Single Single - Site Power Quality Summary Site Power Quality Summary

Single - Site Power Quality Summary
Report
Date
May 1, 2001
- Table of Contents 1.
S i n g l e-S i t e P o w e r Q u a l i t y S u m m a r y R e p o r t - S I T E 1 - F r o m 5 / 1 / 9 5 t o 6 / 1 / 9 5 .................................................................. 1
1 . 1 M o n i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1 . 2 R M S V o l t a g e ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1 . 3 R M S C u r r e n t .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1 . 4 V o l t a g e T H D .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1 . 5 C u r r e n t T D D ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
1 . 6 S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f V o l t a g e T H D a n d H a r m o n i c s .......................................................................................................... 14
1 . 7 S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f C u r r e n t T D D a n d H a r m o n i c s .......................................................................................................... 14
1 . 8 V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
1 . 9 N e g a t i v e -S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e .................................................................................................................................. 17
1.10
P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.11
R M S V o l t a g e V a r i a t i o n s ................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.11.1
R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m ............................................................................................................... 20
1.11.2
R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y ......................................................................................................................... 20
1.11.3
1.11.4
1.11.5
D I S D I P T a b l e ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
E S K O M V o l t a g e S a g T a b l e ................................................................................................................................. 21
C B E M A C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ................................................................................................................................. 21
1.11.6
1 . 11 . 7
1.11.8
I T I C C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ........................................................................................................................................ 22
S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ...................................................................................................................................... 23
R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n B a r C h a r t ............................................................................................... 24
1.11.9
R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n C h a r t ................................................................................. 25
1.11.10
I n d i v i d u a l R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t s ................................................................................................................. 25
1.12
T r a n s i e n t O v e r v o l t a g e s .................................................................................................................................................... 35
1.13
C o m p l i a n c e w i t h P l a n n i n g L i m i t D e f a u l t .................................................................................................................... 36
1.13.1
R M S V o l t a g e C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................................................... 36
1.13. 2
V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e .......................................................................................................................... 36
1.13.3
1.13.4
1.13.5
V o l t a g e T H D C o m p l i a n c e .................................................................................................................................... 37
V o l t a g e H a r m o n i c s C o m p l i a n c e ......................................................................................................................... 37
9 5 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ..................................................................................................... 37
1.13.6
1 0 0 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................... 37
- Table of Figures F i g u r e 1 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................... 2

F i g u r e 2 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................... 2
F i g u r e 3 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e B : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 3
F i g u r e 4 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 3
F i g u r e 5 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 4
F i g u r e 6 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 4
F i g u r e 7 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 5
F i g u r e 8 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................... 5
F i g u r e 9 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e B : T r e n d ............................................................................................................................................ 6
F i g u r e 1 0 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 6
F i g u r e 1 1 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 7
F i g u r e 1 2 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 7
F i g u r e 1 3 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e A : T r e n d ......................................................................................................................................... 8
F i g u r e 1 4 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................. 8
F i g u r e 1 5 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e B : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 9
F i g u r e 1 6 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 9
F i g u r e 1 7 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e C : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 10
F i g u r e 1 8 : V o l t a g e T H D - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 10
F i g u r e 1 9 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e A : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 11
F i g u r e 2 0 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 11
F i g u r e 2 1 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e B : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 12
F i g u r e 2 2 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e B : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 12
F i g u r e 2 3 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e C : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................ 13
F i g u r e 2 4 : C u r r e n t T D D - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m ................................................................................................................................ 13
F i g u r e 2 5 : S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f V o l t a g e T H D a n d H a r m o n i c s ................................................................................................. 14
F i g u r e 2 6 : S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f C ur r e n t T D D a n d H a r m o n i c s ................................................................................................. 15
F i g u r e 2 7 : V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : T r e n d ................................................................................................................................................ 16
F i g u r e 2 8 : V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : H i s t o g r a m ........................................................................................................................................ 16
F i g u r e 2 9 : N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : T r e n d ............................................................................................................ 17
F i g u r e 3 0 : N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................... 18
F i g u r e 3 1 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : T r e n d .......................................................................................................................................... 19
F i g u r e 3 2 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : H i s t o g r a m .................................................................................................................................. 19
F i g u r e 3 3 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m ............................................................................................................................ 20
F i g u r e 3 4 : C B E M A C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t .............................................................................................................................................. 22
F i g u r e 3 5 : I T I C C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
F i g u r e 3 6 : S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t ................................................................................................................................................... 24
F i g u r e 3 7 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e- D u r a t i o n B a r C h a r t ............................................................................................................ 24
F i g u r e 3 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e - D u r a t i o n C h a r t ............................................................................................. 25
F i g u r e 3 9 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 4 2 ..................................................................................................................... 26
F i g u r e 4 0 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 4 2 ...................................................................................................................... 26
F i g u r e 4 2 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 03 : 3 3 : 5 5 ...................................................................................................................... 27
F i g u r e 4 4 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 2 9 / 9 5 0 3 : 3 4 : 1 9 ...................................................................................................................... 28
F i g u r e 4 5 : R M S V a r i a t i o n V o l t a g e 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2 ....................................................................................................................... 29
F i g u r e 4 6 : R M S V a r i a t i o n C u r r e n t 5 / 8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2 ........................................................................................................................ 29
ii
F i g u r e 5 9 : H i s t o g r a m o f T r a n s i e n t O v e r v o l t a g e s ............................................................................................................................. 36
iii
- Table of Tables T a b l e 1 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S V o l t a g e ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

