Cidades- Comunidades e Territórios

Dez. 2009, n.0 19, pp. 65-80

Sociologia dos Conflitos Locais contra os Rom e os Sinti em Itália

Pluralidade de contextos e variedade de instrumentos políticos

Tommaso Vitale * ..

Resumo: Tradicionalmente, na Itália, o problema dos Rom e dos Sinti sempre foi uma ques­
tão local. Igualmente, nos últimos anos, a contenção internacional entre a União Europeia e
a Itália acerca das políticas de discriminação étnica, começaram, frequentemente, a partir de
escolhas tomadas a nível local. Nas políticas urbanas o maior interesse situa-se em torno do
consenso eleitoral e do suporte político. Este artigo desenvolve a ideia de que o modo de 'obter
consenso' influencia a escolha dos instrumentos e objectivos políticos. Observando os casos de
Milão e Roma, sublinha-se um tipo de modalidade demagógica em vista a construir consenso,
e as suas consequências para os grupos Rom e Sinti e, mais objectivamente, para a coesão
social. Então, analisando dez cidades médias italianas, encontram-se traços de um processo de
construção de consenso mais incrementado. Especialmente, sublinharemos a relevância de (1)
três diferentes tipos de mediação e (2) de envolvimento dos beneficiários Rom no planeamento
de instrumentos políticos para a regulação das suas vidas. O artigo conclui acerca da relevância
estratégica de se pluralizar a variedade de instrumentos políticos, não utilizando para os Rom
apenas um tipo de específico de instrumento político etnicamente dirigido.

Palavras-chave: Ciganos; Instrumentos políticos; Políticas urbanas; Mediação; Discrimi­

nação.

Mecanismos de Criminalização Em segundo lugar, a diminuição do sentimento

Nos últimos dez anos, a questão dos grupos
ciganos nas cidades italianas frequentemente in­
flamou as dinâmicas da opinião pública de maneira
tendencialmente cíclica. Verificaram-se picos de
hostilidade, mas - diferente de como se mostrou
para os albaneses- esta aversão não parece ter sido
jamais absorvida. As pesquisas de opinião mostram­
-nos que piorou de ano para ano (Arrigoni, Vitale,
2008). De facto, nos últimos anos, as pesquisas de
opinião mostram que o sentimento de hostilidade
cresceu em relação a todos os estrangeiros que
prescindiram dos seus locais de proveniência.
Todavia...
Em primeiro lugar, muitíssimos grupos Rom
e Sintjl são grupos imigrantes, mas têm cidadania
italiana, presentes na vida social do país há cen­
tenas de anos.
de simpatia pelos Rom e pelos Sinti chegou a um
nível desconcertante, dos quais somente 6,7% dos
italianos gagi (não rom) declaram não possuir hos­
tilidade a este grupo. Comparado com os filipinos
que, ao contrário, gozam da simpatia de 64,9% da
população (ainda que este percentual fosse muito
mais alto, 77,7%, em 1999), percebe-se que o
grau de hostilidade colocou os Rom numa zona de
hostilidade social que dá vertigem, tão alta ela é
(Vitale, Claps, Arrigoni, 2009).
Em terceiro lugar, a hostilidade aos Rom, ape­
sar de possuir alguns picos de difusão em todo o
território nacional, caracteriza-se por mobilizações
muito localizadas. Seguramente, isso faz parte da
dinâmica do pânico moral (Maneri, 2001), que vem
sempre da aversão a um grupo situado num contexto
local muito restrito, do qual se estigmatizam os
comportamentos, generalizando-os à globalidade

"Dipartimento di Sociologia e ricerca sociale, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca.

Contacto: tommaso.vitale@unimib.it
• Tradução: Bruno Martins Boto Leite
1 Etnias ciganas encontradas em muitos locais da Europa, particuJarmente na Itália, de origem alemã.

Cidades • Comunidades e Territórios, n.0 19, 2009, pp. 65- 80 65

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