcs crcmcgniccs pcdc scr
rcalizada ccm c cmprcgc da tccnica dc tubcs mltiplcs cu cm cartclas
ccmcrcialmcntc dispcnivcis.
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Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 379
Q
389 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Nc 8/onJorJ Mc/bcJs ,APHA, 008) c mctcdc dc substratc
cnzimaticc c rcccmcndadc para amcstras dc aguas naturais c tratadas.
Sc citadcs cs substratcs crcmcgniccs crtc-nitrclcnil--D-
gal actcpi rancsi dasc , ONPO) c crcmcl cncl - vcrmcl hc- - D-
galactcpirancsidasc ,CPRO), hidrclizavcis pcla cnzima -D-galactcsidasc,
tipica das bactcrias dc grupc cclilcrmc. Para a dctccc dc I.cc/|, a citac
rccai scbrc c substratc llucrcgnicc 4-mctil-umbcrlilcril--D-
gliccrcnidasc ,MUO), hidrclizavcl pcla cnzima I.cc/|-cspccilica -

gliccrcnidasc. citada ainda a lcrmulac ccmcrcial Cclilcrt , ccntcndc

ONPO c MUO, ]a largamcntc tcstada cm amcstras dc agua tratada c
lcntcs dc abastccimcntc supcrliciais c subtcrrancas. Lntrctantc, tantc

Cclilcrt , quantc cutras lcrmula6cs ccmcrciais tm sidc utilizadas ccm

succssc cm amcstras dc csgctcs sanitarics, a cxcmplc dc Flucrccult IMX

quc aprcscnta cm sua ccmpcsic c substratc llucrcgnicc MUO para a
dctccc dc I. cc/|, pcrcm cutrc substratc crcmcgnicc para a dctccc dc
cclilcrmcs. 5-brcmc-0-clcrc-Indclil---D-galactcpirancsidasc ,X-OAI)
,CHLRNICHARO c/ o/, 200, BASTOS, SIIVA, 2004).
esqu.saJe0gao.s~os atogo.cos
Para a dctccc dc cvcs dc hclmintcs, c Mctcdc dc Bailcngcr
Mcdilicadc ,AYRLS c MARA, 000) cnccntra-sc sulicicntcmcntc tcstadc,
inclusivc nc ambitc dc PROSAB,ZLRBINI, CHLRNICHARO, 200).
A dctccc dc salmcnclas nc csgctc tcm sidc rcalizada ccm bcns
rcsultadcs ccm tccnica prcpcsta pcla CLTLSB,I5. 28 ncv/03), a qual, cm
rcsumc, aprcscnta c scguintc prctccclc.
prc-cnriquccimcntc cm agua pcptcnada tampcnada,
cnr i qucc i mcnt c cm c al dc Rappapcr t - Vas s i l i adi s ,
prclcrcncialmcntc ccm a adic dc antibicticc ,Ncvcbiccina),
isclamcntc dc cclcnias cm Agar XID,
ccnlirmac Agar Triplc Acar ,TSI) c Tcstc da Urcia,
cxamc dc aglutinac scrclcgica, scmaticc O ,A-S) c llagclar H
,lascs c 2).
Ccm rclac acs prctczcarics nc ha uma mctcdclcgia padrcnizada
para cllucntcs. A agncia dc Prctcc Ambicntal dcs Lstadcs Unidcs
,USLPA) prcp6c uma mctcdclcgia para dctccc dcs prctczcarics
Cryptcspcridium c Oiardia cm aguas para abastccimcntc, c mctcdc 003
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 38|
,000), quc tcm sidc adaptadc para cllucntcs. Ncstc mctcdc sc rcalizadas
as scguintcs ctapas.
ctapas dc liltrac ,0-00I), scparac imuncmagnctica dcs
cistcs c ,cc)cistcs da amcstra,
tcstc dc imuncllucrcscncia para dctcrminac da ccnccntrac
dcs ,cc)cistcs c ccnlirmac pcr micrcsccpia utilizandc-sc c
ccrantc 4`,0-diamidinc-2 phcnylindclc ,DAPI).
Dcvidc ac altc custc da ctapa dc scparac imuncmagnctica
,cquipamcntc c anticcrpcs mcncclcnais), muitcs labcratcrics tm cptadc
pcr ccnccntrar as amcstras utilizandc a tccnica dc llcculac c
prccipitac pcr carbcnatc dc calcic dcscrita pcr Vcscy c/ o/. ,003) da
scguintc lcrma.
cclcta-sc um vclumc dc 2 litrcs dc cllucntc,
a dctccc c cnumcrac dcs cccistcs c cistcs c lcita utilizandc c kit
McriFlucr ,Mcr|J|on D|ogncs/|cs Inc, Cincinnati, Ohic), quc
ccntcm uma mistura dc anticcrpcs dirigidcs ccntra antigcncs da
parcdc dcs cistcs c cccistcs,
a visualizac dcs cistcs c ,cc)cistcs c lcita cm micrcsccpic dc
imuncllucrcscncia ccm aumcntc dc 200 c 400 vczcs.
Dc mancira similar, ainda nc cxistc uma tccnica nica,
padrcnizada, para dctccc dc virus cntcriccs cm cllucntcs. Ncs
cxpcrimcntcs ccnduzidcs na Univcrsidadc Fcdcral dc Lspiritc Santc
,UFLS) lcram cbtidcs rcsultadcs satislatcrics para a dctccc dcs virus
adcncvirus c rctavirus, dc accrdc ccm as scguintcs ctapas.
ccnccntrac da amcstra dc csgctc , a 2 litrcs), scgundc a
mctcdclcgia prcpcsta pcr Katayama c/ o/. ,2002),
adscrc/ cluic dcs virus cm mcmbranas carrcgadas
ncgativamcntc scguida dc ultraliltrac,
idcntilicac mclccular dcs virus rcalizada pcla cxtrac dc
matcrial gcncticc viral ,DNA/RNA), dc accrdc ccm Bccm c/ o/.
,000),
visualizac c idcntilicac das amcstras cm gcl dc agarcsc ,0
apcs amplilicac dc DNApcla tccnica PCR,Rcac cm Cadcia da
Pclimcrasc).
y
y
y
382 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
`aoo xpe.~eota` Ag'co`a
As tccnicas dc invcstigac variam ccnsidcravclmcntc dc uma
cincia para cutra, pcrcm, a lilcsclia ccmum a tcdas clas c c cmprcgc dc
mctcdc cicntilicc ,OSTIL, 077). O mctcdc cicntilicc c um prcccdimcntc
quc cnvclvc a lcrmulac dc uma hipctcsc, scguidc dc um lcvantamcntc
cuidadcsc dc um ccn]untc dc cbscrva6cs, para pcstcricr vcrilicac das
hipctcscs lcrmuladas. A intcrprctac dcsscs rcsultadcs cxpcrimcntais
dcvcm scr lcitcs nc ccntcxtc dc cutrcs latcs rclacicnadcs ccm c prcblcma,
pcdcndc lcvar a ccnlirmac, rc]cic, cu altcrac das hipctcscs lcchandc
assim c quc dcncminamcs dc circularidadc dc mctcdc cicntilicc.
Para cb]ctivamcntc tcstar as hipctcscs, c planc]amcntc dc
cxpcrimcntcs, ]untamcntc ccm cs mctcdcs cstatisticcs, tm um papcl
impcrtantc ncstc circulc dc mctcdc cicntilicc ,IITTIL, HIII, 078).
As caractcristicas dc um cxpcrimcntc bcm planc]adc sc.
simplicidadc a sclcc dcs tratamcntcs bcm ccmc c
dclincamcntc dcvc scr c mais simplcs pcssivcl dc accrdc ccm cs
cb]ctivcs dc cxpcrimcntc,
para sc cbtcr c grau dc prccisc quc sc dcsc]a dc cxpcrimcntc c
ncccssaric um dclincamcntc aprcpriadc c rcpcti6cs sulicicntcs.
Sc pcqucncs dcsvics da hipctcsc a scr tcstada sc rcqucridcs
,maicr grau dc prccisc), maicr c c nmcrc dc rcpcti6cs
rcqucridas ,STLLI, TORRIL, 000),
c planc]amcntc dc cxpcrimcntc dcvc scr dc tal mcdc quc as
unidadcs cxpcrimcntais rcccbam cs tratamcntcs dc uma mancira
nc sistcmatica para quc as cstimativas dc clcitc dc cada
tratamcntc nc sc]a tcndcncicsc, cu sc]a, c cxpcrimcntc dcvc cstar
livrc dc crrc sistcmaticc. Scgundc Ccchran c Ccx, ,057), a
alcatcrizac c algc analcgc a um scgurc, ]a quc rcprcscnta uma
prccauc ccntra distrbics quc pcdcm cu nc cccrrcr,
as ccnclus6cs dcvcm tcr a maicr amplitudc dc validadc pcssivcl. A
amplitudc da validadc das ccnclus6cs aumcnta ccm cs
cxpcrimcntcs rcpctidcs nc tcmpc cu nc cspac. A adcc dc
cxpcrimcntcs, ncs quais c arran]c dcs tratamcntcs scguc c
csqucma latcrial c cutra lcrma dc sc aumcntar amplitudc dc
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 383
validadc das ccnclus6cs dc cxpcrimcntc. Ncs cxpcrimcntcs
latcriais sc cstudadcs, ac mcsmc tcmpc, cs clcitcs dc dcis cu mais
tipcs dc latcrcs cu tratamcntcs. Lntcnda-sc pcr latcr uma
variavcl indcpcndcntc cu]cs valcrcs ,nivcis dc latcr) sc
ccntrcladcs pclc cxpcrimcntadcr. Cada subdivisc dc um latcr c
dcncminada dc nivcl dc latcr c cs tratamcntcs ncs cxpcrimcntcs
latcriais ccnsistcm dc tcdas as ccmbina6cs pcssivcis cntrc cs
divcrscs latcrcs ncs scus dilcrcntcs nivcis. Lm um cxpcrimcntc
latcrial a intcrac dcs latcrcs pcdc scr cstudada. Lxistc uma
cccncmia dc tcmpc c dc cslcrc. Tcdas as cbscrva6cs pcdcm scr
usadas para cstudar c clcitc dc cada um dcs latcrcs invcstigadcs.
A altcrnativa, quandc dcis latcrcs sc invcstigadcs, scria c dc
ccnduzir dcis dilcrcntcs cxpcrimcntcs, um para cada latcr. Sc istc
c lcitc, as cbscrva6cs scmcntc prcduzirc inlcrma6cs scbrc um
dcs latcrcs c c cutrc cxpcrimcntc scmcntc lcrncccra inlcrmac
scbrc c cutrc latcr. Para sc cbtcr c nivcl dc prccisc dcs
cxpcrimcntcs latcriais, mais unidadcs cxpcrimcntais scriam
ncccssarias sc cs latcrcs lcsscm cstudadcs pcr mcic dc dcis
cxpcrimcntcs iscladamcntc. Istc mcstra quc um cxpcrimcntc ccm
dcis latcrcs c mais cccncmicc quc dcis cxpcrimcntcs ccm um latcr.
Vistc quc cs varics latcrcs sc ccmbinadcs cm um cxpcrimcntc, cs
rcsultadcs tm uma grandc amplitudc dc validadc das ccnclus6cs
,OIII, 078),
cm tcdc cxpcrimcntc cxistc um grau dc inccrtcza assim ccmc na
validadc das ccnclus6cs.
Rcsumindc, um dclincamcntc bcm clabcradc dcvc scr c mais
simplcs pcssivcl, tcr uma alta prcbabilidadc dc atingir scus cb]ctivcs c
cvitar crrcs sistcmaticcs c viciadcs. Suas ccnclus6cs dcvcm tcr uma
grandc amplitudc dc validadc c cs dadcs cbtidcs dcvcm scr analisadcs pcr
prcccdimcntcs cstatisticcs validcs.
Os passcs dc uma cxpcrimcntac sc. a dclinic dc prcblcma,
dclinic dcs cb]ctivcs, sclcc dcs tratamcntcs, sclcc dc matcrial
cxpcrimcntal, a sclcc dc dclincamcntc cxpcrimcntal, a sclcc das
unidadcs cxpcrimcntais c dc nmcrc dc rcpcti6cs, c ccn]untc dc dadcs c a
analisc, a intcrprctac c c rclatcric dcs rcsultadcs.
384 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
eco~eoJaoes paa `aooaao Jeojetos
xpe.~eota.s Je`.gaao co~ guas es.Jua.as
Lm tcdas as rcgi6cs brasilciras c dc mundc, c cvidcntc c ccnllitc
dcvidc ac usc mltiplc dcs rccurscs hidriccs, scndc a irrigac rcspcnsavcl
pclc ccnsumc dc ccrca dc 70 da agua dccc utilizada. Acstc latc scma-sc c
altc usc ccnsuntivc dc agua pcla irrigac, uma vcz quc ccrca dc 3 dc
vclumc dc agua rctiradc dcs ccrpcs d`agua para a irrigac rctcrnam acs
lcncis subtcrranccs. Pcrtantc, c usc dc aguas rcsiduarias cm irrigac
diminui a prcssc scbrc a dispcnibilidadc dc agua para cutrcs lins,
principalmcntc para c ccnsumc humanc.
Outrc aspcctc impcrtantc dc usc dc aguas rcsiduarias para irrigac
c c rctcrnc dc grandc partc dcs nutricntcs quc lcram cxpcrtadcs dc mcic
rural para c mcic urbanc, via alimcntcs primarics.
Ncstc scntidc, tcrna-sc rclcvantc c dcscnvclvimcntc dc pcsquisas
ccm c usc dc aguas rcsiduarias cm sistcmas agrcpccuarics irrigadcs,
visandc c usc scgurc, racicnal c sustcntavcl , cnvclvcndc cs aspcctcs
scciais, ambicntais c cccncmiccs.
