CENFIM Electricidade PDF

Noções de Electricidade
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$M$ # $M$$+$
$M$ ' $M$$+$
$M $ $M$$$$
- M$( $M$$$$
- $M'$ $M$$$($
, $M$ $M$$+ $
E ( .
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)$ 6;45<9 /G6 ;9GB9@6;/@6M 45;9@4.@M 89 $$` 6I958. Q/9 . >.934>495;9 89
;9GB9@6;/@68. 3476G95;. H$M$$+ ^ M >67>/79D
6X 45;95:48689 5.G4567 867JGB686

IX @9:4:;L5>46W6Q/95;9X8. 3476G95;. 9G 3/5>4.56G95;. 5.G4567 W $$` X
>X @9:4:;L5>4663@4. 8. 3476G95;. W>.5:489@9 $` X
8X ?67.@ 45:;65;J59. 86 45;95:48689 6I:.@?486 B976 7JGB686 9S6>;6G95;9 5.
45:;65;9 9G Q/9 :9 74<6K@989
[ [ $$ )$[ $M+)
Q [ [ )$ $M+) [ )+M'' Ω
3 [ Q \α W;Q ;3X[ )+M'' \$M$$+ SW $$ $X[ + M Ω
6X [ 3 [ )$ + M+ [ M )
CENFIM 33
3> C
!
/G >4@>/4;. 97H>;@4>.M 5.@G67G95;9M 9S4:;9G ?A@46: @9:4:;L5>46: .5:.65;9 6 :/6

B.:4EF. @976;4?6M 84:;45</9G :9 8.4:;4B.:3/586G95;64:89 6::.>46EF. 9 /G @9:/7;65;9
8645;9@74<6EF. 89:;9:8.4:;4B.:89 6::.>46EF.D
::.>46EF. H@49
::.>46EF. 6@6797. ./ 9G 9@4?6EF.
) ::.>46EF. H@49 6@6797. ./ 4:;6
9:;9 ;4B. 89 G.5;6<9GM 6:@9:4:;L5>46:84:BO9G :9 :/>9::4?6G95;9 5. >4@>/4;.M 4:;.

HD . 34G 86 a@9:4:;L5>46 74<6@A 6. B@45>R
B4. 86 aM . 34G 89:;6 74<6@A 6. B@45>R
B4. 86
)a9 6::4G :/>9::4?6G95;9M 89345458. /G U54>. >6G45N. B.::R
?97 B6@66B6::6<9G 86
>.@@95;9
34</@6 :9</45;9 47/:;@6 9:;9 ;4B. 89 G.5;6<9GM 56 Q/67 :9 6<@/B6G 9G :H@49 ;@L:
@9:4:;L5>46: M 9 ) M 95;@9 .:B.5;.: 9
4< ::.>46EF. H@49
CENFIM 34
6G.:65674:6@ 9:;66::.>46EF.M :.I. B.5;. 89 ?4:;686:;@L:<@6589C6:IA:4>6:M 5/G
>4@>/4;. 97H>;@4>. 39>N68. ::4GD
9394;. 5. >4@>/4;. 89:;6: ;@L: @9:4:;L5>46: H 9Q/4?6795;9 6. 89 /G6 := @9:4:;L5>46

95;@9 6:9S;@9G48689: 9 8. 6<@/B6G95;. N6G6 :9 B.@ 9::9 36>;.M *
- M -
.G. 89G.5:;@6@9G.: 9G :9</486M . :9/ ?67.@ H 4</67 K :.G6 86: @9:4:;L5>46:

>.GB.595;9: . >6:. 8634</@66B@9:95;686M . :9/ ?67.@ HD
R EQ = R1 + R2 + R3
.89G.:<959@674C6@M 84C958. Q/9D
67
8 9
.G. 6:@9:4:;L5>46:9:;F. 6::.>4686:9G :H@49M 6:;@L:@9:4:;L5>46::9@F. B9@>.@@486:

B.@ /G6 := 9 6 G9:G6 45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 5;F. B6@6 G97N.@ >.GB@995:F.
B.89@9G.:9:>@9?9@ Q/9 645;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 ;.;67M :9@AD
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
B . B
-/658. 6B74>6G.:/G6;95:F. 6.:B.5;.: 9 8. 6<@/B6G95;. 6;95:F. 4@A@9B6@;4@
:9 B@.B.@>4.567G95;9 B976:;@L:@9:4:;L5>46:M >.5:.65;9 . :9/ ?67.@ @9:4:;4?. :;. Q/9@
84C9@ Q/9 :.I@9 6 @9:4:;L5>46 89 G64.@ ?67.@M 4@A B@.8/C4@ /G6 Q/986 89 ;95:F. G64:
979?686M 9 >.5:9Q/95;9G95;9 6@9:4:;L5>4689 G95.@ ?67.@M 4@AB@.?.>6@ /G6Q/98689
;95:F. G64:I64S6
6:9658. 56 94 89 NGM 4@9G.:;9@D
6@66@9:4:;L5>46 b 5;F. ;9@9G.:D

∆ 6 G
U= U1 + U2 + U3
6@66@9:4:;L5>46
∆ $ 6 $ G
, 3
CENFIM 35
∆ ) [ ) S
: ; ;
7 8 9
7 8
G !H
R1 R2 R3
A B
Ω
[)
∆U1 = R1 xI = 35 x 2 = 70V
[ $Ω
∆U1 = R2 xI = 20 x 2 = 40V
) [ $Ω
∆U1 = R3 xI = 60 x 2 = 120V
[ [ [ ) [ [c \c \ c ) [ $ \ $\ '$[ )$
-[ \ \ )[ ) \ $\ $[ Ω
[ -S [ S [ )$
G !H $
CENFIM 36
.. (
:;9 ;4B. 89 6::.>46EF. H394;.M 74<658. . B@45>R

B4. 89 ;.86:6:@9:4:;L5>46:5/G B.5;.
9 5. ./;@. . 34G 89 ;.86: 6: @9:4:;L5>46: :;9 6<@/B6G95;. B.89@46 :9@
:/I:;4;/R
8. B.@ /G6U54>6 * - 95;@9 .:@939@48.:B.5;.:
4< ::.>46EF. 6@67976
?67.@ 89::6 @9:4:;L5>46M @9B@9:95;686 B.@ - M H >67>/768. 6 B6@;4@ 86 :9</45;9

9SB@9::F.M ?A7486B6@6Q/67Q/9@ 5UG9@. 89 @9:4:;L5>46:D
% B 6 % F % $ F % J
. >6:. 9:B9>R
34>. 8. 6<@/B6G95;. @9B@9:95;68. 5. 89:95N.M 4:;. HM 9G Q/9 9:;F.
@9B@9:95;686: 6B956: 8/6: @9:4:;L5>46:M 6 3=@G/76 Q/9 6>6I6G.: 89 89G.5:;@6@
>.58/C5.:6/G6./;@689 <@6589 45;9@9::9 B@A;4>.D
B 6 G $ % F $
. >6:. B6@;4>/76@ 89 8/6: @9:4:;L5>46: 4</64: 6<@/B686: 9G B6@6797.M . ?67.@ 86

@9:4:;L5>469Q/4?6795;9 H4</67 6G9;689 8. ?67.@ 89 /G68976:
B I
9:;9 6<@/B6G95;. NA6>.5:489@6@ 8.4:5=: 9
45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 89B.4:89 :64@ 86 3.5;9 89 674G95;6EF. 6;45<9 . B@4G94@.
5=M @9B6@;458. :9 9G 9 M :958. 89 ?67.@9:45?9@:6G95;9 B@.B.@>4.564:6.:?67.@9:
86:@9:4:;L5>46:Q/9 4@F. B9@>.@@9@ ::4G B.89G.:9:>@9?9@D
I = I 1+ I 2
CENFIM 37
B I B 5
.G. B.89G.: ?9@434>6@ 59:;9 6<@/B6G95;.M 6: Q/986: 89 ;95:F. B@.?.>686: B.@

>686@9:4:;L5>46M :F. 4</64:K;95:F. 89 674G95;6EF.M 4589B95895;9G95;9 8. ?67.@ 86:
@9:4:;L5>46:
::4G ;9@9G.:D
∆ 6 G
∆ $ 6 $ G $ U = ∆U1 = ∆U 2
6 G 6 $G $
G !H
G !H $
CENFIM 38
[) Ω [ ∆U 1 = ∆U 2 = ∆U 3 [ )$
[ $Ω
1 1 1 1
= + +
) [ $Ω REQ R1 R 2 R3
[ \ \ )
1 1 1 1
= + + REQ = 10,5 A
REQ 35 20 60
U AB 230
I = = = 21,904 A
R AB 10,5
∆U 1 230
I1 = = = 6,571A
R1 35
∆U 2 230
I2 = = = 11,5 A
R2 20
∆U 3 230
I3 = = = 3,833 A
R3 60
[ \ \ ) [
M # \ M \)M'))[ M($+
[ -S [ S [ )$
9 % .. (
G ;.8.:.:>4@>/4;.:97H>;@4>.:>.5:;4;/R
8.:B.@ ?A@46:@9:4:;L5>46:M B.89G.::9GB@9
>.5:489@6@ ;.8. . >.5P
/5;. >.G. 3.@G68. B.@ /G6 ./ G64:6::.>46EO9:979G95;6@9:
8. ;4B. P
A @939@48.D H@49 9 ./ 6@6797. B@9:95E6 :4G/7;J596 5. >4@>/4;. 8.: 8.4:
;4B.:3/586G95;64:89 6::.>46EF. 893459 6>N6G686 (
4<) ::.>46EF. 4:;6
CENFIM 39
9</486G95;9 65674:6@9G.: 9:;9 ;4B. 89 6::.>46EF.M 86: ;@L: <@6589C6: IA:4>6:
3/586G95;64: ::4GM ;958. B.@ I6:9 634</@66B@9:95;68689 + @9:4:;L5>46:M ;9@9G.:D
B I C B .
9@434>6 :9 Q/9 8/6: @9:4:;L5>46: 9 + 9:;F. 74<686: 9G H@49M 95Q/65;. 6:
@9:4:;L5>46: 9 ) 9:;F. 74<686: 9G 6@6797. 6@6 :9 >67>/76@ 6 @9:4:;L5>46
9Q/4?6795;9 866::.>46EF.M ?6G.:B@4G94@. >67>/76@ 6@9:4:;L5>46>.GI456868. >4@>/4;.
B6@6797.M 9 :9</486G95;9 :.G6@ 6:@9:4:;L5>46:9G :H@49
$;: 6 $ G : % $ F :
REQ = R1 + RC 2.3 + R4
B I
9:;9 ;4B. 89 6<@/B6G95;. 6 45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 ;.;67 [ [ +M Q/9 :64 86
3.5;9 89 674G95;6EF.M B6@6 674G95;6@ . >4@>/4;.M 4@A B6::6@ B976 @9:4:;L5>46 9 6.
6;45<4@ . 5= M 4@A@9B6@;4@ :9 9G 9 )M 9 6. 6;45<4@ . 5= ?.7;6G :9 6:.G6@ 9 86@
.@4<9G 6 + 5;F. B.89@9G.:84C9@M Q/9
I = I 1 = I 2 + I 3= I 4
B K B 5
9:;9 6<@/B6G95;. 9 I6:9658. 5. 89:95N. 6B@9:95;68.M @9:/G486G95;9 B.89G.:
84C9@M Q/9 6 45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 6. B9@>.@@9@ 6 @9:4:;L5>46 4@A B@.8/C4@ /G6
Q/986 89 ;95:F.M 6. 6;@6?9::6@ 6 @9:4:;L5>46 >.GI45686 )M 4@A B@.?.>6@ ./;@6
Q/986 89 ;95:F. 9 34567G95;9 6. 6;@6?9::6@ 6@9:4:;L5>46 + M B@.?.>6@A689@@6894@6
Q/986 89 ;95:F.M . Q/9 5.: 84C Q/9 6 ;95:F. 89 674G95;6EF. H 4</67 A :.G6 86:
Q/986:89 ;95:F.
∆ 6 G
∆ $ 6∆ : 6 $ G $ 6 : G : ./ ∆ $ 6∆ : 6 $;: G
∆ < 6 < G .58/;.@ H 6;@6?9::68. B.@ /G6 >.@@95;9 97H>;@4>6M 9::9 >.58/;.@
6Q/9>9 :;9 395=G95. H >.5N9>48. B.@ 9M >.G. 65;9@4.@G95;9 3.4
9SB74>68.M 89?9 :9 K959@<4684::4B6869G 3.@G689 >67.@ 56:GU7;4B76:>.74:O9:95;@9
.:979>;@O9:6. 7.5<. 8. :9/ ;@6P
9>;. 5. >.58/;.@ 9 .:A;.G.:34S.:86:/69:;@/;/@6
794 89 ./79 84C5.:Q/9 9::6 959@<46 H 84@9>;6G95;9 B@.B.@>4.567 K @9:4:;L5>46M 6.

