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Projecto Final

( A ir Cargo Challenge 2009)

Docentes:
Doutor Nuno Nunes
Eng. Aeronutico Carlos Domingos

Elaborado por:
Pedro Ferreira
Nuno Ferreira

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)


INTRODUO: .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
NOTAO E ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
CARACTERSTICAS DO MOTOR .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
HLICE .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
CONTROLADOR DE VELOCIDADE ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
SUPORTE DE LIGAO DO MOTOR/FUSELAGEM ............................................................................................................................ 10
PESO: .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
FUSELAGEM: ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
MOTOR: .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
ASAS ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
ESTABILIZADOR HORIZONTAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
ESTABILIZADOR VERTICAL............................................................................................................................................................... 15
VELOCIDADES: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
VELOCIDADE MXIMA .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
VELOCIDADE DE PERDA ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Velocidade de perda Com Flaps a 45 ............................................................................................................................................ 16
VELOCIDADE DE DESCOLAGEM ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
FLAPS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
AREA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
ELEVATOR ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
AREA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
RUDDER .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
AREA............................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
CENTRO AERODINMICO E CENTRO DE GRAVIDADE ...................................................................................................................... 19
ESQUEMATICAMENTE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
CENTRO AERODINMICO........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Clculos........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
CENTRO DEGRAVIDADE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Margem mnima do centro de gravidade ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Margem Mxima do Centro de Gravidade ..................................................................................................................................... 20
Centro de gravidade ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
TREM DE ATERRAGEM .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
DESENHOS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
PEAS DO V-TAI ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Rib N1............................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Rib N2............................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Spar do V-Tail ................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Supreficie Mvel ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Loft do V-tail ................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

MONTAGEM DO V-TAIL ................................................................................................................................................................


FUSELAGEM ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
ASA....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Rib N1............................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Rib Central da Asa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
RiB da ponta da asa........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Spar da Asa ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Loft da Asa ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Montagem da Asa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
COMPARTIMENTO DE CARGA ..................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Cargo Bay ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Tampa do Cargo Box ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
TREM DE ATERRAGEM .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Trem Principal ................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Trem traseiro .................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Roda ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Montagem do Trem Traseiro + Roda.............................................................................................................................................. 40
Montagem do Trem Principal + Cargo Bay ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Montagem Final do Air Cargo ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
MOLDE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
BILL OF MATERIAL ( AIR CARGO ) ........................................................................................................................................ 45
RELATRIO DE CALCULO DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS (SPAR) .......................................................................................... 47
NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS APLICADAS AERONUTICA ..................................................................................................... 59
1 FUSELAGEM.............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Hand and Spray lay-up ................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Vacuum bagging (saco de vacum).................................................................................................................................................. 65
Enrolamento filamentar ................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Pultruso ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
PROJECTO DA FUSELAGEM DO AIR-CARGO: ................................................................................................................................................... 67
2 CAIXA DE TRANSPORTES DE PESOS DO AIR-CARGO .................................................................................................................. 68
3 TREM DE ATERRAGEM.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
Descrio geral dos adesivos .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Tipos de adesivos estruturais e propriedades................................................................................................................................. 71
Vantagens e desvantagens associadas s juntas adesivas ............................................................................................................ 73
PROJECTO DE FIXAO DO TREM DE ATERRAGEM: .......................................................................................................................................... 76
4 MOLDE DA CAIXA DE TRANSPORTE DE PESOS .......................................................................................................................... 77
O Controlo Numrico (NC) .............................................................................................................................................................. 77
Movimentao ............................................................................................................................................................................... 78
O Controlo Numrico Computorizado (CNC) .................................................................................................................................. 78
Esquemtico de um Sistema CNC ................................................................................................................................................... 79
Caractersticas de um sistema CNC ................................................................................................................................................ 79
Vantagens e desvantagens de um equipamento CNS .................................................................................................................... 80
Componentes usuais de uma Mquina CNC ................................................................................................................................... 81
Eixos do equipamento CNC ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
Mquinas de CNC mais comuns ..................................................................................................................................................... 83

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Sensores de velocidade ...........................................................................................................................................................


Programas em CNC ......................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Projecto de maquinao do molde da caixa de transporte dos pesos ........................................................................................... 88
5- FURAO DA FUSELAGEM COLD WORK...................................................................................................................................... 88
QUANDO EFECTUAMOS UMA FURAO IREMOS FRAGILIZAR O MATERIAL POR SE REDUZIR A QUANTIDADE DE REA RESISTENTE A
UMA FORA ACTUANTE, MAS OS FUROS SO UMA MAL NECESSRIO POIS NESSES FUROS SERO INSTALADOS OS FIXADORES QUE
FAZEM A FIXAO DA ESTRUTURA, OS FUROS ALEM DE SEREM OS PONTOS MAIS FRGEIS DE UMA ESTRUTURA, OS FUROS SO
CONSIDERADOS PONTOS CRTICOS POR DUAS RAZOES PRINCIPAIS QUE SO: ................................................................................. 88
Concentrao de Tenses ............................................................................................................................................................... 88
Defeitos Superficiais ....................................................................................................................................................................... 88
DISTRIBUIES DE TENSES EM VOLTA DE UM FURO ...................................................................................................................................... 89
Onde e quando se utiliza o Cold Work ............................................................................................................................................ 89
Grfico do esforo mximo / Ciclos por falha consoante o tipo de furo ..................................................................................... 90
Furo com Cold Work ...................................................................................................................................................................... 90
REGULAMENTO DO AIR CARGO 2009 ............................................................................................................................................. 91
CONCLUSO ................................................................................................................................................................................. 124
BIBLIOGRAFIA........................................................................................................................................................................................ 125
COMENTRIOS E AVALIAO ....................................................................................................................................................... 126

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Introduo:

Este trabalho consiste em criar uma aeronave para o concurso


Air Cargo Challenge 2009 a realizar na Covilh dimensionando as
principais caractersticas aerodinmicas, e estimar os respectivos
parmetros de voo da aeronave tendo sempre em conta as
limitaes impostas pelo regulamento, tambm iremos utilizar o
programa Catia V5 R19 para efectuar todos os desenhos e
montagens e Molde do Air Cargo, bem como BOM (Bill of Material) e
a analise dos Elementos Finitos tambm iremos abordar alguns
processos de implantao de novas tecnologias aplicados ao fabrico
de Aeronaves.

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Notao e Abreviaturas
We  Peso em vazio da Aeronave
Wo  Peso Mximo da Aeronave
CHT  Coeficiente de volume do estabilizador Horizontal
SHT  Are do estabilizador Horizontal
Cw  Corda mdia da Asa
Sw  rea da Asa
Lht  Distancia entre centro aerodinmico da asa e o centro aerodinmico de estabilizador Horizontal

Lvt  Distancia entre centro aerodinmico da asa e o centro aerodinmico de estabilizador Vertical
Cvt  Coeficiente de volume do estabilizador vertical
Svt  rea do estabilizador vertical
Bw  Envergadura da asa
Acw  Centro Aerodinmico da Asa
AcHs  Centro Aerodinmico do Estabilizador Horizontal
Ac Ar/c  Centro Aerodinmico da Aeronave
Ac Vs  Centro Aerodinmico do estabilizador Vertical
CG Centro de Gravidade
Hp Potencia em Horse Power
Vmax  Velocidade Maxima
V stall  Velocidade de Perda
Vcruz  Velocidade de Cruzeiro
V1motor  Velocidade Maxima da Aeronave a operar com um motor
S  Area
A flaps Area de Flaps
A rudder  Area do rudder
A elevator  rea do elevator

A ailerons  Area dos Ailerons

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Caractersticas do Motor

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Hlice

Esta
hlice

fabricada
totalmente em carbono e
foi
escolhida por ns por
ser
muito leve e aerodinamicamente
muito eficiente foi desenvolvida
especialmente
para
motores
AXI
5330/F3A e
para os modelos padro.
2820/xx Esta configurao foi testada
e permite alcanar o peso total do
plano longitudinal na faixa inferior a
4500g. Melhorando a eficincia e tendo
alcanado maior desempenho
do que a
hlice AXI 10 "x 5" F3A Carbono e AXI
5330/F3A

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Controlador de velocidade

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Suporte de ligao do Motor/Fuselagem

10

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Peso:
Tabela N1

Distribuio do
peso em %

Peso
Motor

1 x

0,155 Kg

0,3417 lb

6,2 %

Actuadores

5 x

0,100 Kg

0.2204 lb

4 %

Controlador de Velocidade

0,045 Kg

0.0992 lb

1,8 %

Fuselagem

1,000 Kg

2.2046 lb

40 %

0,200 Kg

0.4409 lb

8 %

Carga

1,000 Kg

2.2046 lb

40 %

Peso em vazio

1,500 Kg

3.3069 lb

60 %

Peso mximo descolagem = (Wo)

2,500 Kg

5,5112 lb

100 %

Bateria

Podemos calcular o rcio entre o Peso em vazio (We) e o peso mximo a descolagem (Wo).

vermelho no grfico n1
nosso rcio We/Wo
dentro dos limites padro
rcio varia entre 0.45 e
uma aeronave do gnero

Como
podemos
visualizar a
direita o
encontra-se
pois este
0.62 para
(General

Aviation Single)

11

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Fuselagem:
Iremos achar o comprimento da Fuselagem atravs
frmula:

da

Motor:

Fabricante
AXI
Tabela N2

Modelo
2820/10 0

cilindrada

Alimentao
Elctrico

Potncia/motor
(W)
300.9 W

N
motores

Potencia Total (Hp)


1

0.404 (Hp)

Para ver se os nossos motores esto dentro dos valores padro iremos efectuar o rcio Hp/Wo isto a relao Horse
Power por lb e ver se est perto do valor 0.07 indicado da tabela em baixo direita.

12

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Asas
Asa
corda Raiz

0.237 m

0.778 ft

Corda ponta

0.237 m

0.778 ft

1.81 m

5.94 ft

Emvergadura da Asa
Dihedral
Area da Asa
Max Wing loading
= Wo/S
AR=B^2/S
Tipo de Asa

1
0.430 m^2

4.628

5.813 Kg/m^2

ft^2
1.190 Lbm/ft^2

7,628

Naca 2412 (popular)

Tabela N3

Como podemos visualizar nas duas tabelas esquerda os


nossos valores esto dentro dos parmetros pois temos
aspecto de rcio de 7.628 e na tabela o aspecto de rcio
um general aviation- single engine de 7.6 e o dihedral
1 grau e na tabela podemos ver que para uma aeronave
de asa alta este valor varia entre 0 e 2 graus.

um
para
de
civil

13

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Estabilizador Horizontal
Para calcular a rea do estabilizador horizontal
utilizar a seguinte formula

irei

Como quero que CHT seja


0,70 para estar dentro os valores da tabela do Tail
coeficiente e os restantes valores j so
conhecidos como Lht= 2.5 ft , Sw=4.628 ft^2,
Cw=0.778 ft irei efectuar alguns clculos para
quanto ft^2 tem que ter o estabilizador horizontal

igual a
volume

concluir

14

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Estabilizador Vertical
Para calcular a rea do estabilizador Vertical irei
utilizar a seguinte formula
Como quero que CVt seja igual a 0,04 para estar
dentro os valores da tabela do Tail volume coeficiente
restantes valores j so conhecidos como LVt= 2.5 ft ,
Sw=4.268 , bw= 5.94 ft irei efectuar alguns clculos
concluir quanto ft^2 tem que ter o estabilizador
Vertical

e os
para

15

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Velocidades:
Velocidade Mxima
Irei calcular a velocidade mxima partindo da seguinte frmula:

Velocidade de Perda
Velocidade de perda Com Flaps a 45
Irei calcular a velocidade de perda atravs da seguinte frmula
Sendo o Clmax obtido atravs da simulao
esquerda com flaps do tipo Split Flap a 45

Simulao N1

16

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Velocidade de Descolagem
Para a velocidade de descolagem podemos considerar o valor imediatamente a seguir velocidade de perda pois se a
aeronave na descolagem se atingir a velocidade de perda no descola pois nesse ponto as foras de lift e o peso esto
em equilbrio mas basta subir um pouco a velocidade para influenciar o sistema de foras e temos que as foras de lift
so superiores ao peso e a aeronave descola por isso podemos afirmar que se a velocidade de perda de 24.739 km/h
ento a Velocidade de Descolagem de 25 Km/h

Flaps
Area

17

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Elevator
Area

Rudder
Area

18

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Centro Aerodinmico e Centro de Gravidade


Esquematicamente

Centro Aerodinmico
Clculos
Irei calcular matematicamente o centro Aerodinmico da aeronave ACa/c vou utilizar alguns valores conhecidos j
calculados e esses valores so: a+b=1200 mm Sw=522,5 mm e Shst=50 mm

19

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Centro deGravidade
Margem mnima do centro de gravidade

Margem Mxima do Centro de Gravidade

Centro de gravidade

20

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Trem de Aterragem

O trem de aterragem escolhido para aeronave ser do tipo Taildragger.

21

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Desenhos
Peas do V-Tai

22

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Rib N1

23

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Rib N2

24

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Spar do V-Tail

25

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Supreficie Mvel

26

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Loft do V-tail

27

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Montagem do V-Tail

28

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Fuselagem

29

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Asa
Rib N1

30

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Rib Central da Asa

31

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

RiB da ponta da asa

32

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Spar da Asa

33

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Loft da Asa

34

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Montagem da Asa

35

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Compartimento de Carga
Cargo Bay

36

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Tampa do Cargo Box

37

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Trem de Aterragem
Trem Principal

38

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Trem traseiro

Roda

39

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Montagem do Trem Traseiro + Roda

40

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Montagem do Trem Principal + Cargo Bay

41

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Montagem Final do Air Cargo

42

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

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Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Molde
Este molde feito de liga de alumnio 7005 e tem uma espessura de 10mm, foi elaborado a partir de um bloco de
alumnio macio atravs de maquinao CNC, o molde ir servir para a elaborao do cargo Bay que ser em compsito
nomeadamente em carbono.

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Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Bill of Material ( Air Cargo )


Bill of Material: Montagem final
Quantity Part Number
1 Montagem do trem Principal
1 Montagem Asa
1 Fuselagem
1 Montagem Trem Traseiro
1 V-tail1
1 V-tail2

Type
Assembly
Assembly
Part
Assembly
Assembly
Assembly

Nomenclature
Mtp
Ma
Fuselagem
MTT
V-tail1
V-tail2

Revision Definition Comment Source


A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made

Bill of Material: Montagem do trem


Principal
Quantity Part Number

Type

Revision Definition Comment Source

1 Molde Cargo Bay

Part

1 Tampa Cargo Bay


1 Trem
2 Rodas

Part
Part
Part

Nomenclature
Molde cargo
Bay
Tampa Cargo
bay
trem 1
Rod1

Bill of Material: Mantagem Asa


Quantity Part Number
1 Rib 2 (Aw1002)
3 Spar
1 Rib 4 (Aw1004)
1 Rib 3 (Aw1003)
6 Rib 1 (Aw1001)
1 Wing Loft

Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

Nomenclature
Aw1002
Sap
Aw1004
Aw1003
Aw1001
Wl

Revision Definition Comment Source


A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made

Bill of Material: Montagem Trem


Trazeiro
Quantity Part Number
1 Rodas
1 Perna do Trem Trazeiro

Type
Part
Part

Nomenclature
Rod1
PTT 1

Revision Definition Comment Source


A
1
Made
A
1
Made

Bill of Material: V-tail1


Quantity Part Number
1 Suprefice movel(Hs2006)
1 Rib 2 (Hs2002)
1 Rib 1 (Hs2001)
1 Rib 4 (Hs2004)
3 spar (Hs2007)
1 V Tail Loft

Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

Nomenclature
Hs2006
hs2002
Hs200
Hs2004
Hs2007
VTL

Revision Definition Comment Source


A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made

Made

A
A
A

1
1
1

Made
Made
Made

45

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Bill of Material: V-tail2


Quantity Part Number
1 Suprefice movel(Hs2006)
1 Rib 2 (Hs2002)
3 spar (Hs2007)
1 V Tail Loft
1 Rib 3 (Hs2003)
1 Rib 5 (Hs2005)

Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

Nomenclature
Hs2006
hs2002
Hs2007
VTL
Hs2003
Hs2005

Revision Definition Comment Source


A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made
A
1
Made

Recapitulation of: Montagem


final
Different parts: 20
Total parts: 37
Quantity Part Number
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
6
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
6
2
1

Molde Cargo Bay


Tampa Cargo Bay
Trem
Rodas
Rib 2 (Aw1002)
Spar
Rib 4 (Aw1004)
Rib 3 (Aw1003)
Rib 1 (Aw1001)
Wing Loft
Fuselagem
Perna do Trem
Traseiro
Superfcie
movel(Hs2006)
Rib 2 (Hs2002)
Rib 1 (Hs2001)
Rib 4 (Hs2004)
spar (Hs2007)
V Tail Loft
Rib 3 (Hs2003)

1 Rib 5 (Hs2005)

Type
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

Definition Revision Source Comment Product Description


Molde de Alumnio para efectu
1A
Made
Bay
1A
Made
Tampa do Cargo bay
1A
Made
Perna do trem
1A
Made
Rodas
1A
Made
Rib Central
1A
Made
SPAR
1A
Made
Rib da ponta da asa Direita
1A
Made
rid da ponta da asa esquerda
1A
Made
Rib intermdio
1A
Made
wing loft
1A
Made
Fuselagem