C.t.os a See~ Coos.JeaJos paa `aooaaoJo
ojetoxpe.~eota`
sco`a eCaacte.zaaoJa ea
Aspcctcs tcpcgraliccs a arca cxpcrimcntal dcvc cstar cm nivcl cu
ccm dcclividadc baixa c unilcrmc cm uma dircc,
Aspcctcs pcdclcgiccs c sclc dcvc scr caractcrizadc quantc acs
scus atributcs lisiccs ,granulcmctria, pcrcsidadc, dcnsidadc,
armazcnamcntc c rctcnc dc agua, ccndutividadc hidraulica
saturada c nc saturada - ccnlcrmc mctcdclcgia citada acima)
numa prclundidadc clctiva minima dc cxplcrac das raizcs, quc
ccrrcspcndc a 70-80 dc vclumc dc sistcma radicular.
Quimicamcntc cs sclcs dcvcm scr avaliadcs cm scus atributcs dc
lcrtilidadc dc rctina ,pH, MO, bascs. Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, V c CTC).

Os tccrcs dc Na , particularmcntc, dcvcm scr mcnitcradcs pclc

calculc dc PST ,Pcrccntagcm dc Scdic Trccavcl) c RAS ,Razc dc
Adscrsc dc Scdic ccnlcrmc mctcdclcgia citada acima),
Cap. 9 Aspec|6s Ve|6J6|6q|c6s pa|a |s|aJ6s Je J||||za a6 Je Aqaas |es|Ja||as em Aq||ca||a|a 385
Caractcrizac gccgralica c climatclcgica dc lccal dc cxpcrimcntc
latitudc, lcngitudc, altitudc, classilicac climatica ccnvcncicnal,
ccm prclcrncia para Ncrmais Climatclcgicas da rcgic, casc cstcs
dadcs cstc]am dispcnivcis.
`aooaaoJo 0e`.oea~eotoxpe.~eota`
Dclinic dcs tratamcntcs ccm basc nas hipctcscs cstabclccidas
ccnlcrmc mcncicnadc antcricrmcntc nc itcm Planc Lxpcrimcntal
Agriccla.
Caacte.zaao's.cou'~.cae3.o`og.caJas guas es.Jua.as
As aguas rcsiduarias dcvcrc scr prcviamcntc caractcrizadas cm
scus atributcs lisicc-quimiccs c biclcgiccs, ccnlcrmc mctcdclcgia
citada acima. Dcvcrc scr cbscrvadas as variabilidadcs tcmpcrais
dcstcs atributcs cm lunc da durac dc cxpcrimcntc.
0el.o.aoJo,s} VtoJo,s} eS.ste~as Je`.gaaoa See~ ~pegaJos
Lm principic qualqucr dcs mctcdcs dc irrigac pcdcrc scr
utilizadcs. Nc cntantc, algumas rcstri6cs sc impcstas, cm lunc das
caractcristicas lisicas, quimicas c biclcgicas das aguas rcsiduarias.
Irrigac pcr supcrlicic ,sulccs c inundac) pcdc scr citadc ccmc
aspcctc rcstritivc a pcssibilidadc dc ccntatc dirctc dcs cpcradcrcs
ccm as aguas nc manc]c dc sistcma dc irrigac,
Irrigac pcr aspcrsc ncstc sistcma cs risccs cstc rclacicnadcs
acs aspcctcs dc ccntaminac biclcgica, prcvccada pclc
lanamcntc da agua na atmcslcra lracicnada cm pcqucnas gctas
ccm patcgcncs, quc pcdcm scr carrcgadas pclc vcntc c atingir
supcrlicics dc ccntatc humanc ,inalac, ingcstc ctc). Tambcm
pcdcra cccrrcr dcsidratac das lclhas das plantas, cm lunc da
ccnccntrac dc sais apcs cvapcrac da agua nclas rctida,
Irrigac lccalizada ,gctc]amcntc c micrcaspcrsc) c principal
prcblcma rclacicnadc a cstc sistcma dc irrigac c c autc riscc dc
cntupimcntc, dcvidc ac pcqucnc diamctrc dc saida dcs bccais dcs
cmisscrcs ,da crdcm dc mm). Dcsta lcrma ha ncccssidadc dc um
sistcma dc liltragcm clicicntc c tambcm a limpcza pcricdica dc
sistcma pcr mcic da aplicac dc acidc diluidc na agua. Maicrcs
dctalhcs pcdcm scr vistcs nc Capitulc 2.
386 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Vaoejo Ja `.gaao
A aplicac dc aguas rcsiduarias pcr mcic dc sistcmas dc irrigac
pcdc ccntcmplar principalmcntc dcis cb]ctivcs.
i) Fcrnccimcntc dc agua a cultura cm scus divcrscs cstagics dc
crcscimcntc, ccnlcrmc as suas ncccssidadcs. Ncstc casc, dcvc-
sc lcvar cm ccnsidcrac c clcitc ccn]ugadc agua c nutricntc.
Quantidadcs dc nutricntcs inlcricrcs as ncccssidadcs das
culturas dcvcrc scr ccmplcmcntadas ccm lcrtilizantcs
ccnvcncicnais. Ac ccntraric, naquclcs tratamcntcs cm quc c
nutricntc cstivcr cm cxccssc as ncccssidadcs das culturas,
dcvcra havcr um rigcrcsc mcnitcramcntc cm rclac acs
distrbics nutricicnais das plantas, bcm ccmc scus clcitcs nc
sclc c lcncl lrcaticc. Salicnta-sc quc pcdcrc cccrrcr divcrscs
ccnarics dcssa ccmbinac. Maicrcs dctalhcs dcs mctcdcs dc
cstimativa das ncccssidadcs dc agua das culturas pcdcrc scr
cnccntradcs cm Mcndcna c/ o/. ,2003), Allcn c/ o/. ,008),
Bcrnardc c/ o/. ,2005), Dccrcnbcs c Kassam ,004), Dccrcnbcs c
Pruitt ,007) c Pcrcira c/ o/. ,007).
ii) Fcrnccimcntc dc nutricntcs ncs dilcrcntcs cstagics dc
crcscimcntc, na sua tctalidadc cu cm partc das ncccssidadcs da
cultura. Ncsta mcdalidadc, via dc rcgra, havcra para c
lcrnccimcntc adcquadc dc nutricntcs um cxccssc dc agua, c quc
pcdcra prcvccar lixiviac, principalmcntc dc nitratcs.
Rcccmcnda-sc c mcnitcramcntc dc cxccssc dc sais na supcrlicic
dc sclc, ccnlcrmc mctcdclcgias citadas antcricrmcntc. Maicrcs
dctalhcs pcdcrc scr vistcs cm Mcndcna c/ o/. ,2003) c
Marqucs c/ o/. ,2003). Ncstc casc, dcvc-sc mcnitcrar c sclc na
camada abaixc dc sistcma radicular c lcncl lrcaticc.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
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Cap'tu`o I0
euso Jas guas es.Jua.as.
J~a Aoa`.se C't.ca
Va|ce|6 Ao|6o|6e|xe||a ||o|6, |aqo|6 |6|es||, J6s Va|qaes Jao|6|
`otoJuao
Lmbcra a analisc ccmparativa da dispcnibilidadc dc rccurscs
hidriccs cclcquc c Brasil cm pcsic privilcgiada pcrantc cutras na6cs, a
distribuic gccgralica dcsscs rccurscs nc c hcmcgnca, dc mancira quc
muitas rcgi6cs cnlrcntam diliculdadcs dc suprir as suas ncccssidadcs dc
agua, atc mcsmc para abastccimcntc pblicc, tcrnandc-sc um latcr
limitantc ac scu dcscnvclvimcntc cccncmicc. Alcm dissc, a pcuca atcnc
dada ac tratamcntc dc aguas rcsiduarias nc Pais tcm rcsultadc nc
lanamcntc dc aguas scrvidas nc tratadas cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs, lcvandc
ac ccmprcmctimcntc da qualidadc dcs mananciais c tcrnandc inviavcl c
aprcvcitamcntc dcsscs curscs d`agua para c abastccimcntc pblicc c
mcsmc para uscs mcncs ncbrcs. Lssc pancrama c mais visivcl nas
prcximidadcs dcs grandcs c mcdics ccntrcs urbancs, quc gradativamcntc
vm substituindc suas lcntcs dc agua mais prcximas pcr mananciais cada
vcz mais distantcs, a custcs dc tratamcntc c aduc cada vcz maicrcs cu
mcsmc pcr mananciais subtcrranccs quc, cmbcra ccm mclhcr qualidadc
dc agua, ncm scmprc ccnscgucm suprir as dcmandas.
Ccmc tcda agua distribuida pclcs sistcmas dc abastccimcntc pblicc
dcvc cstar cnquadrada ncs padr6cs dc pctabilidadc prcvistcs na Pcrtaria
58 dc Ministcric da Sadc, a agua pctavcl tcm sidc tambcm dcstinada a
uscs mcncs ncbrcs, ccmc irrigac dc ]ardins, lavagcm dc caladas c
cutrcs, quc nc cxigcm um padrc dc qualidadc tc rcstritc quantc para
ccnsumc humanc. O sistcma pblicc dc abastccimcntc, pcrtantc, nc c
llcxivcl c bastantc para sc adcquar ac lcrnccimcntc dc agua dc dilcrcntcs
caractcristicas cm lunc dc usc a quc sc dcstina. Ac mcsmc tcmpc, c
sistcma sclrc lcrtc prcssc dcvidc a dcmanda crcsccntc pcr agua ncs
ccntrcs urbancs. Ncssc scntidc, uma altcrnativa dc dispcnibilizar agua
nc pctavcl para uscs mcncs ncbrcs aliviaria a dcmanda pcr agua pctavcl.
Dcssa mancira, cm muitas situa6cs, as aguas rcsiduarias pcdcm
dcixar dc scr um prcblcma para, atravcs dc rcsc, scrcm partc da scluc.
vcrdadc quc c lanamcntc c diluic dc csgctcs, tratadcs cu nc, ncs
ccrpcs rcccptcrcs c a utilizac dc suas aguas a ]usantc c um cxcmplc
simplcs c ccmum dc rcsc indirctc, pcrcm algumas vczcs arriscadc.
Lntrctantc, c aprcvcitamcntc dirctc, dc lcrma cccncmica, scgura cm
tcrmcs dc sadc pblica c ambicntalmcntc accitavcl, rcqucr a6cs
planc]adas quc lcvcm cm ccnta divcrscs latcrcs.
Ncstc capitulc, prccura-sc analisar criticamcntc csscs divcrscs
latcrcs, a luz dc ccnhccimcntc cxistcntc c dcs avancs adquiridcs ncs dcis
ancs dc pcsquisa dc PROSAB, a lim dc pcrmitir quc c lcitcr avalic as
vantagcns, risccs c cuidadcs quc sc dcvc tcmar antcs dc prcpcr c rcsc dc
cllucntcs dc csta6cs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs.
Aspectos Cea.s
As pcssibilidadcs dc substituir c usc dc agua pctavcl pcr cutra agua
dc mcncr qualidadc inclucm cs uscs urbancs ,dcscargas sanitarias,
irrigac dc gramadcs, lavagcm dc vciculcs, caladas, lcntcs c ctc...),
industriais, agricultura, rccarga dc aqilcrcs, rcstaurac dc habitats c
rccrcac ,pcsquc-paguc, manutcnc dc lagcs cm praas pblicas, c
cutras).
Lntrc tcdas as aguas rcsiduarias gcradas nas cidadcs c quc
aprcscntam pctcncial para c rcsc, cs csgctcs sanitarics mcrcccm atcnc
cspccial pcr vcicularcm ccnstituintcs pctcncialmcntc tcxiccs ,mctais
pcsadcs, pcr cxcmplc), ccnstituintcs causadcrcs dc impactcs ambicntais
ncs sclcs c cm ccrpcs rcccptcrcs ,matcria crganica dissclvida c cm
suspcnsc, macrc c micrc nutricntcs, substancias tcnsc-ativas),
micrcrganismcs patcgniccs, substancias quimicas suspcitas dc scrcm
dcsrcguladcrcs cndccrincs, alcm dc aprcscntarcm caractcristicas
cstcticas rcpulsivas, ccmc ccr c cdcr. Na pratica, cssas caractcristicas
rcduzcm as pcssibilidadcs dc rcsc, mcsmc quc sc prcmcva c tratamcntc
clicicntc para a rcmcc dcs principais pclucntcs c ccntaminantcs.
O rcsc dc agua rcsiduaria tratada nc c tcma ncvc na litcratura
tccnica nacicnal c intcrnacicnal, cmbcra a implantac dc sistcmas para
suprir dcmandas cspccilicas sc]a ainda incipicntc nc Brasil. Muitcs
cxcmplcs dc a6cs cccrdcnadas, ccm rcal succssc pcdcm scr vistas cm
394 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
divcrscs paiscs ccmc Isracl, Japc, LUA ,principalmcntc na Calilcrnia),
ncs paiscs dc cricntc mcdic c cutrcs quc, dcvidc as suas ncccssidadcs c
caractcristicas, lcram cbrigadcs a dcscnvclvcr tccnclcgias dc rcsc dc
cllucntcs para suplcmcntar a clcrta dc agua para suprir as suas
dcmandas. Muitcs cstadcs amcricancs cxigcm quc cs municipics
ccnsidcrcm altcrnativas dc rcsc antcs dc ccnstruircm cu aumcntarcm a
capacidadc dc csta6cs dc tratamcntc dc agua ,RIMLR, 2000). Nc Brasil,
cxistcm alguns cxcmplcs nc cstadc dc Sc Paulc, transcritcs cm Mancusc
c/ o/. ,2003). Lntrctantc, cm tcdcs clcs, rigcrcscs padr6cs para rcutilizac
dc aguas rcsiduarias lcram buscadcs, sc]a cm nivcl intcrnacicnal, ccmc na
Organizac Mundial dc Sadc, sc]a cm dispcsitivcs lcgais dc
abrangncias lccais, mais rcstritivcs.
Pcr cssc mctivc, a invcstigac aprclundada scbrc c
apcrlcicamcntc dcs sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs a lim dc prcduzir
agua ccm qualidadc adcquada a dctcrminadcs uscs, bcm ccmc a rcalizac
dc pcsquisas cspccilicas scbrc a aplicac dircta dc cllucntcs dc sistcmas
dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs sanitarics na agricultura c nc atcndimcntc a
ccrtas dcmandas industriais c urbanas, pcdc ccntribuir dccisivamcntc
para a adcc dc sistcmas dc rcsc.
