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ISSN 1414-8862
ELETRÔNICA DE POTÊNCIA
REVISTA DA ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ELETRÔNICA DE POTÊNCIA - SOBRAEP
VOL. 11, Nº 3, NOVEMBRO DE 2006
ÍNDICE
Corpo de Revisores............................................................................................................................................................. ii
Editorial.............................................................................................................................................................................. iii
Editorial da Seção Especial................................................................................................................................................ iv
SOBRAEP.......................................................................................................................................................................... v
Política Editorial................................................................................................................................................................. vi
Normas para publicação de trabalhos na revista Eletrônica de Potência........................................................................... vii
Prezados Leitores,
Esta edição segue com seis artigos da Seção Regular e seis artigos da Seção Especial em
Aplicações Profissionais, coordenada pelos professores José Antenor Pomilio e Andrés Ortiz Salazar, a
quem somos gratos pela dedicação e esforço.
Os três primeiros artigos da Seção Regular abordam o importante tema dos reatores eletrônicos e
lâmpadas fluorescentes. Segue um artigo sobre sensores de corrente, tema que enriquece a variedade de
tópicos abordados pela revista. Finalmente, dois artigos sobre conversores com elevadas características de
desempenho e qualidade de energia completam a seção.
Estamos atualmente trabalhando para promover a edição eletrônica da revista. Foi solicitado apoio
ao CNPq com este objetivo. Assim, incentivamos a visita à página internet da nossa associação
www.sobraep.org.br. Cada vez mais esta se tornará o principal meio de comunicação, inclusive para
submissão dos artigos para o COBEP’2007, cujos resumos estendidos devem ser encaminhados até
18/3/2007.
Atenciosamente,
Richard M. Stephan
A proposta de criação desta Seção Especial nasceu após o COBEP 2005, quando verificamos uma
expressiva quantidade de artigos que remetiam à aplicação de Eletrônica de Potência para solucionar ou
aprimorar processos, produtos e serviços.
Que nossa área de atuação tem tal característica todos nós sabemos muito bem. Talvez esta seja
mesmo uma das razões pela qual muitos de nós se decidiu por este ramo da engenharia: a possibilidade
efetiva de trabalhar diretamente na solução de problemas reais do setor industrial e de serviços.
Mas o que chamou nossa atenção nos artigos do COBEP foi a qualidade e a complexidade das
soluções apresentadas, como se poderá verificar nos artigos selecionados por nosso corpo de revisores e
que começamos a publicar neste volume.
A presença cada vez maior de profissionais formados em Eletrônica de Potência significa que,
cada vez mais, poderemos ter a satisfação de ver aplicados os conhecimentos adquiridos durante os anos
de formação acadêmica.
A realização de pesquisa e desenvolvimento no meio industrial é uma necessidade para o país e,
sem falsa modéstia, a área de Eletrônica de Potência tem realizado isso de forma cada vez mais efetiva e
competente, graças aos excelentes grupos de pesquisa que atuam nas mais importantes instituições de
ensino e pesquisa do país.
Tivemos 20 artigos submetidos, dos quais seis são publicados nesta edição. Os demais artigos
aceitos serão publicados na próxima edição. Até o momento (novembro de 2006) sete artigos foram
rejeitados e outros cinco ainda estão sob análise dos revisores.
Finalmente gostaríamos de agradecer à SOBRAEP a oportunidade desta Seção Especial, aos
revisores que são os principais responsáveis pela manutenção da qualidade da revista e, especialmente,
aos autores que confiaram à revista a divulgação de suas produções.
Diretoria (2006-2008)
Presidente: Richard Magdalena Stephan – UFRJ - COPPE
Vice-Presidente: Fernando Luiz Marcelo Antunes - UFC
Primeira-Secretária: Maria Dias Bellar - UERJ
Segundo Secretário: José Andrés Santisteban - UFRJ
Tesoureiro: Guilherme Rolim - UFRJ
Endereço da Diretoria
SOBRAEP
PEE/COPPE/UFRJ
Caixa Postal 68504
21941-972 Rio de Janeiro RJ
Tel (21) 2562-8643
Responsáveis pela edição da Seção Especial: José Antenor Pomilio e Andrés Ortiz Salazar
Responsável pela edição dos artigos da Seção Regular: Richard M. Stephan
II. ESTILO DO TRABALHO O Abstract deve ser grafado em estilo itálico e em negrito.
Já o texto deste Abstract (em inglês) será em estilo normal
Neste item são apresentados os principais estilos e em negrito.
utilizados para edição do trabalho.