T a b l e 2 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S C u r r e n t ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
T a b l e 3 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e T H D ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
T a b l e 4 : S t a t i s t i c s o f C u r r e n t T D D ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
T a b l e 5 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ........................................................................................................................................... 16
T a b l e 6 : S t a t i s t i c s o f N e g a t i v e-S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e ....................................................................................................... 18
T a b l e 7 : S t a t i s t i c s o f P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) .................................................................................................................................... 19
T a b l e 8 : R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y .......................................................................................................................................... 20
T a b l e 9 : D I S D I P T a b l e ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
T a b l e 1 0 : E S K O M V o l t a g e S a g T a b l e ............................................................................................................................................... 21
T a b l e 1 1 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S V o l t a g e C o m p l i a n c e ........................................................................................................................... 36
T a b l e 1 2 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e .................................................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 3 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e T H D C o m p l i a n c e ............................................................................................................................ 37
T a b l e 1 4 : S t a t i s t i c s o f V o l t a g e H a r m o n i c s C o m p l i a n c e ................................................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 5 : S t a t i s t i c s o f 9 5 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ............................................................................................. 37
T a b l e 1 6 : S t a t i s t i c s o f 1 0 0 . 0 0 % P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) C o m p l i a n c e ........................................................................................... 37
iv
PQView PQReporter
1. Single - Site Power Quality Summary Report - SITE1 - From 5/1/95 to

6/1/95
T h i s p o w e r q u a l i t y s u m m a r y w i l l fo c u s o n m o n i t o r a v a i l a b i l i t y , v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n , h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n , v o l t a g e s a g s a n d
interruptions, transient overvoltages, and most significant events for a single monitoring site.
Site Name: SITE1
Site Description: 13.2 kV, 25 MVA Substation
Date R ange: From 5/1/95 to 6/1/95
1.1
Monitor Availability
Monitor availability is a measure of an instrument's availability each day to record power quality measurements. It is
c o m p u t e d b y s e a r c h i n g f o r t r i g g e r e d m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d s t e a d y-s t a t e s a m p l e d m e a s u r e m e nt s o n e a c h d a y . O n d a y s w h e n
no measurements are found, the monitor is considered offline or otherwise unavailable. Instrument unavailability can be
caused by communication problems, monitoring instrument malfunction, or lost data.
Number of Days Possible for Monitoring: 31
Actual Number of Days that the Monitor was Online:
Online Availability:
1.2
31
100.00%
RMS Voltage
The following trends present rms voltage plotted against time. Also presented are histograms that show the distribution
of rms voltage. The accompanying summary table presents the minimum, CP05, average, CP95, and maximum values
of the distribution for each of the three phases. The CP95, or 95th percentile, tells us the value that was greater than 95%
of the other samples. The last t wo columns respectively display the percentage of samples that had values less than 10%
o r m o r e t h a n 1 0 % o f t h e s i t e ' s n o m i n a l v o l t a g e . T h e 1 0 % l i m i t s a r e t h e s t e a d y -s t a t e l i m i t s f r o m t h e 1 9 9 7 I T I C
( C B E M A ) C u r v e . T h e v o l t a g e m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e b e e n n o r m al i z e d b y t h e b a s e v o l t a g e .
Base Voltage: 7448 V
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2712
RMS Voltage - Phase A
Minimum: 76.60%
SITE1
Average: 97.83%
Maximum: 100.79%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
Minimum
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 1: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : T r e n d
Samples: 2712
Minimum: 92.26%
SITE1
Average: 97.83%
Maximum: 100.12%
101.4%
101.0%
100.6%
100.2%
99.8%
99.4%
99.0%
98.6%
98.2%
97.8%
97.4%
0%
97.0%
10%
0.0%
96.6%
20%
1.0%
96.2%
30%
2.0%
95.8%
3.0%
95.4%
40%
95.0%
50%
4.0%
94.6%
60%
5.0%
94.2%
70%
6.0%
93.8%
80%
7.0%
93.4%
90%
8.0%
Cumulative Frequency
100%
9.0%
93.0%
Frequency
10.0%

PQView
Figure 2: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2710
RMS Voltage - Phase B
Minimum: 72.05%
SITE1
Average: 99.21%
Maximum: 102.20%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
Minimum
5/16/95
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 3: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Trend
Samples: 2710
Minimum: 93.64%
SITE1
Average: 99.21%
9.0%
100%
8.0%
90%
7.0%
80%
70%
60%
5.0%
50%
4.0%
40%
3.0%
30%
101.4%
101.0%
100.6%
99.8%
100.2%
99.4%
99.0%
98.6%
98.2%
97.8%
97.4%
97.0%
96.6%
96.2%
95.8%
95.4%
95.0%
94.6%
0%
94.2%
10%
0.0%
93.8%
20%
1.0%
93.4%
2.0%
93.0%
Frequency
6.0%
Maximum: 101.77%

PQView
Figure 4: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Histogram
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2712
RMS Voltage - Phase C
Minimum: 75.49%
SITE1
Average: 98.77%
Maximum: 101.97%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
Minimum
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 5: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : T r e n d
Samples: 2712
Minimum: 93.09%
SITE1
Average: 98.77%
Maximum: 101.56%
8.0%
100%
80%
Frequency
6.0%
70%
5.0%
60%
4.0%
50%
40%
3.0%
30%
2.0%
20%
101.4%
101.0%
100.6%
99.8%
100.2%
99.4%
99.0%
98.6%
98.2%
97.8%
97.4%
97.0%
96.6%
96.2%
95.8%
95.4%
95.0%
94.6%
94.2%
93.8%
0%
93.4%
10%
0.0%
93.0%
1.0%
90%
7.0%

PQView
Figure 6: R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m
Table 1: Statistics of R MS Voltage

Phase
Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
< 0.9 pu
> 1.1 pu
92.26%
94.07%
97.83%
99.76%
100.12%
2712
0.00%
0.00%
93.64%
95.46%
99.21%
101.31%
101.77%
2710
0.00%
0.00%
93.09%
94.97%
98.77%
100.90%
101.56%
2712
0.00%
0.00%
PQView PQReporter
1.3
R M S C u r r en t
The following trends present rms current plotted against time. Also presented are histograms that show the distribution
of rms voltage. The accompanying summary table presents the minimum, CP05, average, CP95, and maximum values
o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n fo r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e p h a s e s . T h e C P 9 5 , o r 9 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e , t e l l s u s t h e v a l u e t h a t w a s g r e a t e r t h a n 9 5 %
of the other samples.
Samples: 2716
RMS Current - Phase A
Minimum: 26.3
SITE1
Average: 150
3000
Maximum: 2815
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
Minimum
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 7: R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e A : T r e n d
Samples: 2716
Minimum: 72.8
SITE1
Average: 150
Maximum: 246
6.0%
100%
90%
5.0%
70%
60%
3.0%
50%
40%
2.0%
30%
20%
1.0%
10%
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
0%
60
0.0%
50
Frequency
4.0%
80%