Q/68@68. 8645;95:48689 86>.@@95;9 9 6. ;9GB. 89 B6::6<9G 89:;6
@9:4:;L5>46M 9G .NG
W = R . I 2. t
45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9M 9G 6GB9@9
; ;9GB. 89 B6::6<9G 86>.@@95;9M 9G :9</58.:
Y 959@<4674I9@;686M 9G P
./79:
:;6 959@<46 >.@@9:B.589 6 /G6 89;9@G45686 Q/65;48689 89 >67.@ 84::4B686 56

@9:4:;L5>46
./ Q=K.R.I2.t Q=K.W
G Q/9D
- Q/65;48689 89 >67.@M 9G >67.@46:
0 >.5:;65;9 89 B@.B.@>4.56748689 89:4<5686 B.@ - ,
! ./ ;6GIHG 89:4<5686B.@
:9/ ?67.@ HD 0 [ $M + >67
.89G.:95;F. 9:>@9?9@D
Q= 0,24 . R . I 2. Q = 0,24 . W
./
t
6@6 95;9589@G.:. :4<5434>68. 89 L 36E6G.:59:;6 U7;4G6 9SB@9::F. Y [ P

./79M .
Q/9 @9:/7;6- [ $M + >67
L @9B@9:95;6M 95;F.M 6Q/65;48689 89 >67.@ 74I9@;68645;9<@67G95;9 B.@ /G P
./79
CENFIM 41
3@ C
! $
/586G95;67G95;9 84:;45</4G.:8.4:;4B.:89 @9:4:;L5>46:D
$ C .
:@9:4:;L5>46:Q/9 ;9G.:;@6;68. 6;H 6. G.G95;.M >.GB.@;6G :9 9G >.53.@G48689

>.G 6 94 89 NGM 4:;. HM . :9/ ?67.@ H>.5:;65;9 9 4</67 6. Q/.>495;9 86;95:F. B976
45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 .G. <@6589C6M 6 @9:4:;L5>46 9SB@4G9 :9 <@634>6G95;9 B.@
/G6 @9>;6M >6@6>;9@4C686M 9G >686 >6:.M B.@ /G6 >9@;6 45>7456EF.M >.G. :9 4584>6 56
34</@6 6R689:4<56EF. 89 @9:4:;L5>46:74596@9:./ =NG4>6:K:@9:4:;L5>46:Q/9 6::4G
:9 >.GB.@;6G
R(Ω) I (A)
R = constante R = constante
U (V) U (V)
H4589B95895;9 8. ?67.@ 86;95:F. 4596@48689 863/5EF. [3W X
4<
6 :/6 >.5:;@/EF. :F. /;474C686: 74<6: @9:4:;95;9: 89 <@6589 @9:4:;4?48689 9 I64S.

>.934>495;9 89 ;9GB9@6;/@6M >.G. 6 65<65456M @.G. R
Q/97M 4>@=G4.M 9;>
979?686 9:4:;4?48689 B9@G4;9 @9674C6@ @9:4:;L5>46: 89 <@6589 ?67.@ =NG4>. >.G

B9Q/95. >.GB@4G95;. 89 34.
CENFIM 42
I64S. >.934>495;9 89 ;9@G.@@9:4:;4?48689 B9@G4;9 <6@65;4@ /G6 I.6 9:;6I4748689 8.
:9/ ?67.@M >.G 6:?6@46EO9:86;9GB9@6;/@6
:;9:8.4:6:B9>;.::F. 89;9@G4565;9:569:>.7N68674<66/;474C6@ 9G >6866B74>6EF.
4:;45</4G.:64586M 895;@. 86:@9:4:;L5>46:74596@9:M 8.4:;4B.:D
2
1
C E
S4:;9 <@6589 ?6@498689D

9:4:;L5>46: .I45686: :F. >.5:;4;/R
86: B.@ /G 34. >.58/;.@ I.I4568. :.I@9 /G
>47458@. 9G G6;9@467 4:.768.@M >9@JG4>.M B.@ 9S9GB7.
9:4:;L5>46I.I4568689 B@9>4:F.M /;474C6869G 6B6@97N.:89 G98486
9:4:;L5>46I.I456869:G67;686M /;474C686>.G. 84?4:.@ 89 ;95:F.
) 9:4:;L5>46:6<7.G9@686:./ 89 >6@I.5.
4< 9:4:;L5>4689 >6@?F.T<@6589 9:;6I4748689M I64S. >.934>495;9 89

;9GB9@6;/@6M I64S. 36>;.@ 89 @/R
8.
+ 9:4:;L5>46:89 347G9M >.5:;4;/R

86:B.@ /G6345R
::4G6B97R
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./ ?48@. @9:4:;95;9 667;6:;9GB9@6;/@6:
4<) 9:4:;L5>4689 347G9 G9;A74>.D <@6589 9:;6I4748689 >.G 6;9GB9@6;/@6
C K
6@6 /G6 8686 ;95:F.M . B@.>9::. 89 36C9@G.:?6@46@ 6 45;95:48689 89 >.@@95;9 5/G

>4@>/4;.M >.5:4:;9 9G 36C9@ ?6@46@ 6@9:4:;L5>46
CENFIM 43
S4:;9G 84:B.:4;4?.: ?A@4.: B6@6 . 9394;. /G6@46G95;9M @9:/G9G :9 6 8.4: ;4B.:
3/586G95;64:D 9=:;6;.:9 64S6:89 9:4:;L5>46: 8439@95E6 95;@9 6GI.:H Q/9 .:
@9=:;6;.:B9@G4;9G ?6@46@ 89 3.@G6 >.5;R
5/6 . ?67.@ 86 @9:4:;L5>46M 95Q/65;. Q/9 6:
>64S6:89 @9:4:;L5>46:45;@.8/C9G ?67.@9:84:>@9;.:86G9:G6M 4:;. HM ?67.@9:34S.:
.G. 89>.@@9 86 :/6 B@=B@46 89:4<56EF.M 6 ?6@46EF. 86 @9:4:;L5>46 36C:9 B97.

G.?4G95;. 89 /G >/@:.@ Q/9 :9 89:7.>6 6. 7.5<. 89 /G 95@.76G95;. 89 74<6
@9:4:;95;9M >.G. :9P
6M B.@ 9S9GB7.M . >.5:;65;45 ./ . G64779>N.@;M 394;. :.I@9 /G
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4<+ 9=:;6;. 89 >/@:.@ 9 :R

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6@6?9@G.:G97N.@ . :9/ 3/5>4.56G95;.M @9B6@9G.:5634</@66I64S.M .589 :9 G.:;@6

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- M , >.@@9:B.589 6. 89:7.>6G95;. GAS4G. 8. >/@:.@ 9M B.@;65;.M K GAS4G6
@9:4:;L5>4645;@.8/C486
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86:65;9@4.@9:
4< .:4EO9:8. >/@:.@
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CENFIM 44
.G. 9=:;6;.M 6 74<6EF. H 394;6 :.G95;9 95;@9 /G 8.:;9@G4564:86 @9:4:;L5>46 9 .
;9@G4567 8. >/@:.@
0 1. 2
:;9 ;4B. 89 @9=:;6;. HG/4;. /;474C68. 5. 6@@65Q/9 89 G.;.@9:

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@9:4:;95;9 4:B.:;. 9G 6@>.M >.G >.5;6>;.: 45;9@GH84.: 6>9::R
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4< 9=:;6;. 89 B.5;.:
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45;95:48689 5.G4567
0(
G @9=:;6;. 89:4<56 :9 B.@ B.;95>4=G9;@. Q/658. :9 89:;456 6 B@.B.@>4.56@ /G6

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@9:B9>;4?. >.5;6>;. G=?97 9 6./;@69S;@9G48689
34</@6#M G.:;@69G 9:Q/9G6M >.G. :9 /;474C6/G @9=:;6;. B.;95>4.G9;@4>.
Potenciómetro de carga,
utilizado no comando de
A resistência variável RV Potenciómetro Ajustável de motores eléctricos e no
constitui um reóstato carvão, utilizado em rádio comando da corrente de
potenciométrico e televisão carga das baterias
4<# .;95>4=G9;@.:
CENFIM 45
E C
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CENFIM 81
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20 cm
I = 10 A
20 cm
4 cm
CENFIM 82
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SD:
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CENFIM 83
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T3 5 4
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS – 2 (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
CATÁLOGO GERAL-91 (MERLIN GERIN)
ELECTROTECNIA (PARANINFO-PABLO ALCADE SAN MIGUEL)
CENFIM 84
! " #
$ % &
&
&
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" '
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& #
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$ % #
% #
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CENFIM 1
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+ , - #
+ , - #
&$
&$
&$
CENFIM 2
. /012345672 104245 5428980:2 45;5<= 65< :2>2?45@
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75<1242 E F
45170/0:2< .6;23
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JD214. 3
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75<1242
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60675A26
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23
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CENFIM 3
516M5660A>3
565 :.A>.6726
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2 5 5A 7<0K18D3
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3 . ( 4
567D4. 42 515<802 53
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601D6.0423
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75<1242H . :.1R
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23
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601D6.0423
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601D6.0423
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. .
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45 :.<<5175H 3
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;5?562. 3 .18. 45 DA >5<O .4.Q1. 517217.H 5 45;04. = 01L<:02 7L<A0:2 4.6:.<>.6H
26;2<02BM5645 75A>5<27D<2 6C. AD07. A2064LI506
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1D2H :.A. 5A
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2BC.
2 /08D<2 ' <5><565172 65 DA2 :DI2 53 5:7<.3

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535:7<93
065 5 2:BC. 42 I.I012 6.I<5 2 28D3
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2><56517214. DA2 3 0850<2 ;0I<2BC. 12 6D2 >.60BC. .< .D7<. 324.H 723:.A. 5A
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53
5:7<.A281L70:26 265662 6.3 0:072BC. AD42 45 651704. $$ ;5?56>.< 658D14.H >53.
JD5H 45;04. = 01L<:02H >5<A215:5 ><270:2A5175 5A <5>.D6.
T. 75A>. 5A JD5 45:.<<5 4D2623

