Aula 00 PDF

Aula 00
Direitos Humanos e Cidadania p/ PRF - Policial - 2014/2015

Professor: Alyson Barros
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF
Professor Alyson Barros
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Direitos Humanos e Cidadania

PRF -2014/15
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Considerações Iniciais .........................................................................................2
Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia, estrutura
normativa, fundamentação. .................................................................................5
Conceitos e Terminologia ................................................................................5
Estrutura normativa dos Direitos Humanos ....................................................11
Direitos Humanos e o cenário Internacional ..................................................11
Fundamentação dos Direitos humanos ..........................................................14
Teoria Jusnaturalista de Direitos Humanos ....................................................15
Teoria Positivista e Histórica de Direitos Humanos ........................................18
Teoria Moralista, Ética ou de Perelman .........................................................19
Resumo das Teorias .......................................................................................20
Direitos Humanos x Direitos Fundamentais ...................................................21
Características dos Direitos Humanos ............................................................22
Os princípios dos direitos humanos ...............................................................27
Gerações/Dimensões dos Direitos Humanos.................................................28
Referências ........................................................................................................32
Indicações Bibliográficas ...................................................................................33
Questões ...........................................................................................................34
Questões com Comentários e Gabaritos ..........................................................38
Considerações Finais .........................................................................................44
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Observação importante: este curso é protegido por direitos autorais
(copyright), nos termos da Lei 9.610/98, que altera, atualiza e consolida a
legislação sobre direitos autorais e dá outras providências.
Grupos de rateio e pirataria são clandestinos, violam a lei e prejudicam os
professores que elaboram o curso. Valorize o trabalho de nossa equipe
adquirindo os cursos honestamente através do site Estratégia Concursos.
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Professor Alyson Barros 1

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Considerações Iniciais
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( E ai galera, beleza? Estamos nos adiantando para o próximo edital e
lançando em primeira mão o curso de Direitos Humanos e C idadania para
o concurso da Polícia Rodoviária Federal.
O edital do concurso anterior pode ser acessado aqui:
http://www.cespe.unb.br/concursos/DPRF_13/. Na época foram 1.000 vagas e
a remuneração foi de atrativos R$ 6.106,81! A banca, como sempre, foi o
Centro de Seleção e Promoção Eventos Universidade de Brasília – CESPE, uma
grande conhecida nossa e que orientará nosso curso atual. Caso mudem de
banca, reformularemos uma grande parte do nosso curso e não deixaremos
nenhum aluno para trás! Esse é o compromisso Estratégia C oncursos. O
que importa é ter todas as questões da prova contempladas aqui e aprovar em
massa!!! A batida será pesada para aproveitarmos o tempo que temos.
Trabalharemos com 6 aulas, além da aula demonstrativa, contendo toda
a teoria necessária para você ficar fera nos conteúdos. Além de uma
quantidade enorme de questões para você afiar sua caneta para a prova.
Mas Alyson, ouvi falar de vídeo-aulas pera esse concurso, isso procede?
Procede caro concurseiro. Disponibilizaremos alguns tópicos, os fundamentais
para o CESPE, em vídeos de revisão. Não precisa desembolsar nada a mais
para ter acesso!
Além disso, temos o nosso fórum de perguntas, onde o aluno poderá
entrar em contato diretamente comigo para fazer perguntas, comentários ou
até sugestões - não vale chorar pitangas! Vamos trabalhar muito, faremos o
que for necessário para você ir bem nesse concurso.

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Antes de começarmos, vou me apresentar. Sou Alyson Barros, sou
Analista do Planejamento e Orçamento do Ministério do Planejamento,
Orçamento e Gestão. Graduado em psicologia, com algumas especializações e
um mestrado. Trabalho com Coach para concurso e orientação de candidatos.
Já trabalho com o conteúdo de direitos humanos há algum tempo e posso
garantir que não há segredo. Não se inventa muita coisa em termos de
pegadinhas, tão comum dessa banca, ou de questões em nível Jedi. Como já
falei, uma boa abordagem da matéria já é capaz de te dar um excelente
subsídio para a prova. Aliais, No decorrer das aulas irei dar algumas dicas de
estudos e macetes para pegar bem a matéria e não errar nenhuma questão na
prova, combinado?
Vejamos o nosso calendário então.
Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia,

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estrutura normativa, fundamentação.
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Resolução da última prova da PRF! 14/06
EXTRA
Afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. Direitos humanos e

Aula 1 14/06
responsabilidade do Estado.
Direitos humanos na Constituição Federal. Institucionalização

Aula 2 21/06
dos direitos e garantias fundamentais.
Política nacional de direitos humanos. Programas nacionais de

Aula 3 28/06
direitos humanos.
Globalização e direitos humanos. As três vertentes da
Aula 4 proteção internacional da pessoa humana. Direitos humanos, 5/07
direito humanitário e direito dos refugiados.
Aula 5 A Constituição brasileira e os tratados internacionais de 12/07

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direitos humanos.
Aplicações da perspectiva sociológica a temas e problemas
contemporâneos da sociedade brasileira: a questão da
igualdade jurídica e dos direitos de cidadania, o pluralismo

Aula 6 19/07
jurídico, acesso à justiça. Práticas judiciárias e policiais no
espaço público. Administração institucional de conflitos no
espaço público.
Você está lendo a nossa aula demonstrativa. Ela é mais curta, por
natureza e mais leve. Alguns dos tópicos aqui estudados serão extensamente
retomados nas aulas subsequentes. Mesmo assim, já tire suas dúvidas em
nosso fórum!
Vamos começar?
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Teoria geral dos direitos humanos.

Conceito, terminologia, estrutura
normativa, fundamentação.
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<∋2<+%2+2/+,( 1∋( 0∋#+#( +2∗∀12/∋( ,+%( ,∋<&1ΒΤ( .&%+&/∋,( ∗∀+( 21,<+#( <∋#( 1( =+,,∋1(
0∀#121?(=∋%/12/∋?(,∀∆Θ+/&7∋,?(1(+Β1(&2+%+2/+,(+#(Μ∀2Ε−∋(.+(,∀1(%1<&∋21Β&.1.+(+(∗∀+(
Μ15+#(=1%/+(.+(/∋.1(1(,∀1(+8&,/Π2<&1≅(
( ϑ/%17;,(.∋,(/+#=∋,?(.1,(Μ&Β∋,∋Μ&1,(+(.1,(,∋<&+.1.+,?(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(.∋(β∋#+#(
/+#( 1=%+,+2/1.∋( .+2∋#&21ΕΨ+,( /1&,( <∋#∋6( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,?( .&%+&/∋,( &21/∋,( ∋∀(
Aula 0
!
∋%&Χ&2∃%&∋,?( .&%+&/∋,( &2.&7&.∀1&,?( ∴.&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +( .∋( <&.1.−∋_?( .&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(∋∀(+,,+2<&1&,(.∋(0∋#+#≅(
( +#∃%#&∋(! ,−&.∃−#(( ο( ,+∀,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( 2∋,( ,−∋( %+7+Β1.∋,( +#( Μ∀2Ε−∋( .1(
21/∀%+51(0∀#121?(,∀1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,(+(1,=&%1ΕΨ+,≅(π?(=∋%/12/∋?(.+(+,=;<&+(.&Μ+%+2/+(
.∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7∋?(∗∀+(;(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(/1Β(<∋#∋(,+(#12&Μ+,/1(2∋(<∋,/∀#+?(21,(Β+&,?(21,(
.+<&,Ψ+,(Θ∀.&<&∃%&1,≅(
( +#∃%#&∋(!#,−&∋(!∋.!∋∃#/#,0∃#∋((ο(21,<+#(<∋#(∋(0∋#+#(+(2−∋(2+<+,,&/1#(
.+( 2+20∀#1( ∋∀/%1( <∋2.&Ε−∋( =1%1( ,∀1( +8&,/Π2<&1≅( 4∋2/%1=Ψ+#χ,+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
1.∗∀&%&.∋,( ∋∀( .+%&71.∋,?( ∋,( ∗∀1&,( 2+<+,,&/1#( .+( ∀#( <1%∃/+%( =∋,&/&7∋≅( Ζ,/1(
/+%#&2∋Β∋Χ&1(2−∋(;(#∀&/∋(+#=%+Χ1.1(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(
( +#∃%#&∋(!#,∀#1#∀.−#((ο(+,/1(+8=%+,,−∋(∴/+#(∀#(,+2/&.∋(.+#1,&1.∋(+,/%+&/∋?(
#1&,( Β&#&/1.∋( ∗∀+( ∋( .∋,( 12/&Χ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,( +( .∋,( ∗∀+( 0∋Θ+( <01#1#∋,( .+(
.&%+&/∋( .∋( 0∋#+#≅( 4∋#∋( ∋( 0∋#+#( ;( ∀#( ,+%( ,∋<&∃7+Β( =∋%( 21/∀%+51?( /∋.∋,( ∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(,−∋(,∋<&1&,?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(&2.&7&.∀1&,≅(ϑ,,&#?(<∋Β∋<1#∋χ2∋,(.&12/+(.+(.∋&,(
Χ%∀=∋,( ∗∀+( =1,,1%1#( 1( ,+( /∋%21%( <Β∃,,&<∋,6( .&%+&/∋,( &2.&7&.∀1&,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +(
.&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .∋( 0∋#+#?( +,,+,( <∋2<+%2+2/+,( Ν,(
<∋2∗∀&,/1,( .1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( ,∋<&1Β≅( )( +,/1.∋?( +#( Μ∀2Ε−∋( .+Β+,?( /+#( 1( ∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋( .+(
+,/1∆+Β+<+%( ∀#1( ∋%.+#( Θ∀%Κ.&<1( 21( ∗∀1Β( =∋,,1( ∋( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( ∀,∀Μ%∀&%( +( +8+%<+%( ∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(=Β+21#+2/+(1,,+Χ∀%1.∋,≅(
( +#∃%#&∋(!∀∋!)∋∗%∗!%!∀∋!2#∀−∀3∋(ο(<∋2.∀5+#χ2∋,(1∋(#∋#+2/∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(
+#( ∗∀+( ∋<∋%%+( 1( .+Μ+,1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#?( <∋2,&.+%1.∋( &2.&7&.∀1Β#+2/+( +(
<∋#∋(<&.1.−∋?(Μ%+2/+(1∋(=∋.+%(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋≅(Ζ,/1(.+,&Χ21Ε−∋(;(1#=Β&1.1(=1%1(.&%+&/∋,(
.∋( 0∋#+#?( .∋( <&.1.−∋( +( .∋( /%1∆1Β01.∋%( =∋%( Φ+Β&<+( δ1/1ΧΒ&1?( Β+712.∋( +#( <∋2/1( ∋(
=1=+Β(.+/+%#&212/+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(,∋<&1&,(2∋(#+%<1.∋(.+(/%1∆1Β0∋≅(
( +#∃%#&∋(! 4.,∀−∗%,&−#(! ∋.! ∀#∃%#&∋(! %((%,2#−#(! ∀∋! )∋∗%∗( ο( ,−∋(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =∋%∗∀+( ,+%7+#( .+( Μ∀2.1#+2/∋( 1( ∋∀/%∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+%&71.∋,( ∋∀(
,∀∆∋%.&21.∋,( 1( +Β+,?( ,+2.∋( Χ1%12/&.∋,( 1∋( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( =+Β1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ;( Β+&(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1Β( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋Τ( +( ,−∋( +,,+2<&1&,( ∗∀12.∋( ,−∋( =+%#12+2/+,( +( &271%&∃7+&,?(
&2+%+2/+,(1(/∋.∋,(∋,(0∋#+2,≅(
( ς∋( .&%+&/∋( =%&71.∋?( ∋( %+ΜΒ+8∋( .1( /+∋%&1( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( +,/∃(
+8=%+,,∋( 2∋,( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .1( =+%,∋21Β&.1.+?( ∗∀+( =%∋/+Χ+#( ∋,( 1,=+</∋,(
+,,+2<&1&,(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(
Aula 0
!
5∋,&%6(ϑ%1Χ−∋(ΡααΓΣ(
(
Λ1%1( ϑΒ+812.%+( .+( φ∋%1+,( ΡααγΣ?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(
<∋Β∋<1#χ,+( <∋#∋( ∀#1( .1,( =%+7&,Ψ+,( 1∆,∋Β∀/1#+2/+( 2+<+,,∃%&1,( 1( /∋.1,( 1,(
4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(2∋(,+2/&.∋(.+(<∋2,1Χ%1%(∋(%+,=+&/∋(Ν(.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121?(Χ1%12/&%(1(
Β&#&/1Ε−∋(.+(=∋.+%(+(7&,1%(1∋(=Β+2∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(.1(=+%,∋21Β&.1.+(0∀#121≅(),(
.&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( ,−∋( Μ1<∀Β.1.+,( 21/∀%1&,?( &21Β&+2∃7+&,?( &#=%+,<%&/Κ7+&,≅( !−∋(
.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( .1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?( /12/∋(2∋(,+∀(1,=+</∋(&2.&7&.∀1Β(∗∀12/∋(
+#( %+Β1Ε−∋( Ν( <∋#∀2&.1.+≅( Ω+7+#( ,+%( Χ1%12/&.∋,?( %+<∋20+<&.∋,( +( %+,=+&/1.∋,( =∋%(
/∋.∋,(∋,(=∋.+%+,?(<+.+2.∋(+#(,+∀(+8+%<Κ<&∋(1=+21,(.&12/+(.1,(+8&ΧΠ2<&1,(.∋(∆+#(
<∋#∀#≅(
Ζ#( +,,Π2<&1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( %+=%+,+2/1#( ∀#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(
&2+%+2/+,( Ν( =%Ο=%&1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121?( ∋∀( ,+Θ1?( ,−∋( ∀#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(
%+=∀/1.∋,( &#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,( =1%1( ∗∀+( ,+( <∋2<%+/&5+( 1( .&Χ2&.1.+( .1,( =+,,∋1,≅( ),(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(%+Β1<&∋21#χ,+(.&%+/1#+2/+(<∋#(1(Χ1%12/&1(.+(2−∋χ
&2Χ+%Π2<&1( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( 21( +,Μ+%1( &2.&7&.∀1Β( +( 1( <∋2,1Χ%1Ε−∋( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121?(
/+2.∋( ∀#( ∀2&7+%,1Β( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( =∋%( =1%/+( .1( #1&∋%&1( .∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?( ,+Θ1( +#(
2Κ7+Β( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?( &2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?( ,+Θ1( +#( 2Κ7+Β( .+( .&%+&/∋( <∋2,∀+/∀.&2∃%&∋(
∋∀(#+,#∋(=∋%(/%1/1.∋,(+(<∋27+2ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
4∋#∋(Μ∋&(=∋,,Κ7+Β(=+%<+∆+%?(.+Μ&2&%(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(;(∀#1(/1%+Μ1(,+#=%+(
&2<∋#=Β+/1?(,∋∆%+(&,,∋?(;(,1Β∀/1%(Μ&21Β&51%(+,,1(=1%/+(.∋(1,,∀2/∋(<∋#(∀#(+8<+%/∋(.∋(
θ+Β1/Ο%&∋(Φ&21Β(.1(:Ξ(4∋2Μ+%Π2<&1(ς1<&∋21Β(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(ΡααλΣ6(
Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(;(∀#(<∋2<+&/∋(=∋Β&,,Π#&<∋?(<∋2/%∋7+%,∋(+(+,/%∀/∀%12/+≅(π(
=∋Β&,,Π#&<∋?( =∋&,?( =∋%( #1&,( ∗∀+( /+201( Χ+%1.∋( 1<∋%.∋,( +( <∋2,+2,∋,( Ρ<∋#∋( 21(
4∋2Μ+%Π2<&1(.+(Α&+21Σ?(&,/∋(2−∋(Β0+(.∃(∀#(,+2/&.∋(Υ2&<∋≅(π(<∋2/%∋7+%,∋?(=∋&,(1∆%+(
+,=1Ε∋,( Ν( .&,<∀,,−∋( +( 1∋( .+∆1/+?( +#( Χ+%1Β?( =∋ΒΠ#&<∋,≅( π( +,/%∀/∀%12/+?( =∋&,( .&5(
%+,=+&/∋(Ν,(∗∀+,/Ψ+,(.+(Μ∀2.∋(∗∀+(/∋<1#(1(7&.1(.+(/∋.∋,ρ1,(+(.+(<1.1(∀#ρ1≅(
ς∋ΕΨ+,( Μ%1Χ#+2/∃%&1,?( +,/1Χ21.∋%1,( +( +Β&/&,/1,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( ( <∋#∀2,≅(
ΖΒ1,(.&,/12<&1#(1(7&ΧΠ2<&1(<∋/&.&121(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.1(7&.1(.+((/∋.1,(+(.+(
<1.1(=+,,∋1≅(
ϑ,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,( Μ%1Χ#+2/∃%&1,( +2/+2.+#( ∗∀+( +8&,/+#( .&%+&/∋,( .+( #1&∋%((
&#=∋%/ϕ2<&1( +( .&%+&/∋,( .+( #+2∋%( &#=∋%/ϕ2<&1Τ( .&%+&/∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( <1/+Χ∋%&1( +((
Aula 0
!
.&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( <1/+Χ∋%&1Τ( .&%+&/∋,( ΒΚ∗∀&.∋,( +( <+%/∋,( +( .&%+&/∋,( &2<+%/∋,( ∋∀((
∗∀1,+(&#=∋,,Κ7+&,(.+(,+%+#(%+1Β&51.∋,≅(Ζ,/1,(=∋,&ΕΨ+,(<∋2Μ∀2.+#(1((&2/+Χ%1Β&.1.+(
+(1(&2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋#(1(2+<+,,&.1.+(.+((+,/%1/;Χ&1,(.&Μ+%+2<&1.1,(
.+(%+1Β&51Ε−∋?(<∋#(1(2+<+,,&.1.+(.+(+,/1∆+Β+<+%((=%&∋%&.1.+,(21(1Ε−∋≅((
ϑ,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,( +,/1Χ21.∋%1,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( /%1∆1Β01#( <∋#( 1( &.+&1( ( .+(
∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ο( +( /1#∆;#( ∗∀+#( 1/∀1( <∋#( +Β+,( ο( ,+( <∋2Μ∀2.+#( <∋#( ( 1(
.+Μ+,1(.+(∴∆12.&.∋,(+(#1%Χ&21&,_?(2∀#(+8/%+#∋Τ(+?(2∋∀/%∋?(∗∀+(.&%+&/∋,((0∀#12∋,(
<∋2Μ∋%#1#( ∀#1( &.+&1( /−∋( =∋,&/&71( +( /−∋( Μ12/∃,/&<1( ∗∀+( ;( ,Κ2/+,+( .∋( ( ∗∀+( .+( #1&,((
+Β∋( 1( 0∀#12&.1.+( =%∋.∀5&∀≅( Λ+Β1,( .∀1,( =∋2/1,?( &#∋∆&Β&516( ,+Θ1( ( =∋%∗∀+( /∋<1%( 2∋(
1,,∀2/∋(<∋#=%∋#+/+(2+Χ1/&71#+2/+Τ(,+Θ1(=∋%∗∀+(/∋<1%(21((&.+&1(1(∴+,/%1Χ1_≅((
ϑ,( 7&,Ψ+,( +Β&/&,/1,( +2/+2.+#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( 1,,∀2/∋( =1%1( Χ+2/+((
#∀&/∋( ∆+#( &2&<&1.1?( =1%1( /;<2&<∋,?( =1%1( +,=+<&1Β&,/1,≅( π( Ο∆7&∋( ∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,((
0∀#12∋,(;(1,,∀2/∋(=1%1(+,=+<&1Β&,/1,≅(φ1,?(%+.∀5&χΒ∋,(1(&,,∋(;(=%∋∆Β+#∃/&<∋?(Θ∃((∗∀+(
∋,(.&,/12<&1(.∋(<&.1.−∋(#1&,(<∋#∀#?(∗∀+(/1#∆;#(;(,∀Θ+&/∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,((0∀#12∋,(
+81/1#+2/+( 21( ,&/∀1Ε−∋( +( 21( <∋2.&Ε−∋( +#( ∗∀+( ,+( +2<∋2/%1≅( ( Ζ,/1,( =∋,&ΕΨ+,?( +#(
Χ+%1Β?(Β+71#(1(∀#1(1/∀1Ε−∋(=∋2/∀1Β?(%+,&.∀1Β?((,∋<∋%%&,/1(+(∆∀%∋<%∃/&<1(+#(.&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,≅(Ω&,/12<&1#(1(=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(.+((1/∀1Ε−∋(&2/+Χ%1Β(Ρ∗∀+(&#=Β&<1(=%∋#∋Ε−∋?(
=%∋/+Ε−∋(+(%+=1%1Ε−∋Σ(+(/1#∆;#((1Μ1,/1#(∋(<∋#=%∋#+/&#+2/∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(Ρ1/%17;,(
.+( =∋ΒΚ/&<1,( =Υ∆Β&<1,( =1∀/1.1,( ( =+Β∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,Σ?( .1( ,∋<&+.1.+( <&7&Β(
Ρ∋%Χ12&51.1( +( =1%/&<&=12/+( .+( Μ∋%#1( ( 1∀/[2∋#1( +( &2.+=+2.+2/+Σ?( .1( <∋#∀2&.1.+(
&2/+%21<&∋21Β( Ρ2∋( ,+2/&.∋( 1#=Β∋Σ( +( ( .+( <1.1( =+,,∋1( Ρ+#( ,+2/&.∋( +,=+<ΚΜ&<∋Σ≅( Ζ#(
,∀#1?(+,/1,(=∋,&ΕΨ+,(.+,<∋#=%∋#+/+#≅(
ϑ,(=%∃/&<1,(,∋<∋%%&,/1,(+(=∋2/∀1&,(,+(Β+#∆%1#(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,((∗∀12.∋(
1ΒΧ∀#1(/%1Χ;.&1(1,,∋Β∋∀(1ΒΧ∀;#(∋∀(∀#(Χ%∀=∋(,∋<&1Β≅(π(<Β1%∋(∗∀+((.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(
=%+<&,1#( +,/1%( =%+,+2/+,( 2+,/1,( ,&/∀1ΕΨ+,?( #1,( 2−∋( ,Ο≅( Ζ,/1( ( =∋,/∀%1( =%∃/&<1(
+,∗∀+<+χ,+(.+(∗∀+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(1∋(<∋2Θ∀2/∋(.1,(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+(
7&.1?(&2<Β∀,&7+(+(+,=+<&1Β#+2/+?(Ν(<%&1Ε−∋(.+((<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(=1%1(∗∀+(,+Θ1#(+7&/1.1,(1,(
7&∋Β1ΕΨ+,( +( 1( 7&.1( .1,( =+,,∋1,( ,+Θ1( ( =%∋#∋7&.1( 1∋( #∃8&#∋?( ,+#( 1.#&/&%(
%+/%∋<+,,∋,≅((
ϑ,( =∋,/∀%1,( =%∃/&<1,( ∗∀+( /%1/1#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( Μ∋%#1( %+,&.∀1Β( ∋∀((
∆∀%∋<%∃/&<1( .−∋( #1&,( Π2Μ1,+( Ν( <∋%%+Ε−∋( .∋( =%∋<+.&#+2/∋( .∋( ∗∀+( 1∋( #;%&/∋( .∋((
1,,∀2/∋?(.+(%+Χ%1(<∋#∋(Μ∋%#1(.+(=%∋/+Β∃χΒ∋(∋∀(.+(Μ15ΠχΒ∋(,+#(∗∀+(+,/+Θ1(2∋((2Υ<Β+∋(
Aula 0
!
<+2/%1Β(.1(.+<&,−∋(+(.1(1Ε−∋≅(Ζ,/+(/&=∋(.+(=∋,&<&∋21#+2/∋(+,∗∀&71χ,+((.+(1Μ&%#1%(1(
&#=∋%/ϕ2<&1(Μ∀2.1#+2/1Β(.+(Μ∋%/1Β+<+%(1(∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋(&2.+=+2.+2/+((.1(,∋<&+.1.+(
<&7&Β( +?( 1∋( #+,#∋( /+#=∋?( /1#∆;#( .+( 1712Ε1%( 2∋( ( <∋#=%∋#+/&#+2/∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋(
<∋#∋( 1Χ+2/+( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,≅( π( Μ1/∋( ∗∀+( ∋( ( Ζ,/1.∋( ;( 7&,/∋( <∋#∋( ∀#( Χ%12.+(
7&∋Β1.∋%?(#1,(&,,∋(2−∋(∋(+,<∀,1(.+(,+%(∀#((1Χ+2/+(%+1Β&51.∋%(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(
Ζ,/+( /&=∋( .+( =∋,/∀%1( 1∆%+( #−∋( .1( ( 2+<+,,&.1.+( .+( +,/1∆+Β+<+%( &2/+%1Ε−∋( +2/%+( 1(
,∋<&+.1.+(<&7&Β(+(∋(=∋.+%(=Υ∆Β&<∋?((21(=+%,=+</&71(.+(+,=1Ε∋,(.+(=1%/&<&=1Ε−∋(.&%+/1(
+(%+1Β#+2/+(=Υ∆Β&<1?(∋(∗∀+((,∋#+2/+(;(=∋,,Κ7+Β(<∋#(∋(Μ∋%/1Β+<&#+2/∋(.1(1∀/∋2∋#&1(
.1(,∋<&+.1.+(<&7&Β(+(∀#((Χ%1∀(1Β/∋(.+(∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋(<&.1.−≅(
5∋,&%6(
0//=6ρρσσσ≅.02+/≅∋%Χ≅∆%ρ.&%+&/∋,ρ#&Β&/12/+,ρ<1%∆∋21%&ρ<1%∆∋21%&τ,∀∆,&.&∋,τ.&,<
&=Β&21τ<∋27+&/∋,τ.0≅=.Μ((
(
(
0(∋+1∋1+/)#∀+,/∋&2/)3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()
( (
Ζ#( ∗∀+( <∋2Θ∀2/∋( .+( 2∋%#1,( Θ∀%Κ.&<1,( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( ,+( +8=%+,,1#≅(
Ζ#(/+,+?(+#(/∋.1,≅(φ1,?(<∋#∋(7+%+#∋,(1(=1%/&%(.1(=%Ο8&#1(1∀Β1?(∋,(&2,/%∀#+2/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( ∗∀+( =%∋.∀5+#( +Μ+&/∋,( =1%1( 1( .+,<%&Ε−∋( +( Χ1%12/&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,( 2∋( #∀2.∋?( ,+#( =%+Θ∀Κ5∋( .∋,( /+8/∋,( &2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,?( ,−∋( ∋,( /+8/∋,(
<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,(+(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(+(1<∋%.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
( Α+%+#∋,( ∆1,/12/+( +,,+,( <∋2<+&/∋,( 21( 1∀Β1( ,+Χ∀&2/+( +( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .+( /∋.∋( ∋(
<∀%,∋≅( Φ15χ,+( #&,/+%?( 2+,,+( #∋#+2/∋?( /%1Ε1%( ∆%+7+,( <∋2,&.+%1ΕΨ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋(<+2∃%&∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(
(
4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()%)∀)∃%#6+&∀)7#∋%+#/∃&∀#/−)
(
4∋2,&.+%12.∋(1(0&,/∋%&<&.1.+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,?(.+,/1<1χ,+(1(<01#1.1(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(
<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(∗∀+(7+&∋(1(,+%(&2/%∋.∀5&.1(=+Β1(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(.+(
Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( .+( Α&+21( .+( ΓΗΗη≅( Ζ,,1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( ;( ∀#1( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋?( 21/∀%1Β( +(

Aula 0
!
0&,/Ο%&<1?( .1( ∆1,+( .1,( 7&,Ψ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+,+27∋Β7&.1,( 1=Ο,( 1(
!+Χ∀2.1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β≅((
( Α∋Β/12.∋( ∀#( =∋∀<∋( 2∋( /+#=∋?( +#( ∀#( =1,,1.∋( 2−∋( /−∋( .&,/12/+?( ∋( #∀2.∋(
=%+,+2<&∋∀(1/%∋<&.1.+,(1/;(+2/−∋(&2;.&/1,(=1%1(1(0∀#12&.1.+≅(ς−∋(,Ο(1,(∆1%∆∃%&+,(
.∋(215&,#∋(1,,∋Β1%1#(1(Ζ∀%∋=1(<∋#∋(∋(#∀2.∋(,+(7&∀(.&12/+(.1(&#&2Π2<&1(.∋(Μ&#(
1/%17;,(.1(0+<1/∋#∆+(2∀<Β+1%≅(
( π( 2+,,+( <+2∃%&∋( ∗∀+( ∋<∋%%+( ∀#( +,Μ∋%Ε∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( .+( %+<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋( .+(
.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( =1%1.&Χ#1( +( %+Μ+%+2<&1Β( ;/&<∋( 1( ∋%&+2/1%( 1( ∋%.+#(
&2/+%21<&∋21Β( <∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1( ΡΛ&∋7+,12?( αΓΓΣ≅( ϑ( .&,<∀,,−∋( ,∋∆%+( .&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,( 2∋( <+2∃%&∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( 7&,∋∀( 1( +Β+71Ε−∋( .∋( <∋2<+&/∋( .+( 0∋#+#( ,+#(
71Β∋%(+(,+#(.&%+&/∋,(=1%1(∀#(0∋#+#(∗∀+(=∋,,∀&(+,,Π2<&1(+(∗∀+(.+7+(,+%(%+,=+&/1.∋(
+/&<1#+2/+( =1%1( 1Β;#( .1,( <∋2<+=ΕΨ+,( &.+∋ΒΟΧ&<1,( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( ∋∀( 1/;( .∋(
∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅(!∋∆%+(+,/+(ΥΒ/&#∋?(∋(=Ο,χΧ∀+%%1(<1∀,∋∀(∀#(,;%&∋(%+=Υ.&∋(Ν(
<1%1</+%&51Ε−∋(.∋(0∋#+#(1=+21,(=+Β∋(,+∀(7&;,(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(Μ∋%#1Β?(=&,(/12/∋(∋(215&,#∋(
<∋#∋( ∋( Μ1,<&,#∋( 1,<+2.+%1#( 1∋( =∋.+%( .+2/%∋( .∋( ∗∀1.%∋( .+( Β+Χ1Β&.1.+( +(
=%∋#∋7+%1#(Χ+2∋<Κ.&∋,(+#(2∋#+(.1(Β+&≅((ϑ( ∋%.+#( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( %+/∋#∋∀( ∋,(
<∋2<+&/∋,(ϖ12/&12∋,(.+(#∋%1Β&.1.+?(.&Χ2&.1.+?(Ω&%+&/∋(4∋,#∋=∋Β&/1(+(=15≅(
( 4∋#∋( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1( .∋( =Ο,χΧ∀+%%1?( +( .∋( +,Μ∋%Ε∋( .+( %+<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(1(<∋#∀2&.1.+(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(7&∀(+#+%Χ&%(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(:2/+%21<&∋21Β(
.∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( +( 1( 2∋71( Μ+&Ε−∋( .∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( ∋<&.+2/1Β≅( ς∋(
Ω&%+&/∋(:2/+%21<&∋21Β?(<∋#+Ε∋∀(1(,+%(.+Β&2+1.∋(∋(,&,/+#1(2∋%#1/&7∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(
.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(Ζ2∗∀12/∋(∗∀+(∋(Ω&%+&/∋(4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(∋<&.+2/1Β(
/+,/+#∀20∋∀( 1( 1∆+%/∀%1( 1∋,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121( 21( +Β1∆∋%1Ε−∋( .∋,(
/+8/∋,(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,(ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(
( κ#( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1/&7∋( Μ+2[#+2∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( +( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋( <∋#+Ε1( 1( ∋<∋%%+%( +#( Μ∀2Ε−∋(
.+,,1,(#∀.12Ε1,(18&∋ΒΟΧ&<1,(21(%+Β1Ε−∋(+2/%+(∋,(=1Κ,+,(+(2∋(#∋.∋(<∋#∋(∋,(=1Κ,+,(
/%1/1#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,6(1(Μ∋%#1(=+Β1(∗∀1Β(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(/%1/1(,+∀,(21<&∋21&,(2−∋(;(
#1&,( ∀#( =%∋∆Β+#1( .+( Θ∀%&,.&Ε−∋( .∋#;,/&<1≅( :,,∋( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1( ∗∀+( 1( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2−∋(.+7+(%+.∀5&%χ,+(1∋(.∋#Κ2&∋(%+,+%71.∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?(=∋&,(1Χ∋%1(
1( =%∋#∋Ε−∋( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121( ;( .+( &2/+%+,,+( &2/+%21<&∋21Β≅( ϑ( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1(
&#+.&1/1( .+,,1( 2∋Ε−∋( ;( ∗∀+( 1( ,∋∆+%12&1( 1∆,∋Β∀/1( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( =1,,∋∀( 1( ,+%(

Aula 0
!
%+Β1/&7&51.1( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( ,−∋( 1.#&/&.1,( &2/+%7+2ΕΨ+,( 2∋( =Β12∋( 21<&∋21Β( +#(
=%∋Β(.1(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅((
( )( Χ%12.+( #1%<∋( .+,,1( /%12,&Ε−∋( ;( 1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(
β∀#12∋,?( .+( ΓΗλΙ≅( ΖΒ1( +Β+71( &#=∀Β,&∋21( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋( :2/+%21<&∋21Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(
β∀#12∋,( #+.&12/+( 1( 1.∋Ε−∋( .+( &2Υ#+%∋,( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( &2/+%21<&∋21&,( .+(
=%∋/+Ε−∋?( <∋2Μ+%&2.∋( Β1,/%∋( 18&∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( +( ∀2&.1.+( 71Β∋%1/&71( 1( +,,+( <1#=∋( .∋(
Ω&%+&/∋?( <∋#( Π2Μ1,+( 21( ∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( &2.&7&,&∆&Β&.1.+( +( &2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(
( )(=%∋<+,,∋(.+(∀2&7+%,1Β&51Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(=+%#&/&∀(1(Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(.+(
∀#(,&,/+#1(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.+,,+,(.&%+&/∋,≅(Ζ,,+(,&,/+#1(;(<∋#=∋,/∋(=∋%(
/%1/1.∋,( &2/+%21<&∋21&,( .+( =%∋/+Ε−∋( ∗∀+( %+ΜΒ+/+#?( ,∋∆%+/∀.∋?( 1( <∋2,<&Π2<&1( ;/&<1(
<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1( <∋#=1%/&Β01.1( =+Β∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( &27∋<1#( ∋(
<∋2,+2,∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(1<+%<1(.+(/+#1,(<+2/%1&,(1∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(21(∆∀,<1(.1(
,1Β71Χ∀1%.1( .+( =1%ϕ#+/%∋,( =%∋/+/&7∋,( #Κ2&#∋,( ο( .∋( ∴#Κ2&#∋( ;/&<∋( &%%+.∀/Κ7+Β_(
ΡΛ&∋7+,12?(αΓΓΣ≅(
( ϑ(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(.+(Α&+21(.+(ΓΗΗη?(%+&/+%1(1(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(
.1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( .+( ΓΗλΙ?( 1∋( 1Μ&%#1%( +#( ,+∀(
=1%∃Χ%1Μ∋(γ(∗∀+6(
∴>∋.∋,( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( ,−∋( ∀2&7+%,1&,?( &2.&7&,Κ7+&,?(
&2/+%.+=+2.+2/+,( +( &2/+%χ%+Β1<&∋21.∋,≅( ϑ( <∋#∀2&.1.+(
&2/+%21<&∋21Β( /+#( .+( <∋2,&.+%1%( ΧΒ∋∆1Β#+2/+( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( .∋(
0∋#+#?( .+( Μ∋%#1( Θ∀,/1( +( +∗∀&/1/&71( +( <∋#( &Χ∀1Β( Π2Μ1,+≅(
Ζ#∆∋%1( ,+( .+71#( /+%( ,+#=%+( =%+,+2/+( ∋( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1.∋( .1,(
+,=+<&Μ&<&.1.+,( 21<&∋21&,( +( %+Χ&∋21&,( +( ∋,( 12/+<+.+2/+,(
0&,/Ο%&<∋,?( <∀Β/∀%1&,( +( %+Β&Χ&∋,∋,?( <∋#=+/+( 1∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,?(
&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+( .∋,( ,+∀,( ,&,/+#1,( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋?( +<∋2Ο#&<∋( +(
<∀Β/∀%1Β?( =%∋#∋7+%( +( =%∋/+Χ+%( /∋.∋,( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +(
Β&∆+%.1.+,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(
Ζ,<Β1%+<&.∋,(+,/+,(=%&#+&%∋,(<∋2<+&/∋,?(71Β+(1Β+%/1%(∗∀+(2∋(<1#=∋(.∋(Ω&%+&/∋(
;( <∋#∀#( +2<∋2/%1%#∋,( .∋∀/%&21.∋%+,( <∋#( =∋,/∀%1,( 1∆,∋Β∀/1#+2/+( 12/1Χ[2&<1,?(
=∋%/12/∋?( 71Β+( +,<Β1%+<+%?( Θ∃( ∗∀+( +,/1#∋,( 1&2.1( ∆+#( 2∋( &2Κ<&∋( .+,,+( 1=%+2.&51.∋(
,∋∆%+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,?(1ΒΧ∀2,(=∋2/∋,(2∋,(∗∀1&,(1(.∋∀/%&21(1/∀1Β(=∋.+(∴∆1Χ∀2Ε1%_(
Aula 0
!
<∋#(1(<1∆+Ε1(.+(7∋<Π,≅(Λ∋%(&,,∋(71#∋,(+,/∀.1%(1,(Χ%12.+,(+,<∋Β1,(.+(=+2,1#+2/∋(
1<+%<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(
(
(
81#3/,%#∋/9:∀)3∀()4&+%&∋∀();1,/#∀()
(
Λ1%1(ϑΒ+812.%+(.+(φ∋%1+,(ΡααγΣ?(&2Υ#+%1,(,−∋(1,(/+∋%&1,(.+,+27∋Β7&.1,(2∋(
,+2/&.∋(.+(Θ∀,/&Μ&<1%(+(+,<Β1%+<+%(∋(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(.+,/1<12.∋χ
,+?( =∋%;#?( 1( &%∋∃#−! 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−?( 1( &%∋∃#−! 8∋(#&#1#(&−( +( 1( &%∋∃#−! ∗∋∃−7#(&−! ∋.!
∀%! 9%∃%7∗−,≅( ϑ( &2<∋#=1%∃7+Β( &#=∋%/ϕ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(
2−∋( <∋2,+Χ∀+( ,+%( +8=Β&<1.1( =∋%( ∗∀1Β∗∀+%( .1,( /+∋%&1,( +8&,/+2/+,?( ∗∀+( ,+( #∋,/%1#(
&2,∀Μ&<&+2/+,≅((
ϑ( &%∋∃#−! 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−( Μ∀2.1#+2/1( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +#( ∀#1( ∋%.+#(
,∀=+%&∋%(∀2&7+%,1Β?(&#∀/∃7+Β(+(&2.+%%∋Χ∃7+Β≅(Λ∋%(+,,1(/+∋%&1?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 2−∋( ,−∋( <%&1Ε−∋( .∋,( Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%+,?( /%&∆∀21&,( ∋∀( Θ∀%&,/1,?( +?(
<∋2,+∗∀+2/+#+2/+?(2−∋(=∋.+#(.+,1=1%+<+%(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(.∋,(0∋#+2,≅(
( ϑ( &%∋∃#−! 8∋(#&#1#(&−( Μ∀2.1#+2/1( 1( +8&,/Π2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21(
∋%.+#( 2∋%#1/&71?( +2∗∀12/∋( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( #12&Μ+,/1Ε−∋( .1( ,∋∆+%12&1( =∋=∀Β1%≅( Ω+,/1(
Μ∋%#1?( ,∋#+2/+( ,+%&1#( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 1∗∀+Β+,( +8=%+,,1#+2/+(
=%+7&,/∋,(2∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(=∋,&/&71.∋≅(
( ϑ( &%∋∃#−! ∗∋∃−7#(&−! ∋.! ∀%! 9%∃%7∗−,( +2<∋2/%1( 1( Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(21(=%Ο=%&1(+8=+%&Π2<&1(+(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(.+(∀#(
.+/+%#&21.∋(=∋7∋?(∗∀+(1<1∆1(=∋%(<∋2Μ&Χ∀%1%(∋(.+2∋#&21.∋(!∀#∃%∃&∋∀(%)∗+,)−.!∀≅(
5∋,&%6(φ∋%1+,?(ααγ≅(
( ϑΒ+812.%+(.+(φ∋%1+,(<∋#=Β+#+2/16(∴ς1(%+1Β&.1.+?(1,(/+∋%&1,(,+(<∋#=Β+/1#?(
.+7+2.∋( <∋+8&,/&%+#?( =∋&,( ,∋#+2/+( 1( =1%/&%( .+( ∀#1( <∋2,<&Π2<&1( ,∋<&1Β( Ρ/+∋%&1( .+(
Λ+%+Β#12Σ?( ∆1,+1.1( =%&2<&=1Β#+2/+( +#( 71Β∋%+,( Μ&81.∋,( 21( <%+2Ε1( .+( ∀#1( ∋%.+#(
∀2&7+%,1Β?( ,∀=+%&∋%( +( &#∀/∃7+Β( Ρ/+∋%&1( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1Σ?( ;( ∗∀+( ∋( Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%( ∋∀( ∋,(
/%&∆∀21&,(+2<∋2/%1#(,∀∆,/%1/∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(+(,∋<&1Β(=1%1(%+<∋20+<+%+#(1(+8&,/Π2<&1(.+(
.+/+%#&21.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( <∋#∋( &2/+Χ%12/+,( .∋( ∋%.+21#+2/∋(
Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(Ρ/+∋%&1(=∋,&/&7&,/1Σ_≅(

Aula 0
!
( ϑ=+,1%( .+,,1( .&,/&2Ε−∋( ∆1,/12/+( .&.∃/&<1( +( +Β∀<&.1/&71?( =%+<&,1%+#∋,(
1=%∋Μ∀2.1%( ∀#( =∋∀<∋( #1&,( 2+,,1,( /+∋%&1,( =1%1( +,<Β1%+<+%#∋,( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .+/1Β0+,≅( )(
=%&#+&%∋( +,<Β1%+<&#+2/∋( 1∗∀&( ,+%∃( ,∋∆%+( 1( <∋%%+2/+( 6.(,−&.∃−7#(&−?( ∗∀+( 1<%+.&/1(
21( 12/+%&∋%&.1.+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( <∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( ,+∀( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(
=∋%(=1%/+(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋≅((
(
(
∗%∀+&/)<1(#/∋1+/−&(∋/)3%)4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()
(
Ζ,,1(=%&#+&%1(Χ%12.+(=+%,=+</&71(Μ1Β1(.∋(Ω&%+&/∋(ς1/∀%1Β≅()(Ω&%+&/∋(ς1/∀%1Β(χ(
,&2[2&#∋( .+( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,#∋?( %+=%+,+2/1( 1( +8&,/Π2<&1( .+( ∀#( .&%+&/∋( Μ∀2.1.∋( 21(
21/∀%+51( .1,( <∋&,1,( +?( .+,,+( #∋.∋?( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( .1( Θ∀,/&Ε1( ∋<∋%%+( =+Β∋(
%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(+(1=Β&<1Ε−∋(.+,,+(.&%+&/∋(&2+%+2/+(Ν(%+1Β&.1.+≅(Ζ8&,/+(∀#1(∋%.+#(
,∀=+%&∋%( Ν( %1<&∋21Β&.1.+( +( 7∋2/1.+( 0∀#121≅( θ+Χ+χ,+?( +#( %+Χ%1?( =∋%( =%&2<Κ=&∋,(
Μ&8∋,?(1∆,∋Β∀/∋,(+(&2/+#=∋%1&,(<∋#∋?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋?(1(∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+≅(ϑΒ;#(.&,,∋?(;(
∀#( .&%+&/∋( <∋Χ2∋,<Κ7+Β( ο( =∋.+( ,+%( <∋20+<&.∋( 21/∀%1Β#+2/+( =∋%( /∋.∋,( ∋,( 0∋#+2,≅(
Ζ#( ,∀#1?( ;( ∀#( .&%+&/∋( &2+%+2/+( Ν( 21/∀%+51( 0∀#121( +( ∗∀+( .+7+( ,+%( %+,=+&/1.∋(
&2.+=+2.+2/+#+2/+( .+( ,∀1( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( 2∋( ∋%.+21#+2/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( &2/+%2∋≅( )(
%+,=+&/∋( 1∋( .&%+&/∋( 21/∀%1Β( &2.+=+2.+( .+( Μ%∋2/+&%1,( /+%%&/∋%&1&,( +( /+#=∋%1&,≅( π( ∋(
∋=∋,/∋(.∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7&,/1≅(
!∀1(&2ΜΒ∀Π2<&1(21(0&,/Ο%&1(∋<∋%%+(+#(.&7+%,∋,(#∋#+2/∋,≅(4∋#∋(+8+#=Β∋6(
4∋#∋( %+,∀Β/1.∋( .1( .&Μ∀,−∋( .∋( +#∃%#&∋! :−&.∃−7( +( 2∋( <∋2/+8/∋( .1,(
θ+7∋Β∀ΕΨ+,(δ∀%Χ∀+,1,?(,−∋(&#=∋,/∋,(Β&#&/+,(1∋(=∋.+%(%+1Β( =∋%( #+&∋( .1(
Β&2Χ∀1Χ+#( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,≅( π( 2+,,+( <∋2/+8/∋( +#( ∗∀+( ,+( Μ∋%#∀Β1#( 1,( =%&#+&%1,(
.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,≅( Ω+,/1<1#χ,+( 1∗∀&6( 21( :2ΧΒ1/+%%1?( ∋( /)−!)∀( 0+%#∋∀( 12&( .+(
ΓιεΗ( +( ∋( 3∃..( +4( 5∃67&∀( .+( ΓιΙΗΤ( 2∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( κ2&.∋,?( 1( 8!2.)%)9:+( ;!( <∃%6=,∃)( .+(
ΓεειΤ(+(21(Φ%12Ε1?(1(8!2.)%)9:+(;+∀(8∃%!∃&+∀(;+(/+>!>(!(;+(0∃;);:+(.+(ΓεΙΗ?(/∋.1,(
&2,=&%1.1,(2∋(.&%+&/∋(21/∀%1Β≅(
),(0∋#+2,(,−∋(.∋/1.∋,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(&21/∋,?(<1∆+2.∋(1∋(=∋.+%(+,/1/1Β(.+<Β1%∃χ
Β∋,?( +,/1( +%1( 1( 7&,−∋( =%+,+2/+( +#( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .∋<∀#+2/∋,( &#=∋%/12/+,( =1%1( 1(
<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(.∋(<∋2<+&/∋(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,?(<∋2Μ∋%#+(.+#∋2,/%1.∋(1(,+Χ∀&%6(

Aula 0
!
+%27−∃−;3∋!∀%!<#∃/=,#−>!?≅≅Α! +%27−∃−;3∋!∀∋(!+#∃%#&∋(!∀∋!Β∋∗%∗!%!
∀∋!Χ#∀−∀3∋>!?≅∆Ε!
Φ%∀/∋( .1( θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( ο( Φ%∀/∋( .1( θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( Φ%12<+,1( ο( ∋,(
7&,171#(%+,/1∀%1%(∋,(12/&Χ∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+( Μ%12<+,+,( ,+( 7&1#( +#( ∀#1( #&,,−∋(
<&.1.12&1( /+2.∋( +#( 7&,/1( ∋,( 1∆∀,∋,( .∋( ∀2&7+%,1Β(.+(Β&∆+%/1Ε−∋(.∋,(=∋7∋,Τ(
=∋.+%(#∋2∃%∗∀&<∋Τ(
φ1%<∋( .∋( 21,<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( ϑ%/≅( ΞΑ:6( ∆1,+1.∋( 21( Β&Ε−∋( <Β∃,,&<1( .+(
0∀#12∋,(21(0&,/Ο%&1Τ( φ∋2/+,∗∀&+∀(ο(/+∋%&1(.∋(Χ∋7+%2∋(#&,/∋(
<∋#∆&21.1( <∋#( ∀#1( .+<Β1%1Ε−∋( .+(
.&%+&/∋,?( 1#∆1,( +8=%+,,1,( +#( ∀#( /+8/∋(
+,<%&/∋(Ρ1(<∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋ΣΤ(
θ+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( +2/%+( ∋,( 4∋2,1Χ%1Ε−∋(.∋,(=%&2<Κ=&∋,(&Β∀#&2&,/1,6(
&2.&7Κ.∀∋,( =+Β1( ,∀1( =%Ο=%&1( 21/∀%+51( +( &Χ∀1Β.1.+?(Β&∆+%.1.+(+(=%∋=%&+.1.+≅(
.∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=%∋=%&+.1.+≅(
π( &#=∋%/12/+( %+,,1Β/1%( ∗∀+( 1#∆1,( 1,( Ω+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,( <∋2,1Χ%1%1#( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,( .1( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( =1,,∋( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1(
Χ+%1Ε−∋(Ρ+#∆∋%1(1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Μ%12<+,1(.+(ΓεΗΓ(Θ∃(+,/&=∀Β1,,+(.+7+%+,(,∋<&1&,(.∋(
Ζ,/1.∋?( 2−∋( .&,=∀201( ,∋∆%+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( <∋%%+Β1/&7∋,( .∋,( <&.1.−∋,Σ( ,Ο( /&7+%1#( ,∀1(
=Β+21( 1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( <∋#( 1( +Β1∆∋%1Ε−∋( .1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( #+8&<121( Ρ+#( .+<∋%%Π2<&1( .1(
θ+7∋Β∀Ε−∋(φ+8&<121Σ?(+#(ΓΗΓε?(+(.1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(.+(ω+&#1%(+#(ΓΗΓΗ≅(Ζ2/%+(+,,1,?(
1/+2.+χ,+(=1%1(∋(=∋2/∋(<∋#∀#6(1(&2,∀Μ&<&Π2<&1(.1(1∆,/+2Ε−∋(+,/1/1Β(<∋#∋(Μ∋%#1(.+(
Χ1%12/&1( .+( .&%+&/∋,≅( Ζ#( Μ1<+( .+( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .&%+&/∋,?( <∋#∋( ;( ∋( <1,∋( .∋( .&%+&/∋( 1∋(
/%1∆1Β0∋?(Ν(+.∀<1Ε−∋(+(Ν(,1Υ.+?(,∋#+2/+(1(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(+,/1/1Β(;(<1=15(.+(Χ1%12/&χ
Β∋,≅(ξ∃(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(Χ+%1Ε−∋(,Ο(Μ∋%1#(<∋2,1Χ%1.∋,(1=Ο,(1(!+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1(
φ∀2.&1Β?( <∋#( ∆1,+( 21( &.+&1( .+( ∗∀+( +8&,/+#( .&%+&/∋,( ∆1,+1.∋,( 21( <∋Β+/&7&.1.+?(
<∋2Μ∋%#+( ,+%−∋( +,/∀.1.∋,( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .∋( <∀%,∋≅( >∋.17&1?( 1( &.+&1( .+( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( ο(
&#=∋%/12/+( <∋#∋( #+<12&,#∋( .+( <∋#=%++2,−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( ο( #+%+<+( ,+%( <%&/&<1.1(
.+,.+(+,,+(#∋#+2/∋?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(<∋Β∋<1((+#((<0+∗∀+((1((&.+&1((<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+1((.+((
&2.&7&,&∆&Β&.1.+((+((&2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(
5∋,&%6(4∀201(+(!=&+Β+%?(ααΗ≅(
(

Aula 0
!
4∋#∋(<∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1(.+,,1(7&,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2−∋(,−∋((=1,,Κ7+&,(.+(
∗∀1Β∗∀+%( <∋2,+2,∀1Β&51Ε−∋?( =∋&,( ,−∋( 21/∀%1&,( +( &2+%+2/+,( 1∋( 0∋#+#?( <1∆+2.∋?(
=∋%/12/∋?( ,+∀( =∀%∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( +( =%∋/+Ε−∋≅( ς−∋( Χ1%12/&χΒ∋,( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1?( 2+,,+(
<∋2/+8/∋?(∋=∋%χ,+(Ν(=%Ο=%&1((21/∀%+51≅(ϑ.∋/12.∋(+,,1(=+%,=+</&71?(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(/+%&1(∋(
=1=+Β(.+(%+<∋20+<+%(/∋.∋,(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋2,&.+%1.∋,(21/∀%1&,?(&2+%+2/+,(Ν(<∋2.&Ε−∋(
0∀#121(Ρ.&%+&/∋,(21/∀%1&,Σ≅((
Λ1%1( %+∆1/+%( +,/1( 7&,−∋( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1?( 121Β&,+#∋,( 1( +8<+Β+2/+( <%Κ/&<1( .+( Λ&+%∋/0( +(
!<0Β&2ϖ(ΡααΙΣ6(
∴ϑ∗∀&(,+(+,/∃(.&12/+(.+(∀#(.&Μ∀2.&.∋(#&/∋(.1(/+∋%&1(+(.∋∀/%&21(
.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(∗∀+(;(1.∋/1.∋(=∋%(1∀/∋%+,(.1,(#1&,(
71%&1.1,( +,<∋Β1,( Θ∀%Κ.&<1,≅( 4∋#( +Μ+&/∋?( +,,1( /+,+( ;( 1Μ&%#1.1(
/12/∋( =∋%( ∀#( Χ%12.+( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&,/1( 1Β+#−∋( .1( .;<1.1( .+(
7&2/+(∗∀+(.+=∋&,(7&%&1(1(,+(/%12,Μ∋%#1%(2∋(∴Θ∀%&,/1(,∋∆+%12∋_(
Ρ?%+,≅∋%∃∀&Σ( .∋( %+Χ&#+( 215&,/1( 41%Β( !<0#&//( ∗∀12/∋( .&,<∀/&.1(
=∋%(.∋&,(1∀/∋%+,(.+(∀#(<∋2/+#=∋%ϕ2+∋(ο(+(#∀&/∋(∀/&Β&51.∋(21(
ϑΒ+#1201( ο( #12∀1Β( .+( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( .+( ∋%&+2/1Ε−∋(
<Β1%1#+2/+(Β&∆+%1Β≅(
((((((((((()(#&/∋(.1(=%;χ+,/1/1Β&.1.+(<%∋2∋ΒΟΧ&<1(+(18&∋ΒΟΧ&<1(.∋,(
.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( .+<∋%%+( .1( &.+∋Β∋Χ&1( .∋,( 1∀/∋%+,( .1,(
=%&#+&%1,( Ω+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,( 2∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( κ2&.∋,( +( 21(
Φ%12Ε1?( ∗∀+( <∋2,&.+%171#( +,/+,( Ω&%+&/∋,( <∋#∋( 21/∀%1&,?(
&21Β&+2∃7+&,(+(#+,#∋(,1Χ%1.∋,?(+(,∀1(=%∋<Β1#1Ε−∋(<∋#∋(#+%∋(
%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.1∗∀&Β∋(∗∀+(60!%Φ#(&#−_≅(ΡΧ%&Μ∋,(#+∀,Σ(
(
Ω&#∋∀Β&,(+(φ1%/&2,(ΡαΓΓΣ(+(Ω&#∋∀Β&,(ΡααΣ(<∋#=Β+#+2/1#(1(<%Κ/&<16(
ϑ( ∴21/∀%+51( .∋( 0∋#+#_( ,Ο( ,+( +2<∋2/%1( 2∋,( .1.∋,( .+(
,∀1( <∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( ∆&∋ΒΟΧ&<1≅( ς+20∀#( .&%+&/∋( ∋∀( ∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋?(
2+20∀#1( %+Χ%1( .+( <∋2.∀/1( ,∋<&1Β( =∋.+( ,+%( .+.∀5&.1( .1(
21/∀%+51(0∀#121≅(:,,∋(;(.+(Μ∃<&Β(<∋#=%∋71Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(Θ∃(∗∀+(
∴∋(0∋#+#_(7&7+∀(,∋∆(∋,(#1&,(71%&1.∋,(%+Χ&#+,(,∋<&1&,(+(&,,∋(
,3∋! (%∃#−! 8∋((=1%7! (%! −! (.−! ,−&.∃%Γ−! 4∋((%! (%∗8∃%! −!
∗%(∗−! ∋.! (%! &−7! (.8∋(&−! ,−&.∃%Γ−! 4∋((%! ∀%&%∃∗#,−,&%!
Aula 0
!
8−∃−! −! ∋.&∋∃/−! ∀%! ∀#∃%#&∋(! Η.%! ,−∀−! ∗−#(! (%∃#−! ∀∋! Η.%! ∋!
(%.! ∃%2∋,)%2#∗%,&∋! 8%7∋! 8∋∀%∃! 8∋7=&#2∋≅( ς−∋( ,+( =∋.+(
&#1Χ&21%(∀#1(,∋<&+.1.+?(21(∗∀1Β(∋,(0∋#+2,(2−∋(.∀%#1#(∋∀(
2−∋( ,+( 1Β&#+2/+#?( =∋%( &,,∋( Μ15( =1%/+( .+( ,∀1( 1%∃∀−∀%#∃−!
,−&.∃%Γ−≅(Ω+(∋∀/%∋(Β1.∋?(0∃(#∀&/1,(,∋<&+.1.+,(∗∀+(=%&7171#(
71,/∋,( Χ%∀=∋,( .+( ,+%+,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( Β&∆+%.1.+?( &2,/&/∀&2.∋( 1(
.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 1( .+,=+&/∋( .+( ,∀=∋,/1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( ∋∀(
#+,#∋(+#(%15−∋(.∋(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.+(,∀=∋,/1(.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+(
21/∀%1Β≅( :,,∋( &2.&<1( ∗∀+( 1( /+∋%&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,( =∋.+(
/1#∆;#( %+.∀2.1%( 2∋( /∋/1Β&/1%&,#∋( %1<&1Β?( /1Β( ∗∀1Β( ∋<∋%%&.∋(
+2/%+(ΓΗηη(+(ΓΗλγ(,∋∆(∋(%+Χ&#+(.∋(/+%<+&%∋(5!∃27(1Β+#−∋_≅((
ϑ(&2,&,/+2/+(%+Μ+%Π2<&1(1(.&%+&/∋,(21/∀%1&,(∋∀(0∀#12∋,(
∋∆Θ+/&71( Β+Χ&/&#1%( ∋( ∋%.+21#+2/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅( ∴ς1/∀%1Β&51_( ,+∀,(
+Β+#+2/∋,?( ,∀Χ+%&2.∋( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( 0∋Θ+(
%+<∋20+<&.∋,( 21,( ,∋<&+.1.+,( <1=&/1Β&,/1,( ,−∋( &#=∋,/∋,( =+Β1(
21/∀%+51( 0∀#121( +?( <∋2,+∗∀+2/+#+2/+?( 1( ,∋<&+.1.+(
<1=&/1Β&,/1( ;( Β+Χ&/&#1.1( =∋%( +,/1%( +#( <∋2Μ∋%#&.1.+( 1∋,(
#12.1#+2/∋,(.1(∴21/∀%+51(0∀#121_≅((
ΡΩ&#∋∀Β&,?(αα?(=≅ειαΣ≅(ΡΧ%&Μ∋,(#+∀,Σ(
(
(
∗%∀+&/)=∀(&∋&2&(∋/)%)5&(∋>+&∃/)3%)4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()
(
ϑ=+,1%(.+(/+%#∋,(1∀/∋%+,(∗∀+(,+=1%1#(1(7&,−∋(=∋,&/&7&,/1(.1(7&,−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1?(
1/∀1Β#+2/+( 1,( .∀1,( =+%,=+</&71,( ,−∋( +2/+2.&.1,( +#( <∋2Θ∀2/∋≅( φ+,#∋( 1,,&#?(
<∋2<+&/∀1%+&( 1,( .∀1,( +#( ,+=1%1.∋≅( ϑ( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( =∋,&/&7&,/1( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
1.7∋Χ1( 1( &.+&1( .+( ∗∀+( ( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( 1∗∀+Β+,( &2,<%&/∋,( +#( <Ο.&Χ∋,( +(
Β+Χ&,Β1ΕΨ+,( +( ∗∀+( /Π#( ( Μ∋%Ε1( 7&2<∀Β1/&71( ,∋#+2/+( ∗∀12.∋( +8=%+,,∋,( 21( Β+&≅( Ω+,,+(
#∋.∋?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,∋#+2/+(=∋.+#(,+%(&27∋<1.∋,(,+(+,/&7+%+#(.+Μ&2&.∋,≅(
ς−∋( ;( =∋,,Κ7+Β?( .+( 1<∋%.∋( <∋#( +,,1( <∋%%+2/+?( =%∋.∀5&%( +Μ+&/∋,( ,+#( 1( 12/+%&∋%(
=%+7&,−∋(Β+Χ1Β(.1(1/∀1Ε−∋(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋≅(