PQView
Figure 8: R M S C u r r e n t - Phase A: Hi s t o g r a m
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716
RMS Current - Phase B
Minimum: 10.2
SITE1
Average: 126
3000
Maximum: 2767
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
Minimum
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 9: R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Trend
Samples: 2716
Minimum: 58.1
SITE1
Average: 126
Maximum: 214
8.0%
100%
90%
7.0%
60%
4.0%
50%
40%
3.0%
30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%
10%
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
0%
60
0.0%
50
Frequency
70%
5.0%
80%
6.0%

PQView
Figure 10 : R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Histogram
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716
RMS Current - Phase C
Minimum: 9.83
SITE1
Average: 119
300
Maximum: 290
250
200
150
100
50
0
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
Minimum
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
6/5/95
Maximum
PQView
Figure 11 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : T r e n d
Samples: 2716
Minimum: 61.1
SITE1
Average: 119
9.0%
100%
8.0%
90%
7.0%
80%
70%
60%
5.0%
50%
4.0%
40%
3.0%
30%
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
0%
80
10%
0.0%
70
20%
1.0%
60
2.0%
50
Frequency
6.0%
Maximum: 195

PQView
Figure 12 : R M S C u r r e n t - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m
Table 2: Statistics of RMS Current

Phase
Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
72.8
92.1
150
214
246
2716
58.1
74.0
126
187
214
2716
61.1
76.5
119
168
195
2716
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1.4
Voltage THD
Harmonic dist ortion levels can be important if the facility includes power factor correction capacitors that can result in
resonance problems or if a significant percentage of the facility load involves nonlinear devices like adjustable speed
d r i v e s o r p o w e r c o n v e r t e r s. H a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n g u i d e l i n e s a r e p r o v i d e d i n I E E E S t a n d a r d 5 1 9- 1 9 9 2 , w h i c h s u g g e s t s
that voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) should be less than 5%. The summary table shows the number of samples
that exceed 3% distortion and 5% distortion.
Samples: 1411
Voltage THD - Phase A
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.52%
1.00%
Maximum: 0.98%
0.90%
0.80%
0.70%
0.60%
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
0.10%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
F i gure 13 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : T r e n d
Samples: 1411
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.52%
9.0%
100%
8.0%
90%
7.0%
80%
70%
60%
5.0%
50%
4.0%
40%
3.0%
30%
0.96%
0.90%
0.84%
0.78%
0.72%
0.66%
0.60%
0.54%
0.48%
0.42%
0.36%
0.30%
0.24%
0%
0.18%
10%
0.0%
0.12%
20%
1.0%
0.06%
2.0%
0.00%
Frequency
6.0%
Maximum: 0.98%

PQView
Figure 14 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Voltage THD - Phase B
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.60%
30.00%
Maximum: 21.11%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 15 : Voltage THD - Phase B: Trend
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.60%
8.0%
100%
7.0%
90%
80%
70%
5.0%
60%
4.0%
50%
3.0%
40%
30%
2.0%
20%
0.96%
0.90%
0.84%
0.78%
0.72%
0.66%
0.60%
0.54%
0.48%
0.42%
0.36%
0.30%
0.24%
0.18%
0%
0.12%
10%
0.0%
0.06%
1.0%
0.00%
Frequency
6.0%
Maximum: 21.11%

PQView
Figure 16 : Voltage THD - P hase B: Histogram
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Voltage THD - Phase C
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.61%
Maximum: 12.27%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 17 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : T r e n d
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 0.61%
Maximum: 12.27%
7.0%
100%
80%
Frequency
5.0%
70%
60%
4.0%
50%
3.0%
40%
30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%
90%
6.0%
10%
0.96%
0.90%
0.84%
0.78%
0.72%
0.66%
0.60%
0.54%
0.48%
0.42%
0.36%
0.30%
0.24%
0.18%
0.12%
0.06%
0%
0.00%
0.0%

PQView
Figure 18 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m
Table 3: Statistics of Voltage THD

Phase
Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
> 3%
> 5%
0.00%
0.29%
0.52%
0.75%
0.98%
1411
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.33%
0.60%
0.83%
21.11%
1412
0.07%
0.07%
0.00%
0.35%
0.61%
0.84%
12.27%
1412
0.07%
0.07%
10
PQView PQReporter
1.5
Current TDD
I E E E S t a n d a r d 5 1 9- 1 9 9 2 p r o v i d e s g u i d e l i n e s f o r h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t d i s t o r t i o n l e v e l s t h a t w i l l p r e v e n t p r o b l e m s o n t h e
power system. The following figure and table summarize the harmonic current distortion levels measured with respect to
the IEEE 519 limits. The quantity investigated is total demand distortion (TDD).
Base Cur rent: 229 A
Samples: 1412
Current TDD - Phase A
Minimum: 0.76%
SITE1
Average: 1.80%
Maximum: 12.20%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 19 : Current TDD - Phase A: Trend
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.76%
SITE1
Average: 1.80%
Maximum: 12.20%
7.0%
100%
80%
70%
60%
4.0%
50%
3.0%
40%
30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%
10%
2.40%
2.30%
2.20%
2.10%
2.00%
1.90%
1.80%
1.70%
1.60%
1.50%
1.40%
1.30%
1.20%
1.10%
1.00%
0.90%
0.80%
0%
0.70%
0.0%
0.60%
Frequency
5.0%
90%
6.0%

