Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SINOPSE
ndice Sumrio
3
INTRODUO
I - O .S . M .
1. Organizao
2. Estrutura Formal
3. Estrutura Informal
4. Organizao - Atividades de O . S . M .
5. Sistemas
6. Objetivos do Estudo de Sistemas nas Empresas
7. Sistemas - Atividades de O . S . M.
8. Mtodos
9. Objetividade de Mtodos
10. Mtodos - Atividades de O . S . M .
II - Organizao
IIII - Sistemas
1. Teoria de Sistemas
2. Elementos de um Sistema
3. Conceitos Bsicos
2. SIG - Sistema de Informaes Gerenciais
2.1 reas Bsicas da Empresa
A . reas Funcionais Fins
B . reas Funcionais Meios
2.2 Descrio das Atividades por rea
2.3 Estudo de um CASE - Indstria Farmacutica
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IV - Mtodos
1. O Mtodo Cientfico
2. O Ciclo PDCA Como Mtodo de Soluo de Problemas
2.1 Planejamento - Plan - P
2.1.1 Do Problema
A . Como Pensar?
B . Elementos Para A Soluo de Problemas
B . 1 Os Dados e as Informaes
B . 2 As Ferramentas
B . 3 O Mtodo Estruturado
C . O Projeto de Anlise e Soluo de Problemas
2.1.2 Observao
A . Fluxograma
B . Folha de Verificao
C . Diagrama de Pareto
2.1.3 Anlise
A . Diagrama de Ishikawa
2.1.3.1 Validao das Teorias
2.1.3.2 Definio das Causas Primrias do Problema
2.1.4 Plano de Ao
2.1.4.1 Solues Alternativas
A . Matriz de Relaes
2.2 Execuo - DO - D
A . Descongelamento da Situao Atual
A . 1 HOUSEKEEPING - OS 5Ss
B . Implementao das Alteraes Planejadas
C . Congelamento da Nova Situao
2.3 Verificao - CHECK - C
A . Do Passado
B . Do Presente
C . Do Futuro
2.2.1 Verificao do Desempenho
2.2.2 Ao Corretiva - ACTION - A
2.2.3 Padronizao
APNDICE
A Qualidade Total
BIBLIOGRAFIA
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Introduo
I-O. S. M.
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O. S. M. - uma atividade
administrativa voltada para a
obteno da melhor produtividade
possvel dos Recursos Humanos -
RH, Recursos Materiais - RM, e
Recursos Tecnolgicos - RT, atravs
de tcnicas cientficas que envolvem
os aspectos comportamentais e
instrumentais, no ambiente interno
ou externo da empresa
1. Organizao
respectivos ttulos;
atribuies bsicas;
responsabilidades;
relaes formais;
nvel de autoridade; e
aspectos culturais
em simples comunicados;
instrues;
entendimentos extra-estruturais;
desentendimentos;
eventuais conflitos;
lideranas naturais; e
Na maioria dos casos, dada liberdade total para a organizao informal, mas
isto perigoso e no tem razo de ser, porque administrvel e direcionvel
positivamente. Exemplo de Sucesso:
transparncia;
lealdade;
sentido colaboracionista
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2. Sistemas
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Sistema um conjunto de
atividades interligadas de forma que
todas estejam em uma relao direta,
de maneira a possibilitar que
determinados objetivos sejam
alcanados
2.1 Objetivos do estudo de Sistemas na Empresa
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3. Mtodo
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Metodologia
Do Grego:
META - ao largo
ODOS - caminho
LOGOS - discurso, estudo
Os objetivos so:
o aumento da produtividade; e
a reduo de custos;
Planejamento
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II-ORGANIZAO
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2. METODOLOGIA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA
ESTRUTURA ORGANIZACIONAL
o tamanho da empresa.
RECURSOS AMBIENTE
HUMANOS EXTERNO
SISTEMA DE SISTEMA DE
RESPONSABILIDADE AUTORIDADE
S
DEPARTAMENTALIZ. AMPLITUDE CONTROLE
LINHA E ASSESSORIA NVEIS HIERRQUICOS
ATRIBUI]O DE DELEGAO
ATIVIDADES CENTRALIZAO /
DESCENTRALIZAO
NVEIS DE INFLUNCIA
ESTRATGICO
TTICO
OPERACIONAL
SISTEMA DE SISTEMA DE
DECISES COMUNICAO
DADOS O QU? COMO?
