Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Docentes:
Doutor Nuno Nunes
Eng. Aeronutico Carlos Domingos
Elaborado por:
Pedro Ferreira
Nuno Ferreira
Introduo:
Notao e Abreviaturas
We Peso em vazio da Aeronave
Wo Peso Mximo da Aeronave
CHT Coeficiente de volume do estabilizador Horizontal
SHT Are do estabilizador Horizontal
Cw Corda mdia da Asa
Sw rea da Asa
Lht Distancia entre centro aerodinmico da asa e o centro aerodinmico de estabilizador Horizontal
Lvt Distancia entre centro aerodinmico da asa e o centro aerodinmico de estabilizador Vertical
Cvt Coeficiente de volume do estabilizador vertical
Svt rea do estabilizador vertical
Bw Envergadura da asa
Acw Centro Aerodinmico da Asa
AcHs Centro Aerodinmico do Estabilizador Horizontal
Ac Ar/c Centro Aerodinmico da Aeronave
Ac Vs Centro Aerodinmico do estabilizador Vertical
CG Centro de Gravidade
Hp Potencia em Horse Power
Vmax Velocidade Maxima
V stall Velocidade de Perda
Vcruz Velocidade de Cruzeiro
V1motor Velocidade Maxima da Aeronave a operar com um motor
S Area
A flaps Area de Flaps
A rudder Area do rudder
A elevator rea do elevator
Caractersticas do Motor
Hlice
Esta
hlice
fabricada
totalmente em carbono e
foi
escolhida por ns por
ser
muito leve e aerodinamicamente
muito eficiente foi desenvolvida
especialmente
para
motores
AXI
5330/F3A e
para os modelos padro.
2820/xx Esta configurao foi testada
e permite alcanar o peso total do
plano longitudinal na faixa inferior a
4500g. Melhorando a eficincia e tendo
alcanado maior desempenho
do que a
hlice AXI 10 "x 5" F3A Carbono e AXI
5330/F3A
Controlador de velocidade
10
Peso:
Tabela N1
Distribuio do
peso em %
Peso
Motor
1 x
0,155 Kg
0,3417 lb
6,2 %
Actuadores
5 x
0,100 Kg
0.2204 lb
4 %
Controlador de Velocidade
0,045 Kg
0.0992 lb
1,8 %
Fuselagem
1,000 Kg
2.2046 lb
40 %
0,200 Kg
0.4409 lb
8 %
Carga
1,000 Kg
2.2046 lb
40 %
Peso em vazio
1,500 Kg
3.3069 lb
60 %
2,500 Kg
5,5112 lb
100 %
Bateria
Podemos calcular o rcio entre o Peso em vazio (We) e o peso mximo a descolagem (Wo).
vermelho no grfico n1
nosso rcio We/Wo
dentro dos limites padro
rcio varia entre 0.45 e
uma aeronave do gnero
Como
podemos
visualizar a
direita o
encontra-se
pois este
0.62 para
(General
Aviation Single)
11
Fuselagem:
Iremos achar o comprimento da Fuselagem atravs
frmula:
da
Motor:
Fabricante
AXI
Tabela N2
Modelo
2820/10 0
cilindrada
Alimentao
Elctrico
Potncia/motor
(W)
300.9 W
N
motores
0.404 (Hp)
Para ver se os nossos motores esto dentro dos valores padro iremos efectuar o rcio Hp/Wo isto a relao Horse
Power por lb e ver se est perto do valor 0.07 indicado da tabela em baixo direita.