PQView
Figure 20 : Current TDD - Phase A: Histogram
11
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Current TDD - Phase B
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 1.35%
12.00%
Maximum: 11.71%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 21 : Current TDD - Phase B: Trend
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 1.35%
Maximum: 11.71%
6.0%
100%
80%
70%
60%
3.0%
50%
40%
2.0%
30%
20%
1.0%
10%
2.40%
2.30%
2.20%
2.10%
2.00%
1.90%
1.80%
1.70%
1.60%
1.50%
1.40%
1.30%
1.20%
1.10%
1.00%
0.90%
0.80%
0%
0.70%
0.0%
0.60%
Frequency
4.0%
90%
5.0%

PQView
Figure 22 : Current TDD - Phase B: Histogram
12
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Current TDD - Phase C
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 1.63%
6.00%
Maximum: 5.64%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V RMS
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 23 : Current TDD - Phase C: Trend
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.00%
SITE1
Average: 1.63%
Maximum: 5.64%
6.0%
100%
80%
70%
Frequency
4.0%
60%
3.0%
50%
40%
2.0%
30%
20%
1.0%
90%
5.0%
10%
2.40%
2.30%
2.20%
2.10%
2.00%
1.90%
1.80%
1.70%
1.60%
1.50%
1.40%
1.30%
1.20%
1.10%
1.00%
0.90%
0.80%
0.70%
0%
0.60%
0.0%

PQView
Figure 24 : Current TDD - Phase C: Histogram
Table 4: Statistics of Current TDD

Phase
Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
> 5%
> 20%
0.76%
1.14%
1.80%
2.32%
12.20%
1412
0.07%
0.00%
0.00%
0.80%
1.35%
1.86%
11.71%
1412
0.07%
0.00%
0.00%
1.03%
1.63%
2.31%
5.64%
1412
0.07%
0.00%
13
PQView PQReporter
1.6
Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics
This section pr esents a chart that summarizes statistics for voltage THD and selected individual harmonics. Each graph
presents the 5th percentile value (CP05), average value, and 95th percentile value of voltage THD and voltage
harmonics.
Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics
CP05
Average
CP95
0.80%
% of Fundamental Voltage
(%V 1)
0.70%
0.60%
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
0.10%
THD
0.00%
THD and Individual Harmonics
Figure 25 : Statistical Summary of Voltage THD and Harmonics
1.7
Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics
This section presents a chart that summarizes statistics for current TDD and selected individual harmonics. Each graph
presents the 5th percentile value (CP05), average value, and 95th percentile value of current TDD and current harmonics.
Base Current: 229 A
14
PQView PQReporter
Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics
CP05
Average
CP95
2.50%
% of Base Current
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
TDD
0.00%
TDD and Individual Harmonics
Figure 26 : Statistical Summary of Current TDD and Harmonics
1.8
Voltage Unbalance
W h e n t h e r m s v o l t a g e o f a t h r e e -p h a s e s e t o f v o l t a g e s i s n o t e q u a l i n m a g n i t u d e , t h e v o l t a g e s e t i s s a i d t o b e u n b a l a n c e d .
T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s m a i n l y c a u s e d b y u n b a l a n c e d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s o r b y a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s i n g l e- p h a s e l o a d s t h a t a r e n o t
distributed symmetrically to the three phases . One negative effect of unbalanced voltages is in the heating of polyphase
induction motors. A negative sequence voltage may produce currents in the windings considerably in excess of those
present under balanced voltage conditions. A relatively small unbalance in voltage will cause a considerable increase in
temperature rise. For example, a 3% voltage unbalance could cause a 25% increase in motor temperature. IEEE
S t a n d a r d 1 0 0- 1 9 9 2 d e f i n e s v o l t a g e u n b a l a n c e a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e m a x i m u m d e v i a t i o n o f a p h a s e v o l t a g e f r o m t h e a v e r a g e
of the total phases to the average of the phase voltages, expressed in percent.
15
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Voltage Unbalance
Minimum: 0.46%
SITE1
Average: 0.82%
8.00%
Maximum: 7.69%
7.00%
Voltage Unbalance
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
5/31/95
V Unb
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 27 : Voltage Unbalance: Trend
Samples: 1412
Voltage Unbalance
Minimum: 0.46%
SITE1
Average: 0.82%
Maximum: 7.69%
7.0%
100%
80%
Frequency
5.0%
70%
60%
4.0%
50%
3.0%
40%
30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%
90%
6.0%
10%
1.14%
1.10%
1.06%
1.02%
0.98%
0.94%
0.90%
0.86%
0.82%
0.78%
0.74%
0.70%
0.66%
0.62%
0.58%
0.54%
0%
0.50%
0.0%
Voltage Unbalance
PQView
Figure 28 : Voltage Unbalance: Histogram
Table 5: Statistics of Voltage Unbalance

Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
> 2%
> 3%
0.46%
0.59%
0.82%
1.05%
7.69%
1412
0.07%
0.07%
16
PQView PQReporter
1.9
N e g a t i v e- S e q u e n c e V o l t a g e U n b a l a n c e
Unbalanced voltages could be the result of a supply fault or a blown line fuse. However, nonlinear loads connected to
the same network as the induction machine could also be a source. Arc welding equipment that draws large currents
i r r e g u l a r l y a n d s i n g l e-p h a s e m o t o r s w i t h h i g h s t a r t i n g i m p e d a n c e s a r e t w o e x a m p l e s o f c o m m o n d e v i c e s t h a t c a n c a u s e
t h e t h r e e -p h a s e l i n e t o b e c o m e a s y m m e t r i c a l .
An induction motor operates in an unbalanced condition either when the voltages applied to the stator terminals do not
c o n s t i t u t e a b a l a n c e d t h r e e- p h a s e s e t o r w h e n t h e s t a t o r o r r o t o r w i n d i n g s a r e n o t s y m m e t r i c a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p h a s e s .
One of the impacts of this imbalance is that currents that are higher than rated values flow through the rotor. The power
dissipated as heat coming from higher IR conduction losses raises the rotor temperature and can lead to shortened
machine life and reduced machine performance.
Negative-Sequence Voltage Unbalance