Part

1A

Made

perna do trem traseira

Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

Made
Made
Made
Made
Made
Made
Made

Superfcie Mvel do V-tail


Rib central do v tail
Rib raiz ( esquerda )
Rib raiz ( Direita )
Spar do V-tail
V-tail loft
Rib raiz ( esquerda )

Part

1A

Made

Rib raiz (Direita)

46

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Relatrio de Calculo de Elementos Finitos (SPAR)

47

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52

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55

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Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Novas Tecnologias Aplicadas Aeronutica

Componente do avio

Processo tecnolgico
utilizado

Fuselagem

Materiais compsitos

Caixa de transporte de pesos

Materiais compsitos

Trem de aterragem

Colagem estrutural

Molde da caixa de transporte de


pesos

Maquinao por CNC

Furao na Fuselagem de
Alumnio

Cold Work

1 Fuselagem

No projecto da fuselagem do Air-Cargo utilizou-se materiais compsitos. A finalidade da


utilizao do material compsito para a construo da fuselagem foi inessencialmente usada devido
aos seguintes pontos:

 Reduo de peso face a uma elevada resistncia;


 Resistncia corroso;
 Construo de formas complexas;
 Melhor acabamento superficial

59

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Fazendo uma sucinta explanao da constituio dos material compsitos


podemos dizer que os materiais compsitos so compostos de dois ou mais materiais, a matriz e o
reforo (s), que:

 No sejam imiscveis;
 Compatveis quimicamente;
 Propriedades mecnicas complementares;
 Propriedades finais do compsito (mais ou menos linear) das propriedades dos
constituintes.

Podemos verificar a evoluo da utilizao de compsitos na indstria aeronutica pelos


seguintes grficos em baixo:

60

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

A estrutura de um material compsito pode ser verificada no seguinte grfico:

A produo de fibras de carbono exemplificada na seguinte figura:

61

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Nas figuras em baixo poderemos visualizar as fibras de vidro e fibras de carbono:

As propriedades mecnicas das fibras so descritas nos grficos seguintes:

62

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Nas figuras seguintes podemos visualizar alguns arranjos tpicos de fibras em cada camada
de compsito:

a) Fibras unidireccionais continuas

b) Fibras descontinuas orientadas de


modo aleatrio

c) Fibras unidireccionais tecidas


ortogonalmente

63

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Podemos verificar os tipos de tecidos existentes nas figuras seguintes:

Propriedades mecnicas consoante o tipo de resina utilizado:

64

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Os mtodos de produo de laminados so descritos na figura seguinte:

Hand and Spray lay-up

Vacuum bagging (saco de vacum)

65

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Enrolamento filamentar

Pultruso


impregnados

66

Pr-

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

 Fibras pr-impregnadas de resina


-

armazenamento

-18C

(Max

meses),

devido

presena

de

resina+catalizador
- dificuldade de manuseamento;
- ideal para produtos planos, sem formas curvas.
 Ausncia de fibras na direco Z
 Equipamentos pesados de produo (autoclaves, prensas)
 Custos elevados.

Projecto da fuselagem do Air-Cargo:

No nosso projecto para a construo da fuselagem utilizamos material compsito primpregnado. O material usado foi fibra de carbono pr-impreganado com resina epoxy. Para realizar
a forma final da fuselagem foi usado um gabari cilindro tubo de PVC onde foram colocadas 4
camadas de fibra de carbono pr-impregnado com orientaes intercaladas de 0 e 90.
A cura do material foi realizada utilizado saco de vacum e autoclave.

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2 Caixa de transportes de pesos do Air-Cargo

No fabrico da caixa de pesos do Air-Cargo utilizou-se materiais compsitos pr-impregnados


na sua construo. Mas ao invs do processo usado na fuselagem, o processo de fabrico utilizado
para a construo da caixa de pesos foi usado uma prensa com pratos aquecidos para fazer a cura
e formao do material.

3 Trem de aterragem

Na fixao do trem de aterragem caixa de pesos do Air-Cargo foi utilizada a tecnologia de


colagem estrutural ao invs do processo tradicional de rebitagem.

Seguidamente irem explanar os princpios e conceitos deste processo de fabrico, ou seja:

Quando se pretende efectuar a ligao permanente de mais do que um componente, de entre


as diferentes tcnicas possveis soldadura, brasagem, rebitagem, aparafusagem, colagem
aquela que maior interesse e evoluo em despertado nos ltimos anos tem sido a colagem
estrutural de componentes. O aumento da aplicao desta tcnica de ligao, deve-se relativa
facilidade de realizarem juntas de ligao simples, resistentes e econmicas usando adesivos.

Como definio de adesivo podemos dizer que um adesivo pode ser definido como um
material polimrico, ou seja, uma longa cadeia de tomos ligados covalentemente entre si, que
quando aplicado em superfcies pode lig-las e resistir sua separao.

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Um adesivo estrutural por sua vez resiste a foras substanciais e responsvel


pela rigidez da estrutura. O substrato o material a ser ligado, podendo ser designado como
aderente depois da ligao.
A adeso um conceito que deve ser bem esclarecido neste contexto, e distinguido do termo
coeso. Enquanto que adeso a atraco entre duas substncias resultante das foras
intermoleculares que se estabelecem entre elas, coeso envolve apenas as foras intermoleculares
de uma substncia.
Uma junta o conjunto formado pelos aderentes ou substratos, o adesivo, os primrios, caso
estes existam, e as superfcies. Primrio a substncia que se utiliza por aplicao directa nas
superfcies dos substratos para melhorar a adeso ou proteger a sua superfcie at aplicao do
adesivo.
A regio entre o adesivo e o substrato definida como superfcie de ligao.

Descrio geral dos adesivos

Os adesivos podem ser sintticos ou naturais. Os sintticos so fabricados a partir de


materiais fabricados pelo homem, enquanto que os adesivos naturais so fabricados a partir de
produtos naturais provenientes da agricultura ou dos animais. Dado que a classificao dos adesivos
como naturais ou sintticos muito vaga, a classificao feita de acordo com a sua funo,
composio qumica, modo de aplicao, forma fsica, custo e aplicao.
A classificao funcional distingue os adesivos como sendo estruturais ou no estruturais. Os
adesivos estruturais apresentam elevada resistncia ao corte e so capazes de resistir a cargas
elevadas sem grande deformao. Os adesivos no estruturais limitam-se a manter em posio
materiais leves, amortecer vibraes, a vedar ou isolar, pois apresentam baixa resistncia ao corte,
temperatura e agentes qumicos.
Segundo a sua composio qumica os adesivos distinguem-se em, termoendurecveis,
termoplsticos, elastmeros e hbridos (misturas destes).

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Os adesivos termoendurecveis so polmeros largamente reticulados que


possuem uma grande rigidez aps a sua polimerizao e quando sujeitos a aplicao de calor
excessivo degradam-se devido oxidao ou quebras nas cadeias moleculares.
Os termoplsticos so polmeros lineares ou ramificados que podem ser fundidos pela adio
de calor, podendo ser moldados e remoldados usando tcnicas convencionais. Apesar de alguns
termoplsticos apresentarem boa resistncia ao corte a temperaturas moderadas, esses materiais
no so reticulados e tendem a fluir sob carga a baixas temperaturas. Estes so menos resistentes
que os termoendurecveis a agentes qumicos.
Os elastmeros podem ser extendidos sob a aco de foras elevadas que recuperam as
dimenses iniciais quando a fora retirada, pois tm uma grande tenacidade e capacidade de
deformao graas sua estrutura macromolecular levemente reticulada que permite o
deslizamento das molculas umas em relao s outras. Os adesivos elastomricos podem ser
termoendurecveis ou termoplsticos. Os do tipo termoendurecvel podem ser utilizados em algumas
aplicaes estruturais. Devido ao facto dos adesivos elastomricos serem materiais muito
viscoelsticos, so caracterizados por terem um alto grau de deformao, baixo mdulo de
elasticidade e elevada tenacidade. Assim estes adesivos apresentam uma boa resistncia a foras
de arrancamento e uma boa flexibilidade que permite ligar substratos com coeficientes de expanso
trmica diferentes.
Os adesivos hbridos so feitos combinando as propriedades mais teis dos trs adesivos
expostos anteriormente gerando adesivos mais resistentes.
Resinas rgidas e frgeis para elevadas temperaturas so combinadas com um elastmero ou
termoplstico flexvel e tenaz para melhorar a resistncia ao arrancamento e a capacidade de
absorver energia.
Outra forma de classificao atravs do modo como endurecem ou solidificam que pode ser
por reaco qumica, por perda do solvente, por perda de gua ou por arrefecimento a partir do
estado fundido.
Relativamente sua forma fsica os adesivos apresentam-se sob vrias formas como, pastas,
lquidos, ps, fita, filme e barra. Entre a pasta e lquido a principal diferena a viscosidade.
Relativamente s formas slidas como, ps, filme, fita e barra a principal vantagem serem
adesivos de apenas um componente no requerendo dosagem e mistura.

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Os mtodos de aplicao mais usados em adesivos lquidos so o spray, a


escova ou esptula. As pastas so consideradas como de extruso, aplicadas com pistolas de
mstique ou seringas.

Tipos de adesivos estruturais e propriedades

Os adesivos estruturais so usados quando necessrio uma elevada resistncia. So


geralmente termoendurecveis que necessitam de reticulao qumica com a adio de um
endurecedor ou fornecimento de calor. De seguida so descritas as principais famlias de adesivos
estruturais:

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Temos ainda, os poliuretanos, os anaerbicos, os cianoacrilatos, acrlicos modificados e os


polisteres.
Os adesivos epxidos consistem numa resina epxida adicionada a um endurecedor.
Permitem uma grande versatilidade na sua formulao dado que existem diversos tipos de resinas e
endurecedores que podem ser combinados de acordo com as necessidades. Formam adeses
extremamente resistentes e de elevada durabilidade com uma boa percentagem de ocupao de
vazios. Podem ser apresentados na forma de filme.
Os adesivos fenlicos foram os primeiros adesivos usados para metais, contando com uma
longa histria de sucesso dadas as caractersticas de elevada resistncia em ligaes metal-metal e
metal-madeira. Requerem presso e temperaturas relativamente elevadas para o processo de cura.
Os adesivos poliaromticos de alta temperatura so conhecidos pela sua excepcional
resistncia trmica. Um dos principais problemas apresentados por estes adesivos alm do custo,
a dificuldade de processamento que apresentam e o aparecimento de vazios e bolhas devidos
gua ou solvente libertados durante a condensao. Durante o processo de cura so necessrias
temperaturas entre os 290-340C e elevadas presses.
Os poliuretanos por sua vez podem curar temperatura ambiente ou a altas temperaturas,
so flexveis e apresentam uma relativamente alta resistncia ao corte e ao arrancamento. Tm
melhor resistncia a temperaturas baixas do que os outros adesivos, mas a resistncia a altas
temperaturas m. A humidade um grande inimigo destes adesivos pois promove a sua
degradao quer no estado curado, quer no estado no curado. A boa aderncia destes adesivos
uma caracterstica consequente da sua boa molhabilidade e flexibilidade.
Os adesivos anaerbicos so curados, como o prprio nome indica, quando o ar excludo
da resina. Estes adesivos so muito caros, mas em contrapartida a quantidade de adesivo requerida
pequena. Tm uma boa resistncia humidade e solventes e a cura pode ser feita temperatura
ambiente.
Os acrlicos modificados possuem cura rpida, alta dureza e resistncia ao corte, ao impacto,
arrancamento e humidade. So fornecidos em duas partes (resina e catalisador) e so misturados
antes de aplicados. Toleram preparaes mnimas das superfcies e podem ser aplicados a uma
alargada gama de materiais com boas capacidades de preenchimento de vazios.

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Os polisteres so relativamente baratos, e so divididos em saturados


(termoplsticos) e no saturados (termoendurecveis). Os polisteres saturados tm uma elevada
resistncia ao arrancamento e dada a sua transparncia tambm so usados em material ptico. Os
polisteres no saturados exibem mais contraco durante a cura e uma resistncia corroso mais
fraca do que os epxidos. Podem ser muito flexveis ou muito rgidos.

Vantagens e desvantagens associadas s juntas adesivas

Ainda que a utilizao dos adesivos apresente enormes vantagens face s ligaes
tradicionais, preciso ter conscincia das limitaes que lhes esto associadas.
As vantagens que podem estar associadas ao uso das juntas adesivas so:

- Melhor distribuio de tenses: as tenses so distribudas de forma mais uniforme


ao longo da rea ligada o que permite uma maior rigidez e transmisso de carga;

- Ligao de chapas finas eficientemente pode constituir uma aplicao importante dos
adesivos para ligar materiais metlicos;

- Capacidade de unir materiais com composies diferentes: os adesivos permitem


ligar diferentes materiais. Estes podem diferir em composio, mdulo, coeficiente de
expanso ou espessura pois a flexibilidade do adesivo compensa a diferena;

- Reduo de vibraes: as juntas adesivas possuem boas propriedades de absoro


de rudo ou vibraes, o que pode ser de grande utilidade em aplicaes destinadas a
este fim e melhora a resistncia fadiga dos componentes ligados;

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- Boa resistncia corroso: o formato de continuidade das juntas adesivas forma


uma selagem prova de agentes corrosivos;

- Boa capacidade de vedao: as juntas adesivas possuem boas propriedades de


vedao o que pode ser muito til em determinadas aplicaes;

- Possibilidade de concretizar formas complexas: estruturas de compsitos em


sandwich so exemplos tpicos;

- Boa aparncia superficial, com contornos regulares: as juntas adesivas do um


aspecto mais liso e regular aos componentes, melhorando a qualidade do seu
acabamento. No existe o problema das salincias e outras interferncias resultantes
da utilizao de parafusos e rebites, nem as marcas deixadas pela soldadura;

- Boas tcnicas de controlo de qualidade: evoluo em tcnicas no destrutivas;

- Economicamente mais favorvel: o processo de colagem pode ser automatizado, os


procedimentos de montagem podem ser significativamente simplificados com a
substituio de vrios dispositivos de fixao mecnica por uma simples junta adesiva
permitindo a montagem de vrios componentes numa s operao;

As desvantagens que podem trazer as juntas adesivas por sua vez so:

- Foras de arrancamento e clivagem: necessrio um projecto de ligao que elimine


ao mximo estas foras. Quando um dos materiais no rgido, a ligao pode estar
sujeita a foras de arrancamento, e quando os dois materiais so rgidos a ligao
pode ficar sujeita a foras de clivagem;

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- Tenses localizadas: importante usar geometrias que evitem tenses localizadas e


que garantam uma distribuio uniforme de tenses. importante que as tenses
estejam perpendiculares ao adesivo para se evitarem as foras de arrancamento e
clivagem. Se se conceber uma ligao com tenses paralelas ligao teremos um
adesivo sujeito a tenses de corte, o que prefervel;

- Manuteno: as juntas adesivas no so geralmente simples de desmantelar para


realizao de servios de manuteno;

- Fraca resistncia ao fogo e temperatura: os adesivos pertencem classe dos


materiais polimricos. Tm obviamente as limitaes inerentes aos elementos desta
classe. Com o aumento da temperatura, a resistncia da junta adesiva diminui e as
propriedades mecnicas do adesivo degradam-se. Esta transio ocorre tipicamente
numa gama de temperaturas entre 70 220C. A temperatura de transio depende
obviamente do adesivo;

- Problemas de toxicidade e inflamabilidade: as juntas adesivas podem ser inflamveis


e apresentar nveis de toxicidade significativos;

- Susceptveis degradao ambiental e apresentam incerteza relativamente sua


durabilidade a longo prazo em condies de servio severas;

- Apresentam limitada resistncia a condies extremas, tais como o calor e a


humidade devido natureza polimrica do adesivo;

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- Necessidade de ferramentas de fixao: a ligao no normalmente realizada


instantaneamente o que leva utilizao de ferramentas de fixao para manter as
peas em posio o que traz encargos econmicos;

- Cuidado a ter com a preparao das superfcies: para obter bons resultados
determinante uma boa preparao das superfcies;

- Controlo do processo: para garantir bons resultados necessrio um controlo


apertado do processo de fabricao das juntas. Uma junta mal realizada quase
sempre impossvel de corrigir;
- A cura dos adesivos: na maior parte dos adesivos a fora de ligao mxima no
produzida instantaneamente como acontece com as ligaes mecnicas. A qualidade
da ligao pode ser comprometida se no processo de colagem, as superfcies a colar
no forem totalmente preenchidas pelo adesivo.

Projecto de fixao do trem de aterragem:

No nosso projecto iremos usar para a fixao do tre de aterragem caixa de pesos do avio
um adesivo fenlico, devido ser de fcil aplicao e de ter uma boa prestao na colagem de
componentes deferentes, como o nosso caso, ou seja, colagem de alumnio e carbono.

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4 Molde da caixa de transporte de pesos

No processo de maquinao do molde da caixa de transporte de pesos do Air-Cargo, foi


utilizada a tecnologia de maquinao por CNC (controlo numrico por computador). Seguidamente
iremos dar uma perspectiva terica do sobre este tipo de tecnologia.

O Controlo Numrico (NC)

O Controlo Numrico (NC) uma forma de automao onde o equipamento controlado


atravs de um programa baseado em letras, nmeros e outros smbolos.
Assim sendo, o equipamento adquire uma certa independncia do operador, no dependendo
portanto da habilidade e/ou destreza manual do operador.

O Controlo Numrico pode ser utilizado em:


- Aplicaes que utilizam mquinas ferramentas, onde est envolvida a remoo
de materiais;

- Aplicaes que no utilizam mquinas ferramentas.


(linhas de montagem, manipulao de materiais, inspeco e medida).