75<1K1:026:.165:D70;26H .D65R
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1DA :0:3
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CENFIM 9
*+D57, E
T. 1SA5<. 45 :0:3 .65/5:7D24.61DA 658D14. 5><565172 65 >.< E 5 2 6D2 D104245

L . !? E P5<7?F .75 65 JD5 2 /<5JDG1:02 5 . >5<O .4. 567C. <53
2:0.124.6 1DA2
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L 4067<0IDO42 2 #$ !? 82A2 426 2D40./<5JDG1:026 ;20 45 $ !? 2 $ U!? 5
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CENFIM 10
08* 5><565172BC. 42 2A>3
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23
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5A.167<2 65 JD5@ @ $ %π 8FV 3;

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5 :.16045<2<A.628.<2 7516M5623
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CENFIM 11
: E,7 I
= <5/5<0A.6 JD5 . :23 .< 45651;.3 ;04. 12 <56067G1:02 >.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 L
0145>5145175 4. 651704. 45 :0<:D3
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2 75<=H 20142H 45 75< 5A :.172 . K18D3
. JD5 . ;5:7.< /.<A2 :.A 2
.<085A 42 :.17285A 4.6 K18D3
.6H 1. 01672175 010:023 5675 K18D3
. :P2A2 65
E ;
/9<AD3
2 <5><56517270;2 45 DA2 :.<<5175 65<=@ @ 8F 1ω- ϕ2
CENFIM 14
;
G . ( .
A 85<24.< 53
5A5172< L :.16707DO
4. >.< DA 2153:.14D7.< :.3
.:24. 45 723/.<A2 JD5
>.662 65< A.;0A51724. 1. 650. 45 DA :2A>. A281L70:. /0N. .A. 65 ;5<0/0:2H .
:2A>. A281L70:. L:<024. >.< DA O
A21 >5<A215175 215345 /0. :.14D7.< 4560812
65 >.< !, .D,5 +I,
26 5N7<5A042456 45672 56>0<2 567C. 242>724.6 4.06 21L06H :.16707DO

4.6 20142 >.<
A275<023:.14D7.< 5 JD5 65 4560812A >.< 5), 7 :7- ; 3
082BC. 2. 5N75<0.< L
/5072 >.< A50. 45 4D26>5B26>5</5072A5175 242>7=;5062.621L06:.3
5:7.<5645 /.<A2 2
5672I53
5:5< I.A :.172:7.H . JD5 65 :P2A2A 79 1.<A23
A5175 :.167<DO
4265A
8<2/075
123
065A.6. /D1:0.12A517. 45 DA 85<24.<
08 5<24.< 53
5A5172<
. <.42< 1. 651704. 0140:24.H 2 56>0<2 ;20 :.<72< 26 3

01P26 45 /.<B2 4. :2A>.
A281L70:.H ><.4D?04.X 65 153
2 DA2 /.<B2 53
5:7<.A.7<0? 014D?042 JD5 ><.;.:2 2
:0<:D3
2BC. 45 DA2 :.<<5175 27<2;L64. :0<:D07. 5N75<0.<
. 4563
.:2< 65 42 >.60BC. >2<2 2 >.60BC. H 2 56>0<2 :.<72 DA 1SA5<. A=N0A. 45
3
01P2645 /.<B2
53
. JD5 2 / 5 A 014D?042 270185 DA ;23
.< A=N0A. 2>9665 75< 4563
.:24. *$Y .75
65 JD5 7217. 12 >2<75 I<21:2 :.A. 12 ><572H 6D<80<C. / 5 A JD5 ;C. 240:0.12< 65H >53
.
JD5 >.45 :.1:3
D0< 65 JD5 2 :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07. 5N75<0.< 65<= 7217. A206 53
5;242H
JD217. A20.< /.< . 1SA5<. 45 :.14D7.<56JD5 :.<72A . :2A>. A281L70:.
+D214. 2 56>0<2 :.1701D2 2 <.42< 27L .:D>2< 2 >.60BC. 01;5<62 Z >.60BC. 45 >2<7042H
;20 :.<7214. DA A51.< 1SA5<. 45 3
01P26 45 /.<B2 27L . 65D >3
21. 65 406>.<
>5<>5140:D3
2<A5175 Z6<5/5<04263
01P26H 450N214. 45 65< 6545 45 / 5 A 014D?042
CENFIM 15
08 <.4DBC. 45 / 5 A 601D6.0423:.A 4563
.:2A517. 45 *$Y
08 # 5 A 601D6.0423><.4D?042 :.A 4563

.:2A517. 45 *$Y2 ($Y
>2<70< 45675 A.A517.H . 651704. 42 / 5 A 014D?042 12 56>0<2 L:.17<=<0. 2. 2175<0.<

. 517217.H 5 2 A51.64. 651704.H 7D4. 65 >2662 4. A.4. 456:<07. / 5 A 014D?042
270185 DA ;23
.< A=N0A. 2>962 <.72BC. 45 '$YH :.A5B214. 2 40A01D0< 27L65 21D3
2<
JD214. . >3
21. 42 56>0<2 65 :.3
.:2 >5<>5140:D3
2<A5175 Z63
01P2645 /.<B2 4. :2A>.
P.A.8L15.H . JD5 6D:545 2>96DA2 <.72BC. :.A>3
572H ;.3
7214. Z>.60BC.
08 & 5 A .I7042 >53

2 <.72BC. 517<5 ($Y5 &$Y
CENFIM 16
.< :242 <.72BC. 42 56>0<2 .I75< 65 = DA2 601D69045 2A>3
07D45 42 / 5 A .I7042
65<= 7217. A20.<H JD217. A20.< /.< . 1SA5<. 45 56>0<26 JD5 :.16707D0 . 014D?04.
.80:2A5175H 2 /<5JDG1:02 45>5145<= 42 ;53
.:04245 45 <.72BC.H
456:<0BC. JD5 2:2I2A.6 45 5/5:7D2< :.14D?0<= 2.6 A56A.6 <56D3

724.6 65 28.<2
406>D65<A.6 45 DA <97.< E
>2<75 A9;53
F :.16707DO
4. >.< DA O
A21 E
535:7<.O
A21
23
0A51724. 5A :H:HF 5 DA 567=7.< E
>2<75 /0N2FH :.16707DO
4. >.< I.I0126.145 ;C. 6D<80<
26 / 5 A 014D?0426H >.< A.;0A5172BC. 4. <97.< . 406>.6070;. 456:<07.H :2>2? 45
><.4D?0< :.<<5175 23
75<1242 601D6.0423
H :P2A2 65 :
- 5 ;
08 ' <.4DBC. 45 DA2 8<2145?2 601D6.0423
4. ( ; .
5 2123 062<A.6 2 5N>5<0G1:02 45 ;5<0/0:2BC. 42 50 45 PA A26 2>3 0:214. 28.<2

8<2145?2623 75<12426H :P582<5A.6Z:.1:3 D6C. JD5 65 A217LA :.1672175 . JD.:05175
% 5675 JD.:05175 :P2A2<5A.6 , ! >57, 4. :0<:D07.H 2. JD232>3 0:2A.6 2
7516C. 2375<1242 5 JD5 65 <5><565172 >.< & 6D2 D104245 L.I;02A5175 . M
660AH 2 . , M 266DA5 2 /.<A2H JD5 L456081242 >.< 50 45 PA 8515<23
0?242
@ &;
40/5<51B2 517<5 & 5 45;5 65 2. /2:7. 45 & 45>5145< 42 /<5JDG1:02 660AH 5A

:.<<5175 23 75<1242H 2 <53
2BC. 517<5 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175 45>5145H >2<2 DA2 4242
/<5JDG1:02H 42 0A>54K1:02 & 5 4. K18D3. 45 456/262A517. ϕ
.< 45/010BC. 4560812< 65 =@
:.6ϕ >.< , -D57,
651ϕ >.< 7->57, N
CENFIM 17
08 ( <0K18D3
. 4260A>54K1:026
58D042A5175 567D42<5A.6 .6 :0<:D07.6 5A JD5 6D<85A :.<<51756 23

75<12426
601D6.04206H JD5 6C. /.<A24.6>.< <56067G1:026H I.I01265 :.1451624.<56
5<5A.6H 1. 517217.H 5A ><0A50<. 3

D82<H .6:0<:D07.6045206H .D 65R
2H .6:.16707DO
4.6
>.< <56067G1:026H >.< I.I0126>D<26E
65A <56067G1:02F 5 >.< :.1451624.<56>D<.6E
65A
<56067G1:02645 >5<426F 23:.A. 6D:545 12 <523
04245
. 517217.H 23
8DA26 456726 7<G6 8<2145?26H JD5 /.<A2A .6 53
5A517.6 <5206
E
<56067G1:02H <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 5 <52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2FH 266DA5A ;23
.<567C. I20N.6
JD5 >.45A 456><5?2< 65 /2:5 2.6<56721756
T. :26.H >.< 5N5A>3

.H 4263
KA>242645 01:21456:G1:02H JD5 >.45AH 65A 8<2145 5<<.H
65< :.16045<2426:.A. <56067G1:026>D<26
. 2>3
0:2<A.6DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242 601D6.0423Z<56067G1:02 >D<2A5175 9PA0:2H
JD2365<= 2 /.<A2 45 .142 42 :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07.[
>3
0:214. 2 50 45 PA 2.66D:5660;.60167217565 DA2 ;5?JD5 V HR
= JD5 2
<52:7K1:02 L1D3
2H /2:03
A5175 65 ;5<0/0:2 JD5@
\ A54042 JD5 2 7516C. 2DA5172H 2 :.<<5175 72AILA . /2<=H R
= JD5 65
<53
2:0.12A >53
2 50 45 PAH V Q
+D214. 2 7516C. 2>3
0:242 AD42 45 >.3
2<04245H 72AILA 2 01751604245 45
:.<<5175 AD42 45 5-, ;
CENFIM 18
08 * 56067G1:02 >D<2 23
0A517242 5A
.8. 26:D<;26<5><56517270;2642 7516C. 5 42 :.<<5175 567C. 5A /265H .D65R

2H 2
DA A=N0A. 42 7516C. :.<<56>.145 2 DA A=N0A. 45 :.<<5175H . A56A.
6D:54514. >2<2 .6?5<.6
K 6M ,7
. 65< 3
08242 2 DA2 <545 45 :.<<5175 23
75<12 D12 <56067G1:02 E
> 5N D12 3
KA>242
45 01:21456:G1:02FH 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 JD5 :0<:D3
2 75A 2 A56A2 /.<A2
601D6.0423JD5 2 7516C. 42 <545 +D214. 2 7516C. >2662 >53
. ;23
.< ?5<.H 15675
01672175 1C. :0<:D3
2 :.<<5175 E
6D2 01751604245 L?5<.F +D214. 2 7516C. 23
:21B2
. ;23
.< A=N0A.H 2 01751604245 L08D23
A5175 A=N0A2 0?65 517C. JD5 2 7516C.
5 2 01751604245 567C. 5A /265 E
/08 *F
. :26. 45 :2<826 9PA0:26H 2 7516C. 5 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 ;2<02A
60AD3
72152A5175
08 $ 516C. 5 01751604245 5A /265
CENFIM 19
( (
6 I.I0126 567C. ><5651756 5A 7.4.6 2JD53

