Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
FACULDADE DE MEDICINA
PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM CINCIAS MDICAS:
PEDIATRIA
CLARISSA PRATI
DISSERTAO DE MESTRADO
CLARISSA PRATI
Orientador: Profa Dra Tania Ferreira Cestari
A apresentao desta dissertao exigncia do Programa de Ps-Graduao
em Cincias Mdicas: Pediatria, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,
para obteno do ttulo de Mestre.
Agradecimentos especiais
AGRADECIMENTOS
Ao Prof Dr Marcelo Zubaran Goldani, chefe do Programa de Psgraduao em Cincias Mdicas: Pediatria, por sua dedicao
incansvel ao crescimento do Curso, bem como a todos os
professores do Curso de Mestrado deste Programa.
Aos funcionrios da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,
em especial a Sra Rosane Blaunger, pela ateno em todos os
momentos.
Aos professores, orientadores, residentes, cursistas e
funcionrios do Servio de Dermatologia do Hospital de Clnicas de
Porto Alegre, pelo apoio durante minha formao.
Profa Dra Magda Blessman Weber, pela inspirao neste
trabalho e na minha vida profissional e, fundamentalmente, por sua
grande amizade.
Profa Ana Paula Dornelles Manzoni, meu exemplo para seguir
a Dermatologia.
minha querida amiga Dra Carolina Blaya, obrigada pelo apoio
emocional e tcnico.
s acadmicas Cristiane Comparin, Juliana Catucci Boza,
Melissa Blom e Priscilla Gueiral Ferreira pela presena em todas as
etapas deste trabalho, sem a qual ele no seria possvel.
Aos queridos Dr Alberto Goldman e Dra Flvia Rossato, pela
compreenso, convivncia harmoniosa, ensinamentos e crescimento
profissional e pessoal.
Aos demais mestres, sejam professores ou no, obrigada pela
pacincia Dr Sergio Dornelles, Dra Berenice Valentini, Dra Miriam
Pargendler.
SUMRIO
INTRODUO ...................................................................................................
REVISO DA LITERATURA............................................................................
12
JUSTIFICATIVA............................................................................................... 16
OBJETIVOS......................................................................................................
17
PACIENTES E MTODOS..............................................................................
18
5.1 DELINEAMENTO..................................................................................
18
5.2 POPULAO-ALVO.............................................................................. 18
5.3 POPULAO EM ESTUDO..................................................................
18
5.4 AMOSTRA........................................................................................................... 18
5.4.1 Casos.................................................................................... 18
5.4.2 Controles doentes.................................................................
19
20
22
7 DISCUSSO........................................................................................................
26
8 CONCLUSO.....................................................................................................
30
9 REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS................................................................
31
37
39
40
41
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS
LISTA DE TABELAS
Nmero e nome
Pgina
RESUMO
SUMMARY
significant difference between the scores of cases (3.7) and controls (0.68 and 0.67).
Questions relating to symptoms and feelings (1 and 2) scored highest overall.
Conclusions: There was no difficulty in the interview, and most of the questionnaires were
completed in less than 5 minutes. The Cronbachs alpha was sufficient to confirm the
internal consistency and reproducibility of CDLQI, allowing good distinguishing between
the skin affected and non-affected groups. With those results, the Brazilian-Portuguese
version of the Childrens Dermatology Life Quality Index is validated for our regional
population and its use could be recommended for the QoL assessing of dermatological
pediatric patients.
DESCRIPTORS: quality of life; validation studies; skin diseases; questionnaire; children
1 INTRODUO
orientada no somente pelo controle glicmico, mas tambm pela melhora na QoL
percebida pelos pacientes com cada um dos tratamentos (HERWIG et al., 2007). O mau
controle da asma parece ser o principal fator independente para piora na QoL, com menor
influncia da gravidade da doena (CHEN et al., 2007). Pacientes com artrite reumatide
juvenil apresentam piores escores de QoL que jovens saudveis, relacionados mais
deteriorao funcional que ao nvel de dor (OLIVEIRA et al., 2007). A freqncia das
crises considerada o fator mais importante para a QoL em adultos com epilepsia, seguida
pelos sintomas depressivos (GUEKHT et al., 2007). A forma com que o paciente vivencia a
doena e sua autopercepo de bem ou mal-estar parecem contribuir na evoluo biolgica
da enfermidade, podendo, inclusive, constituir-se em co-fator teraputico (BAYES, 1991).
As dermatoses, em sua maioria, no implicam em risco de vida, mas trazem
freqentemente um grande impacto no estado emocional, nas relaes sociais e nas
atividades cotidianas do paciente (FINLAY; KHAN, 1994). Alm disso, muitas vezes, a
avaliao da influncia da dermatose na QoL difere entre o paciente e o mdico, o que pode
interferir diretamente na aderncia ao tratamento. E como grande parte das doenas
dermatolgicas caracteriza-se por comprometer o aspecto fsico e a vida de relao dos
pacientes, as estimativas sobre a qualidade de vida so importantes no apenas em pesquisa
clnica como no manuseio teraputico dirio das dermatoses (FINLAY, 1997).
A fim de definir com maior acurcia estas situaes, foram desenvolvidos diversos
questionrios de avaliao da QoL. A anlise de suas respostas permite tambm determinar
de forma mais satisfatria o resultado do tratamento proposto. Porm, a maioria destes
instrumentos foi desenvolvida para populaes de lngua inglesa, nem sempre adequada
realidade de outros pases, sendo sua aplicao transcultural assunto controverso na
2 REVISO DA LITERATURA
melhora na qualidade de vida aps tratamentos com fototerapia tambm foi recentemente
aferida (NJOO et al., 2000). Estes exemplos demonstram a importncia do tema para o
dermatologista e a necessidade de pesquisas mais detalhadas nesta rea.
