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02139240138
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Centralização
A centralização ocorre quando o Estado executa suas tarefas
diretamente, por intermédio dos órgãos e agentes administrativos que
compõem sua estrutura funcional 1 . O que caracteriza a centralização,
portanto, é o desempenho direto das atividades públicas pelo Estado, vale
dizer, por uma das pessoas políticas (União, Estados, DF e Municípios).
Esta execução centralizada de atividades públicas pelos entes federados
ocorre mediante a atuação da respectiva Administração Direta, cujas
características veremos adiante.
Por exemplo, ocorre centralização quando um Município, através dos
servidores lotados na Secretaria de Obras, realiza um trabalho de limpeza
das ruas da cidade. No caso, a pessoa jurídica responsável pela execução
do serviço é o próprio Município, que executa a atividade diretamente,
usando como instrumento de ação um órgão da Administração Direta.
Descentralização
Na descentralização o Estado distribui algumas de suas atribuições
para outras pessoas, físicas ou jurídicas. O que caracteriza a
descentralização, portanto, é o desempenho indireto de atividades
públicas. Pressupõe a existência de, pelo menos, duas pessoas
distintas: o Estado (a União, um Estado, o DF ou um Município) e a
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02139240138
Desconcentração
Quando o Estado se organiza mediante desconcentração, a
entidade se desmembra em órgãos para melhorar sua organização
estrutural. Trata-se de uma distribuição interna de competências, ou
seja, uma distribuição ou organização de competências dentro da mesma
pessoa jurídica.
O resultado concreto da desconcentração é a criação de diferentes
órgãos que, como visto, são unidades administrativas desprovidas de
personalidade jurídica.
Assim, diferentemente da descentralização, na qual as atividades são
transferidas para outras pessoas jurídicas, a desconcentração envolve
apenas uma pessoa jurídica, cujas atribuições são distribuídas entre
várias unidades de competências, os órgãos públicos, uns subordinados
a outros dentro de uma mesma estrutura organizacional. Os órgãos são as
unidades de organização nas quais estão lotados os agentes responsáveis
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pela prática de atos cujos efeitos, em regra, são tidos como se praticados
diretamente pela pessoa jurídica.
A desconcentração constitui mera técnica administrativa de
distribuição interna de atribuições para aprimorar o desempenho.
Segundo Maria Sylvia Di Pietro, isso é feito para “descongestionar,
desconcentrar, tirar do centro um volume grande de atribuições, para
permitir seu mais adequado e racional desempenho”.
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02139240138
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Ε∋∗(9:,!∃!∃Λ&∗−9:,!
A criação e a extinção de órgãos na Administração Direta do
Poder Executivo necessitam de lei em sentido formal, de iniciativa
do chefe do Poder Executivo (CF, art. 61, §1º, II, “e”10). Ou seja, a lei
deve ser aprovada no Poder Legislativo, mas quem dá início ao processo
legislativo é o chefe do Executivo. 02139240138
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Quanto à estrutura
!# Órgãos simples ou unitários: são aqueles que não possuem
subdivisões em sua estrutura interna, ou seja, desempenham suas
atribuições de forma concentrada. Ressalte-se que os órgãos unitários
podem ser compostos por mais de um agente. O que não há são outros
órgãos abaixo dele.
!# Órgãos compostos: reúnem em sua estrutura diversos
órgãos menores, subordinados hierarquicamente, como resultado da
desconcentração.
Por exemplo: o Ministério da Fazenda é integrado por vários órgãos,
dentre os quais a Secretaria da Receita Federal do Brasil. Esta se
subdivide em diversos órgãos, como as Superintendências Regionais que,
por sua vez, são integradas por Delegacias, e assim sucessivamente, até
chegarmos a um órgão que não seja mais subdividido: este será o órgão
unitário; todos os demais são compostos.
Presidente.
!# Órgãos colegiados ou pluripessoais: são aqueles cuja
atuação e decisões são tomadas pela manifestação conjunta de seus
membros.
Exemplo: Congresso Nacional, Supremo Tribunal Federal e, no
Executivo, o Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!! Empresas Públicas.
!! Fundações Públicas.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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### Ν=Ο=56307#Ε55=?0# 02139240138
*****
Feitas essas considerações, passemos ao estudo das características
das entidades da administração indireta (autarquias, fundações,
empresas públicas e sociedades de economia mista) assunto bastante
explorado nas provas de concurso. Ao final teremos ainda um tópico para
tratar dos consórcios públicos.
XIX - somente por lei específica poderá ser criada autarquia e autorizada
a instituição de empresa pública, de sociedade de economia mista e de
fundação, cabendo à lei complementar, neste último caso, definir as áreas de
sua atuação;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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02139240138
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Η%ΤΗ(ξ%)Η∃!
Ε,−+∃∗&,!
O art. 5º, I do Decreto-Lei 200/1967 conceitua autarquia da seguinte
forma:
Ε∋∗(9:,!∃!∃Λ&∗−9:,!
Como já adiantado, a criação de autarquias depende apenas da
edição de uma lei específica. Salvo se esta lei criar outras exigências ou
condições, a personalidade jurídica das autarquias tem início
juntamente com a vigência da lei criadora. A partir desse momento, em
que adquirem personalidade jurídica própria, as autarquias tornam-se
capazes de contrair direitos e obrigações.
Pelo princípio da simetria das formas jurídicas, pelo qual a forma de
nascimento dos institutos jurídicos deve ser a mesma para sua extinção, a
extinção das autarquias também deve ser feita mediante a edição de
lei específica. Assim, uma autarquia não pode, por exemplo, ser extinta
mediante um mero ato administrativo.
A lei de criação e extinção das autarquias deve ser da iniciativa
privativa do chefe do Poder Executivo (CF, art. 61, §1º, “e”).
Logicamente, se a entidade a ser criada ou extinta se vincular ao Poder
Legislativo ou Judiciário, a iniciativa da lei será do respectivo chefe de
Poder.
1&∗<∗;(;∃%!;∃%∃−<,7<∗;(%!
A principal característica das autarquias consiste na natureza jurídica
da atividade que desenvolvem, qual seja, atividades próprias e típicas
02139240138
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?∃)∗/∃!Μ.∋Ν;∗+,!
Por desempenhar atividades típicas de Estado, a personalidade
jurídica da autarquia é de direito público. Sendo a autarquia pessoa de
direito público, consequentemente se submete a regime jurídico de
direito público, possuindo as prerrogativas e sujeições que informam
o regime jurídico-administrativo, próprias das pessoas públicas de
natureza política (União, Estados, DF e Municípios).
Com efeito, as seguintes prerrogativas são aplicáveis às
autarquias20:
!! Prazos processuais em dobro (CPC, art. 183);
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!
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02139240138
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02139240138
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Quanto à estrutura
Um outro critério considera a estrutura das autarquias e as
subdivide em:
!! Fundacionais: corresponde à figura da fundação de direito
público, ou seja, pessoa jurídica dotada de patrimônio vinculado a
um fim que irá beneficiar pessoas indeterminadas, que não a
integram como membros ou sócios, a exemplo do Hospital das
Clínicas, da Universidade de São Paulo.
!! Corporativas ou associativas: constituída por sujeitos unidos
(ainda que compulsoriamente) para a consecução de um fim de
interesse público, mas que diz respeito aos próprios associados,
como ocorre com as entidades de fiscalização do exercício de
profissões regulamentadas (CREA, CFC, CONFEA etc.).
02139240138
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Nesse tópico, o objetivo é esclarecer se o pessoal das autarquias se
se sujeita ao regime de servidores públicos estatutários ou de empregados
públicos celetistas (contratual trabalhista).
A redação original do art. 39, caput, da Constituição Federal
estabelecia que a União, os Estados, o Distrito Federal e os Municípios
deveriam instituir regime jurídico único para os servidores da
administração direta, das autarquias e das fundações públicas. A ideia era
uniformizar o regime jurídico aplicável aos agentes públicos integrantes de
uma mesma entidade federativa, evitando, por exemplo, que numa
mesma autarquia ou fundação coexistissem servidores sujeitos a 02139240138
-> Redação dada pela EC 19/1998, com eficácia suspensa pelo STF:
Υ,/∃(9:,!∃!∃Λ,−∃∋(9:,!;∃!;∗∋∗)∃−&∃%!
A competência para nomeação dos dirigentes de autarquias é do
chefe do Poder Executivo (CF, art. 84, XXV).
Para a nomeação, poderá ser exigida prévia aprovação pelo
Senado Federal do nome escolhido pelo Presidente da República. É o que
ocorre, por exemplo, para os cargos de presidente e diretores do Banco
Central (CF, art. 84, XIV) e de dirigentes das agências reguladoras26.
Da mesma forma, segundo o entendimento do STF, são válidas as
normas locais dos Estados, DF e Municípios que subordinam a nomeação
dos dirigentes de autarquias ou fundações públicas à prévia aprovação da
Assembleia Legislativa27.