SITE1
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.18%
Average: 0.59%
8.00%
Maximum: 7.65%
Negative-Sequence Voltage
Unbalance
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
5/16/95
5/21/95
5/26/95
V RMS
5/31/95
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 29 : Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance: Trend
17
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 1412
Minimum: 0.18%
SITE1
Average: 0.59%
Maximum: 7.65%
6.0%
100%
80%
70%
Frequency
4.0%
60%
3.0%
50%
40%
2.0%
30%
20%
1.0%
90%
5.0%
10%
0.98%
0.94%
0.90%
0.86%
0.82%
0.78%
0.74%
0.70%
0.66%
0.62%
0.58%
0.54%
0.50%
0.46%
0.42%
0.38%
0.34%
0.30%
0.26%
0%
0.22%
0.0%

PQView
Figure 30 : Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance: Histogra m
Table 6: Statistics of Negative - Sequence Voltage Unbalance

Minimum
CP05
Average
CP95
Maximum
Count
> 2%
> 3%
0.18%
0.34%
0.59%
0.86%
7.65%
1412
0.07%
0.07%
1.10
Power Frequency (Hz)
P o w e r f r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i o n s a r e d e f i n e d a s t h e d ev i a t i o n o f t h e p o w e r s y s t e m f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y f r o m i t s p e c i f i e d
nominal value (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz).
The power system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators on the system. At any instant,
the frequency depends on the balance between the load and the capacity of the available generation. When this dynamic
balance changes, small changes in frequency occur. The size of the frequency shift and its duration depends on the load
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e g e n e ra t i o n s y s t e m t o l o a d c h a n g e s .
Frequency variations that go outside of accepted limits for normal steady state operation of the power system are
normally caused by faults on the bulk power transmission system, a large block of load being disconnected, or a large
source of generation going offline.
Frequency variations that affect the operation of rotating machinery, or processes which derive their timing from the
p o w e r f r e q u e n c y ( c l o c k s ) , a r e r a r e o n m o d e r n i n t e r c o n n e c t e d p o w e r s y s t e m s . F r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i on s o f c o n s e q u e n c e a r e
much more likely to occur when a generator isolated from the utility system powers such equipment. In such cases,
governor response to abrupt load changes may not be adequate to regulate within the narrow bandwidth required by
frequency sensitive equipment. Note: voltage notching can sometimes cause frequency or timing errors on power
electronic machines that count zero crossings to derive frequency or time. The voltage notch may produce additional
zero crossings which can cause fr equency or timing errors.
18
PQView PQReporter
Samples: 2716
Minimum: 59.4900
SITE1
Average: 60.0088
Maximum: 60.1100
60.4
60.2
60.0
59.8
59.6
59.4
59.2
59.0
4/26/95
5/1/95
5/6/95
5/11/95
Minimum
5/16/95
5/21/95
Average
5/26/95
5/31/95
Maximum
6/5/95
PQView
Figure 31 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : T r e n d
Samples: 2716
Minimum: 59.8600
SITE1
Average: 60.0084
Maximum: 60.0400
80.0%
100%
80%
60.0%
Frequency
70%
50.0%
60%
40.0%
50%
30.0%
40%
30%
20.0%
20%
10.0%
90%
70.0%
10%
60.02
59.98
59.94
59.90
59.86
59.82
59.78
59.74
59.70
59.66
59.62
59.58
59.54
0%
59.50
0.0%

PQView
Figure 32 : P o w e r F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) : H i s t o g r a m
Table 7: Statistics of Power Frequency (Hz)

Minimum
CP01
Average
CP 9 9
Maximum
Count
< -1 %
> +1%
59.9
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
2716
0.00%
0.00%
19
PQView PQReporter
1.11
RMS Voltage Variations
Voltage sags and interruptions, also known as rms voltage variations, are usually the most important power quality
variations affecting end use equipment. The chief cause of rms voltage variations measured on the distribution system is
faults; measurements taken at utilization voltages can also be attributed to the switching of large loads and regulation
problems.
1.11.1 RMS Variation Magnitude Histogram

T h i s f i g ur e p r e s e n t s a h i s t o g r a m o f t h e v o l t a g e m a g n i t u d e f o r e a c h r m s v a r i a t i o n . E a c h c o l u m n r e p r e s e n t s t h e r a t e o f r m s
variations that fell into a particular voltage range.
RMS Variation Magnitude Histogram
Interruptions: 2.90
SITE1
Sags: 21.3
Sags and Interruptions: 24.2
0.3
100%
80%
70%
0.2
60%
50%
0.15
40%
0.1
30%
20%
0.05
Sags and Interruptions per

30 days
90%
0.25
10%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0%
RMS Voltage Magnitude (%)

PQView
Figure 33 : R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e H i s t o g r a m
1.11.2 RMS Variation E vent Summary

The following table presents a chronological list of the rms voltage variation events that occurred during the report's date
range.
Table 8: R M S V a r i a t i o n E v e n t S u m m a r y
Date
Time
Voltage
Duration
5/2/95
09:39:56
69.43 %
15 cyc
5/2/95
09:39:58
87.77%
6 cyc
5/8/95
08:22:47
63.12%
15 cyc
5/8/95
08:22:48
85.84%
9 cyc
5/8/95
08:22:52
45.88%
6 cyc
5/8/95
08:23:12
85.34%
7 cyc
5/8/95
08:23:16
54.19%
31 cyc
5/8/95
08:23:38
55.17%
29 cyc
5/8/95
08:36:14
77.23%
2 cyc
20
PQView PQReporter
5/8 / 9 5
08:45:24
83.79%
10 cyc
5/8/95
08:45:55
54.45%
14 cyc
5/8/95
08:46:01
46.97%
8 cyc
5/8/95
08:46:20
89.21%
9 cyc
5/8/95
08:46:26
54.53%
29 cyc
5/8/95
08:46:43
86.14%
7 cyc
5/14/95
08:03:02
83.13%
4 cyc
5/14/95
09:06:59
82.83%
3 cyc
5/17/95
14:39:06
89.12%
4 cyc
5/29/95
03:33:55
1.29%
12 cyc
5/29/95
03:34:19
6.84%
8 cyc
5/29/95
03:34:42
0.81%
4 cyc
5/30/95
07:53:15
72.05%
4 cyc
5/30/95
07:53:18
75.97%
6 cyc
5/30/95
08:00:10
68.44%
2 cyc
5/30/95
13:15:03
76.25%
2 cyc
1.11.3 DISDIP Table