INFORMAES QUANDO? POR QU?
DECISES QUANTO?
AES DE QUEM/PARA QUEM?
RESULTADOS ... COMUNICAR! !
OBJETIVOS RECURSOS
ESTRATGIAS TECNOLGICOS
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A . FATOR HUMANO
TCNICA;
DE COMANDO;
ADMINISTRATIVA;
DE COOPERAO; E
DE INTEGRAO.
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pretende atingir.
D . FATOR TECNOLOGIA
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departamentalizao;
linha e assessoria; e
A . DEPARTAMENTALIZAO
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Organograma a representao
grfica de determinados aspectos da
estrutura organizacional.
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As bsicas so:
n departamentalizao funcional;
n departamentalizao matricial;
n departamentalizao mista.
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DIRETORIA
PRODUO
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A . 2 DEPARTAMENTALIZAO FUNCIONAL
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DIRETORIA
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A. 3 DEPARTAMENTALIZAO TERRITORIAL /
GEOGRFICA
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DIRETORIA
COMERCIAL
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DIRETORIA
PA. RAMOS
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DIRETORIA
PROJETO
EURAMERIS
ALFA
PROJETO
TELECOM
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A . 7 DEPARTAMENTALIZAO MATRICIAL
falta de um coordenador geral para o projeto com viso ampla para integrar
as vrias especializaes e relacion-las com as necessidades dos
clientes; e
DIRETORIA
PRODUO
GERNCIA GERNCIA
GERNCIA ENGENHARIA ENGENHARIA
PROJETOS ELTRICA MECNICA
PROJETO
A RECURSOS RECURSOS
HUMANOS, HUMANOS,
PROJETO
B TECNOLGIC TECNOLGIC
E E
PROJETO MATERIAIS MATERIAIS
C
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A . 8 DEPARTAMENTALIZAO MISTA
o tipo mais freqente, pois cada parte da empresa deve ter a estrutura que
mais se adapte sua realidade organizacional.
DIRETORIA
REGIO PROJETO
TESOURARIA
NORTE EURAMERIS
ALFA
REGIO PROJETO
CONTBIL
SUL TELECOM
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B . LINHA E ASSESSORIA
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LINHA
ASSESSORIA
DE LINHA, so as unidades
organizacionais que tm ao de
comando, enquanto que as unidades
organizacionais DE ASSESSORIA no
tm ao de comando, cabendo-lhes o
aconselhamento s unidades de linha no
desempenho de suas atividades.
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C. ATRIBUIES DE ATIVIDADES
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delegao; e
descentralizao/centralizao
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A . AMPLITUDE DE CONTROLE
perda de controle;
ineficincia de comunicaes;
falta de delegao;
custos maiores;
desmotivao; e
B. DELEGAO
DELEGAO a transferncia de
determinado nvel de autoridade de um
chefe para seu subordinado, criando a
correspondente responsabilidade pela
execuo da tarefa delegada.
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C . DESCENTRALIZAO / CENTRALIZAO
VANTAGENS:
VANTAGENS:
MAIOR MOTIVAO;
COMPARAES ENTRE
DESCENTRALIZAO E DELEGAO
DESCENTRALIZAO DELEGAO
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A .ESQUEMAS DE COMUNICAO
B . OS FLUXOS DA COMUNICAO
C .O CUSTO DA COMUNICAO
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De: SUPERVISOR
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Para: FUNCIONRIOS
ESTRATGICO
TTICO
OPERACIONAL
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No desenvolvimento de uma estrutura organizacional tm-se trs nveis de
influncia:
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nvel estratgico;
nvel ttico; e
nvel operacional.
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III - SISTEMAS
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1 - TEORIA DE SISTEMAS
No sculo XVII, houve uma evoluo considervel nos campos de estudos das
cincias relacionadas com a Fsica, Mecnica e da Matemtica, sendo que os
pressupostos (mtodos, conceitos e suposies) utilizados por estas cincias
passaram a ser utilizados pela humanidade para analisar os fatos sociais,
rejeitando a partir da a Teologia, o misticismo e outras formas de interpretao.