Componentes de um sistema NC:


1) Programa de Instrues;
2) Unidade de Controlo;
3) Equipamento de Processamento (Mquina).

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Movimentao

Existem trs tipos de instrues bsicas:

- Ponto a ponto: um movimento de posicionamento, normalmente executado


a alta velocidade;

- Corte a direito: movimentao em linha recta entre pontos com ferramenta em


corte, sendo efectuado a uma velocidade consoante o tipo de corte, ferramenta e
acabamento desejado;

- Corte em contorno movimento em corte segundo um contorno prdeterminado.

O Controlo Numrico Computorizado (CNC)

O controlo numrico computorizado um sistema NC que utiliza o microcomputador como


unidade de controlo de uma mquina ferramenta.
O corao de um sistema CNC um
computador, que se encarrega de realizar todos os
clculos necessrios e as operaes lgicas.
Atendendo que o sistema CNC a ponte
entre o operador e a mquina ferramenta, so
necessrias as respectivas interfaces.

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Esquemtico de um Sistema CNC

Caractersticas de um sistema CNC

a. Possibilidade de armazenar em memria mais do que um programa NC;


b. Permitem a edio, modificao e teste de programas NC junto mquina de
ferramentas;
c. Permite a utilizao de ciclos e subrotinas;
d. Facilidades no setup de posicionamento e alinhamento;
e. As mquinas CNC podem efectuar diagnsticos on-line, permitindo a deteco
de avarias, ou de sinais de uma avaria iminente;
f. Interface de comunicaes normalizado.

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Vantagens e desvantagens de um equipamento CNS

Vantagens:

- Aumenta o volume de produo, reduzindo os custos da mesma;


- Aumenta a preciso de peas produzidas;
- Permite uma reduo do tempo de produo de uma pea, e logo uma
consequente reduo do tempo de entrega da mesma;
- Diminui o tempo de desenho e redesenho de uma pea, at produo;
- Menor tempo de Maquinao.

Desvantagens:

- Investimento inicial elevado (30.000 a 1.500.000 euros);


- Manuteno exigente e especializada;
- No elimina completamente os erros humanos;
- Necessita operadores mais especializados;
- No tem vantagens to evidentes para sries pequenas e muito pequenas;
- Algumas podem ser consideravelmente grandes.

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Componentes usuais de uma Mquina CNC

1) Eixos de deslocamento;
2) Transmisses;
3) Dispositivos de medida de posio e de deslocamento;
4) Ferramenta principal ou cabea;
5) Sistemas de aperto de peas;
6) Sistemas de mudana de ferramentas (torreta);
7) Eixos complementares de rotao e de deslocamento.

Eixos do equipamento CNC

As CNCs possuem um certo nmero de eixos principais, normalmente dois ou trs. Por
norma so os eixos X,Y e Z. O tipo de eixos e sua designao so normalizados para cada tipo de
mquina.
Para

alm

dos

eixos

principais, algumas CNCs possuem


tambm

eixos

complementares.

Dispem de mesas giratrias e/ou


cabea orientvel.
Os eixos sobre os quais
giram essas mesas e cabea, so
controlados de forma independente
e

so

designados

por

eixos

complementares de rotao.

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Exemplo de Eixos Complementares

Exemplo de uma mesa giratria e cabea basculante.

Exemplo de um centro de maquinagem com 6 eixos.

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Mquinas de CNC mais comuns

- Torno (lathe)
A pea segura e rodada enquanto uma ferramenta cortante se move para produzir a
forma desejada. Constituda por dois eixos.

- Fresadora (Mill)
A pea fixa numa mesa (poder ter dois ou trs eixos) e trabalhada por uma
ferramenta rotativa. a mquina de ferramentas mais verstil pois pode produzir
formas de contorno plano, formas com superfcies tridimensionais e formas cilndricas.

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Sistemas de Medida

So normalmente utilizados dispositivos (sensores) que permitem determinar a velocidade e a


posio.
A preciso do sistema de medida influencia directamente a preciso da mquina.

Sensores de posio

Os mais utilizados so os codificadores pticos (encoders).

- Lineares: Montados numa mesa segundo os eixos.

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- Rotativos: Montados no motor ou sobre o fuso de cada eixo.

Sensores de velocidade

- Encoders: Onde a frequncia de impulsos proporcional frequncia angular.

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- Tacmetro de Corrente Contnua: um gerador de corrente continua onde a tenso


de sada proporcional velocidade angular.

Programas em CNC

- Exemplo:

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Programa com o contorno


em coordenadas absolutas:

%
:22

:Endereo para o nmero do programa;

N10 S1800

N10 - Define a velocidade de rotao da rvore;

N20 G90 G17

N20 - Coord. em abs. e o plano XY para interpolao;

N30 G00 Z10.

N30 - Movimento rpido para Z=10;

N40 X-9. Y-15.

N40 - Movimento rpido para X=-9 e Y=-15;

N50 G01 Z-5. F600 M03

N50 - Mov. de interpolao linear para Z=-5 velocidade


de 600mm/mine liga a rvore no sentido retrgrado;

N60 X0. Y0.


N60...N90 - Mov. interp. linear (quando no h
N70 X30.
alterao da coordenada no necessrio
N80 X90. Y10.
design-la);
N90 Y40.
N100 - Mov. de interp. circular no sentido
N100 G02 X60. Y70. I0. J30.
retrgrado;
N110 G01 X25.
N110 - Mov. de interpolao linear;
N120 G03 X0. Y45. I0. J-25.
N120 - Mov. de interp. circular no sentido directo;
N130e N140 - Mov. de interpolao linear;
N150 - Mov. rpido para Z=10 e paragem da rvore;
N160 - Fim do programa.

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Projecto de maquinao do molde da caixa de transporte dos pesos:

No processo de maquinao do molde da caixa de transporte de pesos do Air-Cargo, foi


utilizada fresadora de 5 eixos de tecnologia CNC.
A programao do equipamento (programa de maquinao do molde) foi realizada recorrendo
a programa CAD-CAM (Catia & MASTER CAM).

5- Furao da Fuselagem Cold Work


Quando efectuamos uma furao iremos fragilizar o material por se reduzir a quantidade de
rea resistente a uma fora actuante, mas os furos so uma mal necessrio pois nesses furos sero
instalados os fixadores que fazem a fixao da estrutura, os furos alem de serem os pontos mais
frgeis de uma estrutura, os furos so considerados pontos crticos por duas razoes principais que
so:

Concentrao de Tenses: Alem das tenses residuais resultantes da sua maquinagem, os


furos concentram as tenses de carregamento de uma estrutura.

Defeitos Superficiais: Tambm provenientes da maquinagem de um furo, algumas


imprefeies no acabamento, tais como micro-fendas e rugosidades, soa igualmente pontos
concentradores de tenses. Alem disso a existncia de micro fendas num ponto sujeito a
carregamento cclico pode, seguramente acelerar o processo de ruptura por fadiga

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Distribuies de Tenses em volta de um Furo

Onde e quando se utiliza o Cold Work


Cold Work na fase inicial do projecto de uma aeronave:
 Vida mais longa Vs Baixo Peso

Desempenho / Alcance Melhorado

Segurana

 Em Operaes de reparao

Extenso de Vida em Servio

Maior reparabilidade em estruturas ou nos danos crticos

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Grfico do esforo mximo / Ciclos por falha consoante o tipo de furo

Furo com Cold Work

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Regulamento do Air Cargo 2009

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Introduction
The competition Air Cargo Challenge was created by APAE (Portuguese Association of
Aeronautics and Space) in 2003, inspired in the North American DBF (designbuildfly) aircraft
university competitions. Since then, the competition was held every two years and, from 2007, the
challenge gained European projection. The 2009 edition is organized by Aeroubi Euroavia Covilh
Ncleo de Engenharia Aeronutica da Universidade da Beira Interior (Association of Aeronautical
Engineering of University of Beira Interior). It is a competition aimed at university students doing
Engineering and Science courses or Engineers and was created to stimulate the interest in the fields of
aeronautics and as a means to test their skills.
Aeroubi Euroavia Covilh is managed exclusively by students and works as a nonpolitical and
nonprofit association that promotes and spreads Aeronautical Engineering. The Air Cargo Challenge
offers higher education students the unique opportunity to develop a multidisciplinary and challenging
project from its beginning to the end, to test their knowledge and, at the same time, it involves a wide
range of challenges that students will find in their future professional career: technical, interpersonal,
financial and strict deadlines.
To participate in the Air Cargo Challenge Competition, the team should design, document, build
and fly a radio controlled aircraft with the maximum payload possible. The aircraft must takeoff in 60
meters, fly over a field at least once and land safely in the place previously defined by the Organizing
Committee. The aircraft must comply with the competitions regulations which include design
restrictions such as motorpower limit.

I. Competition Purpose
1.1 Aim
The Air Cargo Challenge Competition for undergraduate and graduate students aims at
increasing the participants engineering skills trough the accomplishment of designing, building and
flying an optimized radio controlled aircraft.
The team will do its best to guarantee the fulfilment of the main objectives of this competition:

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To develop a dynamic and creative spirit between the academic and


scientific communities;
To encourage cultural exchange between European universities;
To promote social interaction between people who shares the same
interests;
To stimulate interest in the field of aeronautics;
To develop team spirit and mutual help;
To bring together professors and students with the same aim;
To share knowledge and techniques between university students and
modellers;
To develop and experiment new ideas;
To provide handson experience for professors and students who in
their academic life have had few opportunities to experiment with their
theoretical knowledge;
To give an opportunity to represent institutions and transmit, in an
ethical and professional way, their good image.

1.2 Teams objectives


The team should design and build a radio controlled aircraft of limited
size and power that takesoff in 60 m with the maximum payload possible and
flies over the field to return safely to the runway.
The competition is divided in two parts: Design and Flight:
In the design part the team will produce a design report, for the
competition jury evaluation, where the chosen aircrafts concept is
reasonably justified as the best for the task.
The flight competition determines the maximum payload that each
plane can really carry in a completely regular flight. The flight competition
will consist of three scored runs.

II. Participation
All Engineering/Science students and Engineers can participate to
represent their European higher education institution as long as the team has
the following characteristics:
A pilot:
Pilots are not required to be students nor be a member from the
university but must be accredited model aircraft pilot. Valid documental
proof must be presented at the flying field prior to flying the teams aircraft.

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Three to six members:


One of these takes the leaders responsibilities. Except for the pilot,
all other team members should be professors, students and/or engineers of
the higher education institution that they are representing. Teams not
representing higher education institutions or from universities outside Europe
are accepted if the maximum number of teams is not reached by European
universities teams.

2.1. Professor in charge


A professor in charge is required when the teams represent a
university or other higher education school. A professor of the institution is
responsible for the good presentation of the university team. He can be a
team member. His favourable opinion by the time of the registration
automatically declares the team as representative of the university. A second
written declaration must be delivered before the flight competition, stating
the team's work as valid to represent its institution. The professor in charge
will always assure that someone who does not belong to the team will not
interfere in the project more than as a source of knowledge and information.
That is, maintaining the aim of Handsonthejob for the team members,
anyone outside the team cannot be more than a member of mere
consultation. The aircraft has to be built and designed only by students under
the supervision of professors, or consultants without the participation of
people outside the team. If the Organizing Committee proves that an
irregular action is occurring and the rules of the competition are not being
followed, the team can be automatically disqualified (immediately and
irreversibly).

III. Applications
The applications will begin on 3rd November and finish on the 12th
December 2008 and the application form is available during this period in
the competition site: http://www.acc09.com.
The applications are limited to 35 teams. Each university can have a
maximum of two teams. The organization will consider the applications by
order of arrival and by their quality in the accomplishment of the competition
aims.
The application will only be considered as valid after the organization
receives the following items:

Registration form correctly filled (by email); Photos of all members


of the team including pilot (colour and by email);

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Copies of documents proving that all team members are eligible (ex:
Student card, etc.);
Professor in charge statement. All this information must be sent to
acc09.info@gmail.com
Applications made after midnight, 12th December, will not be
accepted. However, the Organizing Committee can eventually postpone the
registration deadline or accept applications if the team limit of 35 teams is
not achieved by that time.
th

The team will be contacted after 12 December by email with the


reference of registration accepted. A provisional list of the teams will be
published in the official website.
Application will then become effective with the bank transfer of the
teams application fee (see 3.1) and a copy of the transfer data sent to
th

st

acc09.info@gmail.com between the 15 and 21 December 2008.

3.1. Application Fee

The teams participation is moderated by a fee that obeys the


following conditions:
The Aeroubi EUROAVIA Covilh is a legal association and will
make all efforts in order to provide the teams the greatest comfort and
support possible. The number of supports acquainted by the Organizing

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Committee will have the same influence in terms of the help given to teams. Accommodation, meals
and transportation during the stay in Covilh for the duration of the flight competition are provided in
the full package application fee. Accommodation and transportation are not included in the basic
package application fee. Each member including pilot must pay the application fee.

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Thus, it is up to the team to check what package is the most suitable


and to respect the applications fee payment deadlines.

Participating in the Competition


Team members and other representatives of a registered university
who are present onsite at the competition are considered to be participating
in the competition from the time they arrive at the event site until they
depart the site at the conclusion of the competition or earlier by withdrawing.
If you wish to stay longer, you should contact directly the hotel or
inform us so that we can make a reservation at the hotel. The expenses of a
longer stay are not included in the registration fee. Payment of the
application fee must be made before deadlines of table 3.1 trough bank
transfer. The IBAN and BIC/SWIFT will be in the Application Form.
The transfer data should be sent by email so that we can finish the
registration. The application fee will not be returned in any case, unless the
event does not take place.

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IV. Competition Program


The program for the flight competition at Covilh is the following:

4.1. Registration of several aircraft from the same


university
The universities may participate with a maximum of two aircraft
under the following conditions:
Each aircraft registered should correspond to only one team.
Each aircraft registered should be different in geometry.
The aircraft registered should show clear design differences between
them. By different designs we mean designs that follow different
philosophies in their definition.
Each person can only be registered in one team, except the pilot that
can belong to both teams.
Each team can only participate with one aircraft.

V. Insurance and Accidents


The organizing committee will have insurance. Any accidents will be
covered by this insurance and the organizing committee will, therefore,
decline any responsibilities not covered by the same insurance. We advise all
participants to travel with a health insurance and with a European card of
medical assistance.

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5.1. Warnings, news and contacts


The organizing committee is available to all interested people.
The
contact
should
acc09.info@gmail.com.

be

directed

through

email

to

All ads, warnings, news, deadlines changes, or any other subject


related to the competition will be available in the competition official
website www.acc09.com.
The competition regulation may be changed by the Organizing
Committee in what matters to errors or omissions that are found in the
existing regulation.
The organizing committee may, or may not, contact the teams leader
by email about more or less urgent subjects. All teams are considered to be
warned from the moment that all the information is available at the official
website of the competition.
We remind that the organizing committee will lead all the teams since
the very beginning and it is always available to advise the teams about any
specific difficulty.
Note: Another aim of this site is to allow the exchange of opinions,
advertise the teams, etc. It is an area that not only belongs to the organizing
committee but also to the participants or merely interested people. Therefore
we suggest that you visit the website regularly from the day of the teams
application.
Contacts:
Website: www.acc09.com Email: acc09.info@gmail.com
Address:
Aeroubi Euroavia Covilh
Edifcio II das Engenharias
Calada Fonte do Lameiro
6200001 Covilh
PORTUGAL

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VI. Aircraft requirements


6.1 Aircrafts Configuration
The aircraft may be of any configuration except rotary wing or
lighterthanair (for example, helicopters, autogiros, dirigibles, balloons are
excluded). No form of externally assisted takeoff is allowed. All energy for
takeoff must come from the onboard propulsion battery pack(s). The only
means of aircraft propulsion is through the prescribed electric motor (see
6.2).

6.2. Motor, propeller and batteries


6.2.1. Motor
As for the motor/ESC/battery combo:

Motor: ModelMotors AXI Gold 2820/10


(http://www.modelmotors.cz). Its just allowed the use of one motor.

Any ESC for the maximum static discharge current of I=45A allowed
in the competition.

Battery: Li ion, LiPo or LiFe, limited to 3 cells in series with no


restrictions to the number of cells in parallel. We advise a minimum capacity
of c=3Ah and a continuous discharge current rating above 45A.
The motor restriction is obvious as, although there are other equivalent
motors (same diameter, number of poles, etc), this motor/brand is considered to be
reliable and of good quality and this is the only way to ensure equality between all
teams. The minimum capacity is considered enough to perform the flight profile.
However, any team can bring larger capacity packs. It is required that the teams
bring with them one pack. However, before flight, the pack must be fully charged,
being suggested that teams bring along a second pack, not only to ensure fresh
charges on their packs but also to avoid that a problem with a pack prevents the
team from making the flight (only 3 scoring flights will be made in the
competition). The cells/packs should not be altered, should maintain their factory
look and should be clearly identified as to the number of cells (or nominal voltage),
capacity and discharge rate. It is the teams choice what propeller(s) to use as long
as they are commercial ones, with the safety precautions respected (e.g., r.p.m.
limit not exceeded), and do not cause excess current in the motor (I>45A). This
will be measured before each flight, through a static test with the plane still on the
ground. If the measurement is above what is specified by AXI as being the
maximum current for the motor the team will not be able to make the flight before
making the adequate changes.