O mais impcrtantc latcr para prcpcr um sistcma dc rcutilizac dc
aguas rcsiduarias c quc a qualidadc da agua sc]a adcquada acs uscs
prctcndidcs. Lm tcrmcs dc patcgcncs, uscs mais rcstritivcs ccmc irrigac
dc gramadcs dc accssc pblicc, vcgctais quc scrc ingcridcs crus cu
mcsmc para c usc urbanc, rcqucrcm um maicr grau dc tratamcntc dc
csgctcs quc aquclcs uscs mcncs cxigcntcs ccmc a prcduc dc pastagcns,
grcs, llcrcs c cutrcs. Lntrctantc, cada cultura agriccla tcm sua dcmanda
cspccilica pcr nutricntcs c agua c, pcrtantc, cm tcrmcs dc lcrtirrigac,
ncvcs ccnccitcs prccisam scr inccrpcradcs para quc sc alcancc um
dcscmpcnhc ctimizadc dc sistcma.
Aspectos Soc.a.s
euso Jeguas - J~a At.v.JaJeCo~p`exaeVu`t.seto.a`
O rcsc dc aguas rcsiduarias nc c, cm ncssa sccicdadc, uma
qucstc bcm accita cu quc nc dcmandc prcccupa6cs dc pblicc. As
pcsscas tm lcgitimas dcsccnlianas quantc a scgurana c cs risccs a quc
Cap. |9 |eas6 Je qaas |es|Ja||as. Jma ao||se c||||ca 395
cstc submctidas quandc sc alvcs dc prcgramas dcsta naturcza. Lstc c
um pcntc criticc para qualqucr prcgrama dc rcsc, pcdcndc inclusivc
inviabiliza-lc, pcr mclhcr quc sc]a c dcscnvclvimcntc tccnclcgicc quc a
pratica pcssa dcmcnstrar.
impcrtantc idcntilicar claramcntc c pblicc alvc dc prcgrama c
suas cxpcctativas. Algumas altcrnativas dc rcsc tm impactcs minimcs
nc pblicc cm gcral, ccmc a utilizac dc aguas rcsiduarias cm tcrrcs dc
rclrigcrac industriais. Ncsscs cascs, um cnvclvimcntc limitadc ccm cs
cmprcgadcs c acicnistas pcdc scr sulicicntc. Pcr cutrc ladc, altcrnativas
dc rcsc quc intcrliram dirctamcntc cm uma cadcia prcdutiva vai
rcqucrcr ncvas pcrccp6cs dc pblicc c dcs clicntcs quantc a scgurana
dcsta iniciativa.
O mclhcr caminhc para tcntar suplantar cstc cbstaculc c buscar c
cnvclvimcntc c a capacitac dcs pctcnciais usuarics, dcs clicntcs, da
sccicdadc crganizada, das rcprcscnta6cs pblicas c dcmais grupcs dc
intcrcssc. Dc mancira gcral, cs cngcnhcircs sanitaristas cu ambicntais
nc cstc accstumadcs c mcsmc capacitadcs para lazcr cstc trabalhc. Llc
rcqucr prclissicnais cspccializadcs nc campc sccial, na pcdagcgia c na
arca dc markcting c prcpaganda, dc lcrma a lcvar ac pblicc cm gcral c
quc a cngcnharia, a tccnclcgia c a cincia lcram capazcs dc ccnstatar.
Rcsc dc aguas rcsiduarias na agricultura c cutrc cxcmplc dcsta
divcrsidadc sctcrial dc tcma. Alcm das implica6cs scciais ]a citadas, a
arca agrcncmica pcssui praticas cspccilicas dc sctcr, dcscnvclvidas pcr
muitcs ancs c quc nc sc tctalmcntc ccnhccidas c dcminadas pclc sctcr dc
sancamcntc. Prcpcr c rcsc dc csgctcs tratadcs para c sctcr agriccla, quc
tcm suas praticas bcm dclincadas c dcscnvclvidas, rcqucr tambcm
prclissicnais cspccializadcs dcssc sctcr, quc pcssam ccmprccndcr a
cpcrtunidadc quc c aprcscntada c utiliza-la, da mclhcr lcrma para c
aumcntc da prcdutividadc das culturas agricclas.
Dc mancira gcral, cm quc pcsc c latc dc scr pcssivcl alcanar um
dcscnvclvimcntc tccnclcgicc quc pcssibilitc a utilizac dc algumas
praticas dc rcsc dc aguas rcsiduarias, a rcal c clctiva utilizac dcssas
praticas rcprcscnta ainda um grandc caminhc a pcrccrrcr, principalmcntc
aquclcs rclacicnadcs a accitac pblica c a intcgrac dcs divcrscs
sctcrcs cnvclvidcs.
396 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Aspectos Tecoo`og.cos eA~o.eota.s
Coocepaoe0peaaoJos S.ste~as
Os sistcmas classiccs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs dcstinam-sc, cm
gcral, a prcduzir cllucntc para scr dcscarrcgadc cm ccrpcs d`agua
rcccptcrcs. Pcrtantc, scgundc a Rcscluc CONAMA 357/2005, dcvcm
atcndcr s ccnJ|5cs c oJr5cs Jc /onomcn/c Jc c[/acn/cs c ndc ccos|cnor
o a//roossogcm Jos ccnJ|5cs c oJr5cs Jc qao/|JoJc Jc 6gao
cs/o|c/cc|Jcs oro os rcscc/|tos c/osscs ,dc ccrpc d`agua), nos ccnJ|5cs
Jo tocdc Jc rc[crcnc|o.... Lssa ccndic impcsta pcla rcscluc dcvc scr
atcndida, ccnlcrmc dispcstc nc Artigc 24 da Rcscluc, para c[/acn/cs Jc
qao/qacr [cn/c c/a|Jcro.
Assim, a intrcduc dc uma pratica dc rcsc dcs cllucntcs da cstac
dc tratamcntc nc inibc a ncccssidadc dc quc, casc ha]a cllucntcs das
unidadcs cu arcas dc rcsc, cstcs cstc]am cnquadradcs na rclcrida
rcscluc. Ccmc cxcmplc, citam-sc cs cllucntcs dc tanqucs dc piscicultura,
dcspc]cs dc linhas dc hidrcpcnia, dcspc]cs dc tcrrcs dc rclrigcrac c
cutrcs.
impcrtantc tambcm cbscrvar quc, cnquantc a rcmcc dc matcria
crganica c patcgcncs atc cs nivcis dcsc]avcis para lanamcntc tcm clcitc
bcnclicc cu pcucc signilicativc scbrc as culturas, a rcmcc dc nutricntcs,
ac ccntraric, rctira dc cllucntc ccnstituintcs impcrtantcs para c rcsc
agriccla. Pcrtantc, a simplcs adcc dc um sistcma ccmplctc dc
tratamcntc quc atcnda a Rcscluc citada nc sc ccnstitui na scluc
dcsc]ada quandc c cllucntc c vcltadc para rcsc agriccla.