56 <5:5>7.<56 1.6 JD206 65R
2
15:566=<0. 2 ><.4DBC. 45 DA :2A>. A281L70:. .< 5N5A>3
. 1.653
5:7<.O
A2156H
:.172:7.<56H A.7.<56H <52:7K1:026 45 2<<21JD5 45 3
KA>2426 45 456:2<82
E
/3D.<56:51756H ;2>.< 45 A5<:S<0.H ;2>.< 45 6940.H 57: FH 7<216/.<A24.<56H 57:
2<2 . 567D4. 4. :.A>.<72A517. 42 I.I012 45;5A.6 75< 5A :.172 JD5 26
I.I01266C. 45 :.I<5H >.< 066. 2><565172<5A DA2 4575<A01242 <56067G1:02
7 5- 7 5-C
5+ 53
082<A.6D12 I.I012 2 D12 7516C. :.17O
1D2H :0<:D3
2<=
>.< 53
2 DA2 :.<<5175 53
L:7<0:2 JD5 65<= D10:2A5175 3
0A07242 >53
2 <56067G1:02
58D14. 2 3
50 45 PA@ @ % 24. JD5 5672 <56067G1:02 65< >5JD512H 5 65
2>3
0:2A.6D12 7516C. 53
5;242 ZI.I012H :0<:D3
2<= >53
2 A56A2 DA2 :.<<5175 :.A
DA2 01751604245 53
5;242H . JD5 .<08012<= DA2 /.<75 >.7G1:02 40660>242H JD5
>.45<= 4567<D0< 2 I.I012 45;04. 2. :23
.< 85<24.
7 5- :
- 5 53
082<A.62 A56A2 I.I012 2 D12 7516C. 23
75<12H >.45
65 :.A><.;2< 5N>5<0A51723
A5175 JD5 2 :.<<5175 JD5 :0<:D3
2 >53
2 A56A2
2><565172 DA ;23
.< A51.< 5 3
082<A.6 DA ]277O
A57<. >.45<5A.6 :.A><.;2<
JD5 . :.16DA. 45 >.7G1:02 L ><270:2A5175 1D3
.H 2>562< 42 5N067G1:02 45 D12
:5<72 :.<<5175 660A >.45<5A.6 :P582< Z :.1:3
D6C. JD5 2 I.I012 2><565172
DA2 :5<72 .>.60BC. = >266285A 42 :.<<5175 40/5<5175 4. :26. 2175<0.< 5A JD5 2
.>.60BC. 5<2 45;042 Z<56067G1:02 .PA0:2
.4.656756/519A51.645;5A 65 2. 5/507. 45 2D7. 014DBC. 42 I.I012@

+D214. 2 I.I012 L>5<:.<<042 >.< DA2 :.<<5175 23
75<1242H 2>2<5:5 DA2 :.<<5175
;2<0=;53
H 5 >.< 7217. DA :2A>. A281L70:. 72AILA ;2<0=;53 24. JD5 263
01P26
45 /.<B2 4. /3
DN. A281L70:.H JD5 53
2 A56A2 85<2H :.<72A 2 6D6 ><9><0.6
:.14D7.<56H 6D<85 D12 / 5 A 45 2D7. 014DBC. JD5H 658D14. 2 3
50 45 51?H 65 ;20
.>.< Z:2D62 JD5 3
P5 45D.<085A
08 / 5 A 45
2D7. 014DBC. 42
I.I012 .>M5 65 Z
:.<<5175
CENFIM 20
+D214. 2 :.<<5175H 658D014. 26;2<02BM5642 /D1BC. 601D6.0423
H 75145 2 :<56:5<H
. :2A>. A281L70:. 72AILA :<56:5
>2<5:5 517C. DA2 / 5 A JD5 65 .>M5 2 JD5 2 :.<<5175 65 5672I53

5B2H
><.;.:214. DA 27<26. 12 :.A5175 53
L:7<0:2 5A <53
2BC. Z 7516C. E A2 I.I012
2. 65< 3
08242 2 DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242H 2 7516C. 2>2<5:5 45 0A54027. 2.665D6
75<A01206F
K ,5 +-,9
5 2 DA2 <545 45 :.<<5175 23

75<12 /.< 3
0824. DA <5:5>7.< 014D70;.H ;20 42<
.<085A 2 DA 456/262A517. 517<5 2 7516C. 5 2 01751604245 672 S3
70A2H 5A
;0<7D45 42 2D7. 014DBC.H 5672<= 27<26242 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.
675 456/262A517.H :.A. 7.4. . K18D3

.H >.45 65< A5404. 5A 8<2D6 . :26. 45
D12 :2<82 014D70;2 >D<2H 5A JD5 <56067G1:02 9PA0:2 L1D3
2H . 456/262A517. 65<=
45 *$^
. :26. 45 :2<82 014D70;2 >D<2H 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 5175 27<26242 *$Ê
45 >5<O
.4.F 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.
08 028<2A2 ;5:7.<02345 5 1DA2 I.I012 >D<2
CENFIM 21
5675 :26. 40?65 JD5 2 01751604245 567= 456/26242 5A 27<26. 5A <53
2BC. Z
7516C. 5A DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
.
O (
.A. 2 .>.60BC. 2><56517242 >53

2 I.I012 Z:.<<5175 23
75<1242 75A 2 ;5< :.A .6
/519A51.645 2D7. 014DBC. 672 65<= A20.< JD217. A20.< 65R
2 . :.5/0:05175 45
2D7. 014DBC. .?5 A206<=>042665R
2A 26;2<02BM5642 :.<<5175 23
75<1242
P2A2A.6 <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 N. Z .>.60BC. 2><56517242 >53

2 I.I012 Z
:.<<5175H >53
. JD5@
X L = 2πfL
- V 52:7K1:02 014D70;2 5A .PA6EΩ F
/ V <5JDG1:02 5A P5<7?E
!?F
V .5/0:05175 45 2D7. 014DBC. 5A P51<06E
!F
P (
23:.A. 0140:=A.62. ><01:O

>0. 45675 75A2H A545 65 2 >.7G1:02 45 DA2 I.I012
>D<2H >.45 65 :.A><.;2< JD5 2 3
507D<2 27<2;L6 45 DA ]277O
A57<. 0140:2 DA2
>.7G1:02 08D232 ?5<.
. :.17<=<0. 4. JD5 .:.<<5 1DA2 <56067G1:02H 1DA2 I.I012 >D<2 1C. 65 ><.4D?
151PDA :.16DA. 45 515<802 :23
.<O
/0:2
:.<<5175 JD5 >5<:.<<5 2 I.I012 65<;5 D10:2A5175 >2<2 85<2< . :2A>.
A281L70:.
2 <523
04245 . JD5 .:.<<5 L JD5H 2. :<56:5< 2 :.<<5175 >53
2 I.I012H 72AILAH
2:.175:5 . A56A. 2. :2A>. . :2A>. A281L70:.H ><.4D?014. 65 DA :.16DA. 45
515<802 53
L:7<0:2 5675 :26. 2 515<802 /3
S0 4. 85<24.< 27L Z I.I012 5 L JD214.
40?5A.6JD5 5672 567= 2 :.16DA0< 515<802 53
5:7<.A281L70:2 A2 ;5?23
:21B242
2 :.<<5175 A=N0A2 5 . /3
DN. A=N0A.H 56756 75145A 2 40A01D0< 658D014. 2
7<2R
5:79<02 601D6.0423
H 45651<.3
214. 65 DA2 / 5 A 45 2D7. 014DBC. 45 723651704.
JD5 85<2 DA2 515<802 53
L:7<0:2 JD5H 28.<2H /3
S0 45645 2 I.I012 27L 2. 85<24.<
5675 :26.H 2 I.I012 45;.3
;5 2 515<802 2. 85<24.< 5672 A2150<2 40?5A.6JD5 2
I.I012 1C. :.16.A5 <523
A5175 2 515<802H A2660A>3
56A5175 2 7.A2 5A><567242
4D<2175 DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. >2<2 85<2< . 65D :2A>. 53
5:7<.A281L70:.H >2<2 2
45;.3
;5< 1. JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 658D0175
CENFIM 22
24. JD5 . ]277O
A57<. A545 . ;23
.< AL40. 42 >.7G1:02 5 5672 L6 >.6070;2
4D<2175 DA JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 5 158270;2 1. 658D0 175 675 1C. 0140:2 151PDA2
>.7G1:02
660A 2 I.I012 1C. :.16.A5 515<802 6 :.16721756 :2<826 5 456:2<826 42
A56A2 .<08012A :.A JD5 5 :0<:D3
5 DA2 4575<A01242 :.<<5175 1.6:.14D7.<56H
>.< 7217.H 72AILA 2>2<5:5 DA2 >.7G1:02H 2 JD5 :P2A2<5A.6>.751:02 <52:70;2
E
+2
$
+ ,5 L @ N. 1 2 19 :
- ! 7-,9 2
, 7+,- .
A2 I.I012 <5232><565172 <56067G1:02 9PA0:2 45;04. Z6D2 :.16707D0BC.
Z = R 2 + X L2
08 .I012
660A >.45A.6 .I75< DA :0<:D07. 04G170:. 2. 42 /08D<2 5675 :26. 45;5<5A.6

:.16045<2< . ;23
.< 42 <56067G1:02 5 . 42 <52:7K1:02 014D70;2 N. 65>2<24.6
08
CENFIM 23
. :0<:D07. 014D70;. 2 :.<<5175 27<26242 45 DA K18D3
. ϕ 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.
. :26. 4. :0<:D07. H . 456/262A517. ;2<02 517<5 $Y5 *$Y
S=U.I (VA)
P = UR . I = U . I COS ϕ (W)
QL = XL . I = U . I SEN ϕ (VAr)
08 # .7G1:0261DA2 I.I012
'
( (
6:.1451624.<561C. 6C. <5:5>7.<56JD5 65R 2A D703

0?24.6P2I07D23A5175 :.A.
26 <56067G1:026 5 26 I.I0126 . 517217. 6C. AD07. S7506H >.< 5N5A>3.H >2<2
:.17<2<02< .6 /519A51.6 158270;.6 JD5 ><.4D?5A 26 >.7G1:026 <52:70;26 426
I.I0126
7 5- 7 5-,5+ H 69 :0<:D3 2<= :.<<5175 53

L:7<0:2 >53
. :0<:D07. 4D<2175 2
:2<82 4. :.1451624.< 5672 /.<A2H >.45 65 40?5< JD5 DA :.1451624.< 1C.
>5<A075 2 >266285A 42 :.<<5175 :.17O1D2
7 5- :
- 5 H . :.1451624.< /0:2<= :2<<5824. 23
75<1242A5175
>5<A07014. 2660A :.<<5175 1. :0<:D07.
CENFIM 24
08 & 028<2A2 ;5:7.<02345 5 1DA :.1451624.<
:2<82 :2>2:070;2 E
:.1451624.<FH JD214. 0165<04. 1DA :0<:D07. 45 :.<<5175
23
75<1242 .<08012 DA 456/262A517. 517<5 7516C. 5 01751604245 :.<<5175
2>2<5:5 5A 2;21B. 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.
. :26. 42 :2<82 :2>2:070;2 >D<2H 2 01751604245 45 :.<<5175 2402172 *$Ê 45

>5<O
.4.F 5A <53
2BC. Z7516C.
O (
A :.1451624.<H 5A H >5<A075 JD5 /3

D2 :.1672175A5175 DA2 :.<<5175
53
L:7<0:2 >53
. :0<:D07. 45;04. Z6 :.16721756H :2<826 5 456:2<826 4. A56A. T
0A>.<72175 1.72< JD5 5672 :.<<5175 5+57 - 9 , :
)7- ,7
75 5 H A2660A >53
.6:.14D7.<564. :0<:D07.
P2A2A.6 7->57, 7 ! 7,-,9 75 5 N Z .>.60BC. JD5 .