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6.2.2. Propellers
Multiple propellers, shrouded propellers and ducted fans are allowed.
However, the use of metal propellers is forbidden. A spinner or security
screw should also be used and should be correctly fixed. The team should
mention a maximum of three types of propellers in the report which they
choose to use in the flight competition. Only those models will be allowed in
the flight competition. After the initial checking of the flight competition, all
the changes in the type of propeller should be told to the judges. The
propellers must be a commercial and tested product with the safety
precautions respected (e.g., r.p.m. limit not exceeded)

6.2.3. Transmission
Transmission gears, chains and propeller shafts are allowed as long as
the rotation ratio between the motor and the propeller is of one to one.

6.3. Aircrafts Size Restriction


The aircraft dimensions are limited by its total lifting surface This
2

area is limited to A=0,70 m (see Attachment 4).


The projected area must result from the sum of the horizontally
projected area of each lifting plane, i.e., each plane of the aircraft must be
treated independently to compute its own projected area and then all areas
must be added up to obtain the aircraft's overall projected area.
For example, in the case of a biplane, it shall have two projection
planes. One will comprise the projected area of the whole aircraft except the
lower (or upper) pair of wings. The other will receive the projected area of
the remaining lifting plane (the other pair of wings). The sum of the two
2

projected areas must not exceed the 0.70m limit.

6.4. Cargo Bay


The volume of the bay will be checked during the dimensional
inspection and design analysis. The cargo bay may be bigger to allow the
payload positioning and adjustment of the centre of gravity, but always
keeping the exact spacing of 80mm between the two 8mm diameter supports.
The cargo bay should be shown clearly in one of the drawings, including
dimensions and the corresponding volume should be included in the data
chart of the 3view drawing.

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The cargo bay can have any shape as long as it carries the payload
support with the prescribed design (see 6.5 and Attachment 1). During the
technical verifications, juries will use an orthogonal volume of
160x80x80mm (see Attachment 2) made foam that will be introduced in the
cargo bay in order to simulate the cargo plates and ensure that every team
respected the minimum cargo volume as stated in regulations.

6.5. Payload
6.5.1. Payload and load support
The payload consists of the sum of the weight of lead plates. The
payload should have a support consisting of a horizontal 160x80mm
rectangular section. The payload lead plates are introduced through the two
8mm diameter supports.

6.5.2. Payload Distribution


The payload cannot have any effect on the structural stability of the
aircraft and must be fixed in the cargo bay to prevent its movement during
flight. The weight distribution on payload placement should be balanced so
that the horizontal localization of the stacks centre of gravity matches the
geometrical centre of the stack.

6.6 Transportation Box


Each aircraft must have a transportation box with 1100x500x400mm
(see Attachment 3). All parts of the aircraft (wing, tail, fuselage, landing
gear, motor, propeller, batteries) must be fitted in this box and presented at
the flight competition.

VII. Aircraft Identification


The aircraft identification should be the following:

7.1. Teams number

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The fuselage and wings of each aircraft should be identified with the
teams number with clear figures of at least 10cm high. The numbers of each
team will be decided in a draw. The teams number should be shown at least:
On the top and under the wings;
In both sides of the fuselage or vertical stabilizer.

7.2. University Name


The University name (if applicable) should be visible in the wings or
fuselage. The University initials can be used if they are unique and
recognizable.

VIII. Radio Requirements


8.1. Radio Control
The radio control will be used to fly and operate the aircraft. Any
gyroscope/ autopilot assistance will not be allowed. The servos should be
capable of withstanding the aerodynamic loads the aircraft is going to be
submitted to during the flight. The flight will occur either with rain or sun;
therefore the teams should be prepared to protect their radio equipment. All
radios should comply with the frequencies for aircraft models. Note: We
recommend the use of 35 MHz. An independent rx battery pack is
mandatory, with a minimum capacity of 700 mAh.

IX. Evaluation
The evaluation of the designs will be made in four steps:
1
Preliminary Report;
2
Report (Technical Report and Drawings);
3
Oral Presentation;
4
Flight Competition.

9.1. Preliminary Report

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rd

A preliminary report should be delivered till the 3 April 2009, so that


the organizing committee can know the progress of the project. The
preliminary report consists of a written document that should not exceed 1
(one) A4 page and 8 pictures. The text should be a summary of the status of
the project, making reference to what is already developed, what is not yet
developed, the difficulties encountered, etc. The pictures should be an
evidence of the aircrafts building condition and can also be about the
experience of the team in the development of the project, etcThe report
should be sent by email and is not scored. There is, however, a penalty for
teams who do not deliver the report.

9.2 Report
th

The design report and the drawings must be delivered until 5 June
th

2009 without penalty, and 12 June 2009 with maximum penalty. The report
should have 30 pages maximum (without attachments). It should be
presented in A4 format and font Times New Roman with size 12. The report
should be bound so that there are not any separate sheets. It should be
correctly identified with the name and number of the team and the University
name should appear in the front page. Each team should send 5 (FIVE)
complete copies of the report.
The report will be evaluated in terms of its technical content, methods,
creativity, clear organization and objectivity. A copy of the registration form
signed by all the members and the professor in charge of the Project should
be attached to the reports. It should be mentioned a maximum of three
propeller types that the team will use during the flight competition.

9.2.1. Drawings
Each copy of the report should include a set of five detailed drawings
of the aircraft. These drawings consist of A3 size sheets, printed in one side,
properly folded, and bound with the report so that they can be analyzed
without separating them from the rest of the document. One of the drawings
must be a 3view drawing of the aircraft using european projection, that is:
front view at the top left corner, top view below and starboard view on the
right (of the front view). The views must contain the main aircraft
dimensions (span, length and height, etc.).
Below the starboard view, there must be a table containing other
dimensional information such as relevant areas and/or volumes. Another

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drawing must be an isometric perspective view of the aircraft. The remaining three
must contain information that each team finds relevant with at least one drawing
showing the cargo bay and its dimensions. A standard scale for each drawing must
be properly chosen. The 3view and isometric perspective drawings may not
display hidden lines. All dimensions must be in SI units except for linear lengths
which should be in millimetres and plain angles which should be in degrees. All
the drawings must have a label in the right bottom corner containing the
University logo, the teams name and number, a short description and other
pertinent information. The team should send a separate extra copy of the 3view
drawing to be used in the dimensional inspection prior to the flight competition. If
this copy is not delivered, the team will suffer a penalty of 10 points, as well as the
dimensional inspection penalty itself.

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9.2.2. Calculation of the Payload


The chart with a payload estimate varying with altitude density should
be included in all copies of the report. The data should be selected under a
relevant basis and the chart should include the linear approximation
equation. The chart should also present the line.

9.3. Changes in the aircraft


Changes made to the aircraft should be presented in writing to the
organizing committee seven days before the beginning of the flight
competition at the latest. The judges will make point deductions based on the
number and relevance of the changes done to the aircraft when compared to
the design presented in the report. Changes during the competition will only
be allowed when accepted by the judges. The judges decision concerning
the change cannot be questioned by the team.

9.4. Oral Presentation


All teams should make an oral presentation of their Project on the
competition day. The aim is to share the Project with all the audience. The
presentation is scored up to 30 points. There will be penalties for those who
arrive late. The following items are taken into account:
Students explanation;
Clearness;
Honesty;

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Elements about difficulties during the Project, commands for a future


Project, description of the methods used in the construction, etc
Work in the oral presentation.
The oral presentation should take 15 minutes maximum with no
tolerance, depending on the number of teams. A data show and a computer
will be available to teams at the presentation day. The teams should be
prepared to answer any questions asked by the judges.
The presentations must include evidence (photos or films) that proves
that the aircraft has previously flown.

9.5. Flight Competition


The flight Competition will take place in August 2009 at Covilh
Airfield, Portugal. All teams will be present with their aircraft and a safety
inspection will be done before the flight competition.
The safety inspections will include the following:
Physical inspection of the aircraft to ensure structural integrity and to
verify compliance with the design report:
1
Verify that all components are adequately secured to the vehicle.
2
Verify propeller structural and attachment integrity.
3. Visual inspection of all electronic wiring to ensure adequate wire
gauges and connectors are used.
1
Radio range check, motor off and motor on.
2
Verify all controls move in the proper sense.
3
Check general integrity of the payload system.
The orientation of the flight course will be adjusted based on the
prevailing winds as determined by the Flight Line Judge. The flight will be
positioned to maintain the greatest possible safety to personnel and facilities.
The maximum takeoff distance is 60 meters.
The number of points given to a team will be based on the payload
carried in a complete acceptable flight. In order for a team to participate in
the flight competition it must accomplish all the requirements of the
competition Project and must have previously tested the aircraft. The team
should demonstrate at the oral presentation evidence that the aircraft has
already successfully flown in the same conditions it is going to participate in
the competition.

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If the organizing committee concludes that this is not happening, the


team can be declassified based on a security argument. An aircraft that has
never flown is not considered secure.