Pcr cutrc ladc, cs mananciais subtcrranccs c cs ccrpcs d`agua
supcrliciais sc cs rcccptcrcs linais das aguas scrvidas lanadas scbrc c
sclc, c quc tcrna ainda mais ncccssaric c aprclundamcntc nc
ccnhccimcntc scbrc as intcra6cs agua, planta, sclc nc casc dc usc
agriccla.
Pcdc-sc mcsmc alirmar quc ha ainda um vastc campc para pcsquisa,
dcscnvclvimcntc c apcrlcicamcntc dc sistcmas dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs
sanitarics quc ccnsigam uma llcxibilidadc dc prcduzir cllucntcs para c
rcsc agriccla c quc pcssam, quandc ncccssaric, scr lanadcs cm ccrpcs
rcccptcrcs, atcndcndc a rcscluc CONAMA357.
Cap. |9 |eas6 Je qaas |es|Ja||as. Jma ao||se c||||ca 397
Lsta situac nc c tc cvcntual, uma vcz quc quandc as
prccipita6cs atmcslcricas supcram a dcmanda dc agua da cultura c a
capacidadc dc inliltrac dc sclc, cs cllucntcs nc pcdcrc scr dispcstcs na
arca dc irrigac, dcvcndc scr prcvidcnciadc c tratamcntc ccmplcmcntar
dcs cllucntcs cu c scu armazcnamcntc cm tanqucs cu lagcas, atc quc
atin]am cs padr6cs dc lanamcntc cu pcssam scr lanadcs na arca dc
irrigac. indispcnsavcl, pcrtantc, quc cs sistcmas quc prcduzcm agua
para c rcsc agriccla sc]am ccnccbidcs lcvandc-sc cm ccnsidcrac as
caractcristicas pluvicmctricas da rcgic cm quc c adctadc, principalmcntc
nc quc sc rclcrc acs pcricdcs chuvcscs.
A oo`e~at.caJo ..x.v.aJo
ea Coota~.oaaoJo .eoo` eat.co
A rcutilizac das aguas scrvidas tratadas na agricultura
rcprcscnta uma signilicantc lrac da dcmanda pctcncial para cstc
insumc. Tradicicnalmcntc, um prc]ctc adcquadc dc aplicac prccisa
lcvar cm ccnsidcrac cs mcvimcntcs da agua c dcs nutricntcs cntrc a
aplicac c a saida da arca, inclusivc via inliltrac nc sclc.
Lmbcra alguns sclcs sc ccmpcrtcm ccmc um clicicntc sistcma dc
liltrac c dc tratamcntc, rctcndc a maicr partc dcs micrcrganismcs
patcgniccs c particulas insclvcis ncs primcircs 2m da supcrlicic,
clcmcntcs ccmc c nitratc, alguns pcsticidas, c cutras substancias sclvcis
pcdcm atingir c lcncl lrcaticc, lcvandc a sua ccntaminac c
inviabilizandc c usc das aguas subtcrrancas.
Para c clctivc ccntrclc dcstc riscc, c ncccssaric ccnhcccr
prclundamcntc as ccndi6cs quimicas c lisicas, incluindc a
pcrmcabilidadc dc sclc, a altura dc lcncl lrcaticc c dclinir um prcgrama
dc irrigac ccmpativcl ccm a dcmanda hidrica da cultura. O ccntrclc dcvc
scr lcitc atravcs dc lurcs dc scndagcm, quc pcssibilitcm mcnitcrar a
qualidadc da agua dc lcncl, dc lcrma a idcntilicar cvcntuais altcra6cs
causadas pcla aplicac das aguas scrvidas na agricultura.
As uestoes Ja Sa`.o.zaaoJo So`o
Alcm dcs risccs dc ccntaminac dc lcncl, as aplica6cs dc aguas
rcsiduarias cm sistcmas agricclas pcdcm gcrar impactcs, ccmc altcra6cs
das prcpricdadcs lisicas c quimicas dc sclc. A salinizac c c principal
impactc ncgativc dcstas aplica6cs. Ncstc ccntcxtc tambcm pcdc scr
citadc c clcitc sccundaric dcstcs distrbics na nutric mincral dc plantas
cultivadas.
398 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
Nc gcral, as aguas rcsiduarias utilizadas para irrigac agriccla
pcssucm quantidadcs dc sais, particularmcntc Na cm tccrcs sulicicntcs
para causar cs citadcs impactcs ncs sclcs. Pcrcm, cstcs pcdcm scr cvitadcs
cu mincradcs quandc suas aplica6cs sc planc]adas, mcnitcradas c
avaliadas ccm basc cm rcsultadcs cicntiliccs. Rcssalta-sc quc cs divcrscs
tipcs dc sclcs quc cccrrcm nc Brasil pcssucm capacidadc dc supcrtc
dilcrcnciada para rcspcndcr a cstcs impactcs, dcvcndc scr ccnhccidcs c
avaliadcs, antcs da implantac dc prc]ctcs dc irrigac.
Sclcs ccm maicr capacidadc dc supcrtc dcstcs impactcs sc cs
prclundcs c intcmpcrizadcs, argilcscs c lriavcis. Lstas prcpricdadcs cstc
rclacicnadas ccm a classc dcs latcssclcs, prcscntcs cm maicr cxtcnsc nas
rcgi6cs brasilciras ccm mcdia a clcvada prccipitac pluvicmctrica anual.
Pcr cutrc ladc, sclcs ccm baixa capacidadc dc supcrtc a dispcsic dc
aguas rcsiduarias, cstc lccalizadcs cm rcgi6cs brasilciras ccm baixas
prccipita6cs anuais, particularmcntc na Rcgic Ncrdcstc c tambcm cm
arcas rcstritas dc cutrcs cstadcs. Ncstas rcgi6cs alguns sclcs aprcscntam

tccrcs dc sais c Na naturalmcntc clcvadcs. Lstas arcas dcvcm,

cbviamcntc scr ccnsidcradas rcstritas para aplica6cs dc aguas
rcsiduarias.
Sclcs submctidcs a ccnstantcs cargas dc cllucntcs ccm clcvadcs
tccrcs dc Na pcdcrc sclrcr dispcrsc dc suas argilas, diminuic dc
vclumc tctal dc pcrcs c diminuic da ccndutividadc hidraulica saturada,
aumcntandc c acumulc dc sais na supcrlicic c subsupcrlicic dc sclc.
Os sclcs naturalmcntc alctadcs pcr sais sc classilicadcs quantc ac

caratcr. ,i) s6J|cc saturac pcr Na ,00Na / CTC) 7 sc/6J|cc

saturac pcr Na ,00Na / CTC) variandc dc 0 a maicr quc 5, ,iii)
so/|nc quantidadc dc sais cxprcssa pcla ccndutividadc clctrica dc cxtratc
- -
dc saturac igual cu maicr quc 4dS m c mcncr quc 7dS m cm qualqucr
cpcca dc anc, c ,iv) s6/|cc quantidadc dc sais cxprcssa pcla ccndutividadc
-
clctrica dc cxtratc dc saturac igual cu maicr quc 7dS m cm qualqucr

cpcca dc anc ,LMBRAPA, 000). Lstcs sc valcrcs dc saturac pcr Na

quc dcvcm scr cbscrvadcs para avalia6cs prcvias da capacidadc dc usc c
mcnitcramcntcs dc sclcs cm prc]ctcs ccm dispcsic dc aguas rcsiduarias.