Diferentemente, o Supremo entende que a lei não pode exigir
aprovação legislativa prévia para a exoneração de dirigentes de
autarquias pelo chefe do Poder Executivo, nem exigir que a exoneração
seja efetuada diretamente pelo Poder Legislativo28.
Ζ,∋,!Μ.;∗+∗(7!+,/Π∃&∃−&∃!
Em regra, as causas judiciais que envolvem autarquias federais são02139240138
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As fundações são pessoas jurídicas originárias do direito privado,
previstas no Código Civil juntamente com as associações e sociedades.
Sinteticamente, pode-se dizer que, na pessoa jurídica de forma
associativa ou societária, o elemento essencial é a existência de pessoas
02139240138
que se associam para atingir a certos fins que a elas mesmas beneficiam;
na fundação, o elemento essencial é o patrimônio destinado à realização
de certos fins que ultrapassam o âmbito da própria entidade, indo
beneficiar terceiros estranhos a ela.
Assim, ao contrário da associação e da sociedade, a fundação não
seria uma “pessoa” de fato, pois não trabalha no interesse próprio; seria
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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A natureza jurídica das fundações públicas é assunto controverso na
doutrina. Embora o Decreto-Lei 200/1967, como visto no conceito acima,
as defina expressamente como pessoas jurídicas de direito privado, há
quem entenda de modo completamente diferente, ou seja, que todas as
fundações instituídas pelo Estado são pessoas jurídicas de direito público.
Outros já advogam a tese de que, mesmo instituídas pelo Poder Público,
as fundações públicas têm sempre personalidade jurídica de direito
privado, característica que seria inerente a esse tipo de pessoa jurídica.
Porém, o entendimento majoritário, partilhado inclusive pelo STF30, é
de ser possível que o Estado institua fundações com personalidade jurídica
de direito público ou privado, a critério do ente federado matriz.
A possibilidade de instituição de fundações públicas com
personalidade jurídica de direito público é construção doutrinária e
jurisprudencial, não estando expressamente prevista na Constituição 02139240138
Ε∋∗(9:,!∃!∃Λ&∗−9:,!
Como já estudado anteriormente, as fundações de direito público
02139240138
1&∗<∗;(;∃%!;∃%∃−<,7<∗;(%!
As fundações são constituídas para a execução de objetivos sociais,
vale dizer, atividades de utilidade pública que, de alguma forma,
produzam benefícios à coletividade, sendo característica essencial a
ausência de fins lucrativos.
A intenção do instituidor, ao criar uma fundação, é dotar bens para a
formação de um patrimônio destinado a promover atividades de caráter
social, cultural ou assistencial, e não de caráter econômico ou
empresarial.
É comum que as fundações públicas se destinem às seguintes
atividades31:
!! Assistência social.
!! Assistência médica ou hospitalar.
!! Educação e ensino.
!! Pesquisa.
!! Atividades culturais.
Uma vez que as fundações são constituídas para beneficiar pessoas
indeterminadas, de forma desinteressada e sem qualquer finalidade
lucrativa, os resultados de sua atividade que ultrapassem os custos de
execução não são tratados como lucro, e sim como superávit, o qual
deve ser utilizado para o pagamento de novos custos operacionais, 02139240138
?∃)∗/∃!Μ.∋Ν;∗+,!
As fundações públicas de direito público fazem jus às mesmas
02139240138
=∃%%,(7!
Quanto à gestão de pessoal, as fundações de direito público, da
mesma forma que as autarquias, se sujeitam ao regime jurídico único,
devendo adotar o mesmo regime fixado para os servidores da
Administração Direta e das autarquias. Lembrando que o regime jurídico
único deve ser observado atualmente face à suspensão cautelar da nova
redação do art. 39, caput, da CF.
Já no caso das fundações públicas de direito privado, existe
divergência doutrinária. Parte da doutrina acredita que o pessoal
dessas entidades deve se sujeitar ao regime trabalhista comum,
traçado na CLT, característico das entidades de direito privado. Outra
corrente afirma que o pessoal das fundações públicas de direito privado
também se submete ao regime jurídico único, uma vez que, para os
defensores desse entendimento, todas as disposições constitucionais que
02139240138
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Nos termos do art. 66 do Código Civil, “velará pelas fundações o
Ministério Público do Estado, onde situadas”.
Tal dispositivo refere-se ao controle sobre as fundações privadas,
instituídas por particulares. Trata-se de controle finalístico que possui o
02139240138
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### Ν=Ο=56307#%&530#!
02139240138
Ζ,∋,!Μ.;∗+∗(7!+,/Π∃&∃−&∃!