O impacto secundrio das dermatoses pode ser avaliado pelo FDI (Impacto Familiar
da Dermatite - Family Dermatitis Impact) (LAWSON et al., 1998) ou, mais recentemente,
utilizando-se o FDLQI (Family Dermatology Life Quality Index) (BASRA et al., 2007),
estruturado para familiares de portadores de doenas da pele em geral. Sabe-se que
conhecer seus sentimentos e ajud-los a desenvolver estratgias para lidar com todos os
aspectos da doena essencial para alcanar o melhor resultado de um tratamento
(WARSCHBURGER et al., 2004).
includas, de acordo com a prevalncia das mesmas naquele meio, sendo as mais freqentes
o eczema, as verrugas virais e os nevos. Aos pacientes, foi solicitado que escrevessem de
que maneira seus problemas de pele os afetavam. E, a partir das respostas, dez questes
foram elaboradas, referindo-se ao ocorrido na semana anterior aplicao do questionrio:
Over the last week:
1- How itchy, scratchy, sore or painful has your skin been?
2- How embarrassed or self conscious, upset or sad have you been because of your
skin?
3- How much has your skin affected your friendships?
4- How much have you changed or worn different or special clothes/shoes because of
your skin?
5- How much has your skin trouble affected going out, playing, or doing hobbies?
6- How much have you avoided swimming or other sports because of your skin
trouble?
7- If school time: How much did your skin affect your school work?
OR
If holiday time: How much has your skin problem interfered with your enjoyment
of the holiday?
8- How much have you had because of your skin with other people calling you names,
teasing, bullying, asking questions or avoiding you?
9- How much has your sleep been affected by your skin problem?
10- How much of a problem has the treatment for you skin been?
Estas perguntas, ainda, podem ser analisadas em conjunto, divididas em seis grupos
ou domnios:
- Sintomas e sentimentos: Questes 1 e 2
- Lazer: Questes 4, 5 e 6
- Escola/Frias: Questo 7
- Relaes pessoais: Questes 3 e 8
- Sono: Questo 9
- Tratamento: Questo 10
As respostas possveis so: very much, quite a lot, only a little e not at all,
com um escore de 3, 2, 1 ou zero, respectivamente, sendo que na questo de nmero sete, a
resposta Prevented school considerada como escore 3. O CDLQI calculado pela soma
dos escores de cada questo, resultando em um mximo de 30 e um mnimo de 0. Quanto
mais alto o resultado, maior o impacto da doena sobre a qualidade de vida do paciente.
Este instrumento apresenta uma estrutura similar a outros questionrios para
adultos, como o DLQI. Ele pode ser aplicado a diversas dermatoses, como psorase,
eczema, acne e nevos e tambm est disponvel em verso ilustrada (HOLME et al., 2003;
LOO et al, 2003), mais atrativa e produzindo resultados semelhantes, sugerindo
equivalncia.
Em 2004, com a cooperao dos autores da verso original, foi desenvolvido o
CDLQI em portugus falado no Brasil (PRATI et al., 2005). Foram respeitadas as regras da
Organizao Mundial da Sade para traduo e adaptao cultural de questionrios de
qualidade de vida (WHO, 2005), bem como citado e orientado por autores brasileiros com
experincia na rea (FLECK et al., 1999), apesar de outros mtodos de equivalncia
foi a surpresa dos pais ao perceberem o impacto das alteraes de pele em seus filhos, antes
subestimado, aps lerem as respostas ao questionrio.
Recentemente, uma verso somente traduzida foi utilizada pela primeira vez na
Bulgria. Dois grupos de 50 crianas responderam ao questionrio naquele pas e na
Inglaterra, respectivamente, com a mdia dos escores mais alta nos blgaros. Este resultado
foi justificado pelas diferenas nos sistemas de sade dos dois pases (CLAYTON et al.,
2007).
pacientes com dermatite atpica naquele pas e outros autores corroboram seu uso em
dermatoses e culturas diversas, como para hemangiomas (EMERSON et al., 2000),
epidermlise bolhosa (HORN et al., 2002), ictioses (FLECKMAN et al., 2003) e pitirase
rsea (CHUH, 2003).
3 JUSTIFICATIVA
4 OBJETIVOS
- GERAL
Validar o CDLQI - Escore de Qualidade de Vida em Dermatologia Infantil em Portugus
brasileiro.
- ESPECFICOS
o Determinar a confiabilidade do instrumento, atravs do estudo de suas seguintes
caractersticas:
Confiabilidade teste-reteste
Validade discriminante
5 PACIENTES E MTODOS
5.1 DELINEAMENTO
Estudo transversal, de amostragem casual.
5.2 POPULAO-ALVO
Pacientes entre 5 e 16 anos que consultam nos Ambulatrios de Dermatologia do
Hospital de Clnicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).
5.3 POPULAO EM ESTUDO
Os pacientes efetivamente estudados foram aqueles que consultaram no perodo de
julho de 2006 a janeiro de 2007 e se dispuseram a participar do estudo.
5.4 AMOSTRA
A amostra foi estimada a partir do grfico de Estudos de Confiabilidade, levando-se
em conta o coeficiente de confiabilidade de 0,80 e um intervalo de confiana de 0,05
(STREINER; NORMAN, 1995). O municpio de Porto Alegre foi escolhido como fonte
para o grupo controle sadio aps verificar-se em estudo piloto com amostra de 35 pacientes
que a maioria dos casos originava-se nesta regio. A escola, pblica, foi determinada por
Critrios de incluso:
o Ter entre 5 e 16 anos;
o Apresentar qualquer dermatose ativa no momento da consulta, determinada
pelo mdico dermatologista de Servio de atendimento tercirio sade, de
acordo com os critrios diagnsticos usuais a cada uma delas.
Critrios de excluso:
o Apresentar
outras
doenas
crnicas
com
diagnstico
estabelecido
previamente consulta.
Critrios de incluso:
o Ter entre 5 e 16 anos;
o No apresentar queixas dermatolgicas no momento da consulta.
Critrios de excluso:
o Apresentar dermatoses crnicas com diagnstico estabelecido previamente
consulta.
Critrios de incluso:
o No ser portador de doenas crnicas reconhecidas pela criana ou seus
responsveis no momento da entrevista.
Critrios de excluso:
o No querer participar do estudo.
5.5 PROCEDIMENTOS
Todos os voluntrios, contando com a ajuda dos pais ou responsveis se necessrio,
responderam o questionrio CDLQI e o documento de dados complementares, com
questes sobre idade, sexo, cidade e diagnstico.
6 RESULTADOS
A mdia de idade dos participantes no estudo foi 10,2 anos (DP 3,2) para os casos,
7,6 (DP 2,9) para os controles doentes e 9,2 (DP 0,9) para os controles sadios. Os
meninos formaram a maior parte da amostra (52,4%, n = 315), prevalecendo nos grupos
controle (Tabela 1).