:.1451624.< 2><565172 Z:.<<5175
-: V 52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2
5A .PA6
1
XC = / V <5JDG1:02 5A P5<7?
2πfC
V 2>2:04245 4.
:.1451624.< 5A /2<246
08 ' 52:7K1:02 :2>2:070;2
P (
8D232. JD5 .:.<<5 :.A 2 I.I012H 65 /.< A54042 :.A DA ]277O

A57<. 2 >.7G1:02
45 DA :.1451624.<H >.45 65 :.A><.;2< JD5 2 >.7G1:02 0140:242 L08D232 ?5<.
DA :.1451624.< 1C. 5N0675 :.16DA. 45 515<802 2:70;2 D<2175 . ><0A50<.
JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. . :.1451624.< L 7 K 7 5 K, :
)7- ,7 E
CENFIM 25
7 K :7- -8-,7 H >53
. JD5 2 515<802 /3
S0 4. 85<24.< 45 >2<2 .
:.1451624.< . JD2<7. 45 :0:3
. 658D0175 . :.1451624.< 456:2<<582 >2<2 .
:0<:D07. 27L2. 85<24.<H 45;.3
;514. 2. A56A. 2 515<802 2:DAD3
242
2AILA 2>2<5:5 D12 >.7G1:02 <52:70;2 L7><.4D?042 >53

2 515<802 JD5 L7<.:242
517<5 . :.1451624.< 5 . 85<24.<
DA :.1451624.<@ +: V -: E F E;.3
7 2A>5<5 <52:70;.6F
08 ' 0<:D07.
5675 :26. . 456/262A517. ;2<02 517<5 $^5 *$Ê

/08 'F
R = Z COS ϕ
XC = Z SEN ϕ
Z2 = R2 + X2C
UR = U COS ϕ
UC = U SEN ϕ
U 2 = U R 2 + U 2C
S = U . I (VA)
P = U .I . cos ϕ (W)
QC = U .I . ses ϕ (VAr)
S2 = P2 + Q2C
08 (
CENFIM 26
.
5 3
082<A.6 DA2 <56067G1:02H DA2 I.I012 5 DA :.1451624.< .I75A.6 DA
7, 7+,- . ;
08 * 0<:D07.
5675 :26. 2 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. ;5A@
Z2 = R2 + X2
Z2 = R2 + (XL – XC)2
X L = 2πfL
1
XC = −
2πfC
1
X = 2πfL −
2πfC
+D214. - V $H E- V - FH P= <566.1K1:02 1. :0<:D07.

5675 :26. 2 0A>54K1:02 4. :0<:D07. L08D232
V
08 $
CENFIM 27
;
H P ( .
P (Q O
A :.<<5175 23
75<1242 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175 ;2<02A 2 :242 01672175 >53
. JD5 2
>.7G1:02 40660>242 72AILA 65<= ;2<0=;53
5/015 65 >.7G1:02 0167217K152 :.A. 6514. . ><.4D7. 4.6;23

.<5645 + 5 ,H 5A
:242 01672175
0/(
5<0/0:2 65 JD5 2 >.7G1:02 0167217K152 L65A><5 >.6070;2 >.7G1:02 LA=N0A2

JD214. /.<5A A=N0A.6 2 7516C. 5 2 :.<<5175H 21D3
214. 65 JD214. D 5 0 65
21D3
2A
08
6;23
.<560167217K15.645 5 6C. 424.6>53
265JD2BM56@
@ (8F 5 R-
@ (8F 5 R-
>.7G1:02 LH >.<7217.H 65A><5 >.6070;2H JD23

JD5< JD5 65R
2 . 01672175
:.16045<24. 5 . 65D8<=/0:. 45651;.3
;5 65 65A><5 2:0A2 4. 50N. 4.675A>.6
6012365A><5 >.6070;. 42 >.7G1:02 266.:0242 2 JD23

JD5< <5:5>7.< 9PA0:. 60810
/0:2 JD5 53
5 <5:5I5 :.1701D2A5175 515<802 42 <545H 067. LH 515<802 JD5 L
:.16DA042 5 5/5:70;2A5175 7<216/.<A242 2O2 6D2 P2I07D234560812BC. 45
>.7G1:02 2:70;2
T 5672 8<2145?2 JD5 >.45A.63
5< 5A JD23
JD5< ]277O
A57<. N><0A5 65 5A ]277H
CENFIM 28
:.A. 62I5A.6 6 :.1724.<56 45 515<802 2:70;2 42<C.H >.< :.1658D0175H 2
515<802 :.16DA042 4D<2175 DA :5<7. 75A>. 5A _WPE
_03
.]277 P.<2F
i
0
90 180 270 360
u + + - -
i + + - -
p + + + +
Quadrante 1º 2º 3º 4º
08 ;.3
DBC. :.1R
D172 426/D1BM56:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07.
>D<2A5175 <560670;.
2 21=3
065 42 /08 :.1:3
DOA.620142 JD5@
• 2 >.7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3
2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245
1 O 2
08
2 /08D<2 51:.17<2A 65 45651P242626:D<;2645 D 5 0 5 20142 42 >.7G1:02

JD5 3
P56;5A 266.:0242
CENFIM 29
6;23
.<560167217K15.645 5 6C. 424.6>53
265JD2BM56@
@ (8F 5 R-
@ (8F 5 1R- S3T2
.A. 1. :26. 2175<0.<@
• .7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3

2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245
. ><0A50<. 5 75<:50<. JD2<7.645 >5<O

.4. 5 7GA 601206:.17<=<0.6H >53
. JD5
156656JD24<217562 >.7G1:02 65<= 158270;2H . JD5 60810/0:2 5672< 2 65< /.<15:042
515<802 Z<545
. 658D14. 5 JD2<7. JD24<21756H 5 7GA . A56A. 601235 2 >.7G1:02 7.A2

60123>.6070;.H . JD5 60810/0:2H :.A. 62I5A.6H JD5 156756 0175<;23
.6 2 I.I012
<5:5I5 515<802 12 A56A2 JD21704245 JD5 P2;02 2175<0.<A5175 51;024. >2<2
<545
p
u i
0
90 180 270 360
u + + - -
i - + + -
p - + - +
08 ;.3
DBC. :.1R
D172 426/D1BM56:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07.
>D<2A5175 014D70;.
5A.6H 2660AH JD5 P= DA2 .6:03

2BC. :.17O
1D2 45 515<802H .<2 42 <545 5A
40<5:BC. Z:2<82H .<2 45672 >2<2 2JD53
2
CENFIM 30
662 515<802 1D1:2 :P582 2 65< 7<216/.<A242 5H >.<7217.H 2 >.7G1:02 AL402 JD5
3
P5 567= 266.:0242 L 1D3
2 67. L >.67. 5A 5;04G1:02 >53
2 08D23
4245 5 60A57<02
426=<526453
0A072426>53
2 /D1BC. >.7G1:02H :DR
2 6.A2 23
8LI<0:2 <53
270;2 2 DA
>5<O
.4. L 1D3
2 .45A.6517C. 2/0<A2< JD5 DA2 014D7K1:02 >D<2 1C. :.16.A5
515<802 2:70;2 .<LAH 5662 515<802 JD5 :0<:D3
2 23
75<1242A5175 517<5 2 <545 5 2
:2<82H 5AI.<2 1C. 65R
2 :.16DA042H 75A DA 4575<A0124. ;23
.< 5 L456081242 >.<
' H 456081214. 65 08D23
A5175 >.< <52:70;2 2 >.7G1:02 JD5 3
P5
;5A 266.:0242
.72 65 >53
2 3
57<2 L + +5, 5 ;;) . (
1 2 5 >.45 65< A54042 >53
.6 5 2 515<802 :.<<56>.145175 >53
.6
H A54042 5A P 662 515<802
:.<<56>.145 2. :2A>. A281L70:. :<024. 12 014D7K1:02 >53
2 >266285A 42
:.<<5175
.A. >.45A.6:.1:3
D0<H 2 I.I012 :.A5B2 >.< /.<15:5< 515<802 Z<545 .45A.6
72AILA 2/0<A2<@
A2 014D7K1:02 LDA /.<15:54.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2

+`$
1 2
08 #
2 /08D<2 # 567= <5><5651724. DA :.1451624.< 517<5 :DR

.6 75<A01206 567=
2>3
0:242 DA2 7516C. 23
75<1242 601D6.0423
.A. 62I5A.6H 2 :.<<5175 567= 5A 2;21B. 45 *$^H :.1/.<A5 1.6A.67<2A 26

5JD2BM56@
@ (8F 5 R-
CENFIM 31
@ (8F 5 1R- A S3T2
p
u
0
90 180 360
270
u + + - -
i + - - +
p + - + -
08 & ;.3
DBC. 42 :.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02 1DA :0<:D07. :2>2:070;. >D<.
2 /08D<2 &H + 5 , 567C. <5><5651724268<2/0:2A5175 R

D172A5175 :.A 2 :D<;2 42
>.7G1:02
.6 Y5 YJD24<217562 >.7G1:02 L>.6070;2H 5 158270;2 1.6 Y5 YJD24<21756
607D2BC. L .>.672 Z ;5<0/0:242 2175<0.<A5175H >.06. :.1451624.< :.A5B2 >.<
:.16DA0< 515<802 42 <545 E
>.7G1:02 >.6070;2F >2<2 12 .6:03
2BC. 658D0175 ;.3
72< 2
/.<15:G 3
2 12 A56A2 JD21704245
53
2 08D23
4245 5 60A57<02 426=<526>.6070;265 158270;26453
0A072426>53
2 :D<;2
5 658D014. DA <2:0.:O
10. 04G170:. 2. R
= D703
0?24. 1.6 4.06 >.17.6 2175<0.<56H
>.45A.670<2< 26658D01756:.1:3
D6M56@
• >.7G1:02 75A /<5JDG1:02 4D>3
2 42 7516C. 5 42 01751604245
• A2 :2>2:04245 >D<2 1C. :.16.A5 515<802 2:70;2 V$
• .17<2<02A5175 Z I.I012H DA :.1451624.< :.A5B2 >.< <5:5I5< 515<802

42 <545
• A :.1451624.< LDA :.16DA04.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2 +a$
• 2AILA 2. :.1451624.< 567= 266.:0242 DA2 515<802 .6:03

2175 JD5 1C.
CENFIM 32
L7<216/.<A242
>.7G1:02 266.:0242 4560812 65 >..<

D104245 . E F 5 LA54042 >53
.6 O H :.A.
62I5A.6
2<2 A540< 2 515<802 <52:70;2 D703
0?2A 65 H
:DR
2 0140:2BC. L4242 5A PE ! F
' ( (
.16045<5A.628.<2 DA2 :2<82 70>. ?. :.A. 12 /08D<2 '
08 '
+D214. 2>3
0:2A.6DA2 7516C. 1.665D675<A01206H 2 :.<<5175 <56D3
72175 ;20H
127D<23
A5175H 5672< 5A 6514. 45 456/262A517. /D1BC. 4.6;23
.<5645 5
/08D<2 ( JD5 70>0:2A5175 03
D67<2 5672 607D2BC.H <5/5<5 65 5A >2<70:D3
2< Z
5;.3
DBC. 42 >.7G1:02 1DA2 I.I012 .145 7516C. 5 :.<<5175 567C. 456/26242645
DA K18D3
. 40/5<5175 45 *$YE14D7K1:02 >D<2F
u
i
0 u 360
90 180
u + -
08 ( ;.3 DBC. 7O
>0:2 42 i - + -
:.<<5175H 7516C. 5 >.7G1:02
1DA :0<:D07.
><54.A012175A5175 p - + - +
014D70;.
CENFIM 33
2 21=3065 42 /D1BC. >.7G1:02 ;5A.6JD5 26=<526>.6070;26>.< 53
2 453
0A072426
6C. 6D>5<0.<56Z6158270;26
6D2 40/5<51B2 :.<<56>.145 Z 515<802 5/5:70;2A5175 :.16DA042 4D<2175 DA

