Engrenagens Helecoidais - Redutor

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Elemen
ntos de M
Mquinas II - Engrrenagens
Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica
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Prof. Flvio de Marco Filho, D.Sc
REDUTORES DE ENGRENAGENS
4. Engrenagens Helicoidais
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1
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2
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3
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4
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4. Engrenagens
H li id i
Helicoidais
Redutor de velocidades
com engrenagens
g
g
helicoidais
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5
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Redutor de velocidades
com engrenagens helicoidais
tipo espinha
espinha de peixe
peixe
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Eixos cruzados
Eixos paralelos
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1. Caractersticas da transmisso
1. O engrenamento gradual.
O contato inicial um PONTO. A medida que os dentes vo se
engrenando torna-se uma linha
diagonal face.
Lc
Linha de contato gradual
2. A transmisso suave da carga permite que sejam transmitidas grandes

potncias em altas rotaes.
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1. Caractersticas da transmisso
3 O formato do dente um perfil envolvental helicoidal.
3.
helicoidal
4. As cargas so tridimensionais, pois os dentes no so paralelos
ao eixo de rotao, sendo este submetido esforos radiais e axiais.
- Aconselha-se a utilizao de mancais que suportem carga axial
(rolamentos contato angular ou de rolos cnicos).
- A utilizao de engrenagens helicoidais duplas (espinha de peixe) elimina este problema.
- Quando 2 ou mais engrenagens helicoidais so montadas no mesmo eixo, as inclinaes
de hlice devem ser selecionadas de modo a gerar o menor carregamento possvel.
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2. Nomenclatura
t
pn - passo circular normal
pt
A
px - passo circular axial
n - ngulo de presso normal

t - ngulo de presso tangencial
px
pt - passo circular transversal

A
pn
- ngulo de hlice (15; 25; 30; 45)

n
Corte A-A
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2. Nomenclatura
p n = p t cos( )
pt
tg ( )
cos( ) =
tan ( n )
tan ( t )
p n = Pn =
z' =
pt
px
px =
A
pn
d
z'
cos 3 ( )
Corte A-A
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3. Anlise dos Esforos
W Esforo transmitido
Wt esforo tangencial
Wr esforo radial
Wa esforo axial
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W Esforo transmitido
Wt esforo tangencial
Wr esforo radial
Wa esforo axial
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W
Wr = W sen(n )
Wa = W cos(n ) sen( )
Ot
On
Wr
Wt
Wa
Wt = W cos(n ) cos( )
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Wr = W sen(n )
W =
Wa = W cos(n ) sen( ) W =
Wt = W cos(n ) cos( )
Wr
sen(n )
(1)
Wa
cos(n ) sen( )
Wt
W =
cos(n ) cos( )
(2)
(3)
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- igualando-se
i
l d
(2) e (3)
(3), vem:
( )
6tg7
8
Wa
Wt
cos(n ) sen( ) W = W tan ( )
a
t
=
Wa = Wt
cos(n ) sen( ) cos(n ) cos( )
cos(n ) cos( )
123
- igualando-se (1) e (3), vem:

Wr
Wt
sen(n )
tan (n )
=
Wr = Wt
= Wt
Wr = Wt tan ( t )
sen(n ) cos(n ) cos( )
cos(n ) cos( )
cos( )
123
tan (t )
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Exemplo:
A figura abaixo mostra uma transmisso composta de um motor de 0.75 kW ,
girando a 1800 rpm no sentido horrio de x+. A transmisso e feita atravs
de engrenagens helicoidais com as seguintes caractersticas:
Coroa
zp =18;; zc = 36
n = 20
= 30
y
mn = 2 mm
Determine:
a) cargas atuantes no pinho;
b) as reaes nos mancais em A e B
B.
C
A
x+
Motor
250
Pinho
75
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Soluo: Clculo das cargas no pinho
P = Wt v
v=
d n
60
d p= m z
m=
P
750
Wt =
Wt =
= 191 N
v
3.92
=
0.0416 1800
60
3 92 m/s
/
= 3.92
41 6 mm
= 2.31 18 = 41.6
mn
2
=
=
cos( )
cos(30 o )
(d = ?)
(m = ?)
2.31 mm
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Wt = 191 N
Soluo: Clculo das cargas (cont.)
Wr = Wt tan ( t )
Wa = Wt tan ( )
A
Wt
W=
cos( n ) cos( )
cos( ) =
Wt
250
B
( )
( )
tg ( n )
tg ( n )
tg 20
= arctg cos
t = arctg
tg ( t )
cos 30 o
cos( )
rp
= 22.8o
75
x+
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Soluo: Clculo das cargas (cont.)
Wr = Wt tan ( t ) = 191 tgg (22.8 o ) Wr = 80.3 N