The following table presents a cross tabulation of voltage sags by magnitude and event duration. The value of each cell
is a rate of events per 30 days.
Table 9: DISDIP Table

Voltage Magnitude
0.5<5
cycle
5<30
cycle
.5<1
second
1<3
second
3<20
second
20<60
second
>60
second
70% to 90%
6.0
7.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40% to 70%
1.0
7.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1% to 40%
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
<1%
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.11.4 ESKOM Voltage Sag Table

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e p r e s e n t s a t a b u l a t i on o f v o l t a g e s a g s b y m a g n i t u d e a n d e v e n t d u r a t i o n . T h e t a b l e i s b a s e d o n t h e
approached used by the South African utility ESKOM to divide voltage sags and interruptions into groups that represent
their severity. The value of each cell is a rate of events per 30 days.
Table 10 : ESKOM Voltage Sag Table

T
Mag: 0 to 40%,
Dur: 1 to 30
cycle
Mag: 40 to 80%,
Dur: 1 to 7.5
cycle
Mag: 40 to 80%,
Dur: 7.5 to 30
cycle
Mag: 0 to 80%,
Dur: 30 to 150
cycle
Mag: 80 to 90%,
Dur: 1 to 150
cycle
Other Events
3.0
6.0
6.0
1.0
9.0
0.0
1.11.5 CBEMA Curve Scatter Plot

The CBEMA chart presents a scatter plot of the voltage magnitude and event duration for each rms variation. The
overlaid curves define a tolerance envelope developed by the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
(CBEMA), which is described in the IEEE Orange book. The CBEMA group created the chart as a means to predict
equipment misoperation due to rms variations. An rms variation event with a magnitude and duration that falls above the
upper curve or below the lower curve has a high probability to cause misoperation in computer equipment connected to
the monitored voltage source.
21
PQView PQReporter
CBEMA Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot

1.8
Total Events: 25
1.6
Events Violating CBEMA Lower Curve: 14

Events Violating CBEMA Upper Curve: 0
1.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Magnitude (per unit)
1.2
0.2
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Duration (seconds)
100
1000
PQView
Figure 34 : CBEMA Curve Scatter Plot
1 . 1 1 . 6 ITIC Curve Scatter Plot

The ITIC Curve describes an ac input voltage boundary that typically can be tolerated (i.e., without an interruption in
f u n c t i o n ) b y m o s t i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y e q u i p m e n t . T h e I T I C C u r v e - - l i k e i t s p r e d e c e s s o r , t h e C B E M A C u r v e -consists of a scatter plot of rms voltage variations in terms of voltage magnitude and event duration. The scatter plot also
includes two overlay curves that represent upper and lower limits. Events above the upper curve or below the lower
curve are presumed to cause the mis operation of information technology equipment (e.g., computers, computer network
c o m p o n e n t s , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s n e t w o r k s ) . T h e c u r v e d e s c r i b e s b o t h s t e a d y-s t a t e a n d t r a n s i t o r y c o n d i t i o n s , a n d i s
a p p l i c a b l e t o 1 2 0 V n o m i n a l v o l t a g e s o b t a i n e d f r o m 1 2 0 V , 2 0 8 Y/ 1 2 0 V , a n d 1 2 0 / 2 4 0 V 6 0 H z s y s t e m s . F o r r m s v o l t a g e
variations, the ITIC Curve Application note defines four event categories:
22
PQView PQReporter
ITIC Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot

2.5
Total Events: 25
Events Violating ITIC Lower Curve: 12
1.5
0.5
Events Violating ITIC Upper Curve: 0
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Duration (seconds)
100
1000
PQView
Figure 35 : ITIC Curve Scatter Plot
S t e a d y -S t a t e T o l e r a n c e s . T h e s t e a d y -s t a t e r a n g e d e s c r i b e s a n r m s v o l t a g e t h a t i s e i t h e r v e r y s l o w l y v a r y i n g o r i s
constant. The subject range is 10% from the nominal voltage. Any voltages in this range may be present for an
indefinite period, and are a function of normal loading and losses in the distribution system.
Line Voltage Swell. This region describes a voltage swell having an rms amplitude of up to 120% of the rms nominal
voltage with a duration of up to 0.5 seconds. This event may occur when large loads are removed from the system or
when voltage is suppli ed from sources other than the electric utility.
Voltage Sags. Two different rms voltage sags are described. Generally, these transients result from application of heavy
loads, as well as fault conditions, at various points in the ac distribution system. Sags to 80% of nominal are assumed to
have a typical duration of up to 10 seconds, and sags to 70% of nominal are assumed to have a duration of up to 0.5
seconds.
Dropout. A voltage dropout includes both severe RMS voltage sags and complete interruptions of the applied voltage,
followed by immediate reapplication of the nominal voltage. The interruption may last up to 20 milliseconds. This
transient typically results from the occurrence and subsequent clearing of faults in the ac distribution system.
The curve is not intended to serve as a design specification for products or ac distribution systems. However, the normal
functional state of information technology equipment is not typically expected when rms variations occur that are outside
t h e u p p e r a n d l o w e r m a g n i t u d e- d u r a t i o n l i m i t s d e s c r i b e d b y c u r v e .
1 . 1 1 . 7 SEMI Curve Scatter Plot

In 1998, the SEMI Power Quality and Equipment Ride Through Task Force recommended SEMI Standard F-47 Curve
to predict voltage sag problems for semiconductor manufacturing eq uipment. SEMI is the Semiconductor Equipment
and Materials International Group.
23
PQView PQReporter
SEMI Standard 2844A Magnitude-Duration Scatter Plot