O alfa de Cronbach para os casos foi de 0,72 e a correlao intraclasses (testereteste para reabilidade), 8,892 (0,787-0,946).
A mdia do escore do CDLQI foi 3,7 para os casos e, nos grupos controle, 0,68
(doentes) e 0,67 (sadios) (Tabela 1). A anlise de covarincia demonstrou uma diferena
significativa entre estes valores nos grupos caso e controles (p<0,0001), mas no entre os
controles (validade discriminante). As mdias de idade dos trs grupos, apesar de diferirem
entre si, no interferiram nos resultados dos escores do CDLQI, e o escore no aumentou
conforme a idade no grupo casos (rS = 0,128; p = 0,023) . O mesmo ocorreu quanto ao sexo
para
os
diagnsticos
Doena
Enxerto
Contra
Hospedeiro
tipo
Tabela 1. Caractersticas dos indivduos que responderam ao CDLQI distribudos nos trs
grupos (n=315)
Sexo
Idade
Escore
Grupo
n
Masculino/Feminino
(mdia DP)
(mdia DP)
Casos
216
Controles doentes
Controles sadios
50
49
Total
315
105/111
(48,6%/51,4%)
31/19 (62%/38%)
29/20
(59,2%/40,8%)
165/150
(52,4%/47,6%)
10,23,2
3,703,77#
7,62,9
9,20,9
0,681,01#
0,671,44#
9,63,1
2,753,49
CDLQI - Escore de Qualidade de Vida em Dermatologia Infantil em Portugus brasileiro; # p,0,001; ANCOVA
1 pouco
2 muito
3 muitssimo
No se aplica
23
6
2
65
10,6
2,8
0,9
30,1
48
10
4
3
151
22,2
4,6
1,9
1,4
69,9
Questo 7 Frias
0 no
1 pouco
2 muito
3 muitssimo
No se aplica
Questo 8
0 no
1 pouco
2 muito
3 muitssimo
162
40
11
3
75
18,5
5,1
1,4
0 no
1 pouco
2 muito
3 muitssimo
166
34
9
7
76,9
15,7
4,2
3,2
157
48
7
4
72,7
22,2
3,2
1,9
Questo 9
Questo 10
0 no
1 pouco
2 muito
3 muitssimo
3,3
0,420,808
6,5
0,330,639
7,4
0,340,710
5,1
0,340,635
# p,0,001; ANCOVA
Tabela 4. Diagnsticos mais freqentes nos pacientes que responderam ao CDLQI no grupo
casos (n=216)
Diagnstico
n
Freqncia (%)
Escore
(mdia DP)
Dermatite atpica
43
19,9
5,09 4,57
Vitiligo
42
19,4
2,90 3,03
Nevos melanocticos/conjuntivos
17
7,9
2,47 2,09
Acne
16
7,4
2,68 3,82
Psorase
12
5,6
3,41 2,10
Verrugas virais
Infeces fngicas
Dermatite seborreica
Esclerodermia
Outros*
Total
10
8
5
5
58
216
4,6
3,7
2,3
2,3
26,9
100
1,70 1,49
2,5 3,16
1,80 1,48
2,60 2,70
10,86 11,88
3,703,77
CDLQI - Escore de Qualidade de Vida em Dermatologia Infantil em Portugus brasileiro; * correspondendo a 42 diagnsticos
7 DISCUSSO
O CDLQI avalia o impacto das dermatoses na qualidade de vida dos pacientes entre
5 e 16 anos de idade. O processo de traduo e validao deste instrumento para o
Portugus falado no Brasil reforar os resultados de estudos clnicos futuros.
Este estudo demonstrou a validade discriminante, a consistncia interna e a
aplicabilidade do CDLQI para avaliar o bem-estar de crianas que sofrem de doenas da
pele em nosso meio. A estabilidade do instrumento foi confirmada pela comparao dos
escores em dois momentos diferentes: na primeira avaliao do paciente com dermatose
estvel e uma semana aps. Ambos os escores dos dois grupos controle foram muito baixos
quando comparados com o dos casos. Estes dados so similares queles encontrados para o
instrumento original, o que refora a validao desta verso.
adultos,
procuram
tratamentos
dermatolgicos
com
menor
freqncia,
tambm a sua validao, necessite ser testada nas diversas reas brasileiras. Talvez, a
verso ilustrada do questionrio, exatamente por esta sua caracterstica, seja de mais
fcil utilizao e tambm merea passar por todo este processo. Porm, deve-se
considerar que o significado e o valor dos desenhos podem no ser os mesmos para
crianas de diferentes origens culturais e sociais.
De qualquer forma, espera-se a validao deste questionrio nas demais lnguas
latinas, seguindo o exemplo de outras dermatoses, para que populaes com padres
semelhantes de tipo de pele e, especialmente, de condies sociais e financeiras, possam ser
analisadas em conjunto.
8 CONCLUSO
O manejo global dos pacientes, especialmente aqueles com doenas de pele, mais
do que controlar os sintomas clnicos, traz uma contribuio significativa para o bem-estar
individual e familiar. Est claro que uma avaliao apropriada da doena e de seu impacto,
assim como a busca por estratgias emocionais para enfrentar os sintomas e seus
tratamentos da melhor maneira, a chave para a qualidade de vida ideal.
De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, o instrumento CDLQI foi
adequadamente validado para o Portugus brasileiro. Isto permitir no s uma avaliao
mais ampla dos resultados das terapias na prtica dermatolgica diria, mas tambm a
incluso desta populao em estudos internacionais. Com isso, podem-se fortalecer os
vnculos entre dermatologistas e doentes e a atuao dos pesquisadores clnicos nesta rea,
contribuindo para o objetivo final da Medicina: o bem-estar dos pacientes.
9 REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
Aaronson NK. Methodologic issues in assessing the quality of life in cancer patients.
Cancer 1991;67:844-850.
Addington-Hall J, Kalra L. Who should measure quality of life? BMJ 2001;322:1417-1420.
Chuh ATA. Validation of a Cantonese Version of the Childrens Dermatology Life Quality
Index. Ped Dermatol 2003;20(6):479481.