Wa = Wt tan ( ) =
( )
= 191 tg 30 o W a = 110.3
110 3 N
Wr
A
Wt
250
Wt
W=
=
(
)
(
)
cos n cos
=
191
( )
( )
cos 20 cos 30
o
W = 235 N
75
rp
Wa
x+
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Soluo: Clculo das reaes nos apoios - Diagrama de corpo livre.
FAy e FBy
- direo
di vertical
ti l ((xy):
)
Foras:
Wr
F + F = Wr = 80.3N
y
A
FA
y
B
250
Momentos (ponto A):

dp
Wa
2
F = 95.2 N
y
B
75
Wr (250 + 75) + FBy (250) = 0
F = 14.9 N
y
A
rp
FAy
FBy
FB
x+
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FAz e FBz
- direo
di vertical
ti l ((xz):
)
Foras:
FA
F + F = Wt = 191N
z
A
z
B
Wr
FA
Wt
250
Momentos (ponto A):
Wt (0.325 ) FBZ (0.250) = 0
75
FAz
FBz
z
FB
FBz = 248.3N
FAz = 57.3 N
rp
x+
FB
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[(
) + (F ) ]
z 2
RA = FA
0 .5
Y 2
A
(57.3)2 + (14.9)2
FA
RA = 59.2 N
[(
) + (F ) ]
z 2
RB = F B
0 .5
Y 2
B
FA
Wr
250
T
=
rp
75
FB
Wt
(248.3)2 + (95.2)2
RB = 266 N
RA
Wa
FB
x+
RB
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- direo
di axial:
i l
y
F = F = W a = 110.3 N
x
A
x
B
FA
RA
FA
FA
Wr
250
75
FB
rp
Wt
Wa
FB
x+
RB
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Soluo: Clculo do torque transmitido
T = Wt r p =
0.0416
= 191
FA
RA
FA
FA
Wr
250
75
FB
rp
T = 3.95 N.m
Wt
Wa
FB
x+
RB
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4. Dimensionamento
1. Critrio de tenses:
onde:
m=
Kv =
mn
cos
Wt
=
KV F J m
onde: mn l mdulo normal
78
78 + 200 V
l Fator dinmico
F l Face ou largura do dente

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4. Dimensionamento
1. Critrio de tenses:
J = Jz=75 x MJ
Grfico (b)
Grfico (a)
Grfico (a) l Fator geomtrico J para
engrenagens acopladas
a outra com z = 75 dentes.
G fi (b) l Fator
Grfico
F t multiplicador
lti li d MJ para
engrenagens acopladas
a outra com z 75 dentes.
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4. Dimensionamento
2. Critrio de Desgaste:
CV = K v =
H = C p
Wt
Cv F d p I
78
78 + 200 V
cos t sent i
I=
2 mN
i 1
mN =
pN l ppasso circular normal da base
p N = p n cos n
pN
0.95 Z l
Comprimento da linha de ao
no plano
l
transversal
t
l
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4. Dimensionamento
Z l = (rp + a) 2 rbp2 + (rc + a) 2 rbc2 (rp + rc ) sen t

3
1442443 1442443 144244
(1)
( 2)
( 3)
Se (1) > (3) ZR = (2)