1
Total Events: 25
0.9
Events Violating SEMI Curve: 11
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.1
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Duration (seconds)
PQView
Figure 36 : S E M I C u r v e S c a t t e r P l o t
1 . 1 1 . 8 R M S V a r i a t i o n M a g n i t u d e - Duration Bar Chart

T h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r t p r e s e n t s a t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l c r o s s t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e r m s v a r i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s .
RMS Variation Magnitude-Duration Bar Chart

5
4.5
4
3.5
RMS Variations per
Site per
30 days
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
> 120 sec
30 to 60 sec
1 to 5 sec
10 to 30 cyc
1 to 5 cyc
90 to 100
120 to 130
60 to 70
30 to 40
0 to 10
Duration
> 150
Voltage Magnitude
(%)
Figure 37 : RMS Variation Magnitude- Duration Bar Chart
24
PQView PQReporter
1 . 1 1 . 9 R M S V a r i a t i o n C u m u l a t i v e M a g n i t u d e- Duration Chart
The following chart presents a cumulative cross tabulation of the magnitude and duration of the rms variation
m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h i s t y p e o f c h a r t i s d e s c r i b e d i n I E E E S t a n d a r d 1 3 4 6 -1 9 9 8 .
Cumulative RMS Variations per Site per 30 days:

100% = 24.2
90%-100%
85
80%-90%
75
70%-80%
65
60%-70%
55
50%-60%
Voltage
45 M a g n i t u d e ( % )
40%-50%
35
30%-40%
25
20%-30%
15
10%-20%
60 sec
10 sec
2 sec
30 cyc
10 cyc
5 cyc
3 cyc
1 cyc
0%-10%
Duration
Figure 38 : RMS Variation Cumulative Magnitude- Duration Chart
1.11.10
Individual RMS Variation Events
The following section presents indi vidual rms variation events. The events chosen for the report had the lowest rms
voltage magnitude and are presented in ascending order by voltage magnitude.
25
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 0.81%
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:42
Duration: 4 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Figure 39 : RMS Variation Voltage 5/29/95 03:34:42
Max: 344.616 A
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:42
Min: 21.714 A
SITE1
Duration: 4 cyc
400
350
300
Amps
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
Figure 40 : RMS Variation Current 5/29/95 03:34:42
26
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 1.29%
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:33:55
Duration: 12 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:33:55

SITE1
Max: 515.065 A
Min: 9.828 A
Duration: 12 cyc
600
500
Amps
400
300
200
100
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
27
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 6.84%
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:19
Duration: 8 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Figure 43 : R MS Variation Voltage 5/29/95 03:34:19
Max: 314.99 A
RMS Variation - 5/29/95 03:34:19
Min: 24.832 A
SITE1
Duration: 8 cyc
350
300
Amps
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
28
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 45.88%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:52
Duration: 6 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Max: 208.928 A
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:52
Min: 48.045 A
SITE1
Duration: 6 cyc
250
200
Amps
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
Figure 46 : RMS Variation Current 5/8 / 9 5 0 8 : 2 2 : 5 2
29
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 46.97%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:01
Duration: 8 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Max: 205.423 A
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:01
Min: 53.004 A
SITE1
Duration: 8 cyc
250
200
Amps
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
30
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.19%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:16
Duration: 31 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Max: 182.272 A
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:16
Min: 36.436 A
SITE1
Duration: 31 cyc
200
180
160
140
Amps
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
31
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.45%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:45:55
Duration: 14 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:45:55

SITE1
Max: 199.529 A
Min: 35.558 A
Duration: 14 cyc
250
200
Amps
150
100
50
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
32
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 54.53%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:26
Duration: 29 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Max: 211.785 A
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:46:26
Min: 48.771 A
SITE1
Duration: 29 cyc
250
200
Amps
150
100
50
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
33
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 55.17%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:38
Duration: 29 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
Max: 233.696 A
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:23:38
Min: 37.583 A
SITE1
Duration: 29 cyc
250
200
Amps
150
100
50
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
34
PQView PQReporter
Magnitude: 63.12%
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:47
Duration: 15 cyc
SITE1
120%
100%
% Volts
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (seconds)
V RMS A
V RMS B
V RMS C
PQView
RMS Variation - 5/8/95 08:22:47

SITE1
Max: 177.876 A
Min: 38.285 A
Duration: 15 cyc
200
180
160
140
Amps
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (seconds)
I RMS A
I RMS B
I RMS C
PQView
1.12
Transient Overvoltages
Transient overvoltages can result from capacitor switching events on the utility system, from other switching events or
lightning surges on the utility system, or from switching events within the facility. It is often difficult to determine the
cause of transient overvoltages without detailed logs of switching times for equipment on the system and possible
correlation with lightning events in the vicinity.
35
PQView PQReporter
The following chart summarizes transient overvoltage performance by providing a histogram of transient overvoltages
d u r i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g p e r i o d . T h e h e i g h t o f ea c h c o l u m n r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h a t a t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e
event was detected, while the histogram's label shows what was the absolute peak voltage magnitude of the transient.
T h e a b s o l u t e p e a k v o l t a g e , w h i c h i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e t r a n s i e n t m a g ni t u d e a n d t h e p o i n t o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y
voltage waveform at which the event occurs, is important for dielectric breakdown evaluation.
O n l y a b s o l u t e p e a k m a g n i t u d e s b e t w e e n 1 . 0 5 p e r u n i t a n d 4 . 0 p e r u n i t w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s h i s t o g r a m . A d d i t i o n ally,
only those events were evaluated that had principal switching frequencies between 220 Hz and 3000 Hz. A time filter
was also applied that excluded events with durations longer than one cycle.
Samples: 5
Histogram of Transient Overvoltages
Minimum: 110.98%
SITE1
Average: 114.62%
Maximum: 118.35%
70.0%
100%
80%
Frequency
50.0%
70%
60%
40.0%
50%
30.0%
40%
30%
20.0%
20%
10.0%
90%
60.0%
10%
120%
115%
110%
105%
0%
100%
0.0%
Peak Voltage Magnitude