Aula 0
!
Ζ#(/+%#∋,(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋,?(+,/1(.&,<∀,,−∋(1=1%+<+(2∀#(.+∆1/+(#∀&/∋(<∋#∀#((∗∀+(
=Ψ+(+#(<∋#=1%1Ε−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(Ζ#((%+,∀#∋?(1(
&.+&1(.+Μ+2.&.1(=+Β∋,(1.+=/∋,(.1(/+∋%&1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;((∗∀+(,∋#+2/+(
,−∋( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +8&ΧΚ7+&,( 1∗∀+Β+,( ∗∀+( Μ∋%+#( &2<∋%=∋%1.∋,( ( 21( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋(
<∋#∋(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(Μ∋%1(.+,/1(=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,((0∀#12∋,(2−∋(/Π#(
Μ∋%Ε1(#1&,(.∋(∗∀+(<∋#∋(∋%&+2/1Ε−∋(.∋∀/%&2∃%&1(+(#∋%1Β(Ρ41%∆∋21%&?(αΓαΣ≅(
ϑ(<∋2<+=Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1?(=∋%(,∀1(7+5?(+2/+2.+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(<∋#∋(∀#1!
<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(#1%<1.1(=+Β1,(<∋2/%1.&ΕΨ+,(+(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.1(%+1Β&.1.+((,∋<&1Β≅((
ς+,/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋?( =+%.+χ,+( 1( 7&2<∀Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 1( ∀#1( ( 21/∀%+51(
0∀#121?(Θ∃(∗∀+(+Β1(=%Ο=%&1(;(+2/+2.&.1(<∋#∋(<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1≅(ϑ/;(1(.&Χ2&.1.+(
0∀#121(;(∀#1(<∋2,/%∀Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1≅((
Λ∋%( ∋∀/%∋( Β1.∋?( +,,1( 7&,−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( %+<∋20+<+( ∗∀+( ∋( +,/1∆+Β+<&#+2/∋( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+#((Β+&,(;(,+#=%+(=%+<∃%&∋?(=∋&,(=∋.+(,&Χ2&Μ&<1%(∋(+,/%+&/1#+2/∋(
.1(=%Ο=%&1(.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121?(∀#1(7+5(∗∀+(1,(Β+&,(2−∋(,+Χ∀+#(1(ΒΟΧ&<1(.1(21/∀%1Β(
<∋2.&Ε−∋(0∀#121(∗∀+(.+7+(,+%(=%+,+%71.1≅(
(
∗%∀+&/)?∀+/−&(∋/≅)Α∋&∃/)∀1)3%)=%+%−,/#)
( (
Λ+%+Β#12?( 2∋( ,+∀( Β&7%∋( π/&<1( +( Ω&%+&/∋?( +Β∀<&.1( 1,( ,+&,( <∋2<+=ΕΨ+,( #1&,(
<∋%%+2/+,( .1( Θ∀,/&Ε1( <∋2<%+/1( ∗∀+( ,+( 1Μ&%#1%1#( 21( <&7&Β&51Ε−∋( ∋<&.+2/1Β?( .+,.+( 1(
ϑ2/&Χ∀&.1.+(1/;(2∋,,∋,(.&1,6(
1Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(1(#+,#1(<∋&,1Τ(
∆Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,+∀,(#;%&/∋,Τ(
<Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1,(∋∆%1,Τ(
.Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,Τ(
+Σ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(,∀1(=∋,&Ε−∋Τ(
ΜΣ(1(<1.1(∗∀1Β(,+Χ∀2.∋(∋(∗∀+(1(Β+&(Β0+(1/%&∆∀&≅(
( !−∋(18&∋#1,(Χ+%1&,(+(+#=Κ%&<∋,?(,+Χ∀2.∋(∋(1∀/∋%?(+(∗∀+(.+/+%#&21#(1,(Β+&,(
;/&<1,( #1&∋%+,( .1( 0∀#12&.1.+≅( :2/+%+,,1%1χ2∋,( 1( ,∀1( ∗∀1%/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋6( 1( <1.1(
∗∀1Β( ,+Χ∀2.∋( ,∀1,( 2+<+,,&.1.+,≅( ϑ∋( Μ∀2.1#+2/1%( 1( ,∀1( ∗∀1%/1( <∋2<+=Ε−∋( .1(
Θ∀,/&Ε1( <∋2<%+/1?( +#( 7+5( .+( Β+71%( +#( <∋2,&.+%1Ε−∋( #;%&/∋,( .∋,( &2.&7Κ.∀∋,( ∋∀( .+(
,∀1(=%∋.∀Ε−∋?(/+2/1(%+.∀5&%(∋,(,∋Μ%&#+2/∋,(.+(∗∀+(%+,∀Β/1#(.1(&#=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(+#(
Aula 0
!
∗∀+( ∋( 0∋#+#( ,+( +2<∋2/%1( .+( ,1/&,Μ15+%( ,∀1,( 2+<+,,&.1.+,( +,,+2<&1&,≅( ϑ,,&#?(
1∗∀+Β+,( ∗∀+( ,+( +2<∋2/%1#( +#( ,&/∀1Ε−∋( =%+<∃%&1?( <1%+<+2.∋( .+( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,(
<∋2,&.+%1.1,(<∋#∋(∀#(#Κ2&#∋(7&/1Β?(.+7+#(/+%(∀#(/%1/1#+2/∋(.&Μ+%+2<&1.∋≅(:,,∋(
,&Χ2&Μ&<1(∋(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1(=1%/&%(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(.+(
2+<+,,&.1.+(1Β0+&1≅((
Λ+%+Β#12(1Μ&%#1(∗∀+(1(Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋(.∋,(=1Κ,+,(∋<&.+2/1&,(∗∀+(<%&∋∀?(2∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(,∋<&1&,?(<∋#∋(∋(,1Β∃%&∋χ#Κ2&#∋(+(∋(,+Χ∀%∋χ.+,+#=%+Χ∋?(&2,=&%∋∀χ,+(2+,,1(
ΜΟ%#∀Β1(.+(Θ∀,/&Ε1?(2+,,1(Μ∋2/+(.∋(.&%+&/∋≅(
( (
(
Β%(1,∀)3/()∗%∀+&/()
(
! Χ∋,2%#&∋(!∀%!+#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!
Ι%∋∃#−! ),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(12/+%&∋%+,(Ν(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(+(
ϑ.(,−&.∃−7#(&−! &2+%+2/+,(Ν(21/∀%+51(0∀#121(
Ι%∋∃#−!Β#(&∋∃#2#(&−! ),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(∋,(∗∀+(+,/−∋(=%+,+2/+,(21(
∋.!!9∋(#&#1#(&−(! <∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Ρ2∋%#1(=∋,/1Σ(
Ι%∋∃#−!Κ&#2−>!
Λ∋∃−7#(&−!∋.!∀%! ),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.+<∋%%+#(.1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(#∋%1Β(
9%∃%7∗−,!
(
(
( 4∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(7∋<Π(Θ∃(.∋#&21(+,,1(<∋2<+&/∀1Ε−∋?(7∋<Π(Θ∃(=∋.+(+2/+2.+%(
∋(/%+<0∋(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(
(
4∋#( ∆1,+( +#( ϑ22∋2&( ΡααΙ?( =≅( ΓιΣ?( &.+2/&Μ&<1#χ,+( /%Π,( +,=;<&+,( .+(
.+Μ&2&ΕΨ+,( 1<+%<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,6( 1( /1∀/∋ΒΟΧ&<1?( 1( Μ∋%#1Β( +( 1( Μ&21ΒΚ,/&<1( ∋∀(
/+Β+∋ΒΟΧ&<1?(7+Θ1#∋,(ΡααΙ?(=≅(ΓιΣ6(
1Σ( 1( ∀%4#,#;3∋! &−.&∋7Μ/#2−( .+Μ&2+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋( 1∗∀+Β+,( .&%+&/∋,(
<∋%%+,=∋2.+2/+,( 1( =+,,∋1( =+Β∋( ,&#=Β+,( Μ1/∋( .+Β1( ,+%( 0∀#121≅( ∴Ζ,,1( <∋2<+&/∀1Ε−∋(
%+#+/+( Ν( /+∋%&1( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,/1( +( Ν( Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( .+( ∗∀+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( /Π#(

Aula 0
!
∋%&Χ+#( 2∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 21/∀%1&,≅_( ϑ,,&#?( ∋( ,&#=Β+,( Μ1/∋( .1( =+,,∋1( ,+%( 0∀#121(
1,,+Χ∀%1(1(+Β1(1(=%∋/+Ε−∋(=+Β∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(
∆Σ( ϑ( 2∋,2%#&.−;3∋! 4∋∃∗−7( %+Μ+%+χ,+( 1∋( ∴]≅≅≅⊥( %+Χ&#+( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( +( Ν( =%∋/+Ε−∋( +,/1/1Β?(
1<∋Β0&.1(=+Β∋,(/+Ο%&<∋,(.∋(Θ∀,=∋,&/&7&,#∋≅_(∴!−∋(1∗∀+Β+,(.&%+&/∋,(∗∀+(=+%/+2<+#(∋∀(
.+7+#( =+%/+2<+%( 1( /∋.∋,( ∋,( 0∋#+2,( +( 2&2Χ∀;#( =∋.+( ,+%( =%&71.∋( .+Β+,≅_(
ΡϑψΑϑθΖςυϑ?( ΓΗΙΙ?( =≅( λΓΣ≅( Λ1%1( +,/1( .+Μ&2&Ε−∋( 1=+21,( ,−∋( <∋2,&.+%1.∋,( <∋#∋(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1∗∀+Β+,(=%+7&,/∋,(+8=%+,,1#+2/+(2∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋≅(
<Σ( Ζ( 1( ∀%4#,#;3∋! 4#,−7=(&#2−! ∋.! &%7%∋7Μ/#2−?( <∋2<+&/∀1( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#∋(
1∗∀+Β+,(.&%+&/∋,(&#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,(=1%1(∋(1=+%Μ+&Ε∋1#+2/∋(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(=1%1(∋(
=%∋Χ%+,,∋( ,∋<&1Β( +( =1%1( ∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋( .1( <&7&Β&51Ε−∋≅( Ζ,/1( .+Μ&2&Ε−∋( /+#(
Β&Χ1Ε−∋( <∋#( 1( /+∋%&1( ;/&<1( ∋∀( #∋%1Β&,/1?( =+Β1( ∗∀1Β( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( /&.∋,(
<∋#∋(.&%+&/∋,(#∋%1&,(,∀%Χ&.∋,(+#(.+<∋%%Π2<&1(.+(∀#1(<∋2,<&Π2<&1(,∋<&1Β(∆∃,&<1(.+(
+8&ΧΠ2<&1,(&2.&,=+2,∃7+&,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋(=1%1(,∀1(,∋∆%+7&7Π2<&1(<∋#(.&Χ2&.1.+≅(
5∋,&%6(θ∋,1?(αΓα≅(
(
(
(
4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()Χ)4&+%&∋∀()81#3/,%#∋/&()
(
ϑ( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,_( ;( ,&2[2&#1( .+( ∴Ω&%+&/∋,( Φ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(
ϑ8&∋Β∋Χ&<1#+2/+?( ∗∀12.∋( Μ1Β1#∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( Μ1Β1#∋,( .∋,( #+,#∋,(
.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( Ρ1∗∀+Β+,( .∋( ϑ%/≅( γζ( .1( 4ΦρΙΙΣ?( =∋&,( 1,( .∀1,( +8=%+,,Ψ+,(
Μ∋%#1#(1(∆1,+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(%+Β1/&7∋,(Ν(7&.1?(Ν(Β&∆+%.1.+?(Ν(=%∋=%&+.1.+?(Ν(,+Χ∀%12Ε1(
+(Ν(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅((
φ1,( ϑΒ{,∋2?( =1%1( ∗∀+( ∀,1#∋,?( +2/−∋?( .∋&,( /+%#∋,( .&Μ+%+2/+,3( ϑ( .&Μ+%+2Ε1(
+2/%+( 1,( .∀1,( +8=%+,,Ψ+,( %+,&.+( 2∋( =Β12∋( .+( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +?( 2−∋?( 2∋(
<∋2/+Υ.∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(ϑ(+8=%+,,−∋(∴Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,_(;(<∋,/∀#+&%1#+2/+(∀,1.1(
+#( .&%+&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( =Υ∆Β&<∋( +( =%&71.∋( +( 21( Μ&Β∋,∋Μ&1( .∋( .&%+&/∋≅( ϑ( +8=%+,,−∋(
∴Ω&%+&/∋,( Φ∀2.1#+2/1&,_?( =∋%( ,∀1( 7+5?( ;( ∀,1.1( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( +( ;(
121Β&,1.∋(,∋∆(∋(+2Μ∋∗∀+(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%2∋≅((
(

Aula 0
!
+ΝΧΟ6(ϑ=+,1%(( .1(( 71%&1Ε−∋(( 2∋(( =Β12∋(( .+(( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋(Ρ&2/+%21<&∋21Β(∋∀(&2/+%2∋Σ(
2−∋( ( 0∃( .&Μ+%+2Ε1( .+( <∋2/+Υ.∋( +2/%+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,((
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(Ρ7&.+(4Ζ!ΛΖΣ≅(
(
(
(
(
!/+/∃∋%+∆(∋&∃/()3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()
( (
!+Χ∀2.∋( δ∋/+Β0∋( ΡααγΣ?( 1,( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( 1,(
,+Χ∀&2/+,6(
Γ≅( Ω&#&2∀&%( 1( ∃%+1( .+( 1/∀1Ε−∋( .1( ,∋∆+%12&1( .∋( +,/1.∋( =∋%( ,+%( ∀#( <1#=∋( ∋2.+( ∋(
+,/1.∋(2−∋(=∋.+(1.+2/%1%?(&2/+%Μ+%&%?(%+,/%&2Χ&%≅(
≅( θ+<&=%∋<&.1.+( ∋2.+( 2−∋( =∋.+( 017+%( .+,%+,=+&/∋( ∋∀( 1#+1Ε1( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,( ∗∀12.∋( .1( %+Β1Ε−∋( .+( %+<&=%∋<&.1.+( +8&,/+2/+( +2/%+( ∋,( +,/1.∋,(
=%&2<&=1Β#+2/+(∗∀12/∋(1∋(1,=+</∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(+(+<∋2[#&<∋≅(Λ∋.+#∋,(1&2.1(<&/1%(<∋#∋(
<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,6( /+%( 1,=+</∋( &.+∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( ∆1,/12/+( .+,+27∋Β7&.∋?( =∋%( ,+%( ∀#( .&%+&/∋(
=∋Β&/&51.∋(7+%,12.∋(,∋∆%+(1(%+Β1Ε−∋(+2/%+(=∋.+%(+(=+,,∋1(<1%1</+%&512.∋(∋(=∋.+%(
<∋#∋( 1( 2+<+,,&.1.+( .+( =%∋/+Ε−∋( +( 1( Χ1%12/&1?( 1∋( #+,#∋( /+#=∋?( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .∋(
0∋#+#≅(
η≅( Λ%∋Χ%+,,&7&.1.+( Θ∃( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +8&Χ+#( ∀#1( Β∀/1( <∋2,/12/+( .∋(
&2.&7Κ.∀∋(<∋#(∋(+,/1.∋?(<∋2,+Χ∀&2.∋(Β+2/1#+2/+(+(=%∋Χ%+,,&71#+2/+(,+∀,(.&%+&/∋,?(
∀#(1(∀#≅(
λ≅( ς−∋( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ∗∀12.∋( .∋( %∋#=&#+2/∋( .1( =15( #∀2.&1Β?( ;(
∀#1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( +8/%+#1#+2/+( &#=∋%/12/+( =1%1( ∋( .&%+&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( ∋2.+(
2+#(#+,#∋(1(#1&,(Χ%17+(1#+1Ε1(Ν(∋%.+#(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(=∋.+(,∀=%&#&%(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,≅(
ϑ,(ς∋%#1,(∗∀+(7+%,1#(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(<∋Χ+2/+,?(&#=+%1/&71,≅(β∃(∀#1(
∋∆%&Χ1Ε−∋(Χ+%1Β?(!%6)(+>∃,!∀?(.+(%+,=+&/∋(1(+,/+,(.&%+&/∋,≅(
Λ∋.+χ,+(/1#∆;#(<&/1%(<∋#∋(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(1(1∀/∋2∋#&1?(2∋(
,+2/&.∋( .+( ,+%( ∋( .&%+&/∋( ∗∀+( 7&,1( =%∋/+Χ+%( ∋( 0∋#+#( <∋2/%1( 1,( 1/%∋<&.1.+,( .∋,(

