Lista de missões a Vênus

Houve 46 missões espaciais (incluindo sobrevoos com ajuda à Lançamentos para Vênus
gravidade) para o planeta Vênus. Missões a Vênus constituem
parte da exploração de Vênus. Década 1.
Anos 60 18
Anos 70 11
Conteúdo Anos 80 8
Lista Anos 1990 1
Missões futuras Anos 2000 2
Em desenvolvimento Anos 2010 5
Missões propostas 2020 1
Referências
Links externos

Lista
A partir de 2020, a União Soviética, os Estados Unidos, a Agência Espacial Europeia e o Japão realizaram missões a Vênus.

Lenda do tipo de missão

  Missão a Vênus
  Assistência de gravidade, destino em outro lugar
 Nave Data de
Operador Missão Resultado Observações Foguete transportador[2]
espacial lançamento[1]
Falha do
transformador
Okb-1
de energia, o
Tyazhely Sputnik
Falha de
(1VA No.1)
4 de fevereiro de 1961 União Impactor[3] lançamento
estágio superior Molniya
Soviética não conseguiu
inflamar, nunca
saiu do LEO[3]
Falha nas
comunicações.
Primeiro
sobrevoo após
outro planeta,
Okb-1
em 19 de maio
Venera 1
Falha da
(1VA No.2)
12 de fevereiro de 1961 União Impactor[3] espaçonave
de 1961, a Molniya
Soviética menos de
100.000
quilômetros (
62.000 mi);
nenhum dado
devolvido
Falhou em
orbitar a Terra;
NASA
destruído pela
Mariner 1
Falha de
22 de julho de 1962 Estados Sobrevôo segurança de Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
(P-37) lançamento
Unidos alcance após
falha de
orientação[4]
Corte prematuro
do estágio
superior devido
Okb-1

Falha de ao mau
2MV-1 No.1 25 de agosto de 1962 União Lander Molniya
lançamento funcionamento
Soviética
do motor da
ullage; nunca
saiu de LEO[4]
Primeiro voo
bem sucedido
NASA

Mariner 2
passado outro
27 de agosto de 1962 Estados Sobrevôo Bem-sucedido Atlas-LV3 Agena-B
(P-38) planeta em 14
Unidos
de dezembro de
1962
A válvula de
combustível do
estágio superior
Okb-1

Falha de não abriu,

2MV-1 No.2 1 de setembro de 1962 União Lander Molniya
lançamento resultando em
Soviética
falha na ignição;
nunca saiu de
LEÓ[4]
O corte anômeo
do terceiro
estágio resultou
na formação de
bolhas de ar no
quarto estágio
Okb-1

Falha de de combustível;
2MV-2 No.1 12 de setembro de 1962 União Sobrevôo Molniya
lançamento quarto estágio
Soviética
desligado
menos de um
segundo após a
ignição; não
conseguiu
deixar LEO[4]
O vazamento de
oxidante de
terceiro estágio
fez com que o
propulsor
Okb-1
congelasse nas
Falha de
3MV-1 No.2 19 de fevereiro de 1964 União Sobrevôo linhas de Molniya-M
lançamento
Soviética alimentação,
que
posteriormente
racharam; não
conseguiu
orbitar[5]
Falha de
Okb-1
controle de
Kosmos 27
Falha de
27 de março de 1964 União Flyby/Lander atitude do palco Molniya-M
(3MV-1 No.3) lançamento
Soviética superior, nunca
saiu do LEO[5]
 Nave Data de
Operador Missão Resultado Observações Foguete transportador[2]
espacial lançamento[1]
A eletrônica
diminuiu, as
comunicações
Okb-1

Zond 1
Falha da perderam antes
2 de abril de 1964 União Flyby/Lander Molniya-M
(3MV-1 No.4) espaçonave do voo. [5] Voou
Soviética
por Vênus em
14 de julho de
1964.
Passou por
Vênus em 27 de
fevereiro de
1966,
aproximação
Okb-1
mais próxima às
Venera 2
Falha da
12 de novembro de 1965 União Sobrevôo 02:52 UTC. Molniya-M
(3MV-4 No.4) espaçonave
Soviética Comunicações
perdidas após o
voo, antes que
qualquer dado
pudesse ser
devolvido. [6]
As
comunicações
perderam assim
que a nave
entrou na
atmosfera em 1
Okb-1

Venera 3
Falha da de Março de
16 de novembro de 1965 União Lander Molniya-M
(3MV-3 No.1) espaçonave 1966, nenhum
Soviética
dado retornou.
Primeira
entrada
atmosférica e
impacto em
outro planeta.
Câmara de
combustão do
terceiro estágio
explodiu,
Okb-1
resultando em
Kosmos 96
Falha de
23 de novembro de 1965 União Sobrevôo perda de Molniya-M
(3MV-4 No.6) lançamento
Soviética controle, estágio
superior não
conseguiu
inflamar; Nunca
saiu do LEO[6]
Retornou dados
atmosféricos
durante a
entrada em 18
de outubro de
União
1967. Primeira
Venera 4
Soviética de
12 de junho de 1967 Atmosférico Bem-sucedido entrada Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.310) Lavochkin
atmosférica
bem sucedida.
Nunca tive a
intenção de
trabalhar na
superfície[7]
Flyby em 19 de
outubro de
NASA

1967,
Mariner 5 14 de junho de 1967 Estados Sobrevôo Bem-sucedido Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D
aproximação
Unidos
mais próxima às
17:34:56 UTC[8]
O estágio
superior não
conseguiu
União
inflamar;
Kosmos 167
Soviética de
17 June 1967 Lander Launch failure turbobomba Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.311) Lavochkin
defeito de
resfriamento.
Nunca saiu do
LEO[8]
Entered
Lavochkin
atmosphere on
Venera 5

5 January 1969  Soviet Atmospheric Successful 16 May 1969, Molniya-M

(4V-1 No.330)
Union operated for 53
minutes
Entered
Lavochkin
atmosphere on
Venera 6

10 January 1969  Soviet Atmospheric Successful 17 May 1969, Molniya-M

(4V-1 No.331)
Union operated for 51
minutes
 Nave Data de
Operador Missão Resultado Observações Foguete transportador[2]
espacial lançamento[1]
Landed at
05:37:10 UTC
on 15 December
1970, rolled
Lavochkin

Venera 7
upon landing
17 August 1970  Soviet Lander Partial success Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.630) and returned
Union
severely limited
data. First soft
landing on
another planet.
Lavochkin

Kosmos 359

22 August 1970  Soviet Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.631)
Union

Landed at 09:32
UTC on 22 July
Lavochkin

Venera 8
1972. First fully
27 March 1972  Soviet Lander Successful Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.670) successful
Union
landing on
another planet.
Lavochkin

Kosmos 482

31 March 1972  Soviet Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya-M
(4V-1 No.671)
Union

Flyby on 4
February 1974;
closest
NASA
approach at
Mariner 10 3 November 1973  United Flyby Successful 17:01 UTC; Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
States observed Venus
and performed
gravity assist to
reach Mercury
Entered orbit on
20 October
1975; lander
landed at 05:13
Lavochkin
UTC on 22
Venera 9

8 June 1975  Soviet Orbiter/Lander Successful October. First Proton-K/D

(4V-1 No.660)
Union orbiter of
Venus and first
images from
the surface of
another planet.
Entered orbit on
23 October
Lavochkin

Venera 10
1975; lander
14 June 1975  Soviet Orbiter/Lander Successful Proton-K/D
(4V-1 No.661) landed at 05:17
Union
UTC on 25
October
Flyby on 25
December;
Lander landed
Lavochkin
at 03:24 UTC
Venera 11

9 September 1978  Soviet Flyby/Lander Mostly successful the same day. Proton-K/D-1
(4V-1 No.360)
Union Multiple
instrument
failures on
lander
Lander landed
at 03:20 UTC on
Lavochkin

Venera 12
21 December
14 September 1978  Soviet Flyby/Lander Mostly successful Proton-K/D-1
(4V-1 No.361) 1978. Both
Union
cameras on
lander failed
Entered orbit on
NASA
4 December
Pioneer Venus 1

20 May 1978  United Orbiter Successful 1978, decayed Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
(PV Orbiter)
States on 22 October
1992
Entered the
atmosphere on
9 December
1978; consisted
NASA
of five
Pioneer Venus 2

8 August 1978  United Atmospheric Successful spacecraft, one Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
(PV Multiprobe)
States of which briefly
continued
transmitting after
reaching the
surface[9]
 Nave Data de
Operador Missão Resultado Observações Foguete transportador[2]
espacial lançamento[1]
Lander landed
at 03:20 UTC on
Lavochkin

Venera 13
1 March 1982.
30 October 1981  Soviet Flyby/Lander Successful Proton-K/D-1
(4V-1M No.760) First recording
Union
of sounds from
another planet.
Lavochkin
Lander landed
Venera 14

4 November 1981  Soviet Flyby/Lander Successful on 5 March Proton-K/D-1

(4V-1M No.761)
Union 1982.

Entered orbit 10
Lavochkin

Venera 15
October 1983,
2 June 1983  Soviet Orbiter Successful Proton-K/D-1
(4V-2 No.860) operated until
Union
July 1984
Entered orbit 11
Lavochkin

Venera 16
October 1983,
7 June 1983  Soviet Orbiter Successful Proton-K/D-1
(4V-2 No.861) operated until
Union
July 1984
Landed 11 June
1985.
Atmospheric
probe deployed
Lavochkin

Vega 1
during entry
15 December 1984  Soviet Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander Mostly successful Proton-K/D-1
(5VK No.901) operated for two
Union
days. Main bus
continued to
explore comet
1P/Halley
Landed 15 June
1985.
Atmospheric
probe deployed
Lavochkin