OBJETIVOS
FEEDBACK
(RETROALIMENTAO)
OBJETIVOS
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ENTRADAS
As entradas do sistema, cuja funo caracteriza as foras que fornecem ao
sistema o material , a energia e a informao para a operao ou processo, o
qual gerar determinadas sadas do siatema que devem estar em sintonia com
os objetivos anteriormente estabelecidos;
PROCESSO
O processo de transformao do sistema, que definido como a funo que
possibilita a transformao de um insumo (entrada) em um produto, servio ou
resultado (sada). Este processador a maneira pela qual os elementos
componentes interagem no sentido de produzir as sadas desejadas;
CONTROLES E AVALIAES
Os controles e avaliaes do sistema, principalmente para verificar se as
sadas esto coerentes com os objetivos estabelecidos. Para realizar o controle
e a avaliao de maneira adequada, necessria uma medida do desempenho
do sistema, chamada padro;
RETROALIMENTACO
A retroalimentao, ou realimentaco, ou feedback do sistema, que pode ser
considerado como a reintroduo de uma sada sob a forma de informao. A
realimentaco um processo de comunicao que reage a cada entrada de
informao incorporando o resultado da ao resposta desencadeada por
meio de nova informao, a qual afetar seu comportamento subsequente, e
assim sucessivamente. Essa realimentaco um instrumento de regulao
retroativa ou de controle, em que as informaes realimentadas so resultados
das divergncias verificadas entre as respostas de um sistema e os parmetros
previamente estabelecidos. Portanto, o objetivo do controle reduzir as
discrepncias ao mnimo, bem como, propiciar uma situao em que esse
sistema se torna auto-regulador.
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MERCADO DE
MO-DE-OBRA
GOVERNO CONCORRNCIA
FORNECEDORES CONSUMIDORES
EMPRESA
SISTEMA
FINANCEIRO COMUNIDADE
SINDICATOS TECNOLOGIA
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E
ECOSSISTEMA
SISTEMA
SUBSISTEMA SUBSISTEMA
A
EQIFINALIDADE
Segundo a qual um mesmo estado final pode ser alcanado, partindo de
diferentes condies iniciais e por maneiras diferentes;
ENTROPIA NEGATIVA
Que mostra o empenho dos sistemas para se organizarem para a sobrevivncia,
atravs de maior ordenao.
ENTROPIA
O processo entrpico decorre de uma lei universal da natureza, na qual todas
as formas de organizao se movem para a desorganizao e morte.
Entretanto, os sistemas abertos podem gerar entropia negativa, por intermdio
da maximizao da energia importada, o que pode ser obtido via maximizao
da eficincia com que o sistema processa essa energia.
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RESULTADOS
AES A ES AES
DECISES
DE
INFO
INFORM CONTROLE
INFORMAO &
I N F O R M AAO AVALIAO
TRATAMENTO
DADOS
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MARKETING PRODUO
ADM GESTO
REAS FUNCIONAIS MEIO EMPRESARIAL
FINANCEIRA
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Produto
Distribuio
expedio;
venda direta;
venda por atacado.
Promoo
material promocional;
promoo;
publicidade;
propaganda;
amostra grtis.
Preos
estudos e anlises;
estrutura de preos, descontos e prazos.
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Fabricao
processo produtivo;
programao;
controle.
Qualidade
programao;
controle.
Manuteno
preventiva;
corretiva.
oramento;
programao das necessidades de recursos financeiros;
projees financeiras;
anlise do mercado de capitais.
ttulos;
emprstimos e financiamentos (negociao e contratao de
recursos);
administrao de contratos de emprstimos e financiamentos
(prestao de contas aos rgos financiadores, amortizao,
correo e encargos financeiros dos contratos).
Gesto dos recursos disponveis
92
Seguros
Contbil
Aquisies
Planejamento
Suprimentos do quadro
avaliao de desempenho;
acompanhamento de pessoal;
treinamento.
Pagamentos e recolhimentos
folha de pagamento;
encargos sociais;
rescises dos contratos de trabalho;
auxlios.
Benefcios
assistncia mdica;
emprstimos e financiamentos;
lazer;
assistncia social.
