Gather page

kPll
; y;, rkd;ghLfs; jPh;j;jy;,klf;if

1.1 ml;rufzpjf; Nfhitfspd; tphpTfs;

(1) (a+b)2 = (a+b) (a+b) a+b

= a (a+b) +b (a+b) a+b
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 + ab

ab + b2

a2 + 2ab + b2

(2) (a-b)2 = (a-b) (a-b) a-b

= a (a-b) –b (a-b) a-b
= a2 – ab – ab + b2
= a2 – 2ab + b2 a2 – ab
- ab + b2

a2 – 2ab + b2

(3) (a + b)3 = (a + b) (a + b)2 a2 + 2ab +b2

= (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2) a+b
= a (a2 + 2ab + b2 ) + b (a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 2a2b + ab2 + a2b + 2ab2 + b3 a3 + 2a2b + ab2
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 a2b + 2ab2 + b3

a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(4) (a – b )3 = (a – b) (a – b)2 a2 – 2ab + b2

= (a – b) (a2 – 2ab + b2) a-b
= a (a2 – 2ab + b2) – b(a2 – 2ab + b2)
= a3 – 2a2b + ab2 – a2b + 2ab2 – b3 a3 – 2a2b + ab2
= a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3 - a2b + 2ab2 – b3

a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

1
 Gather page

(5) (a + b + c)2 = [a + (b + c)]2

= a2 + 2a (b + c) + (b + c)2
= a2 + 2ab + 2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

cjhuzk; 1

gpd;tUtdtw;iw tphpj;njOJf.

(1) (2x + 3y) 2

(2)
2

3x -

(3) (3x – 2y)3

(4) 3

x+

(5) (a + b – 2c)2

(6) 2

- +

tpilfs;

2
 Gather page

(1) (2x + 3y)2 = (2x)2 + 2 (2x) (3y) + (3y)2

= 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2

(2) 2 2

3x - = (3x)2 – 2 (3x) +

= 9x2 – +

(3) (3x – 2y) 3 = (3x)3 – 3(3x)2 (2y) + 3(3x) (2y)2 – (2y)3

= 27x3 – 54x2y + 36xy – 8y3

(4) 3

x+ = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +

= x3 + 3x + +

cjhuzk; 2

x + y = 5, xy = 6 vdpd;, x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;f.

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

(x + y)2 – 2xy = x2 + y2

x2 + y2 = (x + y)2 – 2xy

= 52 – 2 6

= 25 – 12

3
 Gather page

= 13

(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3

x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 – 3x2y – 3xy2

= (x + y)3 – 3xy (x + y)

= 53 – 3 6 5

= 125 – 90

= 35

my;yJ

x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)

= (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy)

= 5[13 – 6]

=5 7

= 35

cjhuzk; 3

x= t+ y= t- vdpd;, t Ir; rhuhJ x, y, a, b

vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNa njhlh;G xd;iwg; ngWf.

x= t+ y= t-

= t+ = t-

4
 Gather page

= t2 + 2 + = t2 – 2 +

- 2 = t2 + (1) + 2 = t2 + (2)

(1) , (2) ,ypUe;J, -2= + 2, - =4

- = 1

1.2 fhuzpfshf;Fjy;

ax2 + bx + c, a2 – b2, a3 + b3, a3 – b3 vd;w tbtpyhd Nfhitfisf;

fhuzpfshf;Fjy;.

a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

cjhuzk; 4
fhuzpahf;Ff.