Keywords são termos para indexação, em inglês, que
A. Organização Geral possam identificar os principais tópicos abordados no
Os trabalhos a serem publicados na revista devem conter 9 trabalho. O termo Keywords deve ser grafado em estilo
partes principais, a saber: 1) Título; 2) Autores e Instituições
de origem; 3) Resumo e Palavras-Chave; 4) Título em inglês
IV. CONCLUSÕES
AGRADECIMENTOS
Abstract – This paper presents a novel DC dynamic oscillatory response that is generally characterized by
electronic load applied at load regulation tests of overshoot and undershoots through the limits of the static-
switching-mode power supplies, operating at high- regulation band. The severity of the overshoot and
current levels. The proposed device is based on the use of undershoot, as well as the number of oscillations that are
a modified Buck+Boost interleaved converter, without required to return to the regulation band, varies with different
the use of the boost diodes, and the output filters designs [1-2].
(capacitors). Therefore, the electronic load circuitry is In this context, different types of electronic loads for
very simple, effective and capable to provide high pulsed- testing power supplies have been developed and
current levels, featuring faster rise/fall times for transient commercialized. They provide many functions including
testing on high speed DC to DC converters and DC power constant resistance, constant power, constant current and
supplies. A prototype was implemented, in order to constant voltage modes, or a combination of these modes for
validate the proposed structure, operating at 10V-20V static or dynamic tests, in order to facilitate the testing
DC input voltage range, 190A-290A amplitude range of process for power electronics engineers [3-5].
the input pulsed-current (nominal value is equal to In order to attend these features, this paper presents a
240A±20%), with adjustable pulse-width between 4ms novel Dynamic Load operating as an essential product to
(adjustable time-period of 200ms) until 6ms (adjustable perform experimental tests of transient load regulation for
time-period of 350ms). The main experimental results, switching-mode power supplies, specified by a manufacturer
obtained from the implemented prototype, are presented (Power Electronics Company-INDEL), capable of absorbing
in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed high pulsed currents with controlled magnitude, time-period
dynamic electronic load, which is capable of performing and pulse-width.
experimental tests of transient load regulation for
II. THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
switching-mode power supplies.
The initial challenge was to develop a group of loads with
Keywords – Interleaved converter, Dynamic electronic high input current capacity with both controlled pulse-width
load, Pulsed-current, Dynamic tests. 1 (tc) and magnitude (I), as shown in figure 1.
It should be noticed that several circuits were analyzed, in
order to comply with the design restrictions imposed by the
I. INTRODUCTION
manufacturer. Among them, the simplest solution, but not
The dynamic characteristics of dc to dc switching-mode efficient, is using a fixed value resistor (as a static load)
power supplies involve their behavior as a result of non- added to several independent switches to allow that all of the
steady loads, transients, and, in general, alternating currents resistors can be connected in parallel (as a dynamic load), as
that are superimposed on the dc output level. shown in figure 2.
If a voltage-regulated power supply is to be used with
circuitry that generates pulses or spikes, it is not enough to i(A)
specify low output impedance over an appreciable sine-wave I
frequency range. Switching transients can prevent realization
of the output impedance, which prevails for a passive “clean”
load. Switching-mode power supplies require a relatively
long time to recover from the effects of abrupt load or line
changes. Although specification criteria differ among
manufacturers, the underlying philosophy is essentially t(ms)
similar. An abrupt change in load current provokes an tc
T
Manuscript received on May 30, 2006. First revision on August 11, 2006. Fig. 1. The desirable input current waveform.
Recommended by the Editors of the Special Section
José Antenor Pomilio and Andres Ortiz Salazar.
Vdc RD
RS
D2 RS C
Vdc S2
R R R R R R
Fig. 2. Dynamic load based on switched resistors. Fig. 3. Topology of the Buck + Boost converter.