Obrigaes sociais
medicina do trabalho;
segurana do trabalho;
aes trabalhistas;
relatrios fiscais.
95
As atividades propostas so
Transportes
Servios de apoio
Patrimnio imobilirio
planejamento estratgico;
acompanhamento das atividades da empresa;
auditoria.
Sistema de informaes
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V - MTODOS
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. O MTODO CIENTFICO
Colete os dados.
QUADRO - MEDOLOGIA
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DO PROBLEMA:
Identificao com clareza do problema
P OBSERVAO:
Reconhecimento das caractersticas do problema
Plan
ANLISE:
Planejamento Descoberta das causas principais do problema
PLANO DE AO:
Contramedidas s causas principais do problema
D EXECUO:
C VERIFICAO
A PADRONIZAO:
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Meta Boa
Meta Ruim
O trabalho que objetiva o alcance das metas ruins no agrega valor, j que
apenas corrige algo que anteriormente foi mal feito.
Realizada sobre os meios, tem por objetivo a descoberta das causas principais
do problema. Na anlise do processo devemos investigar o relacionamento
existente entre o problema (foco identificado anteriormente) e quaisquer
deficincias dos processos envolvidos, que so meios de gerao deste efeito.
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2.1.1 DO PROBLEMA
PROBLEMA QUALQUER
RESULTADO INDESEJVEL DE UMA
ATIVIDADE OU PROCESSO
A . COMO PENSAR
Quando utilizarmos pessoas que esto diretamente ligadas aos problemas por
fora do trabalho ou do conhecimento, elas so extremamente capazes de
propor idias ou sugestes baseadas em sentimentos e inspiraes que
emergem de sua experincia. o pensamento criativo, importante quando
desejamos ampliar o universo de observao.
O raciocnio lgico pode ser comparado com uma sanfona. Hora se expande,
hora se foca nas observaes, numa seqncia lgica contnua, buscando a
aplicao de todas as fases do Mtodo. Em todas as fases do Mtodo cientfico
surge a necessidade de utilizarmos pensamentos convergentes, s vezes
criativos e s vezes empricos. A lgica nos leva a raciocinar conforme o
esquema a seguir:
PENSAMENTO
EXPANDIR IDENTIFICAR
PROBLEMAS
FOCAR PRIORIZAR
PROJETOS
EXPANDIR ESTABELECER
TEORIAS
FOCAR IDENTIFICAR
CAUSAS
EXPANDIR SOLUES
ALTERNATIVAS
FOCAR SOLUES
DESIGNADAS
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ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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So eles:
ao dados e as informaes;
as ferramentas;
o mtodo estruturado;
o trabalho em equipe.
As Ferramentas
As ferramentas da qualidade so elementos fundamentais no MTODO
CIENTFICO. Os Grupos de Trabalho devem estar habilitados para sua
utilizao. Quando isto no ocorre, cabe ao lder buscar, junto ao facilitador, os
meios para prover os treinamentos que habilitem os membros de sua equipe a
utilizarem as ferramentas da forma certa. A efetividade do Grupo de Trabalho
implica eficincia e eficcia.
Para evitar que isto acontea, importante buscar respostas para as seguintes
perguntas:
ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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PROJETO QUALQUER
CONJUNTO DE ACES
SOLUCO DE PROBLEMAS
VISANDO A ATINGIR
DETERMINADAS METAS OU
ESTABELECIDO
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Por exemplo:
Nesta etapa no deve ser feito nenhum juzo de valor ou prioridade para
soluo dos problemas listados. Todos tm potencial para anlise e soluo.
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Um problema para ser identificado de maneira efetiva deve ter uma descrio
que demonstre claramente que ele :
Ela no deve:
Para cada projeto deve corresponder uma misso. Ela deve ser formalmente
estabelecida contendo entre outros elementos os seguintes:
EXEMPLICAES DE DESCRIES DE
PROBLEMA
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PROBLEMA 1
CERCA DE 4,5 ENTRE CEM CARROS PLUMA-GE PRODUZIDOS, SO
DEVOLVIDOS POR INCONFORMIDADES NA PINTURA
AVALIAO DA DESCRIO
ESPECFICO?