Aula 0
!
+,/1.∋,?( 2∀#( =Β12∋( &2/+%2∋( +( &2/+%21<&∋21Β≅( Λ∋%( &,,∋?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+7+#(
,+%( +2/+2.&.∋,( 2−∋( <∋#∋( ,&#=Β+,( Β&#&/+,( &#=∋,/∋,( 1∋( +,/1.∋?( #1,?( <∋#∋( ∴∀#(
<∋2Θ∀2/∋(.+(71Β∋%+,(=1%1(1Ε−∋(=∋,&/&71(.∋,(=∋.+%+,(=Υ∆Β&<∋,≅_(
ϑ( ΥΒ/&#1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ∗∀+( =∋.+( ,+%( 1=∋2/1.1( ;( 1( =%+,∀2Ε−∋( .+( 1=Β&<1∆&Β&.1.+(
.&%+/1( .∋,( /%1/1.∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( &2/+%2∋≅( Ω+7+( ,+%( +2/+2.&.1(
<∋#∋(1(Μ1<∀Β.1.+(.+(&27∋<1%(+,/+,(.&%+&/∋,(.+Μ&2&.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21Β#+2/+(
2∋,(/%&∆∀21&,(&2/+%2∋,≅(
5∋,&%6(δ∋/+Β0∋?(ααγ≅(
(
( ϑ=+,1%( .+,,1( &2/+%+,,12/+( =+%,=+</&71( %+1Β&51.1( =+Β1( 1∀/∋%1?( .+7+#∋,(
+2/+2.+%(∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(=+Β1,(,∀1,(<Β∃,,&<1,(.+,<%&ΕΨ+,≅()(+,/∀.∋(.∋(.&%+&/∋(
<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(+(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(1<+%<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(2∋,(=+%#&/+(
1Μ&%#1%(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1=%+,+2/1#(1,(,+Χ∀&2/+,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,6(
1Σ β&,/∋%&<&.1.+(
∆Σ κ2&7+%,1Β&.1.+(
<Σ θ+Β1/&7&.1.+(
.Σ Ζ,,+2<&1Β&.1.+(
+Σ :%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(
ΜΣ :21Β&+21∆&Β&.1.+(
ΧΣ :#=%+,<%&/&∆&Β&.1.+(
0Σ :27&∋Β1∆&Β&.1.+(
&Σ 4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+(
ΘΣ ΖΜ+/&7&.1.+(
ϖΣ :2/+%.+=+2.Π2<&1(
Ζ,,1,( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( ,+%7+#( 2−∋( ,Ο( <∋#∋( =1%ϕ#+/%∋,( .+( ∋%Χ12&51Ε−∋( .1(
,∋<&+.1.+?( <∋#∋( %+=%+,+2/1#( 71Β∋%+,( .1( 2−∋( &2/+%Μ+%Π2<&1( +,/1/1Β( 21( +,Μ+%1( .1(
&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+?(%+,=+&/12.∋(∋(71Β∋%(;/&<∋(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(
Α+Θ1#∋,(.+/1Β01.1#+2/+(<1.1(∀#(.+,,+,(<∋2<+&/∋,6((
(
Β#(&∋∃#2#∀−∀%6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,−∋( Μ%∀/∋,( .∋( =%∋<+,,∋( 0&,/Ο%&<∋≅( ΖΒ+,( ,−∋(
<∋2,/%∀Κ.∋,( Χ%1.∀1Β#+2/+( +( +8=12.+#( ,∀1( ∆1,+( 1∋( Β∋2Χ∋( .1,( .;<1.1,≅( Ζ,,1(
+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1( ∗∀+( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2−∋(
Aula 0
!
Μ∋%1#(<%&1.∋,(1=+21,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(#1,(Β+2/1#+2/+(+7∋Β7&.∋,(=1%1(∋(∗∀+(/+#∋,(0∋Θ+(
ο( +,,1( 0&,/∋%&<&.1.+( ;( +8=12,&71?( 2−∋( ,+( 1.#&/&2.∋( 1( ,∀=%+,,−∋( ( .+( .&%+&/∋,( Θ∃(
%+<∋20+<&.∋,(21(∋%.+#(Θ∀%Κ.&<1≅(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(.+(Χ%∀=∋,?(=∋%(+8+#=Β∋?(/+#(Μ∋%Ε1.∋(
Β+&,(+(<∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,(1(1#=Β&1%+#(∋(1%<1∆∋∀Ε∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(1<+%<1(.∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋,(.1(
.&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121≅( Ζ,,1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ;( 1( ∆1,+( =1%1( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,ρ.&#+2,Ψ+,( .∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,?(∗∀+(7+%+#∋,(1.&12/+≅((
Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((
Γχ π(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1(,∀1(/+#=∋%1Β&.1.+(+#(
%+Β1Ε−∋(Ν(0&,/∋%&<&.1.+(.+(<1.1(21Ε−∋≅(
χ ΖΜ+&/∋( 0.∃Α∋!&6( ;( 1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ,∀=%+,,−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,(
Ρ=%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ( %+/%∋<+,,∋Σ≅( )∆,+%7+( ∗∀+( 1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( %+/%∋<+,,∋(
=%∋Κ∆+(1(,∀=%+,,−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+(2−∋(1(%+,/%&Ε−∋(1((.&%+&/∋,?(1Μ&21Β?(.+(
∀#1(#12+&%1(Χ+%1Β?(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(<∋#=∋%/1#(Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,≅(
(
Ρ,#1%∃(−7#∀−∀%Σ! 1( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,( +2ΧΒ∋∆1( /∋.∋,( ∋,( &2.&7Κ.∀∋,?(
&2.+=+2.+2/+( .+( 21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋( ∋∀( <∋27&<Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋( Μ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(
θ+=%+,+2/1( ∋( %+Β1/&7&,#∋( <∀Β/∀%1Β?( ,+Θ1( 2∋( ,+2/&.∋( .+( ∗∀+( +,,+,( .&%+&/∋,( ,+(
.+,/&21#( 1( /∋.1,( 1,( =+,,∋1,( Ρ,+#( ∗∀1Β∗∀+%( /&=∋( .+( .&,<%&#&21Ε−∋Σ?( ,+Θ1( 21(
1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( /+%%&/∋%&1Β( ∀2&7+%,1Β( Ρ+#( /∋.∋( ∋( #∀2.∋Σ≅( Ω+,,+( #∋.∋?( 2−∋( 0∃(
Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,( /+%%&/∋%&1&,( Ν( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121≅( ϑ( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( .1(
∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,&Χ2&Μ&<1( ∗∀+( +,,+,( .&%+&/∋,( .+&81%1#( .+( ,+%(
1=+21,( &2/+%2∋,( =1%1( ,+%+#( .+( /∋.∋,( ∋,( =∋7∋,?( +( +,,1( ∗∀+,/−∋( #∀2.&1Β( .+#12.1(
1/&/∀.+,(.1(<∋#∀2&.1.+(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(ς+,,+(,+2/&.∋(Μ1Β1χ,+(+#(∴!&,/+#1(υΒ∋∆1Β(.+(
Λ%∋/+Ε−∋(1∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,_≅(
Φ∋&( .+=∋&,( .1( !+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1( φ∀2.&1Β?( +( .1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,(
Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(∗∀+(+,,+(=%&2<Κ=&∋(Χ120∋∀(#1&,(Μ∋%Ε1≅(ς1(Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(κ2&7+%,1Β(
.∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( ∀2&7+%,1&,( ,−∋( +2∀2<&1.∋,( 1( /∋.∋,( ∗∀+( /Π#( 1(
<∋2.&Ε−∋(.+(0∀#12∋,?(,+#(2+20∀#1(.&,<%&#&21Ε−∋≅(
>+#∋,(=%∋∆Β+#1,(<∋#(+,,1(.+Μ&2&Ε−∋3(!&#?(=∋&,?(1=+,1%(.+(1<%+.&/1%#∋,(21(
∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( 1( ,∀1( ∆∀,<1( =+Β1( .&Χ2&.1.+( 0∀#121?( ;(
<∋#=Β+8∋( +( .&ΜΚ<&Β( =%∋#∋7+%( /1Β( <∋2<+&/∋( +2/%+( <∀Β/∀%1,( .&Μ+%+2/+,≅( ϑ,,&#?( +,,1(
<∋2<+=Ε−∋( ∀2&7+%,1Β&,/1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋,/∀#1( ,+%( <∋2Μ%∋2/1.1( <∋#( ∋(
Aula 0
!
∃%7−&#1#(∗∋! ! 2.7&.∃−76( 1,( 7&<&,,&/∀.+,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .+( <1.1( =1Κ,( ,+%&1( ∀#( +2/%17+( Ν(
1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( .1( 71Β&.1.+( .+( ∀#( #+,#∋( Χ%∀=∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,( +#( /∋.∋,( ∋,( =1Κ,+,≅( ϑ(
4∋%%+2/+( θ+Β1/&7&,/1( 1Β+Χ1( ∗∀+( ∋,( #+&∋,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( +( #∋%1&,( .+( ∀#1( ,∋<&+.1.+(
.+7+#(,+%(%+,=+&/1.∋,?(1&2.1(∗∀+(+#(=%+Θ∀Κ5∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(.+,,1(#+,#1(
<∋#∀2&.1.+≅( ς+,,1( =+%,=+</&71?( ∗∀+( +2Μ%1∗∀+<+( ∋( ∀2&7+%,1Β&,#∋?( +8&,/+( ∀#1(
=%+=∋2.+%ϕ2<&1( .∋,( Μ1/∋%+,( <∀Β/∀%1&,( .+( <1.1( =∋7∋( 21( .+/+%#&21Ε−∋( .+( ∗∀1&,(
,+%&1#( ∋,( Μ1/∋%+,( ∀2&7+%,1&,( .1( <∋2.&Ε−∋( 0∀#121≅( ϑ=+,1%( .1,( &2/+%#&2∃7+&,(
.&,<∀,,Ψ+,( 1<+%<1( .+( Β&#&/+,( +2/%+( +,,1,( .∀1,( <∋%%+2/+,?( =%+71Β+<+( 1( &.+&1( .+(
=%∋/+Ε−∋(∀2&7+%,1Β( 1∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(1<&#1( .∋(%+Β1/&7&,#∋(<∀Β/∀%1Β(χ(+,/+(2−∋(
=∋.+( ,+%( &Χ2∋%1.∋?( /1#=∋∀<∋( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( ∋∀( Β+Χ&/&#1( <∋2.∀/1,( ∗∀+( 1/+2/+#( Ν(
.&Χ2&.1.+(0∀#121≅(
Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((
Γχ ϑ( ( <∀Β/∀%1( ( 21<&∋21Β( ( 2−∋( ( =∋.+( ( %+,/%&2Χ&%( ( ∋,( ( .&%+&/∋,( .+(
∗∀1Β∗∀+%( Χ%∀=∋( 0∀#12∋( Ρ#∀Β0+%+,?( 2+Χ%∋,?( 0∋#∋1Μ+/&7∋,?(
.+,∗∀&/1.∋,?(+/<≅Σ≅(
(
Τ%7−&#1#∀−∀%! Υ7#∗#&−ς#7#∀−∀%Ω6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( =∋.+#( ,∋Μ%+%( Β&#&/1ΕΨ+,(
Ρ=∋.+#( ,+%( %+Β1/&7&51.∋,Σ( .+,.+( ∗∀+( ,+Θ1( =1%1( 1( 1.+∗∀1Ε−∋( 1( ∋∀/%∋,( 71Β∋%+,(
<∋+8&,/+2/+,(21(∋%.+#(Θ∀%Κ.&<1(∗∀12.∋(+,/&7+%+#(<∋Β&.&2.∋≅()(+8+#=Β∋(#1&,(∆121Β(
.+,,1( <∋Β&,−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,( ;( 1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .+( +8=%+,,−∋?( ∗∀+( .+7+( ,+%( 01%#∋2&51.∋(
<∋#( 1( =%∋/+Ε−∋( .1( &#1Χ+#( +( .1( 7&.1( =%&71.1≅( )( <∋2<+&/∋χ<017+( 1∗∀&( ;( 1(
01%#∋2&51Ε−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(
Ο8∃%,∀#Γ−∀∋!8−∃−!∋!ΧΠΘ9Π6((
Γχ ς+#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(1∆,∋Β∀/∋,≅(
χ Λ∋.+( ,+%( +8+%<&.∋( +#( %+Χ&#+( .+( <∋2<∋%%Π2<&1(
Ρ<∀#∀Β1/&7&.1.+( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,Σ?( <∋#∋?( =∋%( +8+#=Β∋?( ∗∀12.∋(
∀#( Θ∋%21Β&,/1( /%12,#&/+( ∀#1( 2∋/Κ<&1( +( +8=Ψ+( ,∀1( ∋=&2&−∋( ΡΒ&∆+%.1.+(
.+(&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋?(<∋#∀2&<1Ε−∋(+(∋=&2&−∋Σ≅(
ηχ ϑ=+,1%( .+( 2−∋( 017+%( .&%+&/∋( 1∆,∋Β∀/∋( Ρ.)&∋( ∀!,∀∋Σ?( +8&,/+#(
.&%+&/∋,(.+(<1%∃/+%(1∆,∋Β∀/∋(Ρ∀&%∃2&∋(∀!,∀∋Σ(<∋#∋(∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(
.+(/∋%/∀%1(<∋#∋(+(∋(.&%+&/∋(.+(=%∋&∆&Ε−∋(.+(+,<%17&.−∋≅(
(
Aula 0
!
Π((%,2#−7#∀−∀%6(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋?(/+2.∋(=%∋(∆1,+(
∋,( 71Β∋%+,( ,∀=%+#∋,( .∋( 0∋#+#( +( ,∀1( .&Χ2&.1.+( Ρ1,=+</∋( #1/+%&1ΒΣ?( 1,,∀#&2.∋(
=∋,&Ε−∋(2∋%#1/&71(.+(.+,/1∗∀+(Ρ1,=+</∋(Μ∋%#1ΒΣ≅(
(
Ν∃∃%,.,2#−ς#7#∀−∀%6( 2−∋( ;( =∋,,Κ7+Β( 1( %+2Υ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( =∋&,?( <∋#∋(
,−∋(.&%+&/∋,(&2+%+2/+,(Ν(<∋2.&Ε−∋(0∀#121?(2&2Χ∀;#(=∋.+(1∆%&%(#−∋(.+(,∀1(=%Ο=%&1(
21/∀%+51≅( Ω+,,1( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1( ,∀%Χ+#( .&,<∀,,Ψ+,( &#=∋%/12/+,( =1%1( 1( .∋∀/%&21?(
<∋#∋(1(%+2Υ2<&1(1∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(7&.1(+(1(+∀/12∃,&1?(∋(1∆∋%/∋(+(∋(,∀&<Κ.&∋≅(
(
Ν,−7#%,−ς#7#∀−∀%6(2−∋(;(=∋,,Κ7+Β(1Β&+21%(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(ο(+,,+,(.&%+&/∋,(2−∋(,−∋(
/%12,Μ+%Κ7+&,(1(∗∀1Β∗∀+%(/Κ/∀Β∋(ΡΧ%1/∀&/∋(∋∀(∋2+%∋,∋Σ≅(
(
Ν∗8∃%(2∃#&#ς#7#∀−∀%6( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 2−∋( ,+( .+Μ1,1#( ∋∀( ,+( =+%.+#( <∋#( ∋(
.+<∀%,∋(.∋(/+#=∋(Ρ2−∋(=%+,<%+7+#Σ≅(
(
Ν,1#∋7−ς#7#∀−∀%6( &#=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+( .+( .+,%+,=+&/∋( =∋%( .+/+%#&21ΕΨ+,(
&2Μ%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( ∋∀( =∋%( 1/∋,( .1,( 1∀/∋%&.1.+,( =Υ∆Β&<1,?( ,∋∆( =+21( .+(
%+,=∋2,1∆&Β&51Ε−∋(<&7&Β?(1.#&2&,/%1/&71(+(<%&#&21Β≅(
(
Χ∋∗87%∗%,&−∃#∀−∀%Σ! ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+7+#( ,+%( ∋∆,+%71.∋,( 2−∋(
&,∋Β1.1#+2/+?( #1,( .+( Μ∋%#1( <∋2Θ∀2/1( +( &2/+%1/&71( <∋#( 1,( .+#1&,( 2∋%#1,?(
=%&2<Κ=&∋,(+(∋∆Θ+/&7∋,(+,/1/∀Κ.∋,(=+Β∋(Β+Χ&,Β1.∋%≅(
(
4∋#=Β+#+2/1%( 1( +,,1( <Β1,,&Μ&<1Ε−∋?( ϑΒ+812.%+( .+( φ∋%1+,( ΡααγΣ( 1&2.1(
.+,<%+7+(.∀1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(ο(Β&Χ1.1,(1∋(<∋2/+8/∋(∆%1,&Β+&%∋6(
(
Π4%&#1#∀−∀%6( 1( 1/∀1Ε−∋( .∋( Λ∋.+%( ΛΥ∆Β&<∋( .+7+( ,+%( 2∋( ,+2/&.∋( .+( Χ1%12/&%( 1(
+Μ+/&71Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +( Χ1%12/&1,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =%+7&,/∋,?( <∋#( #+<12&,#∋,(
<∋+%<&/&7∋,?(=1%1(/12/∋?(∀#1( 7+5(∗∀+(1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋(Φ+.+%1Β(2−∋(,+(,1/&,Μ15(<∋#(∋(
,&#=Β+,(%+<∋20+<&#+2/∋(1∆,/%1/∋≅(
(