Vega 2
during entry
21 December 1984  Soviet Flyby/Atmospheric/Lander Successful Proton-K/D-1
(5VK No.902) operated for two
Union
days. Main bus
continued to
explore comet
1P/Halley
Entered orbit 10
NASA

October 1990, Space Shuttle Atlantis

Magellan 4 May 1989  United Orbiter Successful

deorbited 13 STS-30 / IUS
States
October 1994
Flyby on 10
February 1990
NASA
en route to
Space Shuttle Atlantis

Galileo 18 October 1989  United Gravity assist at Venus Successful Jupiter;

STS-34 / IUS
States observed Venus
during closest
pass.
Flybys on 26
April 1998 and
NASA
24 June 1999 en
Cassini 15 October 1997  United Gravity assist Successful route to Saturn; Titan IV(401)B
States observed Venus
during closest
pass.
Flybys on 24
October 2006
and 5 June 2007
NASA

en route to
MESSENGER 3 August 2004  United Gravity assist Successful Delta II 7925H
Mercury;
States
observed Venus
during closest
pass.
Entered orbit 11
April 2006. Full
communications
Venus Express 9 November 2005 ESA
Orbiter Successful Soyuz-FG/Fregat
lost on 28
November 2014
[10]

Flew past Venus

on 6 December
2010 after failing
JAXA
to enter orbit.
Akatsuki 20 May 2010  Japan
Orbiter Operational Insertion was H-IIA 202
successfully
reattempted on
7 December
2015.
 Nave Data de
Operador Missão Resultado Observações Foguete transportador[2]
espacial lançamento[1]
Experimental
solar sail
released from
JAXA
the Akatsuki
IKAROS 20 May 2010  Japan
Flyby Successful spacecraft. Flew H-IIA 202
past Venus on 8
December 2010
but did not make
observations.
Communications
never
UNISEC
established after
Shin'en 20 May 2010  Japan
Flyby Spacecraft failure H-IIA 202
launch. Flew
past Venus in
December 2010
Flybys on 10
October 2018,
26 December
2019, 11 July
2020, 20
February 2021,
NASA

Parker Solar 16 October

12 August 2018  United Gravity assist Operational Delta IV Heavy/Star 48BV
Probe 2021, 21 August
States
2023, and 6
November 2024
to lower
perihelion for
solar
observation.
Flybys on 15
October 2020
and 11 August
2021 en route to
BepiColombo 20 October 2018 ESA
Gravity assist Operational Ariane 5 ECA
Mercury;
observed Venus
during closest
pass.
Flybys on 27
Dec 2020, 8 Aug
2021, 3 Sep
2022, 18 Feb
2025, 24 Dec
Solar Orbiter 10 February 2020 ESA
Gravity assist Operational 2026, 17 Mar Atlas V 411
2028, 10 Jun
2029, and 2 Sep
2030 to adjust
orbital
inclination.

Future missions

Under development

Proposed

Name Operator Type Status Reference

launch year

Rocket Lab’s Venus probe Rocket Lab  United States 2023 atmospheric balloon under development [11]

Shukrayaan-1 ISRO  India 2024 orbiter and atmospheric balloon under development [12]

VERITAS NASA  United States 2028 orbiter under development [13][14]

Venera-D Roscosmos  Russia 2029 orbiter and lander under development [15]

DAVINCI+ NASA  United States 2029–2030 atmospheric probe under development [16][13]

EnVision ESA 2031 orbiter under development [17]

Proposed missions
 Proposed

Name Operator Type Status Reference

launch year

CUVE NASA  United States orbiter proposed [18][19]

EVE ESA orbiter proposed [20]

HAVOC NASA  United States crewed aircraft conceptual [21]

proposed as a secondary payload

[22][23]
VAMP NASA  United States 2029 atmospheric balloon
on Venera D lander

VICI NASA  United States 2027 lander proposed [24][25]

VISAGE NASA  United States 2027 lander proposed [26][27][28]

VISE NASA  United States 2024 lander and balloon proposed [29]

VOX NASA  United States 2027 orbiter proposed [30][31]

UAESA  United Arab Emirates 2028 Flyby proposed

Zephyr NASA  United States 2039 rover Feasibility study [32]

References
1. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log" (http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt). Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January
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21 January 2013.
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Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 29–32.
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27. The New Frontiers Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE) Mission Proposal (http://meetingorganizer.coper
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Bullock, A. Colaprete, M. Darrach, J. Day, M. Dyar, B. Ehlmann, K. Farley, J. Filiberto, D. Grinspoon, J. Head, J. Helbert, S.
Madzunkov, G. Piccioni, W. Possel, M. Ravine, A. Treiman, Y. Yung, K. Zahnle. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 11, EPSC2017-275-1, 2017.
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External links
Bonnier Corporation (2003). "Is There Life on Venus?" (https://books.google.com/books?id=iDdUVbjhXTsC&pg=PA49). Popular
Science. Bonnier Corporation. p. 49.

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