Chuh ATA. Quality of life in children with pityriasis rosea: a prospective case control
study. Ped Dermatol 2003;20(6):474-478.
Clayton TH, Clark SM, Britton J, Pavlov S, Radev S. A comparative study of the Children's
Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) in paediatric dermatology clinics in the UK and
Bulgaria. JEADV 2007;21(10):1436-1437.
De Korte J, Mombers FM, Sprangers MA, Bos JD. The suitability of quality-of-life
questionnaires for psoriasis research: a systematic literature review. Arch Dermatol
2002;138:1221-1227.
Detmar SB, Bruil J, Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Bisegger C. The Use of Focus Groups in
the Development of the KIDSCREEN HRQL Questionnaire. Qual Life Res 2006;
15(8):1345-1353.
Ellis NC, Reiter KL, Wheeler JRC, Fendrick AM. Economic analysis in dermatology. J Am
Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(2):271-283.
Emerson RM, Batchelor J, Morris A Millard LG. How much disability is caused by
vascular naevi in children? Br J Dermatol 2000;143(57):53.
Fehnel SE, McLeod LD, Brandman J, Arbit DI, McLaughlin-Miley CJ, Coombs JH Martin
AR, Girman CJ. Responsiveness of the Acne-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcneQoL) to treatment for acne vulgaris in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Qual Life Res
2002;11:809-816.
Finlay AY, Kelly SE. Psoriasis an index of disability. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:8-11.
Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) - a simple practical
measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:210-216.
Finlay AY. Quality of life measurement in dermatology: a practical guide. Br J Dermatol
1997;136:305-314.
Finlay AY. Quality of Life Measurement in Dermatology. Wales College of Medicine.
Disponvel em: http://www.dermatology.org.uk. Acesso em: maro 2007.
Fleck M, Leal O, Louzada S, Xavier M, Chachamovich E, Vieira G, Santos L, Pinzon V.
Desenvolvimento da verso em portugus do instrumento de avaliao de qualidade de vida
da OMS (WHOQOL-100). Rev Bras Psiquiatr 1999;21:19-28.
Janse AJ, Sinnema G, Uiterwaal CS, Kimpen JL, Gemke RJ. Quality of life in chronic
illness: perceptions of parents and paediatricians. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:486-491.
Kent G, al Abadie M. The Psoriasis Disability Index - further analyses. Clin Exp Dermatol
1993;18:414-416.
Kent G, al Abadie M. Factors affecting responses on Dermatology Life Quality Index items
among vitiligo sufferers. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:330-333.
Lawson V, Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY, Reid P, Owens RG. The family impact of
childhood atopic dermatitis: the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire. Br J Dermatol
1998;138:107-113.
Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY. The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI):
initial validation and practical use. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:942-949.
Lewis-Jones S. Measuring the Burden of Atopic Eczema in Young Children and the Family
Unit. J Invest Dermatol 2005;125(6):viii.
Loo WJ, Diba V, Chawla M, Finlay AY. Dermatology Life Quality Index: influence of an
illustrated version. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:279284.
Martin AR, Lookingbill DP, Botek A, Light J, Thiboutot D, Girman CJ. Health-related
quality of life among patients with facial acne - assessment of a new acne-specific
questionnaire. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:380-385.
McKenna SP, Cook SA, Whalley D, Doward LC, Richards HL, Griffiths CEM, Van Assch
D. Development of the PSORIQoL, a psoriasis-specific measure of quality of life designed
for use in clinical practice and trials. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:323-331.
Motley RJ, Finlay AY. How much disability is caused by acne? Clin Exp Dermatol
1989;14:194-198.
Motley RJ, Finlay AY. Practical use of a disability index in the routine management of
acne. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:1-3.
Njoo MD, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalized vitiligo in children with narrowband (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42(2):245-253.
Oakley AM. The Acne Disability Index: usefulness confirmed. Australas J Dermatol
1996;37:37-39.
Oliveira S, Raveli A, Pistorio A, Castell E, Malattia C, Prieur AM, Saad-Magalhaes C,
Murray KJ, Bae SC, Joos R, Foeldvari I, Duarte-Salazar C, Wulffraat N, Lahdenne P,
Dolezalova P, de Inocncio J, Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F, Hofer M, Nikishina I, Ozdogan H,
Hashkes PJ, Landgraf JM, Martini A, Ruperto N; The Pediatric Rheumatology
International Trials Organization (PRINTO). Proxy-reported health-related quality of life of
patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials
Organization multinational quality of life cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(1):35-43.
Parsad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Kumar B. Dermatology Life Quality Index score
in vitiligo and its impact on the treatment outcome. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:373-374.
Picardi A, Abeni D. Stressful life events and skin disease: disentangling evidence from
myth. Psychother Psychosom 2001;70:118-136.
Prati C, Weber MB, Barzenski B, Mazzotti NG, Soirefmann M, Cestari TF. Traduo e
adequao cultural para o portugus de questionrios sobre qualidade de vida para
pacientes portadores de dermatite atpica. In: SBD RS. Anais 30 Jornada Gacha de
Dermatologia. Porto Alegre; 2005.
Ravens-Sieber U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Duer W, Auquier P, Power M,
Abel T, Czemy L, Mazur J, Czimbalmos A, Tountas Y, Hagquist C, Kilroe J and European
KIDSCREEN Group. KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and
Anexo I
Anexo II
ESCORE DA QUALIDADE DE VIDA NA DERMATOLOGIA INFANTIL (CDLQI)
Hospital:
Data:
Escore:
Nome:
Endereo:
Diagnstico:
O objetivo deste questionrio avaliar o quanto o seu problema de pele tem afetado sua vida na
SEMANA QUE PASSOU. Por favor, marque apenas uma resposta para cada pergunta.
no ( )
2. Voc sentiu-se constrangido ou inibido, chateado ou triste por causa de sua pele?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
3. Sua pele tem afetado suas amizades?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
no ( )
no ( )
6. Voc evitou nadar ou praticar outros esportes por causa dos seus problemas de pele?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
7. a) Era perodo escolar? Se era: o quanto seu problema de pele interferiu em suas atividades escolares?