>5<O
.4.H 067. LH Z515<802 2:70;2
2AILA P= 2 2660123
2< DA2 515<802 <52:70;2 JD5 :.<<56>.145 Z6=<526JD5 65
:.A>5162A 672 515<802 :0<:D3
2 12 <545H :.A. 62I5A.6H 65A 65< 7<216/.<A242
( P ( .
08 * .7G1:0265A :.<<5175 23
75<1242
@ . 7 ϕ U 1R --2
L P
5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@
Q = U IL sen ϕ
19 :
- ! 7-,9 2
@ . 19 :
- ! 2
CENFIM 34
3$ . 4
( 4
D703
0?2BC. 4.6 60675A26 7<0/=60:.6 5A 7.42 2 :24502 45 515<802 75A DA :2<=:75<
><270:2A5175 5N:3
D60;. .A5175 2 1O
;53 42 D703
0?2BC. ;2A.6 51:.17<2< DA
60810/0:270;. 5 ;2<024. 1SA5<. 45 2>2<53
P.6H 2660A :.A. 016723
2BM56 45 >5JD512
>.7G1:02 23
0A5172426:.A 7516M56A.1./=60:26
' ( 4
• 2<2 2 A56A2 >.7G1:02 2 /.<15:5<H DA 23

75<124.< 7<0/=60:. 75A A51.<
;.3
DA5 5 ><5B. JD5 2 :.<<56>.145175 D104245 A.1./=60:2 5 A20.<
/02I03
04245 45 65<;0B.
• 6<545645 7<216>.<75 5 45 4067<0ID0BC. <56D3
72A A20660A>3
565 5:.19A0:26
703
0?2A 7<G6:.14D7.<5645 /265 5H 5;517D23
A5175H DA JD2<7. :.14D7.< 15D7<.H
406>516214. 6506 :.14D7.<56 JD5 <5JD5< DA2 <545 A.1./=60:2 5JD0;23
5175 \
5:.1.A02 4. :.I<5 5 A51.<56 >5<426 5A 3
01P2 23
02A 65 .6 A51.<56 :D67.6 5
A20.< 60A>3
0:04245 45 :.1:5>BC. 5 0A>3
2172BC. 426 567<D7D<26 45 2>.0. 426
3
01P26
• 60A>3
0:04245 45 :.167<DBC.H A51.<56 :D67.6 5 8<2145 /02I03
04245 45
/D1:0.12A517. 4.6 7<216/.<A24.<56 7<0/=60:.6 5 20142 4.6 A.7.<56
266O
1:<.1.6 45 :2A>. 80<2175H 45 5A><58. 8515<23
0?24. 5 JD5 1C. 7GA
5JD0;23
5175 5A A.1./=60:.H R
D670/0:2A 69 >.< 60 2 5N067G1:02 45 60675A26
7<0/=60:.6
V .
400
u1 u2 u3 u1
300
200
100
-100
90 180 270 360 120º 120º
-200
120º
12 -300 1$2
u3 u2
-400
08 5><565172BC. :2<7560212 E F 5 ;5:7.<023E F 45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 45

7516M56 .72< JD5 567C. 456/262426517<5 60 45 $YH .D65R
2H 45 >5<O
.4.
CENFIM 35
2 /08 H >.45A.6;5< 5A ! 5- "# 7 - , 5 2 5;.3
DBC. 4267516M56
45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 2 >2<70< 4.6<56>5:70;.6;23
.<560167217K15.6
.45 20142 /2?5< 65 DA2 <5><565172BC. ;5:7.<0234. A56A. 60675A2 E

/08&$ FH
65 275145<A.62 JD5 DA 456/262A517. 1. 75A>. 45 45 >5<O
.4. 5JD0;23
5 2
DA2 40/5<51B2 218D3
2< 45 $Y 517<5 .6 ;5:7.<56 <5><56517270;.6 426 7516M56
D>M5 65 7.4. . 60675A2 <.4214. 2 DA2 ;53
.:04245 218D3
2< ω 1. 651704.
0140:24.H JD5 2<I07<2A.6:.A. >.6070;.
U 1,U 2,U 3, :.16707D5AH 2660AH DA :.1R

D17. 45 7<G6 9 7- K, 5- :DR
2
8<2145?2 A545 5A 9 : E,7 I26<5/5<04267516M56
L P
2 21=3
065 42 /08 ;5A.6JD5 567= 5A 2;21B. <53
270;2A5175 2 5
/2:7.H 65 56:.3
P5<A.6H >.< 5N5A>3
.H 2 .<085A 4.6 75A>.6 :.A. <5/5<G1:02H
;5<0/0:2A.6JD5 75A R
= DA :5<7. ;23
.< >.6070;. 1DA2 /265 45:<56:5175 42 6D2
23
75<1K1:02H 51JD217. JD5 L 1D3
. 5 69 28.<2 0<= 010:02< 2 23
75<1K1:02 >.6070;2
>.< ;23
.<566D:5660;2A5175 :<56:51756
5<0/0:2A.608D23
A5175 JD5 567= 5A 27<26. <53
270;2A5175 2 67. 60810/0:2
JD5 65 24A070<A.6 7.4. . 60675A2 <.4214. 1. 651704. 0140:24. 12 /08 5
7.A2<A.6:.A. <5/5<G1:02 2 >.60BC. .:D>242 2 424. A.A517. >.< DA 456656
;5:7.<56H >.< 5N5A>3

. U 1 H JD5 5672 65<= 6D:5660;2A5175 .:D>242 >53
.6;5:7.<56
U2 5 U3
65JDG1:02 45 /2656 0140:242 L H H 5 :P2A2 65 + )

.<7217.H 2 65JDG1:02 45 /2656L 2 .<45A >53
2 JD2365 6D:545A 26
/26561DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:.
. ' ' 4
N0675A 4D26/.<A267O
>0:2645 266.:02BC.H 26:P2A2426@
• .,K "# . ;
• .,K "# O ' . + .
CENFIM 36
08 082BC. 5A 567<53
2 45 :2<826A.1./=60:26D703
0?214. DA S10:. :.14D7.<
:.ADA :517<23E
:.14D7.< 15D7<.F 5675 :.14D7.< 1C. :0<:D3
2 :.<<5175H V
>.45<02 A56A. 6D><0A0< 65
67<G6:2<826<5><565172426:2<2:75<0?2A 65 >53
. A56A. ;23
.< 45 0A>54K1:02H
067. LH & @ &$ @ &< 6<56>5:70;265N7<5A042456567C. 3
0824262.675<A0120645
:242 DA 4.6 51<.3
2A517.6 4. 23
75<124.< 5 6C. <5/5<51:02426 >53
26 3
57<26 N?
W?U &
.6 :.14D7.<56 45 23
0A5172BC. 5672I53
5:5A 65 2660A 7<G6 :.<<51756 :.A .
A56A. ;23
.< 5/0:2?A26 E $3T
6;23
.<560167217K15.6456626:.<<5175640/5<5AH :.17D4.H 5A :242 A.A517. 5
5A :242 DA2 426/2656
.45<O
2A.6<570<2< . 4. :0<:D07. 65A 23
75<2BC. .D><5R
DO?.
426 :.140BM56 45 /D1:0.12A517. 69 1C. . /2?5A.6 >.< DA2 A54042
><5;5170;2H 623
;28D2<4214. 2660A 2 P0>97565 426 7<G6 :2<826 >.45<5A 6./<5<
JD23
JD5< 23
75<2BC.
CENFIM 37
67263
082BM56:.1/08D<2A DA2 - :H 7217. 12 /.175 :.A. 12 :2<82 >.17.
:.ADA 4560812 65 >.<
.A. 5N5A>3
.H 65 :.16045<2<A.6.6;23
.<5645 H H E
/08 F :.<<56>.14514. 2
DA2 :.<<5175 5/0:2?45 ( >.< /265 5 <53
270;.62. A.A517. 5A JD5 ω7 V *$YH
75A.6@
ωt = 90 0
V A=N 651 ω7 V H 651*$YV H
V A=N 651E ω7 $YF V H 651E $YF V #H&&
V A=N 651 ω7 V H 651 $YV #H&&
5675H :.A. 5A JD23

JD5< .D7<. 01672175H 2 6.A2 23
8LI<0:2 426:.<<51756L?5<.@
$ V b b V H #H&& #H&& V
5A JD5 $ <5><565172 2 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<.
/08 A.67<2 5675 60675A2 45 :.<<51756 5A <5><565172BC. :2<7560212H .145H

>2<2 :242 01672175H 2 6.A2 426 .<4512426 :.<<56>.1451756 Z 0175<65:BC. 42
;5<70:23:.A 26<56>5:70;26601D690456L65A><5 08D232 ?5<.
08
CENFIM 38
( L .
+D214. 7.426 26 :2<826 7GA . A56A. ;23

.<H 067. LH 2 A56A2 0A>54K1:02H .
60675A2 40?65 5JD03
0I<24. 5 26:.<<517565A :242 DA2 426/26566C. 08D206
.0 . :26. 2I.<424. 1. >.17. 2175<0.<

DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 5JD03
0I<24. 2 6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<51756L08D232 ?5<.
I 0 = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
I 0 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<. 0 ;5:7.< 1D3

.
V ( . (
• ( .
.16045<5A.6DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. :.A 15D7<.H E

:DR
263
01P2645 23
0A5172BC. 6C.
:.16707DO
426>.< 7<G6:.14D7.<5645 /265 5 >53
. :.14D7.< 15D7<.H <5/5<51:024.6H
<56>5:70;2A5175H ! . 1 2? .$ 1 2? .< 1 2 ;
.16045<5A.6 20142 .6 >.17.6 ?$?< :.<<56>.1451756 2.6 75<A01206 45

3
082BC.
08 516M5660A>3
56.D7516M5645 /265
560812 65 >.< 2 7516C. 5N0675175 517<5 JD23

JD5<
:.14D7.< 45 /265 5 . :.14D7.< 15D7<.
DA , - - ,E8 ,7 7 5 +- 75A.6H >.<7217.H 7<G67516M5660A>3

56H JD5
4560812A.6 >.< ? $ < .A. 62I5A.6H 6C. 08D206 5A 8<2145?2 5
;5:7.<023
A5175 /.<A2A DA2 567<53
2 7<0/=60:2 45 7516M56E
/08& F
CENFIM 39
U1
120º
120º
120º
08# 67<53
2 7<0/=60:2 45 7516M56 U2
U3
• (
U1
U31 U12
U3 U2
0
3 2
U23
08& 516M56:.A>.6726
5/015 65 :.A. 2 7516C. 5N0675175 517<5 4D26JD206JD5<

/26564. 60675A2 7<0/=60:.
2 /08& 2660123
2A.6 26 <5/5<0426 7516M56 :.A 60AI.3
.802 R
= 1.662 :.1P5:042H
067. L@
U 12 = U 1 − U 2
U 23 = U 2 − U 3
U 31 = U 3 − U 1
JD5 <5><565172AH <56>5:70;2A5175H 267516M56517<5 26/2656 5 H 5 H 5