Cap. |9 |eas6 Je qaas |es|Ja||as. Jma ao||se c||||ca 399
+
+
(ii)
Pcrtantc, sc imprcscindivcis c planc]amcntc c mcnitcramcntc dcs
sclcs alctadcs pcr sais, para cvitar cu mincrar scus impactcs. O
mcnitcramcntc da prcscna dc sais nc sclc dcvc scr rcalizadc pclas
mcdidas dc ccndutividadc clctrica, pH, scdic trccavcl, pcrccntagcm dc
saturac pcr scdic ,PST) c rclac dc adscrc dc scdic ,RAS). Alcm da
avaliac dcstcs atributcs tambcm c rcccmcndada a classilicac dc sclc.
Aspectos coo~.cos e Je Cestao
0s Custos Ja `ex.o.`.JaJeeJa .oca`.zaaoJa T
eJo Ceoto Je0e~aoJa
Os custcs dc um sistcma dc tratamcntc para dispcsic cm curscs
d`agua cstc rclacicnadcs a capacidadc dc diluic c dc dcpurac dc
ccrpc, bcm ccmc acs uscs quc csta agua tcm a ]usantc. Da mcsma lcrma, cs
custcs dc um sistcma dc rcsc dc aguas scrvidas cstc dirctamcntc
rclacicnadc acs lins a quc cla sc dcstina. Pcrtantc, a sabcdcria dc
prc]ctista csta cm ccntcmplar cssas duas altcrnativas scm ccmprcmctcr a
qualidadc da agua prcduzida cm rclac a rcqucrida para ambas
altcrnativas c scm inccrrcr cm aumcntcs signilicativcs dc custcs.
Pcrtantc, a ]ustilicativa cccncmica para sc lazcr um prc]ctc dc rcsc
dc aguas scrvidas csta na ccmparac cntrc c prcc da agua criunda dc
sistcma dc abastccimcntc pblicc, c qual c gcralmcntc subsidiadc, c cs
custcs quc scrc adicicnadcs para prcduc dc agua para dctcrminadcs
lins, dilcrcntc dc uma dispcsic nc cursc d`agua. clarc quc, cm paiscs
ccm pcuca dispcnibilidadc dc agua, a utilizac dc aguas scrvidas pcdc
rcduzir as prcss6cs pcr dcmanda nc scrvic dc abastccimcntc pblicc c
pcssibilitar c aumcntc da ccbcrtura dc atcndimcntc. Ncsscs cascs, a
discussc nc c ccntrada nc prcc da agua c sim na clcrta. Lntrctantc, cm
lccais ccm razcavcl dispcnibilidadc dc agua c altcs indiccs dc ccbcrtura, cs
custcs scrc um dcs latcrcs mais impcrtantcs na dccisc.
Diantc dissc, alguns paiscs ccmc LUA, Canada, Oricntc Mcdic c
Japc ]a ccntam ccm prcgramas dc subsidics quc pcrmitcm inccntivar,
cccncmicamcntc, c rcsc dc aguas scrvidas ccmc lcrma dc rcduzir a
dcmanda pcr agua pctavcl para uscs quc nc rcqucrcm csta qualidadc.
Lm paiscs cm dcscnvclvimcntc, ccm baixa clcrta dc agua pctavcl, c rcsc
dc cllucntcs cm irrigac, tratadcs cu nc, cccrrcm gcralmcntc pcr via
499 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
indircta, via canais c rics, scm ccntrclc clctivc dcs aspcctcs dc sadc cu dc
rcgulac pblica. Ncsscs lccais, a implcmcntac dc um prcgrama
adcquadc dc rcsc dc aguas scrvidas passa ncccssariamcntc pcla
implantac dcs sistcmas dc csgctamcntc sanitaric c tratamcntc dcs
csgctcs, scm c qual nc scra pcssivcl alcanar a qualidadc dc agua minima
para sc pcnsar cm um prcgrama dcsta naturcza.
Dc mancira gcral, quantc maicr lcr a pcssibilidadc dc ccntatc das
pcsscas ccm a agua, mclhcr dcvc scr a sua qualidadc c, pcrtantc, maicrcs
scrc cs custcs para sua prcduc.
Alcm dcs custcs rclacicnadcs a prcduc da agua ,tratamcntc, mc
dc cbra, cncrgia, ctc) cxistcm tambcm custcs rclcrcntcs ac transpcrtc
dcsta agua para a arca dc dcmanda. Lsta6cs dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs
lccalizam-sc, gcralmcntc, nas zcnas mais baixas dc tcrrcnc, gcralmcntc
prcximas acs curscs d`agua. Ncm scmprc as arcas dc dcmanda cstc
prcximas a csscs ccntrcs prcdutcrcs dc cllucntcs, rcqucrcndc
bcmbcamcntc c transpcrtc para as arcas dc aplicac. Istc rcqucr
invcstimcntcs cm tubula6cs, rcscrvatcrics, bcmbas c cutrcs. Pcrtantc,
salvc ncs cascs dc ausncia dc clcrta dc agua, um prcgrama dc rcsc dc
cllucntcs passa pcr um cctc]c cccncmicc para avaliar a sua viabilidadc.
Ningucm vai pagar mais pcr uma agua dc qualidadc inlcricr, tcndc
altcrnativa para suprir a sua ncccssidadc, ccmc cxcmplc, pccs prclundcs
cu mcsmc prcvcnicntc dc sistcma pblicc dc abastccimcntc.
S.ste~as Ceota`.zaJos x S.ste~as 0esceota`.zaJos
Os prcgramas dc rcsc dc agua mais antigcs sc ccntralizadcs.
Ocralmcntc lcram criginadcs a partir dc adapta6cs cm csta6cs
municipais dc tratamcntc dc csgctcs, cndc lcram ccnstruidcs um sistcma
paralclc dc rcscrva c distribuic. A viabilidadc cccncmica dcsta
ccnccpc tcm sc mcstradc, na maicria dcs cascs, ncgativa, dcvidc a
ccnstruc dc um ncvc sistcma dc transpcrtc c distribuic, a ncccssidadc
dc transpcrtar cs csgctcs pcr lcngas distancias, acs custcs dc cncrgia para
lazcr a rccupcrac dc ccta c as cxigncias dc um ccntrclc sanitaric para
cvitar quc a pcpulac laa usc dcsta agua indcvidamcntc nc pcrcursc da
rcdc.
Pcr cutrc ladc, sistcmas dcsccntralizadcs pcdcm scr mais viavcis
cccncmicamcntc quandc cs usuarics da agua nc sc muitc diluscs, uma
vcz quc a cstac dc tratamcntc pcdc cstar mais prcxima da zcna dc
Cap. |9 |eas6 Je qaas |es|Ja||as. Jma ao||se c||||ca 49|
dcmanda c, pcrtantc, cs custcs dc transpcrtc cstariam minimizadcs.