OBSERVVEL?
MENSURVEL?
ADMINISTRVEL?
SE LOCALIZADAMENTE, SIM, PORM PODE EXIGIR DESDOBRAMENTOS.
CONTM CAUSAS/CULPADOS?
INDICA SOLUO?
PROBLEMA 2
AVALIAO DA DESCRIO
PROBLEMA 3
AVALIAO DA DESCRIO
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Disso decorre que, ao receber a misso, o Grupo de Trabalho tem que se reunir
para analis-la e verificar se no h necessidade de reformulao. s vezes, o
desconhecimento da complexidade do problema impede o estabelecimento da
misso com o um nvel de especificidade necessrio para que ela seja
administrvel. S aps a anlise inicial e a observao dos sintomas que se
torna possvel focar mais nas partes reais do problema. Isto pode requerer a
modificao ou o desdobramento da misso e at mesmo modificao nos
Grupos de Trabalho inicialmente nomeados.
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PROJETO(PROBLEMA)
________________________________________________
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MISSO DO PROJETO
________________________________________________
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IMPORTNCIA DO PROJETO
________________________________________________
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METAS
_______________________ _______________________
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PRAZO
_______________
GRUPO DE TRABALHO
LIDER:__________________________________________
MEMBROS:________________ __________________
________________ __________________
________________ __________________
________________ __________________
________________ __________________
DATA:___/___/___ ASSINATURA:___________________________
ORGO RESPONSVEL
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2.1.2 OBSERVAO
qual a misso;
UM SINTOMA SEMPRE UM
RESULTADO OBSERVVEL OU
EVIDNCIA OBJETIVA DE UM
FATO.
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A . FLUXOGRAMA
1. DIAGRAMA DE BLOCOS
SIMBOLOGIA
ATIVIDADES
INCIO/FIM
SENTIDO DO FLUXO
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CONTRATAO DE
FUNCIONRIOS
1. RECONHECER NECESSIDADES
2. APROVAR A REQUISIO
3. LISTAR CANDIDATOS
INTERNOS
4. ENTREVISTAR CANDIDATOS
6. PESQUISAR EXTERNA/E
7. SELECIONAR CANDIDATOS
8. ENTREVISTAR CANDIDATOS
9. CLASSIFICAR CANDIDATOS
FIM
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ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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SIMBLOGIA
OPERAO DECISO
INSPEO ARMAZENAGEM
SENTIDO TRANSMISSO
DE FLUXO
CONEXO INCIO/FIM
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CORTAR O CABELO
PRECISA NO
CORTAR
? 1
SIM
DIRIJA-SE AO
AO BARBEIRO
NO
A SUA AGUARDE
VEZ ? A SUA VEZ
SIM
CORTE O
CABELO
FIM
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ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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3. FLUXOGRAMA FUNCIONAL
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EXERCCIOS
REA : VENDAS
REA: C.P.D.
REA: VENDAS
SE NO,
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B . FOLHA DE VERIFICAO
C. DIAGRAMA DE PARETO
2.1.3 ANLISE
A . DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA
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2.1.4 PLANO DE AO
AO REATIVA
Tratar o efeito, tratar ou remover o sintoma; no assegura que ele no possa
recorrer, apenas dispe sobre o que fazer com o efeito indesejado: retrabalhar,
corrigir, sucatear, reclassificar, utilizar como est, e assim por diante; ao tpica
de deciso operacional, no requerendo Grupos de Trabalho para analis-la;
AO CORRETIVA
Elimina a causa real (caso possa ser isolada) ou minimiza a influncia de uma
causa isolada sobre o efeito indesejado; atua sobre o processo de forma a
impedir a reincidncia do problema ou melhorar os ndices de desempenho;
AO PREVENTIVA
Leva em considerao todas as causas potenciais que possam influir direta ou
indiretamente no problema, em maior ou menor intensidade; atua sobre o
sistema bloqueando causas potenciais, tendo em vista que a correo de um
processo pode gerar influncia em outros produzindo novos efeitos
indesejveis.
O Grupo de Trabalho deve estar preparado para propor alternativas para aes
corretivas e preventivas que se faam necessrias, para buscar o
aprimoramento dos nveis de desempenho ou das capacidades dos processos
em anlise, em funo das causas levantadas.