[ ] Me impediu de ir escola [ ] Muitssimo [ ] Muito [ ] Pouco [ ] no
OU
7. b) Era perodo de frias? Se era: o quanto seu problema de pele interferiu no aproveitamento de suas frias?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
8. Voc teve problemas com pessoas dizendo nomes, caoando, intimidando, fazendo perguntas ou evitando voc?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
9. Seu sono foi afetado por causa de seu problema de pele?
Muitssimo ( )
Muito ( )
pouco ( )
no ( )
no ( )
pouco ( )
Anexo III
VALIDAO PARA O PORTUGUS BRASILEIRO DO INSTRUMENTO
ESCORE DA QUALIDADE DE VIDA NA DERMATOLOGIA INFANTIL (CDLQI)
DADOS GERAIS
) _____________
Escola:____________________________ Telefone: (
) _____________
Verrugas virais
(13)
Molusco contagioso
(14)
Infeces fngicas
(15)
Exantemas virais
(16)
CLARISSA PRATI
Cristiane Comparin
Juliana Catucci Boza
Tania Ferreira Cestari
Department of Dermatology - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de
Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Rio Branco Porto Alegre RS - Brazil 90035-903
Corresponding author
Clarissa Prati MD
Mostardeiro 5/408 Moinhos de Vento
Porto Alegre RS Brazil 90430 001
Telephone/fax numbers: 55 51 3395 5716/3222 9294
E-mail: prati@terra.com.br
Key words: quality of life; validation; skin diseases; pediatric dermatology
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Skin disorders may interfere in the individuals quality of life
(QOL), independently of the clinical manifestation severity, culture or age. The Childrens
Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) was created specifically for children between 4
and 16 years old and its structure is similar to the version recommended for adults. It has
already been translated to Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted to our population.
The aim of this study is to verify its reliability and validity, when applied to a significant
sample composed by actual pediatric patients.
Methods: The sample was composed by 315 children aging between 4 and 6 years: 216
dermatology out-patients (cases), 50 pediatric patients without skin diseases (sick controls)
and 49 children from a public school (normal controls). The CDLQI questions were
answered by the subjects and their parents, after signed an informed consent. The internal
consistency was calculated by the Cronbachs alpha; test-retest reliability assessed by the
intra-class correlation test by reapplying the same questionnaire 1 week after the first visit,
in sample composed by 35 cases. Demographic variables were evaluated by means and
standard deviation.
Results: The average age was 10.2 years (SD 3.2) for cases, 7.6 (SD 2.9) for sick controls
and 9.2 (SD 0.96) for normal controls. These parameters did not interfere in CDLQI score
results. The Cronbachs alpha for the cases sample was 0.72 and the intra-class correlation
(test-retest reliability) was 0.892 (0.787-0.946).
significant difference between the scores of cases (3.7) and controls (0.68 and 0, 67).
Questions relating to symptoms and feelings (1 and 2) scored highest overall.
Conclusions: There was no difficulty in the interview, and most of the questionnaires were
completed in less than 5 minutes. Many relatives expressed their satisfaction in
participating and felt the interest of the health team in all aspects of the skin condition. The
Cronbachs alpha was sufficient to confirm the internal consistency and reproducibility of
CDLQI, allowing good distinguishing between the skin affected and non-affected groups.
With those results, the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Childrens Dermatology Life
Quality Index is validated for our regional population and its use could be recommended
for the QoL assessing of dermatological pediatric patients.
Introduction
Quality of life (QoL) refers to all personal well-being aspects; the physical,
psychological or social ones, including characteristics related to the way of life and
environmental aspects, with most of the authors emphasizing its subjective nature. Thus,
according to the World Health Organization, QoL is defined as, the individuals
perception of his or her position in life, within the culture context and value system he or
she lives in , and in relation to his or her goals , expectations , parameters and concerns .
This is a concept in evolution which can also be remembered as a satisfaction state facing a
disease. And indeed, other international health organizations emphasize the need for the
physical, mental, social and well-being
improvement
5.
QoL scores than the healthy youngsters related more to the functional deterioration than to
the pain level
6.
As for adults, QoL is revealed as an important dimension when caring for children
with chronic diseases, especially due to the fact that the survival rates have increased for
some terminal conditions. Besides, doctors are realizing that it is not enough to treat only
the disease and are becoming concerned not only with the clinical results of the
interventions but also with the childs perspectives in relation to his/her disease and the
situations that the future may bring.
Many different QoL evaluation questionnaires were developed in order to define
these situations more accurately. The analyses of their responses allow determining, in a
most satisfactory way, the result of a certain treatment. However, most of these instruments
were developed for English spoken populations, not always appropriate in terms of
conformity with the reality of other countries, with their transcultural use being a
controversial issue in literature
8, 9.
Literature review
Most of the dermatoses are not life threatening, but frequently cause a great impact
on the emotional state, on the social relations and on the patients daily activities 10. Many
times, the evaluation of the dermatoses influence on QoL differs between the patient and
the physician, which can interfere directly in the adhesion to the treatment. And, as most of
the dermatological diseases are characterized by affecting the physical aspect and the
patients relationships, the estimates of the life quality are important not only for clinical
research but also for the dermatoses daily therapeutic care 11.
The development and validation of the QoL questionnaires specific for
Dermatology are still recent
12
allow comparisons among them and a general view of their implication in the patients
quality of life. Still, they can be applied for sick people in different clinical categories and
also in control groups
Index)
14,
the Skindex
13.
15
The most used ones are the DLQI- Dermatology Life Quality
18.
16, 17,
present satisfactory validity and reliability. In the evaluation of a specific dermatosis, there
is a tendency to combine two questionnaires, a general and a dermatological one,
associating the results of each one of them, or even to use instruments prepared only for
that certain disease. Same examples are: atopic dermatitis, psoriases, acne, contact
dermatitis, melasma and vitiligo.
The atopic dermatitis has a specific, validated instrument for the quality of life
analysis, the Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis (QoLLIAD). It contains 25 items,
which can be easily and quickly applied
20
were developed as the Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) 21 , the Psoriasis Index of Quality of
Life (PSORIQoL) 22 and the Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory (PLSI) 23 used according to the
study purpose, the patients characteristics and the psychometrics measures of the used
questionnaire.
In acne, some specific instruments were developed, as the Acne Disability Index
(ADI)
24, 25,
26
27, 28.