PQView
Figure 59 : Histogram of Transie n t O v e r v o l t a g e s
1.13
Compliance with Planning Limit Default
This section of the report presents summary tables that evaluate compliance with planning limits.
1.13.1 RMS Voltage Compliance

T h e s t e a d y -s t a t e r m s v o l t a g e m u s t r e m a i n w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 9 0 . 0 0 % t o 1 1 0 . 0 0 % , a n d m u s t c o m p l y w i t h t h i s l i m i t
95.00% of the time.
Table 11 : Statistics of RMS Voltage Compliance

Min
93.10%
CP05
94.84%
Avg
98.60%
CP95
100.62%
Max
101.07%
Percent
Percent
Below
Above
0.00%
0.00%
Compliance
100.00%
1 . 1 3 . 2 Voltag e U n b a l a n c e C o m p l i a n c e
T h e r a t i o o f t h e n e g a t i v e -s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e t o t h e p o s i t i v e- s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e m u s t r e m a i n l e s s t h a n 2 . 0 0 % , a n d m u s t
comply with this limit 95.00% of the time.
36
PQView PQReporter
Table 12 : Statistics of Voltage Unbalance Complian ce

Min
CP05
Avg
CP95
Max
Percent
Above
Compliance
0.18%
0.34%
0.59%
0.86%
7.65%
0.07%
99.93%
1.13.3 Voltage THD Compliance

The total harmonic voltage distortion (THD-V) must remain less than 5.00%, and must comply with this limit 95.00% of
the time.
Table 13 : Statistics of Voltage THD Compliance

Min
CP05
Avg
CP95
Max
Percent
Above
Compliance
0.00%
0.34%
0.58%
0.79%
19.81%
0.07%
99.93%
1.13.4 Voltage Harmonics Compliance

E a c h h a r m o n i c c o m p o n e n t h a s l i m i t s t h a t d i f f e r w i t h f r e q u e n c y , a n d m us t c o m p l y w i t h i t s l i m i t f o r a t l e a s t 9 5 . 0 0 % o f t h e
time.
Table 14 : Statistics of Voltage Harmonics Compliance

Harmoni
Min
CP05
Avg
CP95
Max
Percent
Compliance
Above
0.00%
0.13%
0.33%
0.50%
7.28%
0.07%
99.93%
0.00%
0.10%
0 . 37 %
0.64%
4.11%
0.07%
99.93%
0.00%
0.00%
0.07%
0.23%
2.81%
0.00%
100.00%
1.13.5 95.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance

The system frequency must remain within the range of 59.4 to 60.6 Hz, and must comply with this limit 95.00% of the
time.
Table 15 : Statistics of 95.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance

Min
CP05
Avg
CP95
Max
Percent
Below
Percent
Above
Compliance
59.86
59.99
60.01
60.02
60.04
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
1.13.6 100.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance

T h e s y s t e m f r e q u e n c y m u s t r e m ai n w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f 5 6 . 4 t o 6 2 . 4 H z , a n d m u s t c o m p l y w i t h t h i s l i m i t 1 0 0 . 0 0 % o f t h e
time.
Table 16 : Statistics of 100.00% Power Frequency (Hz) Compliance

Min
59.86
CP05
59.99
Avg
60.01
CP95
60.02
Max
60.04
Percent
Percent
Below
Above
0.00%
0.00%
Compliance
100.00%
37

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Single - Site Power Quality Summary

- Table of Figures F i g u r e 1 : R M S V o l t a g e - P h a s e A : T r e n d ........................................................................................................................................... 2

- Table of Tables T a b l e 1 : S t a t i s t i c s o f R M S V o l t a g e ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

1. Single - Site Power Quality Summary Report - SITE1 - From 5/1/95 to

RMS Voltage - Phase A

RMS Voltage - Phase A

RMS Voltage - Phase A

RMS Voltage - Phase A

RMS Voltage - Phase B

RMS Voltage - Phase B

Figure 3: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Trend

RMS Voltage - Phase B

RMS Voltage - Phase B

Figure 4: R M S V o l t a g e - Phase B: Histogram

RMS Voltage - Phase C

RMS Voltage - Phase C

RMS Voltage - Phase C

RMS Voltage - Phase C

Table 1: Statistics of R MS Voltage

RMS Current - Phase A

RMS Current - Phase A

RMS Current - Phase A

RMS Current - Phase A

RMS Current - Phase B

RMS Current - Phase B

Figure 9: R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Trend

RMS Current - Phase B

RMS Current - Phase B

Figure 10 : R M S C u r r e n t - Phase B: Histogram

RMS Current - Phase C

RMS Current - Phase C

RMS Current - Phase C

RMS Current - Phase C

Table 2: Statistics of RMS Current

Voltage THD - Phase A

Voltage THD - Phase A

F i gure 13 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : T r e n d

Voltage THD - Phase A

Voltage THD - Phase A

Figure 14 : Voltage THD - P h a s e A : H i s t o g r a m

Voltage THD - Phase B

Voltage THD - Phase B

Figure 15 : Voltage THD - Phase B: Trend

Voltage THD - Phase B

Voltage THD - Phase B

Figure 16 : Voltage THD - P hase B: Histogram

Voltage THD - Phase C

Voltage THD - Phase C

Figure 17 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : T r e n d

Voltage THD - Phase C

Voltage THD - Phase C

Figure 18 : Voltage THD - P h a s e C : H i s t o g r a m

Table 3: Statistics of Voltage THD

Current TDD - Phase A

Current TDD - Phase A

Figure 19 : Current TDD - Phase A: Trend

Current TDD - Phase A

Current TDD - Phase A

Figure 20 : Current TDD - Phase A: Histogram

Current TDD - Phase B

Current TDD - Phase B

Figure 21 : Current TDD - Phase B: Trend

Current TDD - Phase B