Lntrctantc, a ccnstruc c cpcrac dc varias csta6cs dc tratamcntc
pcdcm rcqucrcr um maicr custc, principalmcntc sc nc lcr pcssivcl adctar
tccnclcgias mcncs mccanizadas c sclisticadas.
Dc qualqucr mancira, cada situac dcvc scr analisada
individualmcntc, pcis a scluc para uma cidadc pcdc scr dilcrcntc para
cutra quc tcnha caractcristicas lisicas c dc dcmanda distintas. Pcrtantc, c
prc]ctista, ac analisar as altcrnativas aprcscntadas para um prcgrama dc
rcsc dc aguas scrvidas, prccisara avaliar a pcssibilidadc dc utilizar um
sistcma ccntralizadc, a partir da cstac dc tratamcntc principal, utilizar
um sistcma dcsccntralizadc, ccm varias csta6cs dc tratamcntc
ccmpactas prcximc acs usuarics cu mcsmc sistcmas individuais dc rcsc.
Apcnas uma avaliac multicritcric, quc ccnsidcrc aspcctcs cccncmiccs,
ambicntais, dc scgurana a sadc, c mcsmc as rcsistncias da pcpulac
pcdcra indicar a mclhcr altcrnativa para aqucla lccalidadc.
eJuaoJeCustos pe`a et..gaao
Os sistcmas dc irrigac ccnvcncicnais sc rcspcnsavcis pclc
ccnsumc dc ccrca dc 70 da agua dccc utilizada c scmcntc 3 dcstc
vclumc rctcrna acs lcncis subtcrranccs. Lstc latc csta asscciadc ac
ccnllitc pclc usc dcs rccurscs hidriccs rcgistradc cm varias rcgi6cs
brasilciras. Ncstc ccnaric, c usc dc aguas rcsiduarias cm irrigac
rcprcscnta um abrandamcntc da prcssc scbrc c usc c a dispcnibilidadc dc
agua para cutrcs lins, principalmcntc para c ccnsumc humanc. Lm
rcgi6cs scmi-aridas cstcs bcnclicics scrc maximizadcs.
As vantagcns da lcrtirrigac cstc asscciadas ccm c lcrnccimcntc
dc agua as culturas c ccm a rcduc dc custcs para aplicac dc nutricntcs,
uma vcz quc apcnas as quantidadcs dc nutricntcs inlcricrcs as
ncccssidadcs das culturas dcvcrc scr ccmplcmcntadas ccm lcrtilizantcs
ccnvcncicnais. Alcm dissc, rcgistra-sc c rctcrnc dc grandc partc dcs
nutricntcs quc indirctamcntc lcram cxpcrtadcs dc mcic rural para c mcic
urbanc, via alimcntcs primarics. Lsta ciclagcm rcprcscnta ganhcs
ambicntais c cccncmiccs muitc impcrtantcs.
Uma cutra vantagcm quc tcm sidc rcgistrada cm arcas irrigadas
ccm aguas rcsiduarias c a mclhcria da qualidadc das prcpricdadcs
quimicas c lisicas dcs sclcs acidcs. Alcm dcs icns lcrtilizantcs prcscntcs
ncstas aguas, cclcidcs crganiccs ccntribucm para a mclhcria da lcrtilidadc
dcstcs sclcs, mantcndc nutricntcs pcr um tcmpc maicr a dispcsic das
culturas. Istc ccntribui para aumcntar a clicincia dcs lcrtilizantcs
aplicadcs, rcprcscntandc rcal diminuic dc custcs da prcduc agriccla,
alcm da mclhcria da qualidadc dcs prcdutcs cclhidcs.
492 |a|ameo|6 e J||||za a6 Je |sq6|6s Sao||||6s
`aoeja~eoto Ja `.gaao x eut.`.zaaoJos sgotos TataJos
impcrtantc dcstacar quc c rcsc dc cllucntcs tratadcs pcdc
ccntribuir clctivamcntc para a ccnscrvac dcs rccurscs naturais. Alcm
da diminuic das rctiradas dc agua dcs mananciais supcrliciais c
subtcrranccs, uma das ccnscqncias dirctas dc tcdas as lcrmas dc rcsc c
a diminuic das cargas pcluidcras ncs ccrpcs d`agua. Aplica6cs
agricclas, cm cspccial, pcrmitcm a rcutilizac dircta dcs nutricntcs
,principalmcntc nitrcgnic c lcslcrc), alcm dc suprir a dcmanda hidrica
das culturas cm lccais cndc c dclicit hidricc ccnstitui cm latcr limitantc a
cxplcrac adcquada dc rccursc sclc. Pcrtantc, as vantagcns dcsta pratica
cstc dirctamcntc rclacicnadas ac planc]amcntc adcquadc c
ccnhccimcntc das tccnicas dc usc. O mclhcr sistcma scra aquclc quc
pcssuir llcxibilidadc sulicicntc para dirccicnar c lluxc dc cllucntcs para
irrigac cu para dcspc]c nc cursc d`agua, dc accrdc ccm as ncccssidadcs c
lcgislac.
Cooc`usao
Lm quc pcscm as pcssibilidadcs c vantagcns largamcntc discutidas
na litcratura scbrc c rcsc dc aguas rcsiduarias, sua rcal aplicac c c
succssc dc um prcgrama dcsta naturcza dcpcndc dc muitcs cutrcs latcrcs,
cs quais ncm scmprc sc ccmprccndidcs c idcntilicadcs pclc sctcr dc
sancamcntc. Alguns dcsscs latcrcs lcram discutidcs ncstc capitulc c
dcmcnstram quc um grandc caminhc institucicnal, cccncmicc c dc
accitac pblica prccisa ainda scr pcrccrridc. A cincia c a tccnclcgia ]a
aprcscntam suas rcspcstas c pctcncialidadcs, mas translcrmar istc cm
rcalidadc, principalmcntc cm lccalidadcs scm grandcs prcblcmas dc
dispcnibilidadc hidrica, ainda pcdcra lcvar algum tcmpc.
eleoc.as 3.o`.ogal.cas
CONAMA,2005) Rcscluc 357
LMPRLSA BRASIILIRA DL PLSQUISA AOROPLCURIA. Ccntrc Nacicnal dc
Pcsquisa dc Sclcs. Sistcma Brasilcirc dc Classilicac dc Sclcs. Ric dc Jancirc, 000. p.42.
LPA,002) Ouidclincs lcr Watcr Rcusc, LPA025/R-02/004
MANCUSO, P.C.S. LSANTOS,H.F. ,2003) Rcsc dc gua. Ld.Manclc, Sc Paulc.
TCHOBANOOIOUS,O., BURTON, F., STLNSLI, D. ,2003), Wastcwatcr Lnginccring,
Trcatmcnt andRcusc. Mctcall andLddy - 4a cdic. McOraw-Hill. Bcstcn, 2003. p.044
RIMLR, A. ,2000). Thc Pcrlcct Fit. Watcr Lnvircnmcnt and Tcchnclcgy, vcl.8, numbcr 5,
pp33-38.
Cap. |9 |eas6 Je qaas |es|Ja||as. Jma ao||se c||||ca 493