Se (2) > (3) ZR = (1)
Se (1) e (2) < (3) ZR = (1) + (2) (3)
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4. Dimensionamento
K=
CL CH
S H = SC
CT C R
dureza _ material _ do _ pinho[HB ]

d
dureza
_ materiall _ da
d _ coroa[HB ]
OBS.:
1) se K < 1.2 CH = 1
2) CL, CT, CR = E.C.D.R
ECDR
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4. Dimensionamento Fatores de segurana.
- Tenses:
nG =
Se
Se = ka x kb x kc x kd x ke x kf x Se
Se
n=
nG
K0 Km
K0 fator para a sobrecarga (idem E.C.D.R)
Km fator de distribuio de carga
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LARGURA DO DENTE
Km
Caractersticas
Montagem acurada, pequena
deflexo do eixo, engrenagem
precisas, pequena distncia
entre mancais.
Montagem menos rgida,
engrenagens menos precisas,
i
mas com contato em toda a
superfcie do dente.
Montagem que permite que o
contato entre os dentes no seja
total.
0 50
150
225
400 +
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,7
1,5
1,6
1,7
2,0
20+
2,0
Tabela 1 - Km fator de distribuio de carga

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- Desgaste superficial:
nG =
Wtpp
Wt
2
S
Wt , p = H Kv F dp I
Cp
n=
nG
C0 C m
C0 idem E.C.D.R.
Cm = Km
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4. Engrenagens Helicoidais (cont.)
Exerccio:
Um motor transmite a potncia de 75 kW a 1120 rpm, atravs de
engrenagens helicoidais.
h li id i As
A caractersticas
t ti
d transmisso
da
t
i so:
- Reduo 4:1 (i = 0.25)
- Face (F) = 80 mm
- Mdulo
Md l normall (mn) = 4
- ngulo
l d
de presso
normall (n) = 20
- Nmero de dentes do pinho (zp) = 18
- ngulo de hlice () = 30
- Material: Ao
1CrMo 308M40 H&T
- Confiabilidade (R) = 95%
- Condies de montagem mdias e choque moderado na mquina conduzida.

- Dentes usinados; temperatura ambiente
Determine:
a) os fatores n e nG contra falha por fadiga
b) os fatores n e nG contra desgaste superficial
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Exerccio (cont.):
Soluo:
- Material: Ao 1CrMo 308M40 H&T:
a)
nG =
Sut = 780 MPa

Sy = 525 MPa
HB = 235
Se
nG
n=
K0 Km
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Soluo: a) os fatores n e ng contra falha por fadiga
- Clculo da tenso atuante -:
v=
60
d p= m z
m=
Wt
KV F J m
P
75000
Wt =
Wt =
= 15380 N
v
4.88
P = Wt v
d n
0.08314 1120
60
4 619 x 18
4.619
mn
4
=
=
cos( )
cos(30o )
4 875 m/s
4.875
/
dp = 83.14
83 14 mm
4.619 mm
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Soluo:
Wt
=
KV F J m
Kv =
78
78 + 200 V
v = 4.88 m/s
J75 = 0.43
Kv
K = 0.845
0 845
MJ = 0.99
J = Jz=75 x MJ = 0.43 x 0.99 J = 0.426

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Wt
KV F J m
Assim,
Wt = 15380 N
m = 4.62 mm
Kv = 0.845
J = 00.426
426
Wt
15380
=
=
Kv F J m 0.845 80 0.426 4.62
= 115.6 MPa
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- Clculo do limite de resistncia fadiga - Se:
Se = ka x kb x kc x kd x ke x kf x Se
1. Fator de acabamento superficial - ka:
k a = a S utb
= 4.51 (780)-0.265 ka = 0.772
((dentes usinados))
ACABAMENTO
SUPERFICIAL
Retificado
Usinado ou Laminado a frio
Laminado a q
quente
Forjado
Fator a
[KPSI]
[MPa]
1.34
2.70
14.4
39.9
1.58
4.51
57.7
272
Expoente b
-0.085
-0.265
-0.718
-0.995
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2. Fator de dimenso - kb:
mn = 4 mm kb = 0.93
Mdulo
Fator kb
Mdulo
Fator kb
1a2
2.25
2
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
55
5.5
6
7
8
9
10
1.000
0.984
0.974
0.965
0.956
0.942
0.930
0.920
0.910
0 902
0.902
0.894
0.881
0.870
0.860
0.851
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
0.843
0.836
0.824
0.813
0.804
0.796
0.788
0.779
0.770
0 760
0.760
0.752
0.744
0.736
0.728
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3. Fator de confiabilidade - kc:
R = 0.95% kc = 0.868
4. Fator de temperatura - kd:

T < 350 C kd = 1
Confiabilidade
0,50
0,90
0,95
0,99
0 999
0,999
0,9999
0,99999
0,999999
0,9999999
0,99999999
0,999999999
Fator de
Confiabilidade
(kc)
1
0,897
0,868
0,814
0 753
0,753
0,702
0,659
0,620
0,584
0,551
0,520
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5. Fator de concentrao de tenses - ke:
ke = 1 (includo
(i l d em J)
6. Fator de reverso - kf:

kf = 1.33 ((Sut < 1400 MPa))
1,33
Sut 1400 MPa
kf =
00 / Sut
S )) Sut > 1400 MPa
2 /(1 + (700
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7. Limite de resistncia fadiga do CP Se:
Se = 0.5
0 5 x Sut Se = 390 MPa
Assim,
Assim
Se = 0.772 x 0.93 x 0.868 x 1 x 1 x 1.33 x 390 Se = 323.4 MPa
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44
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- Substituindo, vem:
nG =
Se
nG
n=
K0 Km
323.4
nG = 2.8
115.6
2.8
n = 1.4
14
1.6 1.25
K0 = 1.25 choque moderado na mquina conduzida)

Km = 1.6 F = 80 mm (50 < F < 150) e condies de montagem mdias
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45
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Soluo: b) os fatores n e ng contra desgaste superficial
nG =
n=
Wt , p
Wt
nG
C0 C m
S H = C p
Wt , p
Cv F dp I
Wt , p
SH
=
C
p
C v F dp I
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Soluo:
b))
CH CL
1 1
=
578
.
6
S H = SC
1 0 .8
CT CR
SH = 723.3 MPa
SC = 2.76 HB 70 SC = 2.76 (235) 70 SC = 578.6 MPa

CH = 1 ( HBP = HBC - materiais iguais do pinho e coroa) K =
HBP
= 1 (K < 1.2)
HBC
CL = 1
CT = 1
(T < 120 C)
CR = 0.8
08
(R = 95%)
Confiabilidade
At 0,99
De 0,99 at 0,999
A partir de 0,999
Fator de Confiabilidade (CR)

0,80
1,00
1,25 e acima
Ciclos de Vida Fator de Vida (CL)

104
1,5
5
10
1,3
106
1,1
8
10 (ou maior)
1,0
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47
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Cv = Kv = 0.845
Wt , p
Cp = 191 (pinho e coroa de ao)
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
Pinh
o
Coroa
Ao
F F Malevel
o o
F F Nodular
o o
F F (Cinzento)
Alumnio-Bronze
Bronze
o o
Mdulo de
Elasticidade
E (GPa)
200
170
170
150
120
110
Ao
191
181
179
174
162
158
Ferro
Fundido
Malevel
181
174
172
168
158
154
Ferro
Fundido
Nodular
179
172
170
166
156
152
Ferro
Fundido
Cinzento
174
168
166
163
154
149
Ligas de
AlumnioBronze
162
158
156
154
145
141
Ligas
de
Bronze
158
154
152
149
141
137
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48
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i ( t ) cos( t ) i
sin
I=
2 mN
i +1
Wt , p
SH
=
C
p
C v F dp I
- Clculo de t
tg ( n )
t = arctg
cos( )
( ) = 22.8
( ) t
tg 20o
= arctg
o
cos 30
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49
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sin
i ( t ) cos( t ) i
I=
2 mN
i +1
Wt , p
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
- Clculo de mN
mN =
pN
0.95 Z l
p N = p n cos( n ) = 12.57 x cos(20) pN = 11.81 mm