(1) 18x2 – 33x – 216

(2) a4 – b4

(3) x4 + x2 – y4 –y2

(4) 1 – a2 - b2 + 2ab

5
 Gather page

(5) (a2 + b2 – c2) 2 – 4a2b2

(6) a4 + 4b4

tpilfs;

(1) 18x2 – 33x – 216

= 3 [6x2 – 27x + 16x 72 ]

= 3 [ 6x2 – 27x + 16x – 72 ]

= 3 [ 3x(2x – 9) + 8(2x – 9) ]

= 3(2x – 9) (3x + 8)

= 3(2x – 9) (3x + 8)

(2) a4 – b4

= (a2 – b2) (a2 + b2)

= (a – b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)

(3) x4 + x2 – y4 – y2

= x4 – y4 + x2 – y2

= (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2) + (x2 – y2)

= (x2 – y2) (x2 + y2 + 1)

= (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2 + 1)

(4) 1 – a2 – b2 + 2ab

= 1 – [a2 – 2ab + b2]

= 12 – (a – b)2

6
 Gather page

= [1- (a – b)] [1 + (a – b)]

=(1 – a + b) (1 + a – b)

(5) (a2 + b2 – c2)2 – 4a2b2

= (a2 + b2 – c2)2 – (2ab)2

= [(a2 + b2 – c2) – 2ab] [(a2 + b2 – c2) + 2ab]

= [a2 – 2ab + b2 – c2] [a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2]

= [(a – b)2 – c2] [(a + b)2 – c2]

=(a – b – c) (a – b + c) (a + b – c) (a + b + c)

(6) a4 + 4b4

= a4 + 4a2b2 + 4b4 – 4a2b2

= (a2 + 2b2)2 – (2ab)2

= (a2 + 2b2 – 2ab) (a2 + 2b2 + 2ab)

cjhuzk; 5
fhuzpahf;Ff

(1) 8x3 + 27y3

(2) 16x4 y – 2xy4

(3) (a – b)3 + 8b3

(4) a6 – b6

tpilfs;

(1) 8x3 + 27y3

7
 Gather page

= (2x)3 + (3y)3

= (2x + 3y) (4x2 – 6xy + 9y2)

(2) 16x4 y – 2xy4

= 2xy (8x3 – y3)

= 2xy [ (2x)3 – y3 ]

= 2xy (2x – y) (4x2 + 2xy + y2)

(3) (a – b)3 + 8b3

= (a – b)3 + (2b)3

= [ (a – b) + 2b ] [ (a – b)2 – 2b(a – b) + (2b)2 ]

= (a + b) (a2 – 4ab + 7b2)

(4) a6 – b6

= (a3)2 – (b3)2

= (a3 – b3) (a3 + b3)

= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

1.3 ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisr; RUf;Fjy;

cjhuzk; 6
RUf;Ff.

(1) - +

(2) + +

(3) - +

(4)

8
 Gather page

tpilfs;

(1) - +

(2) + +

= + -

(3) - +

= - +

9
 Gather page

(4)

= x(x + 2)

1.4 Rl;bfs;

am an = a m + n

am an = a m – n

(am)n = amn

(ab)m = am . bm

cjhuzk; 7

ngWkhdk; fhz;f.

(1) 52

(2) (-5)2

(3) 5-2

(4)

10
 Gather page

(5) +

(6) 9 27

- -
3 3

-
2 2
(7) [ 3 + 4 ]

tpilfs;

(1) 52 = 5 5
= 25

(2) (-5)2 = (-5) (-5)

= 25

(3) 5-2 =

- -
(4) 8 + (23)

= 2-2

11
 Gather page

3
- -

(5) 4 + = +

= 2 -1 +

= +

-
(6) 9 27

- -

3 3

- -

3 3

- - +

= 3

= 30

=1

12
 Gather page

(7)

-
= ( 9 + 16 )

-
= 25

-
= (52)

= 5 -1

x ,d; ngWkhdq; fhz;f.