Aula 0
!
Ν,&%∃∀%8%,∀Ξ,2#−6( 1,( 7∃%&1,( =%+7&,Ψ+,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,?( 1=+,1%( .+( 1∀/[2∋#1,?(
=∋,,∀+#( .&7+%,1,( &2/+%,+<ΕΨ+,( =1%1( 1/&2Χ&%+#( ,∀1,( Μ&21Β&.1.+,≅( ϑ,,&#?( =∋%(
+8+#=Β∋≅(ϑ(Β&∆+%.1.+(.+(Β∋<∋#∋Ε−∋(+,/∃(&2/&#1#+2/+(Β&Χ1.1(Ν(Χ1%12/&1(.+(01∆+1,(
<∋%=∀,?(∆+#(<∋#∋(1(=%+7&,−∋(.+(=%&,−∋(,∋#+2/+(+#(ΜΒ1Χ%12/+(.+Β&/∋(∋∀(=∋%(∋%.+#(
.+(1∀/∋%&.1.+(Θ∀.&<&1Β(<∋#=+/+2/+≅(
(
(
Ε()Φ+&#∃∆Φ&∀()3∀()3&+%&∋∀();1,/#∀()
(
Λ1%1( 4∋#=1%1/∋( ΡααΓΣ?( ∋,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
<Β1,,&Μ&<1#χ,+(+#(.∀1,(∋%.+2,6(
1Σ ),(∗∀+(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(1∋,(71Β∋%+,(;/&<∋,(,∀=%+#∋,(
1≅ ψ&∆+%.1.+(
∆≅ :Χ∀1Β.1.+(
<≅ Φ%1/+%2&.1.+(
∆Σ ),(∗∀+(.&5+#(%+,=+&/∋(Ν(ΒΟΧ&<1(+,/%∀/∀%1Β(.∋(<∋2Θ∀2/∋≅((
1≅ :%%+7∋Χ1∆&Β&.1.+(
∆≅ 4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&+.1.+(,∋Β&.∃%&1(
|∀12/∋( 1∋,( =%&2<Κ=&∋,( %+Β1<&∋21.∋,( 1∋,( 1−7∋∃%(! Ψ&#2∋(! (.8∃%∗∋(?(
.+,/1<1#χ,+( Ν( <01#1.1( /%Κ1.+( .1( %+7∋Β∀Ε−∋( Μ%12<+,16( ∋,( 71Β∋%+,( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+?( .1(
&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(.1(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(Ρ∋∀(,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+Σ≅(ϑ(&.+&1(.+(7#ς%∃∀−∀%(Μ15(%+Μ+%Π2<&1(
Ν(,∀∆#&,,−∋(.+(/∋.∋,(+#(Μ1<+(.1,(2∋%#1,(=∋%(+Β+,(+.&/1.1,≅(4∋#∋(∆+#(+8=%+,,1(∋(
1∀/∋%?( ∀#1( ∴]≅≅≅⊥( ,∋<&+.1.+( Β&7%+( ;( 1∗∀+Β1( ∗∀+( ∋∆+.+<+( Ν,( Β+&,( ∗∀+( +Β1( =%Ο=%&1(
+,/1∆+Β+<+( +( 1∋,( Χ∋7+%212/+,( =∋%( +Β1( +,<∋Β0&.∋,≅_( )( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( #/.−7∀−∀%( Μ15(
%+Μ+%Π2<&1(Ν(1∆∋Β&Ε−∋(.∋,(=%&7&Β;Χ&∋,?(/%1/12.∋(/∋.∋,(.+(#12+&%1(&,∋2[#&<1(=+%12/+(
1( Β+&≅( ξ∃( 1( 4∃−&%∃,#∀−∀%( ∋∀( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( =%+2.+χ,+( 1,( &.+&1,( ∗∀+( /∋.∋,( ,−∋(
%+,=∋2,∃7+&,( =+Β1,( <1%Π2<&1,( ∋∀( 2+<+,,&.1.+,( .+( ∗∀1Β∗∀+%( &2.&7Κ.∀∋( ∋∀( Χ%∀=∋(
,∋<&1Β≅(
|∀12/∋( 1∋,( 8∃#,2=8#∋(! %(&∃.&.∃−#(! ∀∋(! ∀#∃%#&∋(! ).∗−,∋(?( ∋( 1∀/∋%(
<Β1,,&Μ&<1χ∋,(+#(.∀1,(+,=;<&+,6(1(<01#1.1(&%%+7∋Χ1∆&Β&.1.+(+(1(<∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+(
,∋Β&.∃%&1≅( ϑ( #∃∃%1∋/−ς#7#∀−∀%( /+#( <∋#∋( <∋2,+∗∀Π2<&1( Ν( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋( .+( ,∀=%&#&%(
.&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( =∋%( 7&1( .+( 2∋71,( %+Χ%1,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( ∋∀( <∋27+2ΕΨ+,(
Aula 0
!
&2/+%21<&∋21&,?( ,+2.∋( ∀#1( 7+5( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( %+<∋20+<&.∋,( 2−∋( ;( =∋,,Κ7+Β(
,∀1( +8/&2Ε−∋≅( 4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( Ν( 2∋∗87%∗%,&−∃#∀−∀%( (∋7#∀0∃#−?( +,/1( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( 2∋(
=∋,/∀Β1.∋( ∋2/∋ΒΟΧ&<∋( .+( ∗∀+( 1( +,,Π2<&1( .∋( ,+%( 0∀#12∋( ;( ∀#1( ,Ο?( &2.+=+2.+( .1(
+8&,/Π2<&1( .1( #∀Β/&=Β&<&.1.+( .+( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,?( &2.&7&.∀1&,( +( ,∋<&1&,?( ∆&∋ΒΟΧ&<1,( +(
<∀Β/∀%1&,?(∗∀+(+8&,/+#(21(0∀#12&.1.+≅(
(
(
Γ%+/9Η%(Ι4&,%#(Η%()3∀()4&+%&∋∀()51,/#∀()
( (
!1∆+#∋,( .1( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( 21( <∋2∗∀&,/1( .+( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( +( +,,1,(
<∋2∗∀&,/1,( 1Β1%Χ1%1#( 1( ∆1,+( <∋2<+&/∀1Β( .+( /%1∆1Β0∋( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,≅( κ,∀1Β#+2/+(
Μ1Β∃71#∋,(.1(,∀<+,,−∋(.+(Χ+%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(ϑ/∀1Β#+2/+(=%+Μ+%&#∋,(1(
+8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&#+2,−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,_( ∗∀+( ∴Χ+%1Ε−∋( .+( .&%+&/∋,_≅( Ζ8=Β&<∋6( 1( +8=%+,,−∋(
∴Χ+%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,_(&2.∀5(1∋(%1<&∋<Κ2&∋(.+(,+∗∀Π2<&1?(,∀<+,,−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+(∗∀+(
+,/+,(,−∋(,∀∆,/&/∀Κ.∋,(∀#(=+Β∋(∋∀/%∋≅(ς1(7+%.1.+?(2−∋(0∃(,∀∆,/&/∀&Ε−∋(.+(.&%+&/∋,?(
#1,(<∋#=Β+#+2/1Ε−∋≅(),(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,+(,∋#1#(+(%+=%+,+2/1#(1(/+2.Π2<&1(
21/∀%1Β( .+( 1Β1%Χ1#+2/∋≅( ϑΒ;#( .&,,∋?( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&#+2,Ψ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,_( ;(
+8=%+,,−∋(#1&,(∀/&Β&51.1(+(1<+&/1(=+Β1(.∋∀/%&21(#∀2.&1Β(#∋.+%21≅(ϑ(.+,=+&/∋(.+,,1(
.&Μ+%+2Ε1(.+(1=Β&<1Ε−∋?(<1,∋(,1&1(+#(,∀1(=%∋71?(,1&∆1(∗∀+(,−∋(,&2[2&#∋,≅((
ϑ(.∋∀/%&21(<Β1,,&Μ&<1(+#(γ(.&#+2,Ψ+,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(
Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(=%&#+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ&2.&7&.∀1&,(∋∀(2+Χ1/&7∋,Σ(
Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(,+Χ∀2.1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ,∋<&1&,?(+<∋2[#&<∋,(+(<∀Β/∀%1&,(
∋∀(.&%+&/∋,(=∋,&/&7∋,Σ(
Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(Ρ.&Μ∀,∋,(+(<∋Β+/&7∋,Σ(
Ω&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( .&#+2,−∋( Ρ.+#∋<%1<&1?( &2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋( +(
=Β∀%1Β&,#∋Σ(
Ω&%+&/∋,(.+(∗∀&2/1(.&#+2,−∋(ΡΛ15Σ(
(
Α+Θ1#∋,6(
(
−Ω +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!9∃#∗%#∃−!+#∗%,(3∋!ΥΖ#ς%∃∀−∀%Ω!

Aula 0
!
),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(.+(=%&#+&%1(.&#+2,−∋(,−∋(∋,(<01#1.∋,(.+(
.&%+&/∋,(<&7&,(+(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋,?(∗∀+(+2ΧΒ∋∆1#(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Ν(7&.1?(Ν(Β&∆+%.1.+?(
1( =%∋=%&+.1.+?( Ν( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( Μ∋%#1Β( 1,( Β&∆+%.1.+,( .+( +8=%+,,−∋(
<∋Β+/&71?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( =1%/&<&=1Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( +( 1&2.1?( 1ΒΧ∀#1,(
Χ1%12/&1,( =%∋<+,,∀1&,≅( θ+=%+,+2/1#( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( <&7&,( +( =∋ΒΚ/&<∋,( .∋(
=∋7∋?( /%1.∀5&.∋,( 2∋( 71Β∋%( ψ&∆+%.1.+≅( !−∋( <∋2,&.+%1.∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,(
=∋%∗∀+( /+2.+#( 1( +7&/1%( 1( &2/+%7+2Ε−∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( 21( Β&∆+%.1.+(
&2.&7&.∀1Β?( <1%1</+%&512.∋χ,+( <∋#∋( ∀#1( 1/&/∀.+( 2+Χ1/&71( =∋%( =1%/+(
.∋,(=∋.+%+,(=Υ∆Β&<∋,≅(
(
ςΩ +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!Θ%/.,∀−!+#∗%,(3∋!ΥΝ/.−7∀−∀%Ω!
),( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( .&#+2,−∋( ,−∋( <1%1</+%&51.∋,( =∋%(
∀#1(.&#+2,−∋(=∋,&/&71(Ρ.+(Μ15+%Σ(.∋(Ζ,/1.∋(.+(Μ∋%#1(1(=%∋=&<&1%(∀#(
.&%+&/∋( .+( =1%/&<&=1%( .∋( ∆+#χ+,/1%χ,∋<&1Β≅( π( 1( ∆∀,<1( .1( &Χ∀1Β.1.+?(
Θ∀,/&Ε1(,∋<&1Β(+(.+(Β&∆+%.1.+,(,∋<&1&,(1/%17;,(.1(1/∀1Ε−∋(=Υ∆Β&<1≅(Ζ,,1(
Χ+%1Ε−∋( ;( <∋2,/&/∀Κ.1( =+Β∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +<∋2[#&<∋,?( ,∋<&1&,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,(
<∋#(1(Μ&21Β&.1.+(.+(∋∆%&Χ1%(∋(Ζ,/1.∋(1(,1/&,Μ15+%(1,(2+<+,,&.1.+,(.1(
<∋Β+/&7&.1.+?( <∋#=%++2.+2.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( 1∋( /%1∆1Β0∋?( Ν( 01∆&/1Ε−∋?( Ν(
,1Υ.+?( +.∀<1Ε−∋( +( &2<Β∀,&7+( ∋( Β15+%≅( δ∀,<1χ,+?( 1∗∀&?( %+.∀5&%( 1,(
.+,&Χ∀1Β.1.+,(.+(<∋2.&ΕΨ+,(.+(1<+,,∋(1(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Ρ∆∀,<1(.1(
&Χ∀1Β.1.+( .+( 1<+,,∋Σ( ∋<1,&∋21.∋,( =∋%( 1,,&#+/%&1,( +<∋2[#&<1,( +(
,∋<&1&,≅(
(
2Ω +#∃%#&∋(!Β.∗−,∋(!∀%!Ι%∃2%#∃−!+#∗%,(3∋!Υ5∃−&%∃,#∀−∀%Ω!
!−∋( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( ∋∀( .+( Μ%1/+%2&.1.+( +( ∆∀,<1#( 1(
,1/&,Μ1Ε−∋( .+( &2/+%+,,+,( .&Μ∀,∋,( +( <∋#∀2,( χ( /+2.+#( 1( =%∋/+Χ+%( ∋,(
Χ%∀=∋,( 0∀#12∋,≅( ϑ∗∀&( =∋.+#∋,( <&/1%( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν( =15?( ∃(
1∀/∋.+/+%#&21Ε−∋(.∋,(=∋7∋,?(1∋(#+&∋(1#∆&+2/+?(∗∀1Β&.1.+(.+(7&.1?(1(
∀/&Β&51Ε−∋(+(<∋2,+%71Ε−∋(.∋(=1/%&#[2&∋(0&,/Ο%&<∋(+(<∀Β/∀%1Β(+(∋(.&%+&/∋(
Ν( <∋#∀2&<1Ε−∋≅( π( &#=∋%/12/+( .+,/1<1%( ∗∀+( 1( #1&∋%( =1%/+( .+,,+,(
.&%+&/∋,( 2−∋( +,/∃( .+,<%&/1( +8=Β&<&/1#+2/+( 2∋( /+8/∋( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β?(
,+2.∋( <∋2,1Χ%1.∋,( <∋#( #1&,( &2/+2,&.1.+( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β?(
Aula 0
!
=%&2<&=1Β#+2/+(2∋(∗∀+(,+(%+Μ+%+(1∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(=15?(1∋(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(
+(=%∋Χ%+,,∋(,∋<&1Β≅((
(
Ζ,∗∀+#1/&<1#+2/+( =∋.+#∋,( +2/+2.+%( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 1/;( 1Χ∋%1( +8=Β&<1.∋,( .1(
,+Χ∀&2/+(#12+&%16((
( ?[!/%∃−;3∋! ∴]!/%∃−;3∋! ⊥[!/%∃−;3∋!
Ι#&.7−∃#∀−∀%! :2.&7Κ.∀∋( υ%∀=∋,(,∋<&1&,( Ω&Μ∀,1(
:−&.∃%Γ−! ς+Χ1/&7∋,( Λ∋,&/&7∋,( !∀=%1&2.&7&.∀1&,(
(
(
.Σ +#∃%#&∋(! ∀%! _.−∃&−! +#∗%,(3∋! Υ∀%∗∋2∃−2#−>! #,4∋∃∗−;3∋! %!
87.∃−7#(∗∋Ω6(((
ϑ=+,1%( .+( 2−∋( ,+%( <∋2,+2,∀1Β?( 1ΒΧ∀2,( .∋∀/%&21.∋%+,( .+Μ+2.+#( 1(
+8&,/Π2<&1( .+,,1( .&#+2,−∋( Ρ1=+,1%( .1,( .&7+%ΧΠ2<&1,( 1<+%<1( .+( ,+∀(
<∋2/+Υ.∋(+,=+<ΚΜ&<∋Σ≅((
Λ1%1(δ∋∆∆&∋6(
∴>%1/1#χ,+(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(%+Β1<&∋21.∋,(Ν(+2Χ+201%&1(Χ+2;/&<1≅_≅((
Λ1%1( δ∋217&.+,?( /%1/1#χ,+( .+( .&%+&/∋,( &2/%∋.∀5&.∋,( =+Β1( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(
=∋ΒΚ/&<1?(%+Β1<&∋21.∋,(Ν(.+#∋<%1<&1?(Ν(&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋(+(1∋(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋6(
∴ϑ( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 2+∋Β&∆+%1Β( <1#&201( ,&Β+2<&∋,1?(
,+#( 2+20∀#1( %+Μ+%Π2<&1( .+( 71Β∋%+,≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( β∃?( <∋2/∀.∋?( ∋∀/%1(
ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<1?(∗∀+(∋%1(,+(.+,+27∋Β7+?(,∋∆%+(1(∗∀1Β(2−∋(
/+#(Θ∀%&,.&Ε−∋(1(&.+∋Β∋Χ&1(2+∋Β&∆+%1Β≅(θ1.&<1χ,+(21(/+∋%&1(.∋,(
.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(ϑ(Υ2&<1(7+%.1.+&%1#+2/+(∗∀+(&2/+%+,,1(
1∋,( =∋7∋,( .1( =+%&Μ+%&1≅( υΒ∋∆1Β&51%( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(
+∗∀&71Β+( 1( ∀2&7+%,1Β&5∃χΒ∋,( 2∋( <1#=∋( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( ϑ(
ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1( 21( +,Μ+%1( .1( 2∋%#1/&7&.1.+( Θ∀%Κ.&<1(
&2/%∋.∀5( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+?( 1Β&∃,?(
<∋%%+,=∋2.+#( Ν( .+%%1.+&%1( Μ1,+( .+( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&51Ε−∋( .∋(
Ζ,/1.∋( ,∋<&1Β≅( π( .&%+&/∋( .+( ∗∀1%/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(
.+#∋<%1<&1?( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν( &2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋( +( ∋( .&%+&/∋( 1∋( =Β∀%1Β&,#∋≅(
Ω+Β+,(.+=+2.+(1(<∋2<%+/&51Ε−∋(.1(,∋<&+.1.+(1∆+%/1(.∋(Μ∀/∀%∋?(
Aula 0
!
+#( ,∀1( .&#+2,−∋( .+( #∃8&#1( ∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( =1%1( 1( ∗∀1Β(
=1%+<+( ∋( #∀2.∋( &2<Β&21%χ,+( 2∋( =Β12∋( .+( /∋.1,( 1,( %+Β1ΕΨ+,( .+(
<∋27&7Π2<&1≅( Ρ≅≅≅Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .1( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( .&%+&/∋,(
&2.&7&.∀1&,?( ∋,( .1( ,+Χ∀2.1?( .&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +( ∋,( .1( /+%<+&%1?(
.&%+&/∋,( 1∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋?( 1∋( #+&∋( 1#∆&+2/+?( Ν( =15( +( Ν(
Μ%1/+%2&.1.+?( =+%#12+<+#( +Μ&<15+,?( ,−∋( &2Μ%1χ+,/%∀/∀%1&,?(
Μ∋%#1#(1(=&%ϕ#&.+(<∀Θ∋(∃=&<+(;(∋(.&%+&/∋(Ν(.+#∋<%1<&1≅_(
Λ1%1(φ1%<+Β∋(ς∋7+Β&2∋6((
∴/1&,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∋%1#( &2/%∋.∀5&.∋,( 2∋( ϕ#∆&/∋( Θ∀%Κ.&<∋( =+Β1(
ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1?( <∋#=%++2.+#( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν( .+#∋<%1<&1?(
&2Μ∋%#1Ε−∋( +( =Β∀%1Β&,#∋≅( ),( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,( .+( ∗∀1%/1(
.&#+2,−∋(<∋#=+2.&1#(∋(Μ∀/∀%∋(.1(<&.1.12&1(+(<∋%%+,=∋2.+#(
Ν( .+%%1.+&%1( Μ1,+( .1( &2,/&/∀<&∋21Β&51Ε−∋( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋( ,∋<&1Β(
,+2.∋( &#=%+,<&2.Κ7+&,( =1%1( 1( %+1Β&51Ε−∋( +( Β+Χ&/&#&.1.+( .1(
ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<1≅_≅(
(
+Σ(+#∃%#&∋(!∀%!_.#,&−!+#∗%,(3∋6(Λ1%1(δ∋217&.+,(+,,+(;(∋(.&%+&/∋(1(
Λ15≅(Ζ2/%+/12/∋?(,+Χ∀2.∋(Ο./.(&∋!#∗∗%∃∗−,,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(∗∀+(
<∋%%+,=∋2.+#(Ν(∃%−7#∀−∀%!1#∃&.−7?((1(.&Μ∀,−∋(.1(<&∆+%2;/&<1?(&2/+%2+/(
+(,+∀(.+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋(21(1/∀1Β&.1.+((
(
Λ∋%( Μ&#?( δ∋217&.+,( 1Μ&%#1?( 1&2.1?( 2∋( ∗∀+( /12Χ+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ∗∀1%/1( +(
∗∀&2/1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ∗∀+( }Β∋2ΧΚ2∗∀∋( +,/∃( ∋( /+#=∋( .1( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( .+,,+,( .&%+&/∋,?( =∋&,(
<∋#=%++2.+#(∋(Μ∀/∀%∋(.1(<&.1.12&1(+(∋(=∋%7&%(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(.+(/∋.∋,(∋,(=∋7∋,≅(>−∋(
,∋#+2/+( <∋#( +Β+,( ,+%∃( =∋,,Κ7+Β( 1( ΧΒ∋∆1Β&51Ε−∋( =∋ΒΚ/&<1_?( &,/∋( ;?( 1( ∗∀1%/1( +( ∗∀&2/1(
.&#+2,−∋( .+( .&%+/∋,?( +,/∃( Β∋2Χ+( .+( ∋∆/+%( ∋( .+7&.∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( 2∋( .&%+&/∋(
=∋,&/&7∋?(,+Θ1(+Β+(&2/+%2∋(∋∀(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(
(
(
(
(
(
Aula 0
!
(
(
(
(
(
(
Referências
(
ϑςς)ς:?(Ω12&+ΒΒ+≅(Λ+%,=+</&71(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(∋,(2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(
:26(!:ψΑϑ?(θ&<1%.∋(Λ+%+&%1(+(Ρ4∋∋%.≅Σ≅(( ς∋7∋,( .&%+&/∋,6( <∋2∗∀&,/1,( +( .+,1Μ&∋,≅(
4∀%&/&∆16(ξ∀%∀∃?(ααΙ≅(
(
ϑθΖςΩ>?( β12210?( ϑ,( ∋%&Χ+2,( .∋( >∋/1Β&/1%&,#∋≅( ΓΗεΗ≅( Ω&,=∋2Κ7+Β( +#6(
0//=6ρρσσσ≅.02+/≅∋%Χ≅∆%ρ.&%+&/∋,ρ12/0&,/ρ#1%<∋,ρ0.0τ1%+2./τ∋%&Χ+2,τ/∋/1Β&/1%&,
#∋≅=.Μ≅(ϑ<+,,1.∋(+#(Θ∀20∋(.+(αΓη≅((
(
δ)δδ:)?(ς∋%∆+%/∋≅(ϑ(Ζ%1(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,?(=≅(ι≅(θ&∋(.+(ξ12+&%∋6(41#=∀,?(ΓΗΗ≅(
(
δ)ςϑΑ:ΩΖ!?(Λ1∀Β∋≅(4∀%,∋(.+(.&%+&/∋(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(φ1Β0+&%∋,?(ΓΗΗη≅(
(
4ϑθδ)ςϑθ:?(Λ≅(4≅?(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(ο(!∀Χ+,/Ψ+,(Λ+.1ΧΟΧ&<1,≅(:Φ:δΖ?(Λ1,,∋(Φ∀2.∋?(
αΓα≅(
(
4)φΛϑθϑ>)?( Φ∃∆&∋( ∼∋2.+%≅( ϑ( 1Μ&%#1Ε−∋( 0&,/Ο%&<1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,≅( !−∋(
Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ααΓ≅(
(
τττττττ≅(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ααι≅(
(
4κςβϑ?( ξ≅( θ≅?( !=&+Β+%?( Λ≅( +( φ+ΒΒ∋?( 4≅( 4≅( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ( θ∋/+&%∋( .+( 4∀%,∋≅( ΦυΑ( ο(
Ω&%+&/∋(θ&∋≅(ααΗ≅(
(
Ωϑψϑθθ:?( Ω1Β#∋( .+( ϑ∆%+∀≅( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( <&.1.12&1≅( !−∋( Λ1∀Β∋6( φ∋.+%21?(
ΓΗΙΙ≅(
(
Ω:φ)κψ:!?( Ω&#&/%&Τ( φϑθ>:ς!?( ψ+∋21%.∋≅( >+∋%&1( Χ+%1Β( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,≅(
η1(+.≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(Ζ.&/∋%1(θ+7&,/1(.∋,(>%&∆∀21&,?(αΓΓ≅(
(
ς)ΑΖψ:ς)?( φ1%<+Β∋≅( ( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅( ≅+.≅( θ+7≅( ϑ/∀1Β≅( +( 1#=Β≅( ( !−∋( Λ1∀Β∋6(
φ;/∋.∋?(ααΙ≅(=χΗ≅(
(
φϑθ>:ς!?( 4Β;Β&1( ϑ=1%+<&.1≅( ς∋%#1,( χ( ς∋%#1,( χ( )( Ζ,/1∆+Β+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,(
β∀#12∋,≅(>%12,ρΦ∋%#ρϑΕ−∋?(φ1%ΚΒ&1?(7≅(ηι?(=≅(ΓΓχΓλΙ≅(Ζ.&Ε−∋(Ζ,=+<&1Β≅(αΓη≅(