12
Asas
Asa
corda Raiz
0.237 m
0.778 ft
Corda ponta
0.237 m
0.778 ft
1.81 m
5.94 ft
Emvergadura da Asa
Dihedral
Area da Asa
Max Wing loading
= Wo/S
AR=B^2/S
Tipo de Asa
1
0.430 m^2
4.628
5.813 Kg/m^2
ft^2
1.190 Lbm/ft^2
7,628
Tabela N3
um
para
de
civil
13
Estabilizador Horizontal
Para calcular a rea do estabilizador horizontal
utilizar a seguinte formula
irei
igual a
volume
concluir
14
Estabilizador Vertical
Para calcular a rea do estabilizador Vertical irei
utilizar a seguinte formula
Como quero que CVt seja igual a 0,04 para estar
dentro os valores da tabela do Tail volume coeficiente
restantes valores j so conhecidos como LVt= 2.5 ft ,
Sw=4.268 , bw= 5.94 ft irei efectuar alguns clculos
concluir quanto ft^2 tem que ter o estabilizador
Vertical
e os
para
15
Velocidades:
Velocidade Mxima
Irei calcular a velocidade mxima partindo da seguinte frmula:
Velocidade de Perda
Velocidade de perda Com Flaps a 45
Irei calcular a velocidade de perda atravs da seguinte frmula
Sendo o Clmax obtido atravs da simulao
esquerda com flaps do tipo Split Flap a 45
Simulao N1
16
Velocidade de Descolagem
Para a velocidade de descolagem podemos considerar o valor imediatamente a seguir velocidade de perda pois se a
aeronave na descolagem se atingir a velocidade de perda no descola pois nesse ponto as foras de lift e o peso esto
em equilbrio mas basta subir um pouco a velocidade para influenciar o sistema de foras e temos que as foras de lift
so superiores ao peso e a aeronave descola por isso podemos afirmar que se a velocidade de perda de 24.739 km/h
ento a Velocidade de Descolagem de 25 Km/h
Flaps
Area
17
Elevator
Area
Rudder
Area
18
Centro Aerodinmico
Clculos
Irei calcular matematicamente o centro Aerodinmico da aeronave ACa/c vou utilizar alguns valores conhecidos j
calculados e esses valores so: a+b=1200 mm Sw=522,5 mm e Shst=50 mm
19
Centro deGravidade
Margem mnima do centro de gravidade
Centro de gravidade
20
Trem de Aterragem
21
Desenhos
Peas do V-Tai
22
Rib N1
23
Rib N2
24
Spar do V-Tail
25
Supreficie Mvel
26
Loft do V-tail
27
Montagem do V-Tail
28
Fuselagem
29
Asa
Rib N1
30
31
32
Spar da Asa
33
Loft da Asa
34
Montagem da Asa
35
Compartimento de Carga
Cargo Bay
36
37
Trem de Aterragem
Trem Principal
38
Trem traseiro
Roda
39
40
41
42
43
Molde
Este molde feito de liga de alumnio 7005 e tem uma espessura de 10mm, foi elaborado a partir de um bloco de
alumnio macio atravs de maquinao CNC, o molde ir servir para a elaborao do cargo Bay que ser em compsito
nomeadamente em carbono.
44
Type
Assembly
Assembly
Part
Assembly
Assembly
Assembly
Nomenclature
Mtp
Ma
Fuselagem
MTT
V-tail1
V-tail2
Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Nomenclature
Molde cargo
Bay
Tampa Cargo
bay
trem 1
Rod1
Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Nomenclature
Aw1002
Sap
Aw1004
Aw1003
Aw1001
Wl
Type
Part
Part
Nomenclature
Rod1
PTT 1
Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Nomenclature
Hs2006
hs2002
Hs200
Hs2004
Hs2007
VTL
Made
A
A
A
1
1
1
Made
Made
Made
45
Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Nomenclature
Hs2006
hs2002
Hs2007
VTL
Hs2003
Hs2005
1 Rib 5 (Hs2005)
Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
1A
Made
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Made
Made
Made
Made
Made
Made
Made
Part
1A
Made
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Componente do avio
Processo tecnolgico
utilizado
Fuselagem
Materiais compsitos
Materiais compsitos
Trem de aterragem
Colagem estrutural
Furao na Fuselagem de
Alumnio
Cold Work
1 Fuselagem
59
No sejam imiscveis;
Compatveis quimicamente;
Propriedades mecnicas complementares;
Propriedades finais do compsito (mais ou menos linear) das propriedades dos
constituintes.
60
61
62
Nas figuras seguintes podemos visualizar alguns arranjos tpicos de fibras em cada camada
de compsito:
63
64
65
Enrolamento filamentar
Pultruso
impregnados
66
Pr-
armazenamento
-18C
(Max
meses),
devido
presena
de
resina+catalizador
- dificuldade de manuseamento;
- ideal para produtos planos, sem formas curvas.
Ausncia de fibras na direco Z
Equipamentos pesados de produo (autoclaves, prensas)
Custos elevados.
No nosso projecto para a construo da fuselagem utilizamos material compsito primpregnado. O material usado foi fibra de carbono pr-impreganado com resina epoxy. Para realizar
a forma final da fuselagem foi usado um gabari cilindro tubo de PVC onde foram colocadas 4
camadas de fibra de carbono pr-impregnado com orientaes intercaladas de 0 e 90.
A cura do material foi realizada utilizado saco de vacum e autoclave.
67
3 Trem de aterragem
Como definio de adesivo podemos dizer que um adesivo pode ser definido como um
material polimrico, ou seja, uma longa cadeia de tomos ligados covalentemente entre si, que
quando aplicado em superfcies pode lig-las e resistir sua separao.
68
69
70
71
72
Ainda que a utilizao dos adesivos apresente enormes vantagens face s ligaes
tradicionais, preciso ter conscincia das limitaes que lhes esto associadas.
As vantagens que podem estar associadas ao uso das juntas adesivas so:
- Ligao de chapas finas eficientemente pode constituir uma aplicao importante dos
adesivos para ligar materiais metlicos;
73
As desvantagens que podem trazer as juntas adesivas por sua vez so:
74
75
- Cuidado a ter com a preparao das superfcies: para obter bons resultados
determinante uma boa preparao das superfcies;
No nosso projecto iremos usar para a fixao do tre de aterragem caixa de pesos do avio
um adesivo fenlico, devido ser de fcil aplicao e de ter uma boa prestao na colagem de
componentes deferentes, como o nosso caso, ou seja, colagem de alumnio e carbono.
76
77
Movimentao
78
79
Vantagens:
Desvantagens:
80
1) Eixos de deslocamento;
2) Transmisses;
3) Dispositivos de medida de posio e de deslocamento;
4) Ferramenta principal ou cabea;
5) Sistemas de aperto de peas;
6) Sistemas de mudana de ferramentas (torreta);
7) Eixos complementares de rotao e de deslocamento.
As CNCs possuem um certo nmero de eixos principais, normalmente dois ou trs. Por
norma so os eixos X,Y e Z. O tipo de eixos e sua designao so normalizados para cada tipo de
mquina.
Para
alm
dos
eixos
eixos
complementares.
so
designados
por
eixos
complementares de rotao.
81
82
- Torno (lathe)
A pea segura e rodada enquanto uma ferramenta cortante se move para produzir a
forma desejada. Constituda por dois eixos.
- Fresadora (Mill)
A pea fixa numa mesa (poder ter dois ou trs eixos) e trabalhada por uma
ferramenta rotativa. a mquina de ferramentas mais verstil pois pode produzir
formas de contorno plano, formas com superfcies tridimensionais e formas cilndricas.
83
Sistemas de Medida
Sensores de posio
84
Sensores de velocidade
85
Programas em CNC
- Exemplo:
86
%
:22
N10 S1800
87
88
Segurana
Em Operaes de reparao
89
90
91
92
93
94
Introduction
The competition Air Cargo Challenge was created by APAE (Portuguese Association of
Aeronautics and Space) in 2003, inspired in the North American DBF (designbuildfly) aircraft
university competitions. Since then, the competition was held every two years and, from 2007, the
challenge gained European projection. The 2009 edition is organized by Aeroubi Euroavia Covilh
Ncleo de Engenharia Aeronutica da Universidade da Beira Interior (Association of Aeronautical
Engineering of University of Beira Interior). It is a competition aimed at university students doing
Engineering and Science courses or Engineers and was created to stimulate the interest in the fields of
aeronautics and as a means to test their skills.
Aeroubi Euroavia Covilh is managed exclusively by students and works as a nonpolitical and
nonprofit association that promotes and spreads Aeronautical Engineering. The Air Cargo Challenge
offers higher education students the unique opportunity to develop a multidisciplinary and challenging
project from its beginning to the end, to test their knowledge and, at the same time, it involves a wide
range of challenges that students will find in their future professional career: technical, interpersonal,
financial and strict deadlines.
To participate in the Air Cargo Challenge Competition, the team should design, document, build
and fly a radio controlled aircraft with the maximum payload possible. The aircraft must takeoff in 60
meters, fly over a field at least once and land safely in the place previously defined by the Organizing
Committee. The aircraft must comply with the competitions regulations which include design
restrictions such as motorpower limit.
I. Competition Purpose
1.1 Aim
The Air Cargo Challenge Competition for undergraduate and graduate students aims at
increasing the participants engineering skills trough the accomplishment of designing, building and
flying an optimized radio controlled aircraft.
The team will do its best to guarantee the fulfilment of the main objectives of this competition:
95
II. Participation
All Engineering/Science students and Engineers can participate to
represent their European higher education institution as long as the team has
the following characteristics:
A pilot:
Pilots are not required to be students nor be a member from the
university but must be accredited model aircraft pilot. Valid documental
proof must be presented at the flying field prior to flying the teams aircraft.
96
III. Applications
The applications will begin on 3rd November and finish on the 12th
December 2008 and the application form is available during this period in
the competition site: http://www.acc09.com.
The applications are limited to 35 teams. Each university can have a
maximum of two teams. The organization will consider the applications by
order of arrival and by their quality in the accomplishment of the competition
aims.
The application will only be considered as valid after the organization
receives the following items:
97
Copies of documents proving that all team members are eligible (ex:
Student card, etc.);
Professor in charge statement. All this information must be sent to
acc09.info@gmail.com
Applications made after midnight, 12th December, will not be
accepted. However, the Organizing Committee can eventually postpone the
registration deadline or accept applications if the team limit of 35 teams is
not achieved by that time.
th
st
98
Committee will have the same influence in terms of the help given to teams. Accommodation, meals
and transportation during the stay in Covilh for the duration of the flight competition are provided in
the full package application fee. Accommodation and transportation are not included in the basic
package application fee. Each member including pilot must pay the application fee.
99
100
101
be
directed
through
to
102
Any ESC for the maximum static discharge current of I=45A allowed
in the competition.
103
6.2.2. Propellers
Multiple propellers, shrouded propellers and ducted fans are allowed.
However, the use of metal propellers is forbidden. A spinner or security
screw should also be used and should be correctly fixed. The team should
mention a maximum of three types of propellers in the report which they
choose to use in the flight competition. Only those models will be allowed in
the flight competition. After the initial checking of the flight competition, all
the changes in the type of propeller should be told to the judges. The
propellers must be a commercial and tested product with the safety
precautions respected (e.g., r.p.m. limit not exceeded)
6.2.3. Transmission
Transmission gears, chains and propeller shafts are allowed as long as
the rotation ratio between the motor and the propeller is of one to one.
104
The cargo bay can have any shape as long as it carries the payload
support with the prescribed design (see 6.5 and Attachment 1). During the
technical verifications, juries will use an orthogonal volume of
160x80x80mm (see Attachment 2) made foam that will be introduced in the
cargo bay in order to simulate the cargo plates and ensure that every team
respected the minimum cargo volume as stated in regulations.
6.5. Payload
6.5.1. Payload and load support
The payload consists of the sum of the weight of lead plates. The
payload should have a support consisting of a horizontal 160x80mm
rectangular section. The payload lead plates are introduced through the two
8mm diameter supports.
105
The fuselage and wings of each aircraft should be identified with the
teams number with clear figures of at least 10cm high. The numbers of each
team will be decided in a draw. The teams number should be shown at least:
On the top and under the wings;
In both sides of the fuselage or vertical stabilizer.
IX. Evaluation
The evaluation of the designs will be made in four steps:
1
Preliminary Report;
2
Report (Technical Report and Drawings);
3
Oral Presentation;
4
Flight Competition.
106
9.2 Report
th
The design report and the drawings must be delivered until 5 June
th
2009 without penalty, and 12 June 2009 with maximum penalty. The report
should have 30 pages maximum (without attachments). It should be
presented in A4 format and font Times New Roman with size 12. The report
should be bound so that there are not any separate sheets. It should be
correctly identified with the name and number of the team and the University
name should appear in the front page. Each team should send 5 (FIVE)
complete copies of the report.
The report will be evaluated in terms of its technical content, methods,
creativity, clear organization and objectivity. A copy of the registration form
signed by all the members and the professor in charge of the Project should
be attached to the reports. It should be mentioned a maximum of three
propeller types that the team will use during the flight competition.
9.2.1. Drawings
Each copy of the report should include a set of five detailed drawings
of the aircraft. These drawings consist of A3 size sheets, printed in one side,
properly folded, and bound with the report so that they can be analyzed
without separating them from the rest of the document. One of the drawings
must be a 3view drawing of the aircraft using european projection, that is:
front view at the top left corner, top view below and starboard view on the
right (of the front view). The views must contain the main aircraft
dimensions (span, length and height, etc.).
Below the starboard view, there must be a table containing other
dimensional information such as relevant areas and/or volumes. Another
107
drawing must be an isometric perspective view of the aircraft. The remaining three
must contain information that each team finds relevant with at least one drawing
showing the cargo bay and its dimensions. A standard scale for each drawing must
be properly chosen. The 3view and isometric perspective drawings may not
display hidden lines. All dimensions must be in SI units except for linear lengths
which should be in millimetres and plain angles which should be in degrees. All
the drawings must have a label in the right bottom corner containing the
University logo, the teams name and number, a short description and other
pertinent information. The team should send a separate extra copy of the 3view
drawing to be used in the dimensional inspection prior to the flight competition. If
this copy is not delivered, the team will suffer a penalty of 10 points, as well as the
dimensional inspection penalty itself.
108
109
110
9.5.2. Landing
The aircraft should land inside the area of 120 meters long, starting
60m before the departure line, and an accident will invalidate the landing
attempt. The initial touch of the aircraft needs to be inside the area but the
rolling and stop can exceed this limit.
X. Judges
Each team will design, document, fabricate and demonstrate the aircraft
they determine to be capable of achieving the highest score on the contest. A group
of professors, engineers and students will be designated to judge the reports, the
oral presentations and the flight competitions of each team.
111
112
113
114
11.5 Bonus
11.5.1 Climb Angle
The Covilh airfield has some obstacles in the vicinity of the flight
airspace (check on Google Earth for details). For safety, we recommend that
the design of the aircraft will be done for a minimum of 1,5 of climb angle.
At the flight competition, for each run, technical devices will measure the
climb angle. If the climb angle is over or equal to 1,5, the team will have a
bonus of 10 points.
115
116
XIV. Notes
14.1. Omitted Cases
The organizing committee should make all efforts in order to provide
comfort to all teams during the development of the process and during the
competition. It will treat all teams equally.
All matters not mentioned in this regulation will be analyzed and
decisions will be made regarding the fairness and equality of all teams. The
organizing committee has the right to change this regulation at any time,
warning about the same change. Such documents warning about the change
of the current regulation will be named as Supplement to Regulation.
14.2. Protests
The teams have the right to protest against the decisions made by the
organizing committee. The current regulation and the decisions of the judges
cannot be the target of any protests. The protests should be presented in
writing to the concerned ones and addressed by the teams leader.
The organizing committee is available to accept any suggestions or
criticisms aiming at improving any detail of the competition.
We remind you that unstated protests will end up in a penalty.
and
Technical
and
117
118
Attachments
119
The
vertical
supporters
should
be
screwed, have 8
mm diameter
and
should
have
the
according
butterflynuts.
120
Attach
ment 2:
Cargo
Bay
Test
Volume
Dimensions in
mm
121
122
123
Concluso
A realizao deste trabalho foi muito importante na medida que nos obrigou a efectuar um trabalho de pesquisa em
casa para tentar obter as melhores performances para a nossa aeronave dentro dos regulamentos e normas do
concurso do Air Cargo Challenge 2009.
Conseguimos tambm efectuar alguns clculos que se revelaram muito importantes para o desempenho da aeronave
tais como o aspecto ractio das asas, clculos de lift, Clculos de Drag, Potencia necessria, Clculos de Velocidades (vel.
max vel. stall vel. cruzeiro ) centro de massa da aeronave, ao efectuar estes clculos apercebemo-nos como que
tudo isto no est interligado pois ao mexer um determinado valor x vamos alterar outro valor y, este tipo de trabalho
acho que muito produtivo pois ajuda-nos a consolidar os nossos conhecimentos adquiridos anteriormente.
Efectua-mos tambm o todos os desenhos das peas do Air Cargo no programa Catia V5 R19 bem como a sua
montagem, foi tambm elaborado o calculo dos elementos finitos, Bill of material (BOM), um molde para a elaborao
de uma parte do Air cargo feita em carbono, e conseguimos tambm identificar algumas tecnologias associadas ao
fabrico de Aeronaves tecnologias como CNC, Cold Work, Compositos, Colagens, etc.
124
Bibliografia
Daniel P Raymer
Published by American Institute of Aernautics and Astronauties, Inc. 2004
Sites:
www.easaonline.org
www.easa.eu.int
www.google.pt
www.demec.ufmg.br/cea/artigos/cea308.pdf
www.aerodesign.ufsc.br/forum/02_forum/cargas_para_aerodesign_2007_02.ppt
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Comentrios e Avaliao
Comentrio ao trabalho: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ass: ----------------------------------------------------
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