152
custo da implementao;
o risco envolvido;
os benefcios gerados;
ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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A . Matriz de Relaes
2.2 EXECUO - DO - D
falta de vontade de adotar o remdio por no ter sido gerado aqui; ameaa
ao poder estabelecido;
A . 1 HOUSEKEEPING - OS 5Ss
Nesta fase, devem ser analisados quais os fatores que reforam, e quais os que
se contrapem implementao da soluo. O Grupo de Trabalho deve
identificar no s as barreiras, mas tambm os facilitadores do processo,
considerando:
ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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monitorar os resultados .
161
ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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A . DO PASSADO
B . DO PRESENTE
Os resultados obtidos
C . DO FUTURO
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2.4.1 PADRONIZAO
A monitorao do novo processo visa a assegurar seu controle efetivo, uma vez
que passa a observ-lo em tempo real, impedindo sua degradao,
assegurando a tomada de aes corretivas e a manuteno dos novos nveis
conseguidos com o projeto.
ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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ANOTAES: __________________________________________________
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APNDICE
QUALIDADE
TOTAL
171
1.1 Qualidade
QUALIDADE
CUSTO
Este componente diz respeito ao custo operacional para fabricao
do bem ou fornecimento do servio e envolve, por exemplo, os custos
de compras, de vendas, de produo, de recrutamento e de
treinamento. O custo resulta do projeto, fabricao e desempenho do
produto. O preo estabelecido pelo mercado em funo de fatores
tais como valor agregado, disponibilidade, imagem do produto, entre
outros. Portanto, custo e preo resultam de fatores diferentes.
ENTREGA
Este componente est relacionado entrega dos produtos finais e
intermedirios de uma empresa. A entrega deve acontecer na
quantidade, na data e no local certos.
MORAL
Este o componente que mede o nvel mdio de satisfao das
pessoas que trabalham na empresa. Como os produtos (bens ou
servios) que sero fornecidos aos clientes sero produzidos pela
equipe de pessoas, claro que dever haver um bom ambiente de
trabalho para que os bens ou servios sejam de boa qualidade ,
capazes de garantir o atendimento das necessidades do cliente. O
nvel mdio de satisfao das pessoas que trabalham na empresa
pode ser medido por ndices de absentesmo, de demisses, de
reclamaes trabalhistas , de sugestes, entre outros.
SEGURANA
Esta dimenso da Qualidade Total se refere segurana das pessoas
que trabalham na empresa e dos usurios do produto. Os produtos
no devem provocar acidentes aos seus usurios e no devem
ocorrer acidentes de trabalho na empresa.
1.2 Processo
Um "processo" pode ser definido, de forma sucinta, como um
conjunto de causas que tm como objetivo produzir um determinado
efeito, o qual denominado produto de processo. Um processo pode
ser dividido em uma famlia de causas : insumos, equipamentos,
informaes do processo ou medidas, condies ambientais, pessoas
e mtodos ou procedimentos. Esta caracterizao do processo est
representada na Figura. O diagrama que aparece nesta figura
conhecido como "DIAGRAMA DE CAUSA E EFEITO" OU
"DIAGRAMA ESPINHA DE PEIXE" OU "DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKWA".
1.4 Problema
WERKEMA, MARIA C. C.
AS FERRAMENTAS DA QUALIDADE NO
GERENCIAMENTO DE PROCESSOS
FUNDAO CHRISTIANO OTTONI, UFMG. MG, 1995
185
JAPO 41,2
ALEMANHA 35,1
ESTADOS UNIDOS 34,9
REINO UNIDO 21,2
FRANA 20,8
CANAD 17.9
ITLIA 16,6
ESPANHA 10,0
CHINA 8,2
TAIWAN 7,6
CORIA SUL 7,2
RSSIA 5,3
MXIC 4,6
BR 4,4
* PERCENTUAL DE CONSUMIDORES QUE
CLASSIFICARAM A QUALIDADE DOS PRODUTOS DOS
PASES COMO EXCELENTES OU MUITO BOA.
(20.000 CONSUMIDORES DE 19 PASES DA AMRICA,
SIA E EUROPA)
BIBLIOGRAFIA