Equação de Onda

Na questão que segue, faremos referência ao problema abaixo:


 utt = c2 uxx , (x, t) ∈ J × (0, +∞)
(I) u (x, 0) = f (x) , x ∈ J
ut (x, 0) = g (x) , x ∈ J


para c,f ,g e J ⊂ R a serem especificados.

2 2
Sejam J = R, c = 1, f (x) = e−x e g (x) = xe−x , x ∈ J.
(a) Resolva o prolema (I) com os dados acima.
(b) Faça o gráfico de u (x, t0 ) nos instantes t0 = 0, t0 = 1, t0 = 2 e t0 = 3.
(a)
Solução Para a EDP acima uma condição necessária e suficiente para encontrar uma única solução é
dada pela Fórmula de D’alembert.
2 2
Além disso, f (x) = e−x ∈ C 1 (R) e g (x) = xe−x ∈ C 1 (R) visto que:
 
−x2 0 −x2 d 2


f (x) = e =⇒ f (x) = e −x
dx
2
f 0 (x) = −2xe−x

e
2 2 d d  −x2 
g (x) = xe−x =⇒ g 0 (x) = e−x (x) + x e
  dx dx
2 2
g 0 (x) = e−x + x −2xe−x
2 2
g 0 (x) = e−x − 2x2 e−x
2
g 0 (x) = e−x 1 − 2x2

em que é contı́nuo em R (Multiplicação de funções). Portanto, teremos solução clássica em u ∈ C 2 (R) dado
por Z x+ct
1 1
u (x, t) = [f (x + ct) + f (x − ct)] + g (s) ds
2 2c x−ct
Substituindo os dados e as condições, temos:
2
 f (x) = e−x ,

2
g (x) = xe−x ,

c = 1,
Z x+t
1 h −(x+t)2 2
i 1 2
u (x, t) = e + e−(x−t) + se−s ds
2 2 x−t
| {z }
Chamaremos de I(s)

resolvendo a integral I (s) separadamente, temos

Z x+t
1 2
I (s) = se−s ds, fazendo γ = −s2 → dγ = −2sds
2 x−t

ficando,
z x+t
1 z2 γ 1 γ  2
Z 
1 1 −s2 
I (s) = − e dγ = − e  , retornando para a variável: I (s) = − e 
2 z1 2 z1 4 2 x−t
1  −(x+t)2 2

I (s) = − e − e−(x−t)
4

1
voltando a u (x, t),
1  −(x+t)2 2
 1 2 2

u (x, t) = e + e−(x−t) − e−(x+t) − e−(x−t)
2 4
1 −(x+t)2 1 −(x−t)2 1 −(x+t)2 1 −(x−t)2
u (x, t) = e + e − e + e
2 2 4 4
1 −(x+t)2 1 −(x+t)2 1 −(x−t)2 1 −(x−t)2
u (x, t) = e − e + e + e
2 4 2 4
−(x+t)2 −(x+t)2 −(x−t)2 −(x−t)2
2e −e + 2e +e
u (x, t) =
4
2 2
e−(x+t) + 3e−(x−t)
u (x, t) =
4
2 2
e−x + 3e−x 4 2 2
u (x, 0) = = e−x =⇒ u (x, 0) = e−x
4 4
2
u (x, 0) = e−x

para ut (t, x):

cf 0 (x + ct) − cf 0 (x − ct) g (x + ct) + g (x − ct)

ut (x, t) = +
2 2
2 2
−(x+t) −(x+t) −(x+t)2 2
−2xe + 2xe xe + xe−(x+t)
ut (x, t) = +
2 2
−x2 −x2 −x2 −x2
−2xe + 2xe xe + xe
ut (x, 0) = +
2 2
2 2
−2xe−x + 2xe−x 2
ut (x, 0) = + xe−x
2
2 2 2 2
ut (x, 0) = xe−x − xe−x + xe−x = xe−x
2
ut (x, 0) = xe−x
2 2
e−(x+t) + 3e−(x−t)
Verificando se u (x, t) = é solução e tendo a equação utt = c2 uxx , para c = 1, temos
4
utt = uxx

Derivando com relação a t, temos

" 2 2
#
d d e−(x+t) + 3e−(x−t) 1 d h −(x+t)2 2
i
u (x, t) = = e + 3e−(x−t) =
dt dt 4 4 dt
1 d h −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2
i
e + 3e−x +2xt−t =
4 dt
d  −x2 +2xt−t2  2 2
e = e−x +2xt−t (−2t − 2x)
dt
d  −x2 −2xt−t2  2 2
3e = 3e−x −2xt−t (−2t + 2x)
dt
1 d h −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2
i 1 2 2 2 2

= e + 3e−x +2xt−t = e−x +2xt−t (−2t − 2x) + 3e−x +2xt−t (−2t + 2x) =
4 dt 4
1  e−x2 −2xt−t2 
−x2 −2xt−t2 −x2 +2xt−t2

= (−t − x) e + 3e (−t + x) = 3e4xt (x − t) − x − t
2 2

2
Derivando mais uma vez,

d2
 
d d 1 d  −x2 −2xt−t2  
u (x, t) = u (x, t) = e (−x − t) − 3 (x + t) e4xt
dt2 dt dt 2 dt
 2 2
f = e−x −2xt−t
=⇒ Pela regra do produto
  g = 3e4xt (x − t) − x − t 
1 d −x2 −2xt−t2

4xt

d 4xt

−x2 −2xt−t2
= e 3e (x − t) − x − t + 3e (x − t) − x − t e
2 dt dt
d  2 2
 2 2
e−x −2xt−t = e−x −2xt−t (−2x − 2t)
dt
d


3e4xt (−x − t) − x − t = 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1
dt
1  −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2

(−2t − 2x) 3e4xt (x − t) − x − t + 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t




= e
2
1 h 2 2 2 2
 2 2
i
−2xe−x −2xt−t − 2te−x −2xt−t 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t + 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t




=
2  2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2
Expandir : −2xe−x −2xt−t − 2te−x −2xt−t 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t : 6x2 e−x +2xt−t + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t −


2 2 2 2 2 2
−2t2 e−x −2xt−t + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t
2 2 2 2
Expandir : 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t : −12txe−x +2xt−t +



2 2 2 2 2 2
+12x2 e−x +2xt−t − 3e−x +2xt−t − e−x −2xt−t
1  2 −x2 +2xt−t2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= 6x e + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t − 12xte−x + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t + 2t2 e−x −2xt−t
2
Derivando u (x, t) em relação a x, temos
" 2 2
#
d d e−(x+t) + 3e−(x−t) 1 d h −(x+t)2 2
i
u (x, t) = = e + 3e−(x−t) =
dx dx 4 4 dx
1 d h −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2
i
= e + 3e−x +2xt−t
4 dx
d  −x2 +2xt−t2  2 2
e = e−x +2xt−t (−2x − 2t)
dx
d 2 2
 2 2
e−x −2xt−t = 3e−x −2xt−t (−2x + 2t)
dx
1 −x2 −2xt−t2
 2 2

= e (−2x − 2t) + 3e−x +2xt−t (−2x + 2t) =
4
1  e−x2 −2xt−t2 
−x2 −2xt−t2 2 2
+ 3 (−x − t) e−x +2xt−t =

= (−x + t) e 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t
2 2

3
Derivando mais uma vez,

d2
 
d d 1 d  −x2 −2xt−t2  
u (x, t) = u (x, t) = e (t − x) − (x + t) 3e4xt
dx2 dx dx 2 dx
 2 2
f = e−x −2xt−t
=⇒ Pela regra do produto
  g = 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t 
1 d −x2 −2xt−t2

4xt

d 4xt
−x2 −2xt−t2
= e e (t − x) − 3 (x + t) + e (t − x) − 3 (x + t) e
2 dx dx
d  2 2
 2 2
e−x −2xt−t = e−x −2xt−t (−2x − 2t)
dx
d


3e4xt (t − x) − x − t = 3 4e4xt (−x + t) − e4xt − 1
dx
1  −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2

(−2x − 2t) 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t + 3 4e4xt (−x + t) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t




= e
2
1  −x2 −2xt−t2 2 2

(−2t − 2x) 3e4xt (x − t) − x − t + 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t




= e
2
1 h 2 2 2 2
 2 2
i
−2xe−x −2xt−t − 2te−x −2xt−t 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t + 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t




=
2  2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2
Expandir : −2xe−x −2xt−t − 2te−x −2xt−t 3e4xt (t − x) − x − t : 6x2 e−x +2xt−t + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t −


2 2 2 2 2 2
−2t2 e−x −2xt−t + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t
2 2 2 2
Expandir : 3 4xe4xt (−t + x) − e4xt − 1 e−x −2xt−t : −12txe−x +2xt−t +



2 2 2 2 2 2
+12x2 e−x +2xt−t − 3e−x +2xt−t − e−x −2xt−t
1  2 −x2 +2xt−t2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= 6x e + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t − 12xte−x + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t + 2t2 e−x −2xt−t
2
como,

utt = uxx
1  2 −x2 +2xt−t2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

6x e + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t − 12xte−x + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t + 2t2 e−x −2xt−t =
2 
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= 6x2 e−x +2xt−t + 2x2 e−x −2xt−t + 4xte−x −2xt−t − 12xte−x + 6t2 e−x +2xt−t + 2t2 e−x −2xt−t
2
= 0.

(b) 
Solução De (a), temos
2 2
e−(x+t) + 3e−(x−t)
u (x, t) =
4
para t = 0,

4
para t = 1,

para t = 2,

para t = 3,