6726 5N><566M56 >.660I03
072A 1.6 45651P2< .6 ;5:7.<56 <5><56517270;.6 426
7516M56 :.A>.6726 45 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 2 >2<70< 426 <56>5:70;26 7516M56
60A>3
56
CENFIM 40
. ' & V ( . (
. <56>5:70;. 4028<2A2 ;5:7.<023ID6JD5A.62 <53

2BC. 517<5 2 7516C. :.A>.672
5 2 7516C. 60A>3
56@ .67<G6;5:7.<56/.<A2A DA 7<0K18D3
. 0696:53
56H :DR
. K18D3
.
.I7D6. :.<<56>.145 2. 456/262A517. 5N0675175 517<5 U 1 5 U 2 067. LH $Y
6<567217564.06K18D3
.6;23
5A $Y:242 DA
3
V :.6 $Y:.A. :.6 $YV
2
17C. V 3
514. V V V
5 V V V
75A.6JD5 UC = 3 US
.145 ! 5- - 5 # , !: 7 - 5 # 7 ! -
+D214. 1.660675A267<0/=60:.665 0140:2 DA 4575<A0124. ;23

.< 42 7516C. 65A
JD23
JD5< 24R
5:70;2BC.H 45;5 6DI5175145< 65 JD5 53
5 65 <5/5<5 2 DA2 7516C.
:.A>.672 .< 5N5A>3
.H 65 40665<A.6JD5 DA2 4575<A01242 3
01P2 45 L45 #
_ H 45;5A.6517514G 3
2 :.A. 2 7516C. :.A>.672
D7<26;5?562>2<5:5A 1.64D267516M5656:<0726658D042A5175 2>5126:.A DA
7<2B. .I3
OJD. 2 65>2<= 3
26 .< 5N5A>3
.H DA2 <545 $ $$ ><0A50<2
4560812 517C. 2 7516C. 60A>3
565 2 658D142 2 7516C. :.A>.672
( 4 L .
0?65 JD5 DA 60675A2 7<0/=60:. L4565JD03

0I<24. .D45 :2<8264565JD03
0I<242665
260A>54K1:026>.< /265 1C. /.<5A 7.42608D206
5672 607D2BC.H . >2>534565A>51P24. >53
. :.14D7.< L /D142A51723
H
:.A. ;5<5A.6
<5A.6 517C. 567D42< . /D1:0.12A517. 45 DA2 :2<82 7<0/=60:2 4565JD03
0I<242
3
08242 5A 567<53
2 :.A 15D7<.H 5 658D042A5175 65A 15D7<.H 5 2;23
02< .6
<56D3
724.6
CENFIM 41
. (
08' 575<A012BC.
;5:7.<02342 :.<<5175 1.
:.14D7.< 15D7<. 5A
60675A267<0/=60:.6
4565JD03
0I<24.6
0<:D3
2<= 2660A DA2 :.<<5175 1. 15D7<. I N :.<<56>.145175 Z <56D3
72175 42
6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<517561267<G6/2656
.1:3
DOA.6JD5@
DA 60675A2 5A 567<53
2 4565JD03
0I<24. :0<:D3
2 65A><5 DA2 :.<<5175 1.
15D7<.
662 :.<<5175 L08D23Z6.A2 ;5:7.<023426:.<<51756426/2656
I N = I1 + I 2 + I 3
T0A><56:014O
;53. :.14D7.< 15D7<. >2<2 42< >266285A Z:.<<5175 45
45/507.
. (
6D><566C. 4. :.14D7.< 15D7<. 1DA 60675A2 4565JD03

0I<24. .<08012 DA
4565JD03
OI<0. 426 7516M56 60A>3
56 6DR
507214. .6 40;5<6.6 <5:5>7.<56 2 6D>.<72<
1D16:26.66.I<57516M56H 1.D7<.67516M5601/5<0.<562. <56>5:70;. ;23
.< 1.A0123
. ' ( O ' .
CENFIM 42
08( =<026>5<6>5:70;2645 DA2 A56A2 3
082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
.
DA2 3
082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
.H 26 7<G6 :2<826 3
082A 65 65JD51:023
A5175
:.1/08D<214. DA2 A23
P2 /5:P242 7<0218D3
2< E
/08(FH 6514. :242 >.17. :.ADA
3
0824. 2 DA2 /265
.45A.6;5<0/0:2< JD5@
• C. 5N0675 :.14D7.< 15D7<. >.< 1C. P2;5< >.17. :.ADA Z67<G6/2656

• 7516C. 2>3
0:242 2 :242 DA2 426:2<826L2 7516C. :.A>.672
. /
6:.<<5175645 3
01P2 H :.A. 2 ><9><02 4560812BC. 0140:2H 6C. 26:.<<51756JD5
:0<:D3
2A 1.6:.14D7.<5645 23
0A5172BC. 5 JD5 12 /08D<2 /.<2A 1.72426>.< H 5
P2A2A 65 :.<<51756 45 /265 / Z6 :.<<51756 JD5 :0<:D3

2A 1.6 <2A.6 4.
7<0K18D3
. C. 26:.<<51756 H 5 42 /08 & .4267GA . A56A. 651704.
45 :0<:D3
2BC. c2<I07<24.d
O ' . L .
A 60675A2 7<0/=60:. 40?65 5A 7<0K18D3

. 5JD03
0I<24. JD214. 7.42626:2<8264.
7<0K18D3
. 6C. 04G170:265 >.<7217. 7GA 2 A56A2 0A>54K1:02
5672 607D2BC. 26:.<<517561263
01P266C. 7.42608D206H 067. LH V V 2660A
:.A. 26:.<<51756126/2656H .D65R
2H V V 5A JD23
JD5< :26. 456/262426
$Y517<5 60
. . /
I L= 3 I f
CENFIM 43
672 <53
2BC. >5<A075 1.651D1:02< JD5 2 :.<<5175 12 3
01P2 L 3 ;5?56A20.< JD5
2 :.<<5175 45 /265
O ' . L .
+D214. 26:2<8261C. 6C. 7.42608D206H . 7<0K18D3

. L4565JD03
0I<24. 5 2 <53
2BC.
4. >.17. 2175<0.< 1C. L;=3
042 6:.<<5175645 3
01P2 450N2A 45 65< 08D206H 2660A
:.A. 26 :.<<51756 45 /265 217GA 65H :.17D4.H 26 7516M56 45 /265 1.6
75<A0120645 :242 DA2 426:2<826
P ( 4
( . ( (4
:=3
:D3
. 45 >.7G1:0265A : 2 7<0/=60:2H 1.A5242A5175 426! -D57, 7-,9 ?
7-,9 ! 5- H 6017570?2 5 658D5 DA2 /.<AD3
2BC. 04G170:2 Z 4.6
:.16DA.6>.< /265
.16045<214. . :26. 85<23JD5 :.175A>3
2 7.426 26 607D2BM56 45 :2<82 2 JD5
75A.6;014. 2 /2?5< <5/5<G1:02 :2<8265JD03
0I<2426.D 1C.H 3
082BC. 5A 567<53
2
.D5A 7<0K18D3
. H >.45 65< 2660A 5JD2:0.124.@
' .
) V b b
) + V + b+ b+
) V P2 + Q2
242 DA2 426 >2<:53

26 0145N2426 <5><565172 DA2 >.7G1:02 >.< /265H 5 26
<56>5:70;265JD2BM566C.@
/ V :.6ϕ F
+/ V 651 ϕ F
>.7G1:02 2:70;2H 6514. :.<<56>.145175 2 DA2 >.7G1:02 :.16DA042H L 65A><5

>.6070;2 5 2 <5/5<042 6.A2 L2<07AL70:2
CENFIM 44
>.7G1:02 <52:70;2 7.723 L . I23
21B. 42 >.7G1:02 JD5 :0<:D3
2 517<5 .6
:.A>.151756<52:70;.65 2 <545H 6514. 158270;2 JD214. :.16DA042H 5 >.6070;2
JD214. /.<15:042 6D2 6.A2 LH >.<7217.H 23
8LI<0:2
' L .
+D214. 26 :2<826 6C. 08D206 126 7<G6 /2656H 26 5N><566M56 >2<2 26 >.7G1:026
<56D3
72A A20660A>3
56 123
065A.6H 517C.H 263
082BM565A 567<53
2 5 5A 7<0K18D3
.
. ' ( .
5672 A.17285A 5 126:.140BM5651D1:02426H 75A.6JD5@

• 6 :.<<51756 45 /265 6C. 08D206 5A 8<2145?2 5 08D206 Z6 :.<<51756 45
3
01P2
• .675<A0120645 :242 :2<82 567= 2>3
0:242 DA2 7516C. 60A>3
56
56726:.16045<2BM56I26502A 65 26454DBM56>2<2 2640/5<51756>.7G1:026@
V V V :.6ϕ
V b b V :.6ϕ
UC
.A. US =
3
UC
V :.6ϕ
3
5 >.<7217.
P= 3 UC IL cos ϕ
U 1U --2
P :
5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@
CENFIM 45
Q= 3 UC IL sen ϕ
1 :
- ! 7-,9 2
S= 3 UC IL
1 :
- ! 2
. ' ( O ' .
5672 A.17285A 5 126:.140BM5651D1:02426H 75A.6JD5@
• 6:.<<517561263
01P266C. 3 6D>5<0.<56Z6:.<<51756126/26565 7GA .
A56A. ;23
.< 5A 7.42653
26
• 7516C. 2>3
0:242 2 :242 DA 4.6 53
5A517.6 4. 7<0K18D3
. L 2 7516C.
:.A>.672
514. 2660AH 454D?2A.6265N><566M56>2<2 2640/5<51756>.7G1:026@
V V V / :.6ϕ
IL
V / :.6ϕ V :.6ϕ
3
5 >.<7217.
P= 3 UC IL cos ϕ U 1R --2
5 /.<A2 21=3
.82 :P582<O
2A.6Z5N><566C.@
Q= 3 UC IL sen ϕ
19 :
- ! 7-,9 2
S= 3 UC IL 19 :
- ! 2
CENFIM 46
N ' . P ( ( 4
L .
.A>2<214. 265N><566M56JD5 454D?0A.61. :26. 42 3

082BC. 5A 7<0K18D3
. 5 5A
567<53
2 ;5<0/0:2A.6 JD5 6C. 08D206H >53
. JD5 >.45A.6 56:<5;5< >2<2 2AI.6 .6
:26.6@
P= 3 UC I cos ϕ Q= 3 UC I sen ϕ S= 3 UC I
CENFIM 47
3< ( P
,5- 5 , 9, ! + 7 !- ? 6 + E 7"# - ? ,
! !, 5- + 7 ! 5 5- 7-,9 ?) ! 9 ,- E X-,:
A2 4242 :.<<5175 2I6.<;042 65<= 7217. A53

P.< 2><.;507242 JD217. A20.< /.< 2 6D2
:.A>.15175 2:70;2 5 A206><9N0A. 42 D104245H >.<7217.H /.< . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02
>2<75 :.<<56>.145175 Z 6D2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 :0<:D3
2 60A>3
56A5175 12 <545H 65A
65< 7<216/.<A242
2I6.<BC.H >.< >2<75 4.6<5:5>7.<56014D70;.6H 45 :.<<51756:DR

. ;23
.< L 6D>5<0.< 2.
15:566=<0. >2<2 . <56>5:70;. /D1:0.12A517. 75A 0A>.<7217560A>3
0:2BM562 7.4.6.6
1O
;5064. 0675A2 3
L:7<0:. 45 15<802H :DR
.601:.1;510517566C. 658D042A5175 2>.1
724.6
( . V Q
• 5:56604245 45 2DA5172< 2 >.7G1:02 016723 242 126 :517<206 ><.4D7.<26 6