No que concerne às fundações públicas de direito público, a
competência de foro para os litígios judiciais segue a regra aplicável às
autarquias, ou seja, tratando-se de fundação de direito público federal,
seus litígios serão dirimidos na Justiça Federal, inclusive aqueles que
decorram da relação estatuária entre a fundação e seus servidores. No
caso de fundações de direito público estaduais e municipais, o foro é a
Justiça Estadual33.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Ε,−+∃∗&,!
Vejamos, primeiramente, o conceito de empresa pública, valendo-
nos, para tanto, das lições de Carvalho Filho:
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por empresa estatal, poderiam sê-lo pela iniciativa privada. Desse modo,
excluem-se aqueles serviços ditos próprios de Estado, que
envolvam exercício do poder de império ou do poder de polícia, como a
segurança pública, a prestação de justiça e a defesa da soberania
nacional. Excluem-se também os serviços de caráter puramente social
que, por sua natureza, são financeiramente deficitários, ou seja, não
geram lucro, como os de assistência social.
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02139240138
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O pessoal das empresas públicas e das sociedades de economia mista
se submete ao regime trabalhista comum, isto é, de emprego público
ou celetista, regulamentado na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT).
02139240138
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Ζ(7Τ−+∗(!∃!ΑΛ∃+.9:,!
Em 2005, foi editada a Lei 11.101, que trata da recuperação judicial,
extrajudicial e falência das sociedades empresárias. O inciso I do art. 2º
da norma é claro ao afirmar que as sociedades de economia mista e as
empresas públicas não se submetem ao seu texto, e, consequentemente,
não se sujeitam ao processo falimentar aplicável às sociedades
empresárias do setor privado em geral, independentemente da
atividade que desempenham (serviços públicos ou atividades
econômicas empresariais).
02139240138
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No que se refere à forma jurídica, há relevante diferença entre as
empresas estatais: todas as sociedades de economia mista são
sociedades anônimas, ou seja, seu capital é dividido em ações. Já as
empresas públicas podem assumir qualquer configuração admitida
no direito, inclusive ser sociedade anônima.
Carvalho Filho assevera que, embora seja facultado às empresas
públicas assumir qualquer forma admitida em direito, existem formas
societárias que com ela são incompatíveis, a exemplo das sociedades
em nome coletivo (Código Civil, art. 1.039), sociedade cooperativa
(Código Civil, art. 1.093) e empresa individual de responsabilidade
limitada (Código Civil, art. 980-A)52. Tais formas societárias, por definição,
admitem apenas pessoas privadas na formação do capital, razão pela qual
são incompatíveis com as empresas públicas.
Questão interessante diz respeito à adoção de uma forma jurídica
nova por parte de uma empresa pública, isto é, algo que ainda não exista
em nosso ordenamento. A doutrina explica que isso seria possível desde
que se trate de uma empresa pública federal, pois, como compete à
União legislar sobre Direito Civil e Comercial (CF, art. 22, inciso I), só a lei
federal poderia instituir empresa pública sob nova forma jurídica.
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Na composição do capital reside outra diferença relevante entre
empresas públicas e sociedades de economia mista. Refere-se à origem
dos recursos que formam o patrimônio das entidades.
Sinteticamente, a sociedade de economia mista é constituída por
capital público e privado, e a empresa pública, por capital público.
02139240138
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*****
Com suporte no art. 241 da CF, a Lei 11.107/2005 foi editada para
estabelecer normas gerais para que a União, os Estados, o DF e os
Municípios contratassem consórcios públicos para a realização de objetivos
de interesse comum, promovendo a gestão associada a que alude o
citado mandamento constitucional.
Regulamentando a matéria, o Decreto 6.017/2007 define consórcio
público da seguinte forma:
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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dotações que o suportam, com exceção dos contratos que tenham por
objeto exclusivamente projetos consistentes em programas e ações
contemplados em plano plurianual ou a gestão associada de serviços
públicos custeados por tarifas ou outros preços públicos.
Ademais, poderá ser firmado contrato de programa entre o
consórcio e um de seus consorciados, a fim de que este último assuma a
obrigação de prestar serviços por meio de seus próprios órgãos
(Administração Direta) ou por meio de entidades da Administração
Indireta (art. 4º, XI, d).
O representante legal do consórcio público obrigatoriamente
deverá ser eleito dentre os Chefes do Poder Executivo dos entes da
!
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02139240138
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*****
Ufa! Por hoje é só. Em seguida ainda tem o “Resumão” da aula, para
ajudar na revisão da matéria.
Depois do resumo relacionei os principais trechos da jurisprudência
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Bons estudos!
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02139240138
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02139240138
Constituição Federal
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71)# E
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