(1) 2x 8x = 64

-
(2) (3x) =

(3) 16-x = 64

tpilfs;

(1) 2x 8x = 64

2x (23)x = 26

2x 23x = 26

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 Gather page

24x = 26
4x =6

x =

-
(2) (3x) =

- x
3 =

- x
3 = 3-3

- x = -3

x =6

(3) 16 –x = 64

(24) –x = 26

2 -4x = 26

- 4x =6

x =-

1.5 rkd;ghLfs; jPh;j;jy;

 xU khwpapyhd rkd;ghLfs;. (Equations in one Variable)

 nghUj;jkhd gpujpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp khwpfis khw;Wjy;.

cjhuzk; 8

-
x - x =

14
 Gather page

y=x vd;f.

y- =

2y2 - 3y - 2 = 0

(2y + 1) (y – 2) = 0

y=- ,2

y=x > 0 MFk;. vdNt y = 2

x =2

x = 24

= 16

cjhuzk; 9

= +

y = x2 + 6x vd;f.

= +

5(y + 5) (y + 9) = (y + 8) (y + 9) + 4(y + 8) (y + 5)

5(y2 + 14y + 45) = y2 + 17y + 72 + 4(y2 + 13y + 40)

70y + 225 = 69y + 232

y =7

x2 + 6x = 7

x2 + 6x – 7 = 0

15
 Gather page

(x + 7) (x – 1) = 0

x = -7, 1

cjhuzk; 10

x+ = y vd;Dk; gpujpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

2 - 9 + 14 =0

y = x+ vd;f.

2( y2 – 2) – 9y + 14 = 0

2y2 – 9y + 10 = 0

(2y – 5) (y – 2) = 0

y = ,2

y= vdpd;, y = 2 vdpd;,

x+ = x+ =2

2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 x2 – 2x + 1 = 0

(2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 (x – 1)2 = 0

x = ,2 x = 1, 1

jPh;Tfs; 1, 1, , 2

cjhuzk; 11

ax4 – bx3 + cx2 – bx + a = 0 vd;w tbtj;jpyike;j rkd;ghLfs; x ≠ 0; x = 0 xU

jPh;T vdpd; a = 0. vdNt x ≠ 0. rkd;ghl;il x2 My; gphpf;f,

ax2 – bx + c - + =0

16
 Gather page

a -b +c=0

y=x+ vd;w gpujpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp rkd;ghl;bidj; jPh;f;fyhk;.

8x4 – 42x3 + 29x2 + 42x + 8 = 0

x ≠ 0; x2 My; gphpf;f.

8x2 – 42x + 29 + + =0

8 - 42 + 29 = 0

y=x- vdg; gpujpapl

8(y2 + 2) – 42y + 29 = 0

8y2 – 42y + 45 = 0

(2y – 3) (4y – 15) = 0

y= my;yJ y=

y= vdpd;, y= vdpd;,

x- = x- =

2x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 4x2 – 15x – 4 = 0

(2x + 1) (x – 2) = 0 (4x + 1) (x – 4) = 0

x=- ,2 x=- ,4

jPh;Tfs; - , 2, - , 4

17
 Gather page

cjhuzk; 12

NrLfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfs;

nghUj;jkhf vOjp th;f;fpg;gjd; %yk; NrLfis ,y;yhky; nra;ayhk;.

,t;thwhd Kiwfspy; ngwg;gLk; jPh;Tfisj; jug;gl;l rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapl;Lg;
ghh;j;J rhpahd tpiliaj; njhpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

- =
,Ugf;fKk; th;f;fpf;f

(3x + 1) + (2 – x) - 2 = (2x – 1)

2=

,Ugf;fKk; th;f;fpf;f

4 = (3x + 1) (2 – x)

3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0

(3x – 2) (x – 1) = 0

x= ,1

x= vdpd;, ,. if. g = - = - =

t. if. g = =

x = 1 vdpd;, ,. if. g = - =2–1 =1

t. if. g = =1

jPh;Tfs; , 1

cjhuzk; 13
18
 Gather page

- =

,Ugf;fKk; th;f;fpf;f

(x – 2) + (x – 3) – 2

x = 2, 3

x = 2 vdpd;,

,. if. g =0-

t. if. g =

x = 2, nghUj;jkw;wJ.

x = 3 vdpd;, ,. if. g =

t. if. g =

/ jPh;T 3 MFk;.

cjhuzk; 14

(x – 2) (x + 3) (x + 6) (x + 1) + 56 = 0

(x – 2) (x + 6) (x + 3) (x + 1) + 56 = 0

(x2 + 4x – 12) (x2 + 4x + 3) + 56 =0

y = x2 + 4x vdg; gpujpapLf.

