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bacteria) in these mountains help preserve fossils for Answer questions 33, 34 and 35 based on the
millions of years. text below.
(By Erick Niller, adapted)
MORE THAN 130 years ago, at the first Olympic
27. The term THEM in line 27 refers to: Games in Athens, Boston University law student Thomas
Burke took his mark at the 100-meter dash not in a
a The mountains standing position, but a crouch—what was then
b The millions of years considered an unusual starting stance. But far more
c The intermediates unusual, by today's standards, was his gold-medal
d The fóssils winning time of 12 seconds flat. These days, talented
e The scientists middle schoolers post 100-meter times BETTER than
Burke's. In March 2018, 15-year-old Briana Williams, a
28. Fill the blanks in lines 5, 16, 17 and 23 with the best high school SOPHOMORE, set a world age-group
option. record in the event with a time of 11.13 seconds. The
record for boys 18-and-under is nearly a second
a he, he, him, he FASTER still: Set in 2017 by Anthony Schwartz, the
b he, him, him, he 10.15-second time would have won gold at 1980's
c him, him, he, him Summer Games.
d him, he, he, him Today, though, on the world stage, Schwartz
e he, he, he, he wouldn't even podium: In the past 30 years, only three
sprinters have medaled at the Olympics with a time
29. Which option best relates to the verb in the past SLOWER than 10 seconds. Propelled by more effective
tense in lines 2, 30 and 31? training, GRIPPIER track surfaces, FASTER footwear,
and, yes, pharmaceuticals, competitors at every level of
a regular, irregular, regular track and field's premier event have steadily chipped
b regular, regular, irregular away at the world's BEST 100-meter times. Jamaican
c irregular, regular, irregular sprinter Usain Bolt holds the current world record: a
d irregular, irregular, regular sprightly 9.58 seconds. The surprisingly persistent
e regular, regular, regular record progression is enough to make anyone ask:
When will the FASTEST people on Earth cease to
30. In line 29, THEY refer to: become any FASTER? And when they do, what will the
FASTEST time ultimately be?
a The hunters (...) Which is one reason biomechanists approach the
b The fish matter somewhat differently than mathematicians. They
c The layers of silt address the second question by investigating
d The bonés not when Bolt's record might fall, but by __________,
e The glaciers based on the bodies of today's FASTEST sprinters.
"Once they get rolling, the force they apply becomes a
31. What sentence is correctly using the past tense of motion-based mechanism, where they use their limbs to
the verb to be? throw a punch at the ground," says biomechanist Peter
Weyand. As director of the Locomotor Performance
a The scientists was looking for fossil. Laboratory at Southern Methodist University in Dallas,
b The fossils wasn’t available. Weyand invites many of the FASTEST sprinters on
c The mountains were very high. Earth to run in short bursts in front of high-speed,
d The river were dry. motion-tracking cameras on a bespoke, force-sensing
e The conditions was perfect for camping. treadmill that makes the thing you trot on at your gym
look like a glorified hamster wheel.
32. Read the text and choose the word that best Based on his observations, Weyand says the two
substitutes the highlited term. BIGGEST factors limiting the performance of elite
sprinters are __________force they can apply to the
Dive Under the Ice With the Brave Robots of ground, and how fast. At current top speeds of around
Antarctica 27 miles per hour, he says elite male sprinters like Usain
Sending a robot into the icy DEPTHS and getting it Bolt put down roughly five times their body weight, in
back alive can be more challenging than between .085 and 0.09 seconds.
communicating with a Mars rover millions of miles (...) That probably puts the theoretical limit for the 100
away. meter dash CLOSER to 9.58 than 9.00. But Weyand, for
his part, thinks athletes have plenty of room to improve.
a Profundities "If you put together a perfect human being, and the
b Developments perfect race, I could certainly see something in the low
c Coldness 9.40-second range, maybe a little bit FASTER than that,
d Melting under currently legal conditions," he says.
e Under
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33. Complete the blanks with how many or how much in and Prevention quizzed Whitt, seeking information about
order of appearance. what had sickened him.
Finally, the agency’s second call offered a clue:
a How many and how much ―They kept drilling me about salad,‖ Whitt recalled.
b How much and how much Before he fell ill, he had eaten two salads from a pizza
c How many and how many shop. The culprit turned out to be E. coli, a powerful
d How much and how many pathogen that had contaminated romaine lettuce grown
e None of the options above in Yuma, Arizona, and distributed nationwide. At least
210 people in 36 states were sickened. Five died and 27
34. Answer the option that representes comparatives suffered kidney failure. The same strain of E. coli that
and superlatives, according to the highlighted sickened them was detected in a Yuma canal used to
words: BETTER, FASTER, SLOWER, GRIPPIER, irrigate some crops.
BEST, FASTEST, BIGGEST and CLOSER. For more than a decade, it’s been clear that
there’s a gaping hole in American food safety: Growers
a Superlative, superlative, superlative, superlative, aren’t required to test their irrigation water for
superlative, comparative, comparative and pathogens such as E. coli. As a result, contaminated
comparative. water can end up on fruits and vegetables. After several
b Superlative, comparative, comparative, superlative, high-profile disease outbreaks linked to food, Congress
superlative, comparative, superlative and in 2011 ordered a fix, and produce growers this year
comparative. would have begun testing their water under rules
c Comparative, superlative, superlative, comparative, crafted by the Obama administration’s Food and Drug
superlative, superlative, comparative and Administration. But six months before people were
superlative. sickened by the contaminated romaine, President
d Comparative, comparative, comparative, Donald Trump’s FDA – responding to pressure from the
comparative, superlative, comparative, superlative farm industry and Trump’s order to eliminate regulations
and comparative. – shelved the water-testing rules for at least four years.
e Comparative, comparative, comparative,
comparative, comparative, superlative, superlative, 36. What has sickened Whitt?
superlative and comparative.
a Pizza.
35. What does SOPHOMORE mean? b Fruits
c Salad
a A first-year college or high school student. d Cake
b A second-year college or high school student. e Junk food
c A third-year college or high school student.
d A fourth-year college or high school student. 37. Why did Donald Trump eliminate regulations about
e A fourth-year undergraduate student. irrigation water quality?
Answer the questions 36, 37, and 38, based a Because Obama ordered him to.
on the text below. b Because the regulation wasn’t protecting people’s
health.
THE SCIENCE IS CLEAR: DIRTY FARM c Because of water wasting.
WATER IS MAKING US SICK d Because of farmers pressure.
e Because of the low ingestion of fruits and
ELIZABETH SHOGREN AND SUSIE NEILSON vegetables.
This story originally appeared on Reveal and is
part of the Climate Desk collaboration. William Whitt 38. How were fruits and vegetables contaminated?
suffered violent diarrhea for days. But once he began
vomiting blood, he knew it was time to rush to the a By the contaminated water.
hospital. His body swelled up so much that his wife b By the contaminated insects.
thought he looked like the Michelin Man, and on the c By Whitt’s blood vomiting.
inside, his intestines were inflamed and bleeding. For d By the Obama’s government.
four days last spring, doctors struggled to control the e By the painkillers Whitt took.
infection that was ravaging Whitt, a father of three in
western Idaho. The pain was excruciating, even though 39. Who Invented Emoticons and Emoji?
he was given opioid painkillers intravenously every 10 By Mary Bellis
minutes for days. His family feared they would lose him.
―I was terrified. I wouldn’t leave the hospital because I Chances are you use them _____ a regular basis. _____
wasn’t sure he was still going to be there when I got a way, they've become an intrinsic part of electronic
back,‖ said Whitt’s wife, Melinda. communication. But do you know how Emoticons
Whitt and his family were baffled: How could a originated and what led to their widespread popularity?
healthy 37-year-old suddenly get so sick? While he was
fighting for his life, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control What Are Emoticons?
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An emoticon is a digital icon that conveys a human :( is unhappy
expression. It is inserted from a menu of visual :'( is really sad or crying
expressions or created by using a sequence of keyboard :D is a big smile
symbols. Emoticons represent how a writer or texter is :| is a flat expression for I feel nothing
feeling and help provide better context to what a person :X is for my lips are sealed
writes. For example, if something you wrote was meant O:) is for a happy face with a halo, meaning I'm
as a joke and you want to make that clear, you could extra good and happy
add a laughing face emoticon to your text. Another What's the Difference Between an Emoticon and an
example would be using an emoticon of a kissing face to Emoji?
express the fact that you like someone without having to Emoticon and an Emoji are almost the same. Emoji is a
write, "I like you." The classic emoticon that most Japanese word that translates in English as "e" for
people have seen is the little smiley happy face, that "picture" and "moji" for "character." Emoji were first
emoticon can be inserted or created with keyboard used as a set of emoticons that are programmed into a
strokes with :‐ ) cell phone. They were provided by Japanese mobile
Scott Fahlman - Father of the Smiley Face companies as a bonus for their customers. You do not
Professor Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at have to use several keyboard strokes to make an emoji
Carnegie Mellon University, used the first digital since a standardized set of emoji are provided as a
emoticon on the morning of the of September 19th, menu choice.
1982. And it was a smiley face :-) According to the Lure of Language blog: "Emojis were
Fahlman posted it on a Carnegie Mellon computer first invented by Shigetaka Kurita _____ the
bulletin board and he added a note that suggested late nineties as a project for Docomo, the predominant
students use the emoticon to indicate which of their mobile phone operator _____ Japan. Kurita created a
posts were intended as jokes, or were not serious. complete set of 176 characters different from traditional
Below is a copy of the original posting [slightly edited] emoticons that use standard keyboard characters (like
_____ the Carnegie Mellon bulletin board source: Scott Fahlman’s ―smiley‖), each emoji was designed
19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman :-) _____ a 12×12 pixel grid. In 2010, emojis were encoded
From: Scott E Fahlman Fahlman in the Unicode Standard allowing them to have
I propose that the following character sequence for joke widespread use in new computer software and digital
markers :-) technology outside of Japan."
Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more A New Way to Communicate
economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given The happy face has been around seemingly forever. But
current trends. For this, use :-( the iconic symbol has experienced revolutionary
_____his website, Scott Fahlman describes his resurgence thanks to web connected devices such as
motivation for the creation of the first emoticon: smartphones, laptops and tablet computers.
This problem caused some of us to suggest (only half
seriously) that maybe it would be a good idea to Complete the blanks on the text with the
explicitly mark posts that were not to be taken seriously. correct prepositions.
After all, when using text-based online communication,
we lack the body language or tone-of-voice cues that a on, in, in, on,on, on, in, on, on, on, in
convey this information when we talk _____ person or b on, in, on, on, in, on, in, on, in, in, on
_____ the phone. c in, in, on, in, on, in, on, in, in, on, in
Various ―joke markers‖ were suggested, and in the midst d in, on, in, in, on, on, in, in, on, on, on
of that discussion it occurred to me that the character e on, on, on, in, in, in, on, on, on, in, in
sequence :-) would be an elegant solution – one that
could be handled by the ASCII-based computer
40. Choose the correct option the sumarizes the text.
terminals of the day. So I suggested that. I. Emoticons are very used in today’s conversation;
_____ the same post, I also suggested the use of :-( to II. Emoticons and Emoji are exactly the same;
indicate that a message was meant to be taken III. Smartphones, laptops and tablet computers are
seriously, though that symbol quickly evolved into a revolutioning communication.
marker for displeasure, frustration, or anger. IV. Smartphones, laptops and tablet computeres are
Today, many applications will include a menu of devices that do not connect people by ecoticons
emoticons that can be automatically inserted. I have one and emojis.
_____ the keyboard of my Android phone for inserting V. Emoticons represent how the person is feeling
into text messages. However, some applications do not but do not help provide better context to what a
have this feature. So here are a few of the common person writes.
emoticons and the keyboard strokes for making them.
The ones below should work with Facebook and According tho de text,
Facebook Messenger. Both applications offer an
emoticon menu. a I, III and V are correct;
:) is a smile b I, II and IV are correct;
;) is a wink c I, III are correct;
:P is a tease or sticking your tongue out d I, II, III and IV are correct;
:O is surprised or a gasp e All the alternatives arecorrect.
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