p n = m n = x 4 pn =12.57 mm
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50
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- Clculo de mN:
Zl =
(r
+ a ) rbp2 +
2
pN
mN =
0.95 Z l
Wt , p
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
(rc + a )2 rbc2 (rp + rc ) sen( t )
a = m n a = 4 mm
dp = 83.14 mm rp = 41.57 mm
rc = i x rp = 4 x 41.57 rc = 166.3 mm
rbp = r p . cos( t ) = 41.57 x cos(22.8) rbp = 38.32 mm
rbc = rc . cos( t ) = 166

153 3 mm
166.3
3 x cos(22.8
cos(22 8)) rbc = 153.3
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51
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- Clculo de mN:
Zl =
pN
mN =
0.95 Z l
(41.57 + 4.62)2 38.32 2

c = 25.785
Wt , p
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
(166.3 + 4.62)2 153.3 2 (41.57 + 166.3) sin(22.8)

d = 75.552
e = 80.53
- Anlise:
c e d < e Zl = c + d - e = 25.785 + 75.552 80.53 Zl = 20.81 mm
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52
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- Clculo de mN:
mN =
Wt , p
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
pN
11.81
=
mN = 0.597 mm
0.95 Z l 0.95 20.81
- Assim,
sin ( t ) cos( t ) i
sin (22.8 o ) cos(22.8 o ) 4
I=
=
I = 0.239
2 0.597
4 +1
2 mN
i +1
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53
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Wt , p
SH
=
Cp
C v F dp I
723.25
=
0.845 80 83.14 0.239 Wt,p
t p = 19270 N
191
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54
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nG =
Wt , p
Wt
19270
nG = 1.253
15380
nG
1.253
n=
=
n = 0.63
1.25 1.6
C 0 C m
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO

Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica

2. A transmisso suave da carga permite que sejam transmitidas grandes

pn - passo circular normal

px - passo circular axial

n - ngulo de presso normal

pt - passo circular transversal

- ngulo de hlice (15; 25; 30; 45)

- igualando-se (1) e (3), vem:

Soluo: Clculo das cargas (cont.)

Wr = Wt tan ( t ) = 191 tgg (22.8 o ) Wr = 80.3 N

Momentos (ponto A):

Wr (250 + 75) + FBy (250) = 0

Momentos (ponto A):

Wt (0.325 ) FBZ (0.250) = 0

onde: mn l mdulo normal

F l Face ou largura do dente

pN l ppasso circular normal da base

Z l = (rp + a) 2 rbp2 + (rc + a) 2 rbc2 (rp + rc ) sen t

Se (1) > (3) ZR = (2)

dureza _ material _ do _ pinho[HB ]

Tabela 1 - Km fator de distribuio de carga

- Reduo 4:1 (i = 0.25)

- Nmero de dentes do pinho (zp) = 18

- Confiabilidade (R) = 95%

- Condies de montagem mdias e choque moderado na mquina conduzida.

Sut = 780 MPa

J = Jz=75 x MJ = 0.43 x 0.99 J = 0.426

Kv F J m 0.845 80 0.426 4.62

= 4.51 (780)-0.265 ka = 0.772

4. Fator de temperatura - kd:

6. Fator de reverso - kf:

K0 = 1.25 choque moderado na mquina conduzida)

SC = 2.76 HB 70 SC = 2.76 (235) 70 SC = 578.6 MPa

Fator de Confiabilidade (CR)

Ciclos de Vida Fator de Vida (CL)

Cp = 191 (pinho e coroa de ao)

p N = p n cos( n ) = 12.57 x cos(20) pN = 11.81 mm

(rc + a )2 rbc2 (rp + rc ) sen( t )

rbc = rc . cos( t ) = 166

(41.57 + 4.62)2 38.32 2

(166.3 + 4.62)2 153.3 2 (41.57 + 166.3) sin(22.8)

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