(y – 12) (y + 3) + 56 = 0

y2 – 9y + 20 = 0

(y – 5) (y – 4) = 0

19
 Gather page

y = 5 my;yJ y = 4

x2 + 4x = 5 x2 + 4x = 4

x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 x2 + 4x – 4 = 0

(x + 5) (x – 1) = 0 x=

x = -5, 1 = -2 2

jPh;Tfs; -5, 1, -2 + 2

cjhuzk; 15

(x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c vd;w tbtpyhd rkd;ghLfs;

(x + 1)4 + (x – 3)4 = 256

y= vd;f.

y=x–1

vdNt jug;gl;l rkd;ghL

(y + 2)4 + (y – 2)4 = 256

(y4 + 8y3 + 24y2 + 32y + 16) + (y4 – 8y3 + 24y2 – 32y + 16) = 256

2y4 + 48y2 + 32 = 256

y4 + 24y2 – 112 = 0

(y2 + 28) (y2 – 4) = 0

y= , y=

y=x–1

MfNt jPh;Tfs; 3, -1, 1

20
 Gather page

cjhuzk; 16

4x + 1 + 24x + 2 = 80

4x + 1 + (22)2x + 1 = 80

4x + 1 + 42x + 1 = 80

4.4x + 4.42x = 80

4x + 42x = 20

y = 4x vd;f.

y + y2 = 20

y2 + y – 20 = 0

(y + 5) (y – 4) = 0

y = -5, 4

y = 4x > 0 vdNt y=4

4x = 4

x=1

,Ukhwpfspyhd rkd;ghLfs; (Equations in two variables)

rkd;ghLfis jPh;f;f

tif 1

cjhuzk; 17

2x2 – 3xy + 5y2 = 1 , (1) 3x – 2y = 2 (2)

3x – 2y = 2 vdNt =

x= vd rkd;ghL (1) ,y; gpujpapl

21
 Gather page

2
2 - 3y

8 + 16y + 8y2 – 18y – 18y2 + 45y2 = 9

35y2 – 2y – 1 = 0

(7y + 1) (5y – 1) = 0

y=- my;yJ y=

y=- vdpd;, x=

y= vdpd;, x=

x= x=

y=- y=

tif 02

cjhuzk; 18

x2 + xy – 2y2 = 0

x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 5y = 15

x2 + xy – 2y2 = 0 (1), x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 5y = 15 (2)

x2 + xy – 2y2 = 0

x2 + xy – 2y2 = 0

x = -2y my;yJ y

x = -2y vd (2) ,y; gpujpapl

4y2 – 4y2 + 3y2 – 8y + 5y = 15

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3y2 – 3y – 15 = 0

y2 – y – 5 = 0

y=

y= vdpd;, x = -1 -

y= vdpd;, x = -1 +

x = y vd (2) ,y; gpujpapl

y2 + 2y2 + 3y2 + 4y + 5y = 15

6y2 + 9y – 15 = 0

2y2 + 3y – 5 =0

(2y + 5) (y – 1) = 0

y=- my;yJ y=1

y=- vdpd;, x=-

y = 1 vdpd; x = 1

x=1 x=- x = -1 - x = -1 +

y=1 y=- y= y=

tif 03

cjhuzk; 19

x2 + xy + 4y2 = 16

3x2 + 8y2 = 14

x2 + xy + 4y2 = 6 (1) 3x2 + 8y2 = 14 (2)