Aula 0
!
(
ΛΖθΖψφϑς?(401&#≅(Β&∃2)(!(8∃%!∃&+≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(φ1%/&2,(Φ∋2/+,?(ααα≅(
(
Λ:)ΑΖ!ϑς?( ΦΒ∃7&1≅( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( Θ∀,/&Ε1( &2/+%21<&∋21Β6( ∀#( +,/∀.∋(
<∋#=1%1/&7∋(.∋,(,&,/+#1,(%+Χ&∋21&,(+∀%∋=+∀(&2/+%1#+%&<12∋(+(1Μ%&<12∋≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(
!1%1&71?(ααι≅(
(
θΖϑψΖ?(φ&Χ∀+Β≅(Φ&Β∋,∋Μ&1(.∋(.&%+&/∋≅(!−∋(Λ1∀Β∋6(!1%1&71?(ΓΗΙε≅(
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(
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Indicações Bibliográficas
(
( !+(7∋<Π(∗∀&,+%(<∋#=%1%(1ΒΧ∀2,(Β&7%∋,(=1%1(,+(+2/%+/+%(+#(,+∀(#∋#+2/∋(.+(
Μ∋ΒΧ1(.∋,(+,/∀.∋,?(Β&,/∋(1ΒΧ∀2,(∗∀+?(21(#&201(∋=&2&−∋?(,−∋(∋,(#+Β0∋%+,(.∋(#+%<1.∋≅(
!−∋( 1,( #1&∋%+,( %+Μ+%Π2<&1,( =1%1( 1,( ∆12<1,( 1/∀1&,( +( .−∋( ∀#( ∆∋#( +#∆1,1#+2/∋(
,∋∆%+(1(#1/;%&1(∗∀+(/%1∆1Β01%+#∋,≅()∆7&1#+2/+(∗∀+(2−∋(<∋∆%+#(/∋.∋(∋(+.&/1Β?(#1,(
Θ∃(1Θ∀.1%−∋(1(%+7&,1%(∆∋1(=1%/+(.1(#1/;%&16(
(
!( Φ∃7&1( Λ&∋7+,12( χ( +#∃%#&∋(! Β.∗−,∋(! %! ϑ.(&#;−! Ν,&%∃,−2#∋,−7≅( Ζ.&/∋%1( !1%1&71≅(
λ(Ζ.≅(αΓη≅(
(
!( ΦΒ∃7&1( Λ&∋7+,12( χ( Ω&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( :2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(
Ζ.&/∋%1(!1%1&71≅(Γλ((+.&Ε−∋≅(αΓα≅(
(
!(Φ∃∆&∋(∼∋2.+%(4∋#=1%1/∋(χ(ϑ(1Μ&%#1Ε−∋(0&,/Ο%&<1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,≅(Ζ.&/∋%1(
!1%1&71(χ(Ι(+.&Ε−∋≅(αΓη≅(
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Aula 0
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(
Questões
(
( 41%∋,( <∋Β+Χ1,?( ,+=1%+&( 1ΒΧ∀2,( +8+%<Κ<&∋,( =1%1( 1( 1∀Β1( .+( 0∋Θ+( 1=+21,( =1%1(
1∗∀+<+%#∋,≅(φ&201(#+/1(;(/+%(∀#1(#;.&1(.+(ηα(∗∀+,/Ψ+,(.+(<∋2<∀%,∋(1(<1.1(1∀Β1≅(
ϑ( ,+Χ∀&%( 7∋<Π( &%∃( %+,=∋2.+%( 1( Ι( ∗∀+,/Ψ+,( %∃=&.1,( 1<+%<1( .∋( <∋2/+Υ.∋( ∗∀+(
+,/∀.1#∋,(0∋Θ+(+(∗∀+(+,/∀.1%+#∋,(21,(=%Ο8&#1,(1∀Β1,(ΡΘ∃(Μ1Ε∋(∋(Χ12<0∋(.+Β1,9Σ≅((
( δ∋1(,∋%/+9(
?α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(αΓ(χ(!ΖυΛ(ο(ϑΒ1Χ∋1,(χ()Μ&<&1Β(4∋#∆1/+2/+≅(
4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( <∋2<+&/∋?( Ν( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( +( Ν( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?(
1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(
1Σ( ),( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( <∋%%+,=∋2.+#?( 2∋( =Β12∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ,+( &.+2/&Μ&<1#( <∋#( 1,(
Β&∆+%.1.+,(<∋2<%+/1,?(1<+2/∀12.∋(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅(
∆Σ(ς∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(&21∀Χ∀%∋∀χ,+(∀#1(2∋71(Μ1,+(2∋(,&,/+#1(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( Μ∋&( 2+Β+( ∗∀+( ∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( =1,,1%1#( 1( 1<∋Β0+%( 1,(
.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+#(,∀1,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,≅((
<Σ(ϑ(&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+(;(∀#1(.1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(
+?(2+,,+(,+2/&.∋?(+Β+,(,−∋(.&%&Χ&.∋,(1(<1.1(,+%(0∀#12∋(&,∋Β1.1#+2/+(<∋2,&.+%1.∋?(∋(
∗∀+( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( +#( %15−∋( .1,( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,( .+( 21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋( ∋∀(
<∋27&<Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋χΜ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(
.Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(<∋#∋(/1&,(=+Β1,(
1∀/∋%&.1.+,(Ν,(∗∀1&,(,+(1/%&∆∀&(∋(=∋.+%(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(.+(+.&/1%(2∋%#1,?(/12/∋(2∋(&2/+%&∋%(
.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( ∗∀12/∋( 2∋( =Β12∋( &2/+%21<&∋21ΒΤ( ,−∋?( 1,,&#?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
=∋,&/&71.∋,(21,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(21,(Β+&,?(2∋,(/%1/1.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
+Σ(4∋#(∋(Μ&#(.1(Λ%&#+&%1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β?(1(+,/%∀/∀%1(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(
.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#+Ε∋∀( 1( ,+( <∋2,∋Β&.1%≅( ϑ( +,,1( ;=∋<1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
/∋%21%1#χ,+( ∀#1( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( =%+∋<∀=1Ε−∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( +?( +2/−∋?( Μ∋%1#( <%&1.∋,(
#+<12&,#∋,( &2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( +( .+( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( ∗∀+( Β+71%1#( /1&,( .&%+&/∋,( 1( ∋<∀=1%(
∀#(+,=1Ε∋(<+2/%1Β(21(1Χ+2.1(.1,(∋%Χ12&51ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
Aula 0
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(
∴α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓ(χ(Λ4χ4Ζ(χ(:2,=+/∋%(.+(Λ∋ΒΚ<&1(χ(4&7&Β(
ϑ<+%<1(.1(/+∋%&1(Χ+%1Β(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(
Θ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(
ϑ( .&Χ2&.1.+( .1( =+,,∋1( 0∀#121( ;( ∀#( Μ∀2.1#+2/∋( .1( θ+=Υ∆Β&<1( Φ+.+%1/&71( .∋(
δ%1,&Β≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
(
⊥α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααε(χ(ΩΛκ(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(
ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+,≅(
ϑ=Β&<1χ,+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋(
.∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
(
βα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααΗ(χ(ΩΛΖχΛ:(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(
ϑ( %+,=+&/∋( .∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋( 0&,/Ο%&<∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ,+∀,( #1%<∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(
1Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,∀%Χ+#(/∋.∋,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(2−∋(,+(∋%&Χ&21#(.+(=%∋<+,,∋(
0&,/Ο%&<∋(=1∀Β1/&2∋≅(
∆Σ( ς−∋( 0∃( ∀#1( <∋%%+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( ,∀%Χ&#+2/∋( .∋( <%&,/&12&,#∋( +( ∋( %+,=+&/∋( Ν(
.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(
<Σ( ϑ,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( #1&,( %+<+2/+,( ,∀∆,/&/∀+#( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+(
.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(#1&,(12/&Χ1,≅(
.Σ(ϑ(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;(∋∆Θ+/∋(/1#∆;#(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(
+Σ( ϑ( )ςκ( ;( ∋( Ο%Χ−∋( %+,=∋2,∃7+Β( =+Β1( κΩβθ( +( =+Β1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( .+(
Ω&%+&/∋,≅(
(
χα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααι(χ(>θΦ(η(θ+Χ&−∋(
!∋∆%+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(+(Χ1%12/&1,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(;(<∋%%+/∋(1Μ&%#1%χ,+(∗∀+6(
1Σ( ∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ,−∋( .+2∋#&21.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,?( .+( 1∆,/+2Ε−∋?(
Μ∋<1.∋,(2∋((=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(∀2&7+%,1Β≅(

Aula 0
!
∆Σ( ∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( <∋2/%∃%&∋?( +2Μ1/&51#( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .∋(
<&.1.−∋( +#( Μ1<+( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋?( 1( ∆∀,<1( .+( #+Β0∋%+,( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,( .+( 7&.1?( 1( <%&1Ε−∋( .+(
=∋ΒΚ/&<1,(,∋<&1&,(.+(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(<∋2/%1(∋(1%∆Κ/%&∋(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(&2.&7&.∀1Β≅(
<Σ( 1,( Χ1%12/&1,( /Π#( <1%∃/+%( &2,/%∀#+2/1Β?( ,−∋( #+&∋,( .+,/&21.∋,( 1( 1,,+Χ∀%1%( ∋(
+8+%<Κ<&∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,?( =%+,+%7∃χΒ∋,( ∋∀( %+=1%∃χΒ∋,?( ∗∀12.∋( 7&∋Β1.∋,?( <∋#∋( ∋<∋%%+(
∗∀12.∋?( 2∋( 1%/&Χ∋( γζ?( Ξ?( .1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( ;( 1,,+Χ∀%1.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(
&2.+2&51Ε−∋?( =+Β∋( .12∋( #1/+%&1Β( ∋∀( #∋%1Β( .+<∋%%+2/+( .1( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Ν(
&2/&#&.1.+?(Ν(7&.1(=%&71.1?(Ν(0∋2%1(+(Ν(&#1Χ+#(.1,(=+,,∋1,≅(
.Σ( /Π#( <∋#∋( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( +,,+2<&1&,( 1( /+#=∋%1%&+.1.+?( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+?(
&%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(+(<∋2<∋%%Π2<&1≅(
(
Αα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(.1(κ2&−∋(
ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋(&/+#(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+≅(
Ω+(1<∋%.∋(<∋#(1(Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?(.+,.+(ΓΗΙΙ(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,(=∋.+#(,+%(&2<∋%=∋%1.∋,(1∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(21<&∋21Β(<∋#(Μ∋%Ε1(.+(
+#+2.1(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
(
≅α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓΓ(χ(>θΦ(χ(η(θΖυ:)(χ(ξ∀&5(Φ+.+%1Β(
4∋2Μ∋%#+( 1( Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1( .∋( !>Φ?( /%1/1.∋,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 12/+%&∋%+,( Ν(
Ζ#+2.1( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( 2≅ν( λγρααη( =∋,,∀+#?( 2∋( .&%+&/∋( ∆%1,&Β+&%∋?( ,/1/∀,(
0&+%∃%∗∀&<∋(
1Σ(,∀=%1<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(
∆Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(∋%&Χ&2∃%&∋≅(
<Σ(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β(.+%&71.∋≅(
.Σ(,∀=%1Β+Χ1Β≅(
+Σ(Β+Χ1Β≅(
(
∆α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(ο(ΩΛΖρ!Λ(
ϑ( %+,=+&/∋( .1( %+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( Θ∀,21/∀%1Β&,#∋( +( ∋( Θ∀,=∋,&/&7&,#∋?( ∋( Ω&%+&/∋(
:2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(Ω&%+&/∋,(β∀#12∋,(<∋2,1Χ%1(1(2∋Ε−∋?(,+Χ∀2.∋(1(∗∀1Β(

Aula 0
!
1Σ( ∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 21,( 4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,( <1%1</+%&51( 1(
/%12,&Ε−∋(.1((Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋(.1∗∀+Β+,?(.∋(.&%+&/∋(21/∀%1Β(1∋(.&%+&/∋(=∋,&/&7∋≅(
∆Σ( ,Ο( ,+( =∋.+( 1.#&/&%( 1( Μ∋%#∀Β1Ε−∋( .+( 2∋7∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( =∋%( =1%Β1#+2/∋,(
Β+Χ&/&#1#+2/+(+Β+&/∋,?(/+2.∋(+#(7&,/1(∋(=%&#1.∋(.1(,∋∆+%12&1(+,/1/1Β?(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(
<Σ( ;( %+<∋#+2.∃7+Β( 1( =∋,&/&71Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( ,+#?( <∋2/∀.∋?( ∋Β7&.1%( ,∀1(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1Ε−∋( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( =+%#&/&2.∋( ∋( =1∀Β1/&2∋( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( .+(
2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(
.Σ( ;( &%%+Β+712/+( ,+∀( %+<∋20+<&#+2/∋( =+Β1( Β+Χ&,Β1Ε−∋( &2/+%21( .∋,( =1Κ,+,?(
<∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋≅(
+Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( 0&,/∋%&<1#+2/+( Μ∀2.1.∋,( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( 2+<+,,&/1#(
,+%(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(=+Β∋(Ω&%+&/∋(Λ∋,&/&7∋(=1%1(,+(/∋%21%+#(+8&ΧΚ7+&,≅(
(
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(
(
(
(
(
(
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(
(
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(
(
(
Aula 0
!
(
Questões com Comentários e

Gabaritos
(
?α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(αΓ(χ(!ΖυΛ(ο(ϑΒ1Χ∋1,(χ()Μ&<&1Β(4∋#∆1/+2/+≅(
4∋#( %+Β1Ε−∋( 1∋( <∋2<+&/∋?( Ν( +7∋Β∀Ε−∋( +( Ν( 1∆%12ΧΠ2<&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?(
1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(
1Σ( ),( <01#1.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,∋Β&.1%&+.1.+( <∋%%+,=∋2.+#?( 2∋( =Β12∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( ∗∀+( ,+( &.+2/&Μ&<1#( <∋#( 1,(
Β&∆+%.1.+,(<∋2<%+/1,?(1<+2/∀12.∋(∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+≅(
∆Σ(ς∋(,;<∀Β∋(ΞΞ?(&21∀Χ∀%∋∀χ,+(∀#1(2∋71(Μ1,+(2∋(,&,/+#1(.+(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?( 21( #+.&.1( +#( ∗∀+( Μ∋&( 2+Β+( ∗∀+( ∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( =1,,1%1#( 1( 1<∋Β0+%( 1,(
.+<Β1%1ΕΨ+,(.+(.&%+&/∋,(+#(,∀1,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,≅((
<Σ(ϑ(&2.&7&.∀1Β&.1.+(;(∀#1(.1,(<1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(
+?(2+,,+(,+2/&.∋?(+Β+,(,−∋(.&%&Χ&.∋,(1(<1.1(,+%(0∀#12∋(&,∋Β1.1#+2/+(<∋2,&.+%1.∋?(∋(
∗∀+( ,+( Θ∀,/&Μ&<1( +#( %15−∋( .1,( .&Μ+%+2Ε1,( .+( 21<&∋21Β&.1.+?( ,+8∋?( %1Ε1?( <%+.∋( ∋∀(
<∋27&<Ε−∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋χΜ&Β∋,ΟΜ&<1≅(
.Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(%+<∋20+<&.∋,(<∋#∋(/1&,(=+Β1,(
1∀/∋%&.1.+,(Ν,(∗∀1&,(,+(1/%&∆∀&(∋(=∋.+%(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋(.+(+.&/1%(2∋%#1,?(/12/∋(2∋(&2/+%&∋%(
.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( ∗∀12/∋( 2∋( =Β12∋( &2/+%21<&∋21ΒΤ( ,−∋?( 1,,&#?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
=∋,&/&71.∋,(21,(4∋2,/&/∀&ΕΨ+,?(21,(Β+&,?(2∋,(/%1/1.∋,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
+Σ(4∋#(∋(Μ&#(.1(Λ%&#+&%1(υ∀+%%1(φ∀2.&1Β?(1(+,/%∀/∀%1(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β(.∋,(
.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( <∋#+Ε∋∀( 1( ,+( <∋2,∋Β&.1%≅( ϑ( +,,1( ;=∋<1?( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,(
/∋%21%1#χ,+( ∀#1( Β+ΧΚ/&#1( =%+∋<∀=1Ε−∋( &2/+%21<&∋21Β( +?( +2/−∋?( Μ∋%1#( <%&1.∋,(
#+<12&,#∋,( &2,/&/∀<&∋21&,( +( .+( &2,/%∀#+2/∋,( ∗∀+( Β+71%1#( /1&,( .&%+&/∋,( 1( ∋<∀=1%(
∀#(+,=1Ε∋(<+2/%1Β(21(1Χ+2.1(.1,(∋%Χ12&51ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,≅(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ω(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(Α1#∋,(<∋#+2/1%(<1.1(∗∀+,/−∋6(
1Σ(Ζ,,+,(,−∋(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(.+(/+%<+&%1(Χ+%1Ε−∋≅(