For
melasma, the Melasqol 29, was recently translated 30 and validated to Portuguese 31. There is
no specific questionnaire for vitiligo, but it had the interference in the QoL evaluated
through the application of tests developed for other dermatoses in adults
32, 33.
The
improvement in the quality of life, after treatments with phototherapy in children, has also
34
dermatologist and the need for more detailed researches in this field.
Children with chronic dermatoses need to understand their limitations and
treatments, to face these and other difficulties more appropriately and for a long period of
time. In this context, the CDLQI (Childrens Dermatology Life Quality Index)
35
was
created to evaluate the QoL of patients aging between 4 and 16 years. This instrument
presents a similar structure to other questionnaires for adults as the DLQI and the FDI
(Family Dermatitis Impact) 36 and can be applied to many dermatoses as psoriasis, eczema,
acne and nevus and it is also available in an illustrated version
37, 38.
calculated by adding the answers of its 10 questions, with the maximum of thirty and the
minimum of zero; the higher the index, the higher the impact.
In 2004, Weber and colleagues, with the cooperation of the original version
authors, developed the CDLQI in Portuguese spoken in Brazil 39 (Table 1). The rules of the
World Health Organization were followed for the translation and cultural adaptation of
quality of life questionnaires
40
field 41, despite other conceptual equivalence methods and the items already being proposed
42
The objective of this study was to validate the version in Portuguese spoken in Brazil of the
CDLQI instrument for the evaluation of the quality of life in pediatric patients with
dermatoses, aging between 4 and 16 years. The validated and culturally adapted version of
this instrument would permit the development of national studies with reliable and
reproducible data, considering our target population.
This is a transversal study, with casual sampling. The sample size was estimated by
the Reliability Studies graph considering the reliability coefficient of 0, 80 and a confidence
interval of 0, 05 43. It involved an interview with 315 individuals aging between 4 and 16
years, with 216 suffering from a dermatological disease (cases) who showed up for the
appointments in the outpatient unit of the Servio de Dermatologia do Hospital de Clnicas
de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 50 patients from the outpatient unit of the Servio de Pediatria e
Puericultura do HCPA with no dermatological complains (sick controls) and 49 children,
students from a municipal school of Porto Alegre, with no chronic disease (healthy
controls). This city and the school were determined for convenience.
All volunteers or their responsible filled and signed a informed consent form after
careful explanation about the study, the CDLQI questionnaire and the complementary data
document (with questions about age, sex, city, diagnosis). Thirty five patients with stable
dermatoses, that is, with no clinical variation in a short period of time, have answered the
instrument for its own reapplication analysis (test-retest), a week after the first interview.
The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics. The internal consistency analysis
was calculated by the Cronbachs alpha coefficient, and for the test-retest reliability, the
intra-class correlation coefficient and the Students t-test for paired samples were used.
Results
The participant average age was 10.2 years (SD 3.2) for cases, 7.6 (SD 2.9) for sick
controls and 9.2 (SD O.9) for normal controls. Boys formed the majority of the sample (52,
4% -n=315).
The Cronbachs alpha for the cases was 0, 72 and the intra-class correlation (restretest reliability), 8,892 (0,787-0,946).
The average score was 3, 7 for the cases, and in the control groups, 0, 68 (sick) and
0, 67 (healthy). The covariance analysis demonstrated a significant difference among these
values in the case and control groups (p<0.001), but not among the controls. The average
age of the three groups, despite differing among them, did not interfere in the CDLQI score
results, and the score didnt increase according to age (rs= 0,128; P= 0,023). The same
happened when the gender which, despite the boys predominance, had no influence in the
final analysis (P=0,361).
Questions related to symptoms and feelings (questions 1 and 2) scored highest
overall (14, 3% and 14, 4% of the answers quite a lot and very much respectively Table
3). As it was observed in the translation process 44, question 7, subdivided in vacation and
school periods, arose questionings by some patients who, after a more careful reading,
understood that they should answer only part of the question. But, in general, the
questionnaire was well accepted by patients and their responsible ones, who also reported
some satisfaction in taking part of a benefic study for their pairs.
Discussion
The CDLQI evaluates the impact of the dermatoses on the patients QoL aging
between 4 and 16 years. This instrument translation and validation process for the
Portuguese spoken in Brazil is a patent necessity for clinical studies
This study has demonstrated the validity, the internal consistency reliability and the
applicability of using the CDLQI questionnaire to evaluate the well-being of Brazilian
pediatric patients suffering from dermatoses. The responsiveness and stability over time of
CDLQI was confirmed by comparing scores from two different measures: in the first
evaluation of patients with stable dermatosis and a week after it. Both, healthy control and
sick control scores were very low compared to the cases. These data are similar to the ones
of the original instrument which reinforces this version validity.
As there was no gold standard test available for this age group, some phases such as
the concurrent validity could not be performed. Anyway, the conducted analysis, including
two control groups, is considered sufficient for the evaluation. The option for not applying
the WHOQoL, a WHO pattern questionnaire usually carried out for cultural adaptation
purposes in Brazil, was made due to the specific age group. As the parents impressions
could influence in a certain way, the intention was that the patient answered the greatest
number of questions possible, with minimum interference. Besides, a new instrument was
recently developed allowing the measurement of the dermatosis secondary impact, the
Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) 45, patients family members or patients
partners. It is known that to support parents and to help them develop strategies to deal with
the disease is essential for the better treatment result 46.
Apparently, in the dermatologists daily practice, female patients seem to show
more concern with the questions related to their skin. However, when referring to the
children who were interviewed, the score of both genders was very similar. Besides, there
was no score variation as the age increases. These facts bring up the idea that these boys,
when adults, will look less for dermatological treatment, and will keep their suffering
silently. Thus, there would be the need for a better explanation on dermatoses amid the
male population, since childhood, reinforcing the idea that taking care of the skin, besides
the aesthetic results, influence the individuals psychosocial well-being. It is worth
reminding that the skin has a fundamental role in the identity development process, as it
differentiates an individual from the others 47.
The most important questions for the instrument final score seem to be the first two
ones related to the symptoms and feelings, as reported for the original instrument. To
identify the patients with less quality of life helps in the prevention of symptoms and
psychiatric disease, as the most important aspect is how the individual faces the stress
factor (active attitude in confrontation). Besides, the social stigma and the prejudice in
public places can lead to isolation and distance from situations that can influence in the
stress contributing for the development of depression, as it does not allow the patient to
develop a support social network 48.
The impact measurement of a certain treatment in QoL is also useful in cost-benefit
studies
49
financial difficulties in getting the most recent medications and, therefore, more expensive,
it is interesting to have the possibility of using an instrument adapted for this population in
order to contribute with the health policies.
Brazil is a country with continental dimensions and presents significant regional
differences. It is possible that the CDLQI semantic and cultural adequacy, and, therefore,
also its validation, need to be tested in the diverse Brazilian areas. Maybe, the questionnaire
illustrated version can be used more easily, exactly due to its characteristic.
The validation of this questionnaire is expected in the other Latin languages
following the example of other dermatoses, so that the populations with similar skin type
patterns, and especially with social and financial condition, can be analyzed all together.
Conclusion
Taking all aspects into account, it was clear that an appropriate evaluation as well as
seeking for psychological strategies to face the dermatoses and their treatments more
appropriately, is the key to improve the patients quality of life. The global management of
patients, especially those with apparent skin disorders, more than controlling the disease,
has a significant contribution to the individual and familiar well-being. Besides, having a
validated instrument adequate to the Brazilian reality, will allow not only a broad
evaluation of the therapeutic results as well as the participation of this population samples
in international studies.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr Andrew Finlay for his kind assistance with this work and
the children and their parents who have helped with this study.
Table 1. The Childrens dermatology life quality index (CDLQI) in portuguese spoken in
Brazil Escore da qualidade de vida na dermatologia infantil
Na semana que passou:
1. Sua pele tem apresentado coceira, sensibilidade ou dor?
2. Voc sentiu-se constrangido ou inibido, chateado ou triste por causa de sua pele?
3. Sua pele tem afetado suas amizades?
4. Voc mudou a sua maneira de vestir por causa de sua pele?
5. Sua pele tem atrapalhado as suas atividades de lazer em geral?
6. Voc evitou nadar ou praticar outros esportes por causa dos seus problemas de pele?
7. a) Era perodo escolar? Se era: o quanto seu problema de pele interferiu em suas atividades escolares?
[ ] Me impediu de ir escola
OU
7. b) Era perodo de frias? Se era: o quanto seu problema de pele interferiu no aproveitamento de suas frias?
8. Voc teve problemas com pessoas dizendo nomes, caoando, intimidando, fazendo perguntas ou evitando voc?
9. Seu sono foi afetado por causa de seu problema de pele?
10. Seu tratamento dermatolgico foi problemtico?
Answers: Muitssimo, Muito, Pouco, No
M S Lewis-Jones, A Y Finlay 1993. This must not be copied without permission from the authors
Table 3. Frequency of most relevant answers (quite a lot and very much) to questions 1,
symptoms (How itchy, scratchy, sore or painful has your skin been?) and 2, feelings
(How embarrassed or self conscious, upset or sad have you been because of your skin?) to
cases (n=216).
Answers
Question 1
0 not al all
1 only a little
2 quite a lot
3 very much
Question 2
0 not al all
1 only a little
2 quite a lot
3 very much
Frequency
100
85
21
10
46,3
39,4
9,7
4,6
14,4
131
54
20
11
60,6
25
9,3
5,1
References
1. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper
from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41; 1403-1409.
2. Harding L. Childrens quality of life assessments: a review of generic and health related
quality of life measures completed by children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Psychother.
2001;8; 79-96.
3. Vaz AF, Pinto-Neto AM, Conde DM, Costa-Paiva L, Morais SS, Esteves SB. Quality of
life of women with gynecologic cancer: associated factors. Arch Gynecol Obstet
2007;276(6):583-589.
4. Herwig J, Scholl-Schilling G, Bohles H. Glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in
children, adolescents and young adults with unstable type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with
insulin glargine or intermediate-acting insulin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 20(4);
517-525.
5. Chen H, Gould MK, Blanc PD, Miller DP, Kamath TV, Lee JH, Sullivan SD; for the
TENOR Study Group. Asthma control, severity, and quality of life: Quantifying the effect
of uncontrolled disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120(2):396-402.
6 Oliveira S, Raveli A, Pistorio A, Castell E, Malattia C, Prieur AM, Saad-Magalhaes C,
Murray KJ, Bae SC, Joos R, Foeldvari I, Duarte-Salazar C, Wulffraat N, Lahdenne P,
Dolezalova P, de Inocncio J, Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F, Hofer M, Nikishina I, Ozdogan H,
Hashkes PJ, Landgraf JM, Martini A, Ruperto N; The Pediatric Rheumatology
International Trials Organization (PRINTO). Proxy-reported health-related quality of life of
patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials
Organization multinational quality of life cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(1):35-43.
7. Guekht AB, Mitrokhina TV, Lebedeva AV, Dzugaeva FK, Milchakova LE, Lokshina
OB, Feygina AA, Gusev EI. Factors influencing on quality of life in people with epilepsy.
Seizure 2007;16(2):128-133.
8. Bullinger M, Anderson R, Cella D. Developing and evaluating cross-cultural instruments
from minimum requirements to optimal models. Qual Life Res.1993; 2; 451-459.
9. Fox-Rushby J , Parker M. Culture and the measurement of health related quality of life.
Rev Europ Psychol Applique. 1995; 45; 257-263.
10. Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) - a simple practical
measure for routine clinical use. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 1994;19; 210-216.
11. Finlay AY. Quality of life measurement in dermatology: a practical guide. Br J
Dermatol. 1997;136; 305-314.
12. Halioua B, Beumont MG, Lunel F. Quality of life in dermatology. Int J Dermatol.
2000;39; 801-806.
13. Skoet R, Zachariae R, Agner T. Contact dermatitis and quality of life: a structured
review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149; 452-456.
14. Anderson RT, Rajagopalan R. Development and validation of a quality of life
instrument for cutaneous diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37; 41-50.
15. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Quinn LM, Mostow EN, Zyzanski SJ. Skindex, a quality-of-life
measure for patients with skin disease: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. J Invest
Dermatol. 1996;107; 707-713.
16. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Flocke SA, Zyzanski SJ. Improved discriminative and evaluative
capability of a refined version of Skindex, a quality-of-life instrument for patients with skin
diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133; 1433-1440.
17. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Sahay AP, Sands LP. Measurement properties of Skindex-16: a
brief quality-of-life measure for patients with skin diseases. J Cutan Med Surg. 2001; 5(2);
105-110.
18. Anderson RT, Rajagopalan R. Development and validation of a quality of life
instrument for cutaneous diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997; 37(1); 41-50.
19. De Korte J, Mombers FM, Sprangers MA, Bos JD. The suitability of quality-of-life
questionnaires for psoriasis research: a systematic literature review. Arch Dermatol.
2002;138; 1221-1227.
20. Whalley D, McKenna SP, Dewar AL, Erdman RA, Kohlmann T, Niero M Cook SA,
Crickx B, Herdman MJ, Frech F, van Assche D. A new instrument for assessing quality of
life in atopic dermatitis: international development of the Quality of Life Index for Atopic
Dermatitis (QoLIAD). Br J Dermatol. 2004;150; 274-283.
21. Kent G, al Abadie M. The Psoriasis Disability Index - further analyses. Clin Exp
Dermatol. 1993;18; 414-416.
22. McKenna SP, Cook SA, Whalley D, Doward LC, Richards HL, Griffiths CEM, Van
Assch D. Development of the PSORIQoL, a psoriasis-specific measure of quality of life
designed for use in clinical practice and trials. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149; 323-331.
23. Gupta MA, Gupta AK. The Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory: a preliminary index of
psoriasis-related stress. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1995;75; 240-243.
24. Motley RJ, Finlay AY. How much disability is caused by acne? Clin.Exp.Dermatol.
1989;14; 194-198.
25. Oakley AM. The Acne Disability Index: usefulness confirmed. Australas J Dermatol.
1996;37; 37-39.
26. Motley RJ, Finlay AY. Practical use of a disability index in the routine management of
acne. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1992;17; 1-3.
27. Martin AR, Lookingbill DP, Botek A, Light J, Thiboutot D, Girman CJ. Health-related
quality of life among patients with facial acne - assessment of a new acne-specific
questionnaire. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26; 380-385.
28. Fehnel SE, McLeod LD, Brandman J, Arbit DI, McLaughlin-Miley CJ, Coombs JH
Martin AR, Girman CJ. Responsiveness of the Acne-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire
(Acne-QoL) to treatment for acne vulgaris in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Qual Life
Res. 2002;11; 809-816.
29. Balkrishnan R, McMichael AJ, Camacho FT, Saltzberg F, Housman TS, Grummer S,
Feldman SR, Chren MM. Development and validation of a health-related quality of life
instrument for women with melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149; 572-577.
30. Cestari TF, Balkrishann R, Weber MB, Prati C, Menegon DB, Mazzotti NG, Troian C.
Translation and cultural adaptation to Portuguese of a quality of life questionnaire for
patients with melasma. Med Cut Ib-Lat-Am. 2006; 34; 270-274.
31. Cestari TF, Hexsel D, Viegas ML, Azulay L, Hassun K, Almeida AR, Rego VR,
Mendes AM, Filho JW, Junqueira H. Validation of a melasma quality of life questionnaire
for Brazilian Portuguese language: the MelasQoL-BP study and improvement of QoL of
melasma patients after triple combination therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 156(1);13-20.
32. Kent G, al Abadie M. Factors affecting responses on Dermatology Life Quality Index
items among vitiligo sufferers. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21; 330-333.
33. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Kumar B. Dermatology Life Quality Index
score in vitiligo and its impact on the treatment outcome. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148; 373374.
34. Njoo MD, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalized vitiligo in children with
narrow-band (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000; 42(2); 245-253.
35. Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY. The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI):
initial validation and practical use. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132; 942-949.
36. Lawson V, Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY, Reid P, Owens RG. The family impact of
childhood atopic dermatitis: the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire. Br J Dermatol.
1998;138;107-113.
37. Holme SA, Man I, Sharpe JL, Dykes PJ, Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY. The Childrens
Dermatology Life Quality Index: validation of the cartoon version. Br J Dermatol. 2003;
148; 285290.
38. Loo WJ, Diba V, Chawla M, Finlay AY. Dermatology Life Quality Index: influence of
an illustrated version. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148; 279284.
39. Finlay AY. Quality of Life Measurement in Dermatology. Wales College of Medicine.
Disponvel em: http://www.dermatology.org.uk. Acesso em: maro 2007.
40. The World Health Organization. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments.
Disponvel em:
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/index.html. Acesso em:
maro 2005.
41. Fleck M, Leal O, Louzada S, Xavier M, Chachamovich E, Vieira G, Santos L, Pinzon
V. Desenvolvimento da verso em portugus do instrumento de avaliao de qualidade de
vida da OMS (WHOQOL-100). Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 1999; 21(1); 19-28.
42. Herdman M, Fox-Rushby J, Badia X. A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation
of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach. Qual Life Res. 1998; 7; 232-335.
43. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurement scales - a practical guide to their
development and use. 2nd ed. New York. Oxford University Press. 1995.
44. Prati C, Weber MB, Barzenski B, Mazzotti NG, Soirefmann M, Cestari TF. Traduo e
adequao cultural para o portugus de questionrios sobre qualidade de vida para
pacientes portadores de dermatite atpica. In: Anais 30 Jornada Gacha de Dermatologia.
Porto Alegre. SBD RS. 2005.
45. Basra MKA, Sue-Ho R, Finlay AY. The Family Dermatology Life Quality Index:
measuring the secondary impact of skin disease. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 156; 528538.
46. Warschburger P, Buchholz H TH, Petermann F. Psychological adjustment in parents of
young children with atopic dermatitis: which factors predict parental quality of life? Br J
Dermatol. 2004; 150; 304311.
47. Mingnorance R, Loureiro S, Okino L. Pacientes com psorase: qualidade de vida e
adaptao psicossocial. An Bras Dermatol. 2002;77; 147-59.
48. Silva JDT, Mller MC, Bonamigo RR. Estratgias de coping e nveis de estresse em
pacientes portadores de psorase. An Bras Dermatol. 2006; 81(2); 143-149 .
49. Ellis NC, Reiter KL, Wheeler JRC, Fendrick AM. Economic analysis in dermatology. J
Am Acad Dermatol. 2002; 46(2); 271-283.