23
 Gather page

(1) 7 7x2 + 7xy + 28y2 = 42

(2) 3 9x2 + 24y2 = 7x2 + 7xy + 28y2

9x2 + 24y2 = 7x2 + 7xy + 28y2

2x2 – 7xy – 4y2 = 0

(2x + y) (x – 4y) = 0

x=- my;yJ x = 4y

x = - vd (2) ,y; gpujpapl, x = 4y vd (2) ,y; gpujpapl

48y2 + 8y2 = 14

35y2 = 56 56y2 = 14

5y2 = 8 y2 =

y= y=

y=

y= vdpd;, x = y= vdpd;, x=2

y= vdpd;, x= y=- vdpd;, x = -2

x=2 x = -2 x= x=

y= y=- y= y=

%d;W khwpfspyhd rkd;ghLfs; (Equations in three Variables)

gpd;tUk; xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; jPh;f;f.

cjhuzk; 20

24
 Gather page

x+y+z=4
2x + y + 3z = 4
3x + 4y + 5z = 13

x+y+z=4 (1) (1) 4, 4x + 4y + 4z = 16 (4)

2x + y + 3z = 4 (2) 3x + 4y + 5z = 13 (3)

(2) – (1) x + 2z = 0 (4) – (3) x–z=3

x + 2z = 0

x–z=3 z = -1, x = 2,

x + y + z = 4, 2 + y – 1 = 4, y=3

x = 2, y = 3, z = -1

cjhuzk; 21

yz = 4z – 3y

zx = 2z – 3x

2xy = 2x + y

%d;W rkd;ghLfs; cs;sd. rkd;ghL (1) ,y; y = 0 vdpd; z = 0

rkd;ghL (2) ,y; z = 0 vdg;gpujpapl x = 0

vdNt jPh;Tfspy; xd;W x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 MFk;.

x. y, z ≠ 0 vd;f, xy ≠ 0, yz ≠ 0, zx ≠ 0

yz = 4z – 3y, yz My; gphpf;f, 1= (4)

zx = 2z – 3x, zx My; gphpf;f, 1= (5)

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 Gather page

2xy = 2x + y, xy My; gphpf;f, 2= (6)

(4)

(5)

(3) – (4)

(7)

(6)

(7) + (6) 2y = 4, y=2

y = 2 vd (7) ,y; gpujpapl x=1

x = 1 vd (5) ,y; gpujpapl, z=3

vdNt jPh;Tfs;. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

cjhuzk; 22

(x + 5) (y + 5) = 72
(y + 5) (z + 5) = 90
(z + 5) (x + 5) = 80
x + 5 = u, y + 5 = v, z + 5 = w vd;f.

(x + 5) (y + 5) = 72, uv = 72 (4)
(y + 2) (z + 5) = 90, vw = 90 (5)
(z + 5) (x + 5) = 80 wu = 80 (6)

(4) (5) 6, u2 v2 w2 = 72 90 80 = 722 102

uvw = 720

26
 Gather page

uvw = 720 vd;f. uvw = -720 vd;f.

(4) ,ypUe;J w = 10, z = 5, (4) ,ypUe;J w = -10, z = -15

(5) ,ypUe;J u = 8 x=3 (5) ,ypUe;J u = -8 x = -13

(6) ,ypUe;J v = 9, y=4 (6) ,ypUe;J v = -9 y = -14

x = 3, y = 4, z = 5 ; x = -13, y = -14, z = -15

1.6 tpfpjk;, tpfpjrkk;

cjhuzk; 23

a : b = 3 : 4 vdpd;, (1) 2a – 3b : 3a – 2b

(2) a2 – ab 2b2 : a2 – 4b2 If; fhz;f.

, a= MFk;.

(1)

2a – 3b : 3a – 2b = -6 : 1

(2) a2 – ab – 2b2 =

a2 + 4b2 =

a2 – ab – 2b2 : a2 – 4b2 = 7: 11

cjhuzk; 24

(1) vdpd; xt;nthU tpfpjKk; ,w;F rknkdf; fhl;Lf.

(2) 3x – 4y = 0
2x + 5y = 46 vdpd;, x, y If; fhz;f.

tpilfs;

27
 Gather page

(1) vd;f.

a = kb, c = kd, e = kf MFk;.

MfNt MFk;.

(2) 3x – 4y = 0, 2x + 5y = 46

3x = 4y,

x=8, y=6

cjhuzk; 25

vdpd;,

vdf; fhl;Lf.

k=

k=

k=

k=

k=

,NjNghy k=

28
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k=

k=

k=

k=

vdNt,

1.7 klf;if (Logarithm)

101 = 10, 102 = 100, 103 = 1000, 10-1 = ,

a , 1 ,Yk; nghpjhd nka;naz; vd;f. a

y = az ,d; tiuig Nehf;FNthk;.

x = 0 vdpd; ax = a0 = 1
x > 0 vdpd; ax > 1
x < 0 vdpd; 0 < ax < 1

x ,d; vy;yhg; ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk; ax > 0 MfTk;,

x mjpfhpf;f, ax mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;tijAk; fhzyhk;.

101 = 10 vdNt

102 = 100

29
 Gather page

103 = 1000

25 = 32

2-5 =

y = ax (a > 1)

-1 (0, 0) 1 x

ax = y vdpd;, MFk;.

ax = y

0 < a < 1 vd;f.

0 1 2 3

30
 Gather page

-1 -3

0 < a < 1 vdpd; x > 0 vdpd;, 0 < ax < 1

0 < a < 1 vdpd;, x < 0 vdpd;, ax > 1

0 < a < 1 vdpd;, x = 0 vdpd;, ax = 1

0 < a < 1 vdpd; x ,d; vy;yhg; ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk; ax > 0

0 < a < 1 vdpd; x mjpfhpf;f ax FiwAk;.

y = ax ,d; tiuG 0 < a < 1

y = ax

(0 < a < 1)

1
a

(0, 1)
a

x
-1 0 1

31
 Gather page

klf;if tpjpfs; x , y > 0 MfTk; a > 0, a ≠ 1 MfTkpUf;f.

klf;ifapd; mbia khw;Wjy;

a, b, c vd;gd Neh; vz;fshFk;.

MFk;.

vd;f. (1)

b = ax

x= (2)

(1), (2) ,ypUe;J (1)

32
 Gather page

c = b vdpd;, MFk;.

(2)

cjhuzk; 26

(1) a, b vd;gd Neh; nka;naz;fshf ,Uf;f,

vdf; fhl;Lf.

(2) y = vdg; gpujpaPL nra;J my;yJ NtW topahf

Ij; jPh;f;f.

tpilfs;

(1) vd;f.

x b = ax

1=x.

x=

MFk;.

33
 Gather page

(2) 4

vd;f.

(y + 2) (y – 1) = 0

y = -2 my;yJ 1

my;yJ

x=4

/ jPh;T

(1) a, b vd;gd Nenuz;fshf ,Uf;f,

vdf; fhl;Lf.

(2) jPh;f;f : 1)

2)

34
 Gather page

tpilfs;

(1)

(2) 1)

(x – 3) (x + 2) = 0

x = 3, -2

x > 0, MfNt x = 3

2)

vd;f. NkYk;

35
 Gather page

y = ax ,d; tiuG x ax (a > 0, a ≠ 1)

x = 0 vdpd; y = 1; x = 1 vdpd; y = a, x = -1 vdpd;

vd;gd

y = ax ,y; cs;s Gs;spfshFk;.

,d; tiuG x

x = 1 vdpd;, y = 0, x = a vdpd; y = 1, vdpd; y = -1

vd;gd

,y; cs;s Gs;spfshFk;.

(1)
a>1
y

y=x

y = ax

(0, 1) y=

(1, 0) x

36
 Gather page

y = x ,d; Nky; y = ax ,d; tpk;gk;

y= MFk;.

(2)
0<a<1

y = ax y=x

(0, 1)

(0, 0) (1, 0)

37