Aula 0
!
∆Σ( !+( 1=%∋Μ∀2.1%#∋,( 21( 0&,/Ο%&1( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( Θ∃( =∋.+#∋,(
&.+2/&Μ&<1%(.+,.+(ΓΓγ(1(=%+,+2Ε1(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(21(41%/1(φ1Χ21(.1(
:2ΧΒ1/+%%1≅(
<Σ( )( ∗∀+( #1/1( 1( 1,,+%/&71( ;( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴&,∋Β1.1#+2/+( <∋2,&.+%1.∋_≅(
ψ+#∆%1(.∋(=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(∀2&7+%,1Β&.1.+3(
.Σ(Λ+%Μ+&/1(.+Μ&2&Ε−∋≅(Α+Θ1(∗∀+(∋(4Ζ!ΛΖ(#+,#∋(1.∋/∋∀(∀#1(=∋,/∀%1(1<+%<1(
.∋( #∋#+2/∋( ∗∀+( ∀,1#∋,( 1( +8=%+,,−∋( ∴.&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,_( +( ∴.&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,_≅(
+Σ( ς1( 7+%.1.+?( &,,∋( ∋<∋%%+∀( 1∋( Μ&#( .1( !+Χ∀2.1( υ∀+%%1( φ∀2.&1Β9( ϑ(
Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( κ2&7+%,1Β( .∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( 7+#( .+,,+( #∋#+2/∋( .1(
0&,/Ο%&1≅(
(
∴α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(αΓ(χ(Λ4χ4Ζ(χ(:2,=+/∋%(.+(Λ∋ΒΚ<&1(χ(4&7&Β(
ϑ<+%<1(.1(/+∋%&1(Χ+%1Β(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(+(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121?(
Θ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(1(,+Χ∀&%≅(
ϑ( .&Χ2&.1.+( .1( =+,,∋1( 0∀#121( ;( ∀#( Μ∀2.1#+2/∋( .1( θ+=Υ∆Β&<1( Φ+.+%1/&71( .∋(
δ%1,&Β≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(>+#(∋(∗∀+(=+2,1%(1∗∀&3(ς−∋(/+#≅(Ζ,/∃(2∋(=%&#+&%∋(1%/&Χ∋(.1(4ΦρΙΙ6(
Ο∃&α! ?]( ϑ( θ+=Υ∆Β&<1( Φ+.+%1/&71( .∋( δ%1,&Β?( Μ∋%#1.1( =+Β1( ∀2&−∋( &2.&,,∋ΒΥ7+Β(
.∋,( Ζ,/1.∋,( +( φ∀2&<Κ=&∋,( +( .∋( Ω&,/%&/∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( <∋2,/&/∀&χ,+( +#( Ζ,/1.∋(
Ω+#∋<%∃/&<∋(.+(Ω&%+&/∋(+(/+#(<∋#∋(Μ∀2.1#+2/∋,6(
:(χ(1(,∋∆+%12&1Τ(
::(χ(1(<&.1.12&1Τ(
:::(χ(1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121Τ(
:Α(χ(∋,(71Β∋%+,(,∋<&1&,(.∋(/%1∆1Β0∋(+(.1(Β&7%+(&2&<&1/&71Τ(
Α(χ(∋(=Β∀%1Β&,#∋(=∋ΒΚ/&<∋≅(
9−∃0/∃−4∋!ε,#2∋≅(>∋.∋(∋(=∋.+%(+#121(.∋(=∋7∋?(∗∀+(∋(+8+%<+(=∋%(#+&∋(.+(
%+=%+,+2/12/+,(+Β+&/∋,(∋∀(.&%+/1#+2/+?(2∋,(/+%#∋,(.+,/1(4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋≅(
(
⊥α 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααε(χ(ΩΛκ(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(
Aula 0
!
ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋,(&/+2,(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+,≅(
ϑ=Β&<1χ,+( 1∋,( .&%+&/∋,( ,∋<&1&,?( +<∋2[#&<∋,( +( <∀Β/∀%1&,( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( =%∋&∆&Ε−∋(
.∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6(ψ+#∆%1(.∋(+Μ+&/∋(2.∃Α∋!&3(ϑ∗∀+Β+(.1(7+.1Ε−∋(1∋(%+/%∋<+,,∋3(π(.+Β+(
#+,#∋( ∗∀+( +,/1#∋,( Μ1Β12.∋≅( Α+Θ1( ∗∀+( /∋.∋,( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( +Β+2<1.∋,( ,−∋( .&%+&/∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,9(
(
βα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(χ(ααΗ(χ(ΩΛΖχΛ:(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(
ϑ( %+,=+&/∋( .∋( .+,+27∋Β7&#+2/∋( 0&,/Ο%&<∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( +( ,+∀,( #1%<∋,(
Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(1,,&21Β+(1(∋=Ε−∋(<∋%%+/1≅(
1Σ(),(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(,∀%Χ+#(/∋.∋,(.+(∀#1(7+5?(2−∋(,+(∋%&Χ&21#(.+(=%∋<+,,∋(
0&,/Ο%&<∋(=1∀Β1/&2∋≅(
∆Σ( ς−∋( 0∃( ∀#1( <∋%%+Β1Ε−∋( +2/%+( ∋( ,∀%Χ&#+2/∋( .∋( <%&,/&12&,#∋( +( ∋( %+,=+&/∋( Ν(
.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121≅(
<Σ( ϑ,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( #1&,( %+<+2/+,( ,∀∆,/&/∀+#( 1,( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( .+(
.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(#1&,(12/&Χ1,≅(
.Σ(ϑ(=%∋/+Ε−∋(.∋,(.&%+&/∋,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,(;(∋∆Θ+/∋(/1#∆;#(.∋(.&%+&/∋(&2/+%21<&∋21Β≅(
+Σ( ϑ( )ςκ( ;( ∋( Ο%Χ−∋( %+,=∋2,∃7+Β( =+Β1( κΩβθ( +( =+Β1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋( ϑ#+%&<121( .+(
Ω&%+&/∋,≅(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ω(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( ς−∋?( ∋,( Ω&%+&/∋,( β∀#12∋,( 2−∋( ,∀%Χ+#( /∋.∋,( .+( ∀#1( 7+5≅( ΖΒ+,( ,−∋(
0&,/Ο%&<∋,(+(7−∋(.+,+27∋Β7+2.∋(1∋(Β∋2Χ∋(.∋(/+#=∋≅()(<%&,/&12&,#∋(/+7+(∀#1(Μ∋%/+(
&2ΜΒ∀Π2<&1( 21( =+%,=+</&71( .1( .&Χ2&.1.+( .1( =+,,∋1( 0∀#121( Ρ1ΒΧ∀2,( .∋∀/%&21.∋%+,(
<%+.&/1#(1∋(<%&,/&12&,#∋(∋(21,<+.∋∀%∋(.1(.&Χ2&.1.+(.1(=+,,∋1(0∀#121Σ≅(!∋∆%+(1(
Β+/%1( 4?( Β+#∆%1χ,+( .1( .&,<∀,,−∋( .+( Χ+%1ΕΨ+,( +( .&#+2,Ψ+,3( )( ∀,∋( .∋( /+%#∋(
∴Χ+%1ΕΨ+,_( ;( &21.+∗∀1.∋( Θ∀,/1#+2/+( =∋%( .1%( #1%Χ+#( Ν( =+%<+=Ε−∋( .+( ,∀<+,,−∋?( ∋(
∗∀+( 2−∋( ∋<∋%%+( .+( Μ1/∋( ΡΒ+/%1( 4( +%%1.1Σ≅( Ζ( .+( ∋2.+( /&%1%1#( ∗∀+( 1( Ω+<Β1%1Ε−∋(
ϑ#+%&<121(.+(Ω&%+&/∋,(;(%+,=∋2,1∆&Β&.1.+(.1()ςκ3(θ,≅(
(
χα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααι(χ(>θΦ(η(θ+Χ&−∋(
Aula 0
!
!∋∆%+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(+(Χ1%12/&1,(Μ∀2.1#+2/1&,?(;(<∋%%+/∋(1Μ&%#1%χ,+(∗∀+6(
1Σ( ∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( Χ+%1Ε−∋( ,−∋( .+2∋#&21.∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 2+Χ1/&7∋,?( .+( 1∆,/+2Ε−∋?(
Μ∋<1.∋,(2∋((=%&2<Κ=&∋(.1(&Χ∀1Β.1.+(+(Μ%1/+%2&.1.+(∀2&7+%,1Β≅(
∆Σ( ∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( Χ+%1Ε−∋?( 1∋( <∋2/%∃%&∋?( +2Μ1/&51#( ∋( =%&2<Κ=&∋( .1( Β&∆+%.1.+( .∋(
<&.1.−∋( +#( Μ1<+( .∋( Ζ,/1.∋?( 1( ∆∀,<1( .+( #+Β0∋%+,( <∋2.&ΕΨ+,( .+( 7&.1?( 1( <%&1Ε−∋( .+(
=∋ΒΚ/&<1,(,∋<&1&,(.+(&2/+%7+2Ε−∋(<∋2/%1(∋(1%∆Κ/%&∋(.1(Β&∆+%.1.+(&2.&7&.∀1Β≅(
<Σ( 1,( Χ1%12/&1,( /Π#( <1%∃/+%( &2,/%∀#+2/1Β?( ,−∋( #+&∋,( .+,/&21.∋,( 1( 1,,+Χ∀%1%( ∋(
+8+%<Κ<&∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,?( =%+,+%7∃χΒ∋,( ∋∀( %+=1%∃χΒ∋,?( ∗∀12.∋( 7&∋Β1.∋,?( <∋#∋( ∋<∋%%+(
∗∀12.∋?( 2∋( 1%/&Χ∋( γζ?( Ξ?( .1( 4∋2,/&/∀&Ε−∋( Φ+.+%1Β?( ;( 1,,+Χ∀%1.∋( ∋( .&%+&/∋( Ν(
&2.+2&51Ε−∋?( =+Β∋( .12∋( #1/+%&1Β( ∋∀( #∋%1Β( .+<∋%%+2/+( .1( 7&∋Β1Ε−∋( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( Ν(
&2/&#&.1.+?(Ν(7&.1(=%&71.1?(Ν(0∋2%1(+(Ν(&#1Χ+#(.1,(=+,,∋1,≅(
.Σ( /Π#( <∋#∋( <1%1</+%Κ,/&<1,( +,,+2<&1&,( 1( /+#=∋%1%&+.1.+?( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+?(
&%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+(+(<∋2<∋%%Π2<&1≅(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( ϑ( &Χ∀1Β.1.+( Μ15( =1%/+( .∋,( .&%+&/∋,( .+( ,+Χ∀2.1( .&#+2,−∋?( 1(
Μ%1/+%2&.1.+( .∋,( .+( /+%<+&%1( Ρ1,,+%/&71( ∴1_( +%%1.1Σ≅( ϑ( 1,,+%/&71( ∴∆_( %+Μ+%+χ,+( 1∋,(
.&%+&/∋,( .+( =%&#+&%1( .&#+2,−∋≅( ϑ( 4( +,/∃( =+%Μ+&/1≅( Ζ( .+( ∋2.+( 1( ∆12<1( /&%∋∀( ∗∀+(
<1%1</+%&51#( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,( 1( +8<+=<&∋21Β&.1.+( +( 1( <∋2<∋%%Π2<&13( ς1.1(
.&,,∋?( 71#∋,( %+Β+#∆%1%6( β&,/∋%&<&.1.+?( κ2&7+%,1Β&.1.+?( θ+Β1/&7&.1.+?(
Ζ,,+2<&1Β&.1.+?( :%%+2∀2<&1∆&Β&.1.+?( :21Β&+21∆&Β&.1.+?( :#=%+,<%&/&∆&Β&.1.+( +(
4∋#=Β+#+2/1%&.1.+≅(
(
Αα 4Ζ!ΛΖ(ο(ααε(χ(Ω+Μ+2,∋%(ΛΥ∆Β&<∋(.1(κ2&−∋(
ξ∀ΒΧ∀+(∋(&/+#(,∀∆,+∗∀+2/+≅(
Ω+(1<∋%.∋(<∋#(1(Θ∀%&,=%∀.Π2<&1(.∋(!>Φ?(.+,.+(ΓΗΙΙ(∋,(/%1/1.∋,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(
0∀#12∋,(=∋.+#(,+%(&2<∋%=∋%1.∋,(1∋(∋%.+21#+2/∋(Θ∀%Κ.&<∋(21<&∋21Β(<∋#(Μ∋%Ε1(.+(
+#+2.1(<∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β≅(
Ρ((Σ(4+%/∋( Ρ((Σ(Ζ%%1.∋(
δ−ς−∃#&∋6(Ζ(
Χ∋∗%,&0∃#∋(6( )( +%%∋( +,/∃( +#( Μ1Β1%( ∴.+,.+( ΓΗΙΙ_≅( ϑ=+21,( 1( =1%/&%( .+( ααλ( +,,1(
=∋,,&∆&Β&.1.+(Μ∋&(1∆+%/1≅(Α+Θ16(
Ο∃&>!χ]>!Χ5φ∆∆!
Aula 0
!
µ(ην(),(/%1/1.∋,(+(<∋27+2ΕΨ+,(&2/+%21<&∋21&,(,∋∆%+(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(
∗∀+(Μ∋%+#(1=%∋71.∋,?(+#(<1.1(41,1(.∋(4∋2Χ%+,,∋(ς1<&∋21Β?(+#(.∋&,(/∀%2∋,?(
=∋%(/%Π,(∗∀&2/∋,(.∋,(7∋/∋,(.∋,(%+,=+</&7∋,(#+#∆%∋,?(,+%−∋(+∗∀&71Β+2/+,(Ν,(
+#+2.1,( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21&,≅( Ρ:2<Β∀Κ.∋( =+Β1( Ζ#+2.1( 4∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( 2ν( λγ?( .+(
ααηΣ≅(
(
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0&+%∃%∗∀&<∋(
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.Σ(,∀=%1Β+Χ1Β≅(
+Σ(Β+Χ1Β≅(
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ο( =∋.+2.∋( 1.∗∀&%&%( 1( +,/1/∀%1( <∋2,/&/∀<&∋21Β( <1,∋( ,+Θ1#( 1=%∋71.∋,( ,+Χ∀2.∋( ∋(
=%∋<+.&#+2/∋( .∋( µ( ην( .∋( 1%/≅( γν( .1( 4ΦρΓΗΙΙ≅( Α&.+( θΖ( λιι≅ηλη?( %+Β≅( #&2≅( 4+51%(
Λ+Β∀5∋≅(
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Β+Χ&/&#1#+2/+(+Β+&/∋,?(/+2.∋(+#(7&,/1(∋(=%&#1.∋(.1(,∋∆+%12&1(+,/1/1Β?(1/∀1Β#+2/+≅(

Aula 0
!
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2∋7∋,(.&%+&/∋,≅(
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<∋2,&.+%12.∋(∗∀+(∋,(.&%+&/∋,(0∀#12∋,(,−∋(&2+%+2/+,(1∋(,+%(0∀#12∋≅(
+Σ( ∋,( .&%+&/∋,( 0∀#12∋,?( 0&,/∋%&<1#+2/+( Μ∀2.1.∋,( 2∋( Ω&%+&/∋( ς1/∀%1Β?( 2+<+,,&/1#(
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δ−ς−∃#&∋6(4(
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Aula 0
!
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Considerações Finais
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Aula 00

Direitos Humanos e Cidadania p/ PRF - Policial - 2014/2015

Direitos Humanos e Cidadania

Professor Alyson Barros 1

lançando em primeira mão o curso de Direitos Humanos e C idadania para

o concurso da Polícia Rodoviária Federal.

O edital do concurso anterior pode ser acessado aqui:

http://www.cespe.unb.br/concursos/DPRF_13/. Na época foram 1.000 vagas e

a remuneração foi de atrativos R$ 6.106,81! A banca, como sempre, foi o

Centro de Seleção e Promoção Eventos Universidade de Brasília – CESPE, uma

banca, reformularemos uma grande parte do nosso curso e não deixaremos

nenhum aluno para trás! Esse é o compromisso Estratégia C oncursos. O

que importa é ter todas as questões da prova contempladas aqui e aprovar em

massa!!! A batida será pesada para aproveitarmos o tempo que temos.

Trabalharemos com 6 aulas, além da aula demonstrativa, contendo toda

Procede caro concurseiro. Disponibilizaremos alguns tópicos, os fundamentais

para o CESPE, em vídeos de revisão. Não precisa desembolsar nada a mais

para ter acesso!

Além disso, temos o nosso fórum de perguntas, onde o aluno poderá

entrar em contato diretamente comigo para fazer perguntas, comentários ou

que for necessário para você ir bem nesse concurso.

Professor Alyson Barros 2

Analista do Planejamento e Orçamento do Ministério do Planejamento,

Orçamento e Gestão. Graduado em psicologia, com algumas especializações e

um mestrado. Trabalho com Coach para concurso e orientação de candidatos.

Já trabalho com o conteúdo de direitos humanos há algum tempo e posso

garantir que não há segredo. Não se inventa muita coisa em termos de

pegadinhas, tão comum dessa banca, ou de questões em nível Jedi. Como já

falei, uma boa abordagem da matéria já é capaz de te dar um excelente

Vejamos o nosso calendário então.

Teoria geral dos direitos humanos. Conceito, terminologia,

Afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. Direitos humanos e

Direitos humanos na Constituição Federal. Institucionalização

Política nacional de direitos humanos. Programas nacionais de

Globalização e direitos humanos. As três vertentes da

Aula 4 proteção internacional da pessoa humana. Direitos humanos, 5/07

direito humanitário e direito dos refugiados.

Aula 5 A Constituição brasileira e os tratados internacionais de 12/07

Professor Alyson Barros 3

Aplicações da perspectiva sociológica a temas e problemas

contemporâneos da sociedade brasileira: a questão da

igualdade jurídica e dos direitos de cidadania, o pluralismo

espaço público. Administração institucional de conflitos no

retomados nas aulas subsequentes. Mesmo assim, já tire suas dúvidas em

Professor Alyson Barros 4

Teoria geral dos direitos humanos.

Professor Alyson Barros 5

Professor Alyson Barros 11

Professor Alyson Barros 12

Professor Alyson Barros 14

Professor Alyson Barros 15

Professor Alyson Barros 16

Professor Alyson Barros 18

Professor Alyson Barros 20

Professor Alyson Barros 21

Professor Alyson Barros 22

Professor Alyson Barros 26

Professor Alyson Barros 28

Professor Alyson Barros 32

Professor Alyson Barros 35

Professor Alyson Barros 36

Questões com Comentários e

Professor Alyson Barros 38