8<D>.675<C.H 2660AH 45 65< 6.I<540A5160.124.6>2<2 /2?5<5A /2:5 2 DA2 :2<82
<52:70;2 24;5<62
• 63 01P26 75<C. 08D23 A5175 45 65< 6.I<540A5160.12426 >2<2 JD5 >.662A

;50:D32< 2 :.<<5175 >.< 5662 <2?C. 5N:54517=<02
• 20.<56JD542645 7516C. 5A 3
01P2 @& 5 A20.<5626>5<426 @ & $
• .I<540A5160.12A517. 45 7.42 2 2>2<53

P285A 45 :.<75 5 ><.75:BC.H :.A.H >.<
5N5A>3.H 65::0.124.<565 406R
D17.<56
• DA517. 42 >.7G1:02 4.6 7<216/.<A24.<56 567=70:.6 126 6DI5672BM56

7<216/.<A24.<26
( . V 0( 6:D67.66C. ><.>.<:0.1206Z>.7G1:02 D107=<02 4.6

8<D>.6
• 01P26 45 A20.< 65:BC.H 127D<23
A5175 A206 :2<26 01;5670A517. 12 6D2
:.167<DBC. 1C. 75AH 2660AH 2 :.17<2>2<7042 45 A20.< 1SA5<. 45 D703
0?24.<56H .
JD5 65 7<24D?1DA2 >5<42 42 >.751:023<5:5072 45 /2:7D<2BC.
CENFIM 48
• .172I03
0?2BC. 426>5<426>.< 5/507. .D3
5 1263
01P26
• .42 2 2>2<53
P285A 42 <545 L45 :D67. A20653
5;24.
• 27D<23
A5175H . 28<2;2A517. 45 :D67.665<= 6D>.<724. >53
. D703
0?24.<
5 . D703
0?24.< L 45 I20N2 7516C.H 70>. 4.AL670:.H . /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 L AD07. 2><.
N0A242A5175 D107=<0. 5 . 4067<0ID04.< 2>5126/2:7D<2 2 515<802 2:70;2 :.16DA042 6
:D67.65 01:.1;5105175645<0;24.642 D703
0?2BC. 45 <5:5>7.<564. 70>. 014D70;.H :.A.
3
KA>2426/3
D.<56:517565 56>.<240:2A5175 A.7.<56H 6C. 85<23
A5175 6D>.<724.6>53
2
51704245 4067<0ID04.<2
5 . D703
0?24.< L45 I20N2 7516C. A26>.66D0 016723
2BM56:.A I20N. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02H
517C. . 4067<0ID04.< .I<08= 3
. = 2 016723
2< DA :.1724.< 45 515<802 <52:70;2H .I<08214.
. 2 6D>.<72< .6:D67.642 6D2 ><9><02 016723
2BC. 1C. :.<<08042
2<2 /2:7.<5645 >.7G1:02 :DR

. ;23
.< L08D23
.D6D>5<0.< 2 $H(H . 4067<0ID04.< 1C. .I<082
Z016723
2BC. 45 :.1724.<5645 515<802 <52:70;2
$ ( P
53
. JD5 /0:.D 407. <56623
72 2 0A>.<7K1:02 42 :.<<5:BC. 4. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02H 067. LH 2
>.660I03
04245 45 . 7.<12< . A206><9N0A. >.66O
;5342 D104245
.1658D5 65 723 :.<<5:BC. /2?514. 40A01D0< 2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 42 :.<<5175H

<5:.<<514. 2. 5/507. :.1R
D824. 45 :2>2:04245 1. :0<:D07.
.A. 62I5A.6H 2 :.A>.15175 <52:70;2 42 :.<<5175 567= 5A JD24<27D<2 5 27<26. 45

*$^<53
270;2A5175 Z7516C.
QC
S
Q
S’
ϕ
´ Q’
ϕ,
QC
08 2<82 014D70;2 2175642 :.<<5:BC.H
20N. /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02
CENFIM 49
:.16DA. 45 515<802 <52:70;2 567= 3
0824. 2 DA A2DE 7- ! -D57, 1 + 7 ϕ2
5 Z016723
2BC.
1.BC. 45 /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 45;5 5672< 266.:0242 2.640/5<51756<5:5>7.<56D703

0?24.6
12 014S67<02 5 1. 75<:0=<0.
5<A075 1.6 045170/0:2< .6 2>2<53

P.6 :DR
. :.16DA. 5A 515<802 <52:70;2 L A206 .D
A51.60A>.<72175
! :
M 7 ϕ -Kϕ
• .7.< 266O
1:<.1. $H ' 2 $H(# #H( 2 $H&
• KA>242601:21456:51756 $
• KA>2426/3
D.<56:51756 $H# H'
• KA>242645 456:2<82 $H 2 $H& H *2 H

• .<1.645 <56067G1:02 $
• .<1.645 014DBC. $H(# $H&
• .<1.645 2JD5:0A517. 4053

L:7<0:. $H(# $H&
• =JD012645 6.3
42< 45 <56067G1:02 $H( 2 $H* $H'# 2 $H (
• .67.6 567=70:.6 A.1./=60:.6 45 6.3
424D<2 >.<
$H# H'
2<:.
• <D>.6<.7270;.645 6.3
424D<2 >.< 2<:. $H' 2 $H* H$ 2 $H (
• <216/.<A24.<56<5:70/0:24.<56 45 6.3
424D<2 >.<
$H' 2 $H( H$ 2 $H'#
2<:.
• .<1.645 2<:. $H( $H'#
< ( '
L P . ( P Y
016723
2BC. 4DA :.1451624.< 5A JD23
JD5< <545 53
L:7<0:2 E
! .D FR
D670/0:2 65 >53
2@
• D><566C. 426>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• 0A01D0BC. 42 >.7G1:02 2>2<5175 6DI6:<072
• 0A072BC. 426>5<42645 515<802 2:70;2 E
>5<42645 R
.D3
5F 1.6:2I.6
• .660I03
04245 45 75< DA 2DA517. 42 >.7G1:02 2:70;2 E
UWF 406>.1O
;53 1.
65:D14=<0. 4. 7<216/.<A24.< !
• 53
P.<02 4. 1O
;5345 7516C. 1. /0A 42 3
01P2
75 5 ! - < 5C
9, ,E 5- 5 C 1L' 2
CENFIM 50
( '. .
08 .A>5162BC. 83
.I23
• 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• 2R
D672 2 15:56604245 <52342 016723
2BC. 5A _W Z 6DI6:<0BC. 42 >.7G1:02
2>2<5175 E
( 5A _ F
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:.
9 "Z
• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 E<F 567= ><565175 12 016723

2BC. 45645 . 1O
;53 27L 2.6
<5:5>7.<56
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.61C. 6C. 40A01DO
426E
_WPF
( .
08 .A>5162BC. 2<:023
CENFIM 51
• 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• .>70A0?2 DA2 >2<75 42 016723
2BC.H 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 1C. L;50:D3
242 517<5 .6
1O
;506 5
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:. 2 A.172175 4. :.1451624.<
9 "Z
• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 < 567= ><565175 12 016723

2BC. 45645 . 1O
;53 27L 2.6
<5:5>7.<56
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.66C. 40A01DO
426E
_WPF
( . . 11.6I.<15645 :242 <5:5>7.< 4. 70>. 014D:70;.F
08 .A>5162BC. 3
.:23
• 6D><0A5 26>5123
042456>.< :.16DA. 5N:5660;. 45 515<802 <52:70;2
• .>70A0?2 7.42 2 <545 53
L:7<0:2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 < L/.<15:042 1. 3
.:234.
65D:.16DA.
• 23
0;02 . >.67. 45 7<216/.<A2BC. E
>.7G1:02 406>.1O
;535A _WF
• >5<A075 D703
0?2< DA 406R
D17.< A2065:.19A0:. 2 A.172175 4. :.1451624.<
9 "Z
• 2 :.<<5175 <52:70;2 R
= 1C. :0<:D3
2 >53
.6:2I.642 016723
2BC.
• 26>5<426>.< 5/507. 45 .D3
5 1.6:2I.66C. 7.723
A5175 6D><0A0426E
_WPF
CENFIM 52
F 7C
7, :
9,
DA2 016723
2BC. /2I<0345 $ $$ #$ !?;5<0/0:.D 65 JD5 26515<8026
2:70;2 5 <52:70;2 A540426 >53
.6 :.1724.<56 2. /0A 45 $$ P.<26 45
/D1:0.12A517. 5<2A <56>5:70;2A5175 45 #$$$ _WP 5 &$$ _ P
23
:D3
5@
2F 6>.7G1:0262:70;2 5 <52:70;2
IF /2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 016723
2BC.
:F :2>2:04245 45 :242 :.1451624.<H 2 3
082< 5A 7<0K18D3
.H >2<2 53
5;2< .
/2:7.< 45 >.7G1:02 42 016723
2BC. >2<2 $H(
2F VW 7 V #$$$ $$ V ('H# U
+ V W+ 7V &$$ $$ V ( U
IF 78 ϕ 0 V + V $H*& V` :.6ϕ 0 V $H'
:F :.6ϕ / V $H( V` 78 ϕ / V $H'#
+ V 78 ϕ / V ('H# N $H'# V &#H& U
+ 78 ϕ 0
V E 78 ϕ /F V +0 +/ V ( &#H& V (H ' U
+ V + V (H ' V &H U V& E

:242 :.1451624.<F
V+ E π. f FV& E $$ N N π . N#$F V H N $ V
CENFIM 53
L V N
L V N
L V N
[ 23
:D3
5 . >5<O
.4. :.<<56>.145175 2 DA2 /<5JDG1:02 45 $ _!?
$[ 23
:D3
5 2 /<5JDG1:02 45 DA2 : 2 601D6.0423:DR
. >5<O
.4. L$H 6
<[ +D217.6:0:3
.6/2?1DA 658D14. DA2 :.<<5175 :DR
. >5<O
.4. L$H$$ 6[
=[ +D217. 75A>. 45A.<2 DA2 :.<<5175 2 5/5:7D2< $$ :0:3
.662I514. JD5 2 6D2
/<5JDG1:02 L45 #$$$ !?[
B[ +D23L. >5<O
.4. 45 DA2 .145 45 <=40. :DR
2 /<5JDG1:02 L#$$ _!?[
µ
G[ A2 .145 45 <242< 75A DA >5<O .4. 45 121.6658D14. 23:D3
5 2 6D2
/<5JDG1:02
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; . '
ELECTROTECNIA-TEÓRICA E APLICADA, (ÁLVARO BADONI - PORTO EDITORA)

ELEMENTOS DE ELECTRICIDADE, (SIMÕES MORAIS - PORTO EDITORA)
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
ELECTROTECNIA – PROBLEMAS E ITENS – 2 (DIDÁTICA EDITORA-JOSÉ VAGOS
MATIAS)
CATÁLOGO GERAL-91 (MERLIN GERIN)
ELECTROTECNIA (PARANINFO-PABLO ALCADE SAN MIGUEL)
CENFIM 60

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CENFIM – Centro de Formação Profissional da Indústria Metalúrgica e Metalomecânica 1

CENFIM – Centro de Formação Profissional da Indústria Metalúrgica e Metalomecânica 2

CENFIM – Centro de Formação Profissional da Indústria Metalúrgica e Metalomecânica 3

CENFIM – Centro de Formação Profissional da Indústria Metalúrgica e Metalomecânica 4

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