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CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS CLIMÁTICOS
O CLIMA GLOBAL
Fe = T4
Decrease in temperature (ºC) with distance from the Sun (x 106 km):
Solid curve – planets with no reflection and no atmosphere
Open circles – reflection taken into account
Solid circles – actual temperatures at the surfaces
The length of each dashed line is a measure of the greenhouse effect
(from Philander, 1998)
Earth is unique in the Solar System!
Surface
Temperature 450 C 14 C -53 C
-18C
Gases Estufa absorvem ondas
longas e as reemitem. Uma
parte volta para a superfície e
é o chamado ”efeito estufa”
Ondas Longas
aquecem o ar e voltam para
o espaço
Mas, a temperatura à superfície é de T = 15oC devido aos gases de efeito estufa (CO2, H2O, CH4, N2O, O3, etc.) que
dificultam o esfriamento radiativo e esquentam o planeta
SW d SW u
superfície = corpo negro
Ts4 Equilíbrio
radiativo entre
superfície SW e LW
Ta4
SW d SW u
atmosfera
4
Ta
Ts4
SW d SW u Ta4
SW d SW u
atmosfera
Ta4
Ts4 Ts4
superfície superfície
Por quê? 14
The electromagnetic spectrum
1 nm = 10-9 m
1 m = 10-6 m
(and above)
Water vapor, carbon dioxide and other
gases whose molecules have electric
dipole moments absorb more strongly
in the longwave part of the spectrum
(entire atm.) (terrestrial radiation)
Effective Temperature of Earth
or Equivalent Blackbody* Temperature Temperature detected from
space
Balance between energy absorbed
and emitted by
surface+atmosphere
Energy absorbed
Solar constant (flux density) at Earth's distance: 1368 W m -2
Incident solar radiation intercepted Albedo (reflectivity) of Earth ~ 0.3
over the area re2 and distributed over area 4 re2 Energy absorbed = (1 - 0.3) x 1368 x ( re2)
re
Energy balance:
Te4 = (0.7 x 1368) / 4 = 239.4 W m -2
Te = 255 K = -18ºC (cold!)
Outgoing (blackbody) terrestrial *A blackbody is an ideal body that absorbs all radiation incident
radiation emitted over the area 4 re2 on it. It is also a perfect emitter.
The greenhouse effect: simple model
multiple isothermal layers
Assume that the incoming shortwave radiation (after removing the reflected
component) is transmitted by the atmospheric layers, and is all absorbed at
the surface.
Assume that the surface emits as blackbody with Ts.
Assume the atmosphere absorbs all of this energy, and reemits as a
blackbody with Ta to space and back to surface.
Solar radiation F
F
Atmospheric layer
Stefan-Boltzman law:
F F
2F
3F = (239.4 x 3) W m -2 = Tg4 Ts = 335 K
Atmospheric layer
= 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4
F 2F 3F
The above model assumes pure radiative balance and is greatly simplified.
The global mean surface temperature of the Earth is 289 K as a consequence
of the greenhouse effect.
We can make the simple model more realistic…
More realistic models
Consider other forms of energy apart from radiation: latent and sensible
heat fluxes.
(and
above)
The wavelength dependence is quite
pronounced, with well defined
absorption bands identified with
specific gaseous constituents and also
windows in which the atmosphere is
(entire atm.) relatively transparent.
Molecular Vibrations and Rotations of CO2
Molecular vibration
Fundamental vibrations
O O
O
H H H H
H H
stretching
stretching
bending
Fundamental vibrations
C
+ - +
O O O C O
bending
in plane bending out of plane
O C O O C O
stretching stretching
Vibrations and IR absorption
O C O O C O
O C O
+ - +
O C O
bending
in plane bending out of plane
Molecular Vibrations and Rotations of CO2
Atmospheric gases
Most abundant gases in the dry air close to the Earth’s surface:
Gas % Volume
Nitrogen N2 78.08
Oxygen O2 20.95
Argon Ar 0.93
Carbon Dioxide 0.04
CO2 (presently)
Each of the first two most abundant gases in the atmosphere has
only 3(2) – 5 =1 fundamental vibration and it is symmetric:
N N O O
Third most abundant gas is Argon atom, so does not vibrate (no bonds)
No infrared absorption by Ar
There are trace gases in the atmosphere which are also important for the
greenhouse effect, for example, CH4, N2O, O3, etc.
INVERNO
02/2019 VERÃO
Fonte: NOAA/OSPO
RADIAÇÃO SOLAR ABSORVIDA (w.m-2)
INVERNO
X X X
02/2019 VERÃO
Fonte: NOAA/OSPO
RADIAÇÃO DE ONDA LONGA EMITIDA DURANTE O
DIA (w.m-2)
INVERNO
02/2019 VERÃO
Fonte: NOAA/OSPO
RADIAÇÃO DE ONDA LONGA EMITIDA DURANTE A NOITE
(w.m-2)
INVERNO
02/2019 VERÃO
Fonte: NOAA/OSPO
Atmosfera com 1 camada
Balanço radiativo:
1) TOA:
S0
(1 ) T14 Te4
S0
4
4 (1 ) T 4
(1)
atmosfera:
1
T14 1 camada T14 Te4 (2)
4
2) Superfície:
Ts
S0
(1 ) T14 Ts4 (3)
superfície 4
Subst. (1) em (3) e utilizando (2):
De onde aparece
a lei de Stefan-
Botzman?
Ts 4 ( N 1)Te
Por exemplo:
Te 255K
Considerando N = 4 e :
Ts 1,49 255 382K 109C
Teresina
Teresina
21 hrs
Diferença = 6,1 C
Manaus Taxa de resfriamento = 6,1 C/9 horas
20 hrs
Diferença = 3 C Compilação de dados e gráficos:
Taxa de resfriamento = 3 C/10 horas DOP-CPTEC-INPE
AMPLITUDE TÉRMICA DIÁRIA – Agosto-Outubro 2007
Teresina – 5 S
Umidade (g/kg)
21 hrs
Diferença = 6,1 C
Manaus – 3 S Taxa de resfriamento = 6,1 C/9 horas
Umidade (g/kg)
20 hrs
Diferença = 3 C
Taxa de resfriamento = 3 C/10 horas Compilação de dados e gráficos: DOP-CPTEC-INPE
ÁGUA PRECIPITÁVEL (MM)
MANAUS (ASO/2007)