9.5.1 Pattern flight (fully acceptable flight)


The aircraft should take off from a specific place of the defined
runway strip 60 meters long that will be shown at the competition day,
perform at least a complete turn of 360 and land. The initial position of the
aircraft is with the main landing gear at the departure line. The aircraft
should take off (be in the air) in 60m or the attempt is invalid. The aircraft
must remain in one piece during a flight attempt. There is no limit of how
many turns the aircraft can do before landing, as long as it respects the
airspace limit defined for the flight competition. Repairs are only allowed to
broken parts. Changes are only allowed if the judges give their permission.
Note: Any change (due to repairs, or not) to the original design will
suffer penalties decided by the judges, except if it is made under their
permission.

9.5.2. Landing
The aircraft should land inside the area of 120 meters long, starting
60m before the departure line, and an accident will invalidate the landing
attempt. The initial touch of the aircraft needs to be inside the area but the
rolling and stop can exceed this limit.

9.5.3. Changes and Repairs


The aircraft can be repaired during the competition. However, the
aircraft should finish the competition with similar elements to the original
ones. The servos, propeller, motors and landing gears can be replaced at any
time. The Organizing Committee must be informed of all the modifications
as well as of changes of the propeller model. The use and addition of
covering, tape, glue, small screws or rivets and structural internal
components is not considered as a change.

X. Judges
Each team will design, document, fabricate and demonstrate the aircraft
they determine to be capable of achieving the highest score on the contest. A group
of professors, engineers and students will be designated to judge the reports, the
oral presentations and the flight competitions of each team.

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The overall team score is a combination of the Design Report and


Flight scores. The team with the highest overall score will be declared the
winner. Responsible people manage the competition. They are responsible
for the competition and their decisions are supreme. They are in charge of
the logistics, security, procedure accomplishment, regulation, judge
management and score. The judges are the eyes of the competition. All the
judges measures, checking and validation are considered to be supreme and
are always right. These measures, checking and validation will often seem
subjective barriers since the judges do not have milimetric devices. We have
to consider these mistakes as normal, trusting the judge's capacity to do their
work the best way it is humanly possible.

XI. General Score


The general score will be calculated as follows: Flight Competition Points +
Project Competition Points Penalties

11.1. Project Score


The Design Project competition will be scored according to the
following criteria:
Detailed drawings = Max 30 points
Report = Max 50 points
Estimated Payload = 10 points
Oral presentation = Max 30 points

11.2. Flight Competition


The number of points given to a team will be based on the payload
carried in a complete acceptable flight. In order for a team to participate in
the flight competition, it must fulfil all the requirements of the competition
and must have previously tested the aircraft. The team should demonstrate at
the oral presentation evidence that the aircraft has already successfully flown
in the same conditions it is going to participate in the competition.
If the organizing committee concludes that this is not happening, the
team can be declassified based on a security argument

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11.3. Maximum Payload Loaded


The flight competition consists of 3 scoring runs (and an optional
previous free test run) in which the teams will try to carry the maximum
weight possible. The number of points, at this time, will be based on its
maximum payload carried in a fully acceptable flight and it will be
calculated as follows: 25 points for each 1.000 kg that the aircraft carries. It
could be or not considered fractions till 0.050 kg keeping the same basis for
the score.

11.4 Delay penalties


The reports, drawings, the estimated payload chart and the envelope
with the 3view drawings, should be delivered to the organizing committee on
the established date. The organizing committee will not be liable for
document loss or mistakes in the addresses. It is suggested that all the reports
and drawings are sent by post or delivered in hand. Only the receipts and the
post stamps will be accepted as proof of the sending date.
Some of the penalties will be the following:

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11.5 Bonus
11.5.1 Climb Angle
The Covilh airfield has some obstacles in the vicinity of the flight
airspace (check on Google Earth for details). For safety, we recommend that
the design of the aircraft will be done for a minimum of 1,5 of climb angle.
At the flight competition, for each run, technical devices will measure the
climb angle. If the climb angle is over or equal to 1,5, the team will have a
bonus of 10 points.

11.5.2 Payload Prediction Bonus


The payload prediction bonus will be determined according to the
following formula:
Prediction Bonus = 10 | (predicted payload actual payload) |
The predicted payload is a constant value obtained from the chart of
payload prediction. The actual payload is the value of the payload flew in the
flight competition. If the above number is negative, no bonus will be applied.

11.5.3 Time Bonus


At the flight competition, during the preparation of the aircraft for
flight, each team has 2 minutes to put the payload in the aircraft and to
prepare the aircraft to flight. The shorter the amount of time the team needs
to initiate the takeoff run the more points can be made.
The relationship is the following: 2min corresponds to 24 points. If
the team uses 2 min or more, will have 0 points. So 2(one) point is loss for
each 10s that the team spends to prepare the aircraft for takeoff.

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XII. Important Deadlines


To summarize the important deadlines check the following
information:

XIII. Procedures, flight order and logistics


The organizing committee will create, to attach to this document, a
Procedures Manual.
Procedures, flight order, logistics and method during the competition
must then be followed by the teams.

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XIV. Notes
14.1. Omitted Cases
The organizing committee should make all efforts in order to provide
comfort to all teams during the development of the process and during the
competition. It will treat all teams equally.
All matters not mentioned in this regulation will be analyzed and
decisions will be made regarding the fairness and equality of all teams. The
organizing committee has the right to change this regulation at any time,
warning about the same change. Such documents warning about the change
of the current regulation will be named as Supplement to Regulation.

14.2. Protests
The teams have the right to protest against the decisions made by the
organizing committee. The current regulation and the decisions of the judges
cannot be the target of any protests. The protests should be presented in
writing to the concerned ones and addressed by the teams leader.
The organizing committee is available to accept any suggestions or
criticisms aiming at improving any detail of the competition.
We remind you that unstated protests will end up in a penalty.

14.3. Competition Officials


Scientific Counselors

and

Technical

and

The Organizing Committee includes three groups of people that will


take after the score process, checking and management of the competition.
The name of these people will be announced at the appropriate time.

14.4. Technical and Scientific Counsellors


Scientific Committee: constituted by university professors in the
aeronautics field. They cooperate with the Organizing Committee about the
regulations, so that this event becomes more interesting from the engineering
and science perspectives.

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Technical Committee: It is responsible for the creation of the


regulations and it has to assure that all these rules are accomplished during
the Air Cargo Challenge. It has to check if the projects respect all the rules
and to assure that all the flying competition occurs according to the previous
established procedures and rules.

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Attachments

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Attachment 1: Cargo Bay


Dimensions in mm.

The
vertical
supporters
should
be
screwed, have 8
mm diameter
and
should
have
the
according
butterflynuts.

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Attach
ment 2:
Cargo
Bay
Test
Volume
Dimensions in
mm

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Attachment 3: Transportation Box


Dimensions in mm

The picture represents the inner dimensions of the Transportation Box

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Attachment 4: Aircrafts Size Restriction


2

Blue Area=A=maximum 0,7 m


In case of Biplane:
2

Horizontal Projection Lower Wing A1+A2<0,7m

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Concluso
A realizao deste trabalho foi muito importante na medida que nos obrigou a efectuar um trabalho de pesquisa em
casa para tentar obter as melhores performances para a nossa aeronave dentro dos regulamentos e normas do
concurso do Air Cargo Challenge 2009.
Conseguimos tambm efectuar alguns clculos que se revelaram muito importantes para o desempenho da aeronave
tais como o aspecto ractio das asas, clculos de lift, Clculos de Drag, Potencia necessria, Clculos de Velocidades (vel.
max vel. stall vel. cruzeiro ) centro de massa da aeronave, ao efectuar estes clculos apercebemo-nos como que
tudo isto no est interligado pois ao mexer um determinado valor x vamos alterar outro valor y, este tipo de trabalho
acho que muito produtivo pois ajuda-nos a consolidar os nossos conhecimentos adquiridos anteriormente.
Efectua-mos tambm o todos os desenhos das peas do Air Cargo no programa Catia V5 R19 bem como a sua
montagem, foi tambm elaborado o calculo dos elementos finitos, Bill of material (BOM), um molde para a elaborao
de uma parte do Air cargo feita em carbono, e conseguimos tambm identificar algumas tecnologias associadas ao
fabrico de Aeronaves tecnologias como CNC, Cold Work, Compositos, Colagens, etc.

124

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Bibliografia

Aircraft design, A Conceptual Apprroach

Daniel P Raymer
Published by American Institute of Aernautics and Astronauties, Inc. 2004

Regulamento da Air Cargo Challenge 2009

Sites:

www.easaonline.org

www.easa.eu.int

www.google.pt

www.demec.ufmg.br/cea/artigos/cea308.pdf

www.aerodesign.ufsc.br/forum/02_forum/cargas_para_aerodesign_2007_02.ppt

Folhas de clculo em Excel de Raymer

Apontamentos da Formao do IEFP/Embraer

Apontamentos das aulas dos professores Nuno Nunes e Carlos Domingos

125

Projecto Final (Air Cargo Challenge 2009)

Comentrios e Avaliao
Comentrio ao trabalho: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Avaliao: _____________ (Valores)


Setbal ------ Outubro de 2009

Ass: ----------------------------------------------------

126

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