290A, approximately.
Adjustable pulse-width between 4ms and 6ms.
Period among adjustable pulses between 200ms and
350ms.
Fig. 4. Topology of the interleaved Buck + Boost converter.
The minimum value of the load can be implemented
starting from a fixed value of resistance, while the variable In this context, a simple technique to solve the problems
portion of the current, added to the fixed value, should have related to the reverse recovery currents of the diodes,
continuous variation, in order to be represented by a variable considering the input current with fast fall-time, is to remove
load. the two boost diodes and also to remove the output filter
Therefore, as a first attempt, a Buck+Boost converter was capacitor. Thus, the voltage over the resistor RD and its
considered for implementation, according to figure 3. In this respective current become pulsed. Therefore, figure 5 shows
proposed circuit, the minimum value of load (or static load) the developed topology proposed for the electronic dynamic
is defined for the conduction of the switch S1 through RS, load, based on modified Buck+Boost interleaved converter.
during the time interval tc. The dynamic load (specified by C The simple topology for the proposed electronic dynamic
and RD) depends on the switching function of the boost load, as shown in figure 5, is composed by the switches Sa
converter. The input current of the converter (through the and Sb, the inductors La and Lb, the resistors Ra and Rb, and
voltage source Vdc) has the same ripple that the current the PWM command circuit, which perform the dynamic load
through the boost inductor. A high value of the inductance characteristic. These devices are responsible to execute the
for this inductor guarantees low current ripple, however, it peak current variations of ±20%, over its nominal value. This
results in a high rise-time for the pulsed-current. pulsed-current range is obtained by the variation of the
The interleaved power conversion refers to the strategic voltage over the load resistors Ra and Rb, through the duty
interconnection of multiple switching cells operating with cycle control (D) of the switches Sa and Sb, respectively.
identical switching frequency, where its internal turn-on Furthermore, the static load characteristic is performed by
instants are sequentially phased over equal fractions of a the switch Sp, the diode Dp, the resistor Rp, and one drive
switching period. This arrangement reduces the net ripple circuit, which include an optic coupler. The duty cycle
amplitude and raises the effective ripple frequency of the control of the switch Sp allows to define the width and the
overall converter without increasing switching losses or frequency of the pulsed-current.
devices stresses. Therefore, an interleaved system can allow Despite a constant value of the input current conducting
savings in filtration and in energy storage requirements, due to Rp, there is a variable portion for the dynamic load
resulting in greatly improved power conversion densities that also circulates through the switch Sp.
without penalty for the efficiency [6]. The diode Dp assumes the total peak current of the
In this context, in order to perform low current ripple, and dynamic load, when Sp is turned off, until all the energy
insignificant influence in the rise time of the current, it was stored in La and Lb are dissipated in Ra and Rb, respectively.
proposed an interleaved topology for the dynamic load, as Although the demagnetization processes of the inductors are
shown in figure 4. fast (with low value of average current), the diode Dp should
The main objective of this design is to produce a pulsed- be specified considering its repetitive peak current value.
current in the input of the proposed converter, with a shape
closed to the figure 1. Thus, the output variables, including
output voltage, have low importance to reach the announced III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
purpose. On the other hand, considering the topology shown
in figure 4, the high reverse recovery currents of the diodes It should be noticed that, considering that the converter
D2 and D3 are very important stresses to the converter’s involves high pulsed-current and low voltage values, several
design. switches with low on-resistance were connected in parallel,
Sp
La Lb
+
Vdc
- P A B
Gp
Dp Sa Sb
Ga Gb
P A B
Rp Ra Rb
R1 2k2 8
Chopper Cd2 R3 R4
2 100n BC338
2k7 820
C5 120p Q3
R2 1k R5 27 Gp
HP
2211 7 Q2 1W
BC546 Q4 Dz1
C6 680p Q1 BC328
BC546 1N4744
3 15V Sp
5
Fig. 11. Detail of the rise time of the input current (D=0.45).
Fig. 8. Details of the Load Resistors. Fig. 12. Input pulsed-current (D=0.45).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES