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C O N C R E T E - F I L L E D S T E E L C O L U M N S
P R E D IC T I O N O F F IR E R E S IS T A N C E
b y I. D . B e n n e tts a n d C . C . G o h
C e n tr e f o r E n v ir o n m e n t a l S a fe t y a n d R is k E n g in e e r in g
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I n t r o d u c t io n It c a n
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e x t e r n a lly p r o te c t e d
T h e fir e r e s is ta n c e o f s tru c tu ra l s te e l h o llo w s e c tio n ( S S H S ) m e m b e r o v e r th a t a s s o c ia te d w it h a n id e n tic a l m e m b e r th a t
c o lu m n s c a n b e e n h a n c e d th ro u g h : is n o t c o n c re t e - f ille d . T h e re d u c tio n in s te e l te m p e ra tu re d u e
(a ) e n c a s in g th e s e c tio n w ith in a f ir e - p r o t e c tiv e c o a t in g to c o n c re te fillin g is o n ly a p p a re n t fo r e x t e r n a lly p r o te c t e d
(b ) f illin g w ith u n r e in fo r c e d c o n c re te m e m b e rs 1.
(c ) f illin g w ith fib r e - r e in fo r c e d c o n c re te
(d ) f illin g w ith c o n v e n tio n a l r e in fo rc e d c o n c re te I f h o llo w s e c tio n s a r e s p e c if ie d f o r a r c h ite c t u r a l r e a s o n s , it is
u n lik e ly t h a t p r o t e c tio n o f t h e o u t s id e o f t h e t u b e w ill b e a n
In th e c a s e o f (a ) th e t h ic k n e s s o f f ir e p r o t e c t io n c a n b e a c c e p t a b le m e a n s o f a c h ie v in g t h e r e q u ir e d f ir e - r e s is t a n c e
d e te r m in e d a s fo r a n y s te e l s e c t io n a n d r e fe r e n c e is m a d e to le v e l2 . I t fo llo w s t h a t e n h a n c in g th e fir e r e s is t a n c e o f a
th e H a n d b o o k o f F ir e P ro te c t io n M a te r ia ls f o r S tru c tu ra l s e c t io n th r o u g h c o n c r e t e - f illin g p r e s e n ts it s e lf a s a n a tt r a c t iv e
S te e l [1 ] p u b lis h e d b y A u s tr a lia n In s titu te o f S te e l o p t io n . T h e m a jo r it y o f h o llo w s t e e l s e c tio n s u s e d in b u ild in g
C o n s t r u c t io n (A IS C ), o r a lt e r n a t iv e ly , u s in g s o ftw a re c o n s tr u c t io n a r e n o t la r g e in c r o s s - s e c t io n a n d t h e p la c e m e n t
a v a ila b le f r o m th e F ir e S a fe ty D e s ig n C o m p e n d iu m C D [2 ] o f c o n v e n tio n a l r e in fo r c e m e n t w ith in th e s e s e c tio n s is
p u b lis h e d b y O n e S te e l. u n lik e ly t o b e c o s t- e ff e c t iv e . T h e r e f o r e , ( b ) a n d ( c ) a r e t h e
p r e fe r r e d w a y s o f e n h a n c in g th e fir e r e s is ta n c e o f S S H S
T h e a b o v e th ic k n e s s e s d o n o t ta k e in t o a c c o u n t th e b e n e fits c o lu m n s . T h is t e c h n ic a l n o te p r o v id e s in f o r m a t io n t o a llo w
o f c o n c re t e - f illin g . A c o m b in a t io n o f (a ) a n d ( b ) w ill r e s u lt in d e s ig n e r s t o a s s e s s t h e fir e r e s is t a n c e o f S S H S c o lu m n s
m u c h lo w e r th ic k n e s s e s o f fir e p r o te c tio n a s illu s t r a te d b y w h e n f ille d w ith e ith e r p la in o r fib r e - r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e . I n
te s tin g c o n d u c te d re c e n t ly a t V ic t o r ia U n iv e r s it y o f t h e c o n t e x t o f th is t e c h n ic a l n o t e th e t e r m " fir e - r e s is t a n c e "
T e c h n o lo g y . s h o u ld b e ta k e n a s r e p r e s e n tin g th e p e r fo r m a n c e o f a
c o lu m n t e s t e d u n d e r s ta n d a r d fir e t e s t c o n d itio n s [ 3 ] .
T h e s e te s ts w e r e c a r r ie d o u t o n s h o r t o n e m e t r e h ig h
c o lu m n s o f 1 0 0 x 1 0 0 x 6 S H S . T h e s p e c im e n s w e r e p la c e d T h e fir e r e s is ta n c e th u s e s ta b lis h e d m u s t b e g r e a te r th a n o r
in a s ta n d a rd f ir e t e s t f u r n a c e a n d s u b je c t e d t o h e a t in g e q u a l to t h e f ir e - r e s is ta n c e le v e l ( F R L ) r e q u ir e d f o r t h e
u n d e r s ta n d a rd f ir e te s t c o n d it io n s f o r u p to 1 2 0 m in u t e s in p a r t ic u la r s itu a tio n b e in g c o n s id e r e d . B u t w h a t f ir e - r e s is t a n c e
d u r a tio n . T h e m a in s p e c im e n s te s te d w e r e : le v e l is re q u ir e d ?
• h o llo w s e c tio n
• h o llo w s e c t io n c la d w it h 1 3 m m f ir e - r e s is t a n t b o a r d I f t h e b u ild in g is b e in g a s s e s s e d a c c o r d in g t o t h e d e e m e d -to -
• c o n c re t e - f ille d s e c t io n c la d w it h 1 3 m m f ir e - r e s is t a n t s a t is fy p r o v is io n s o f t h e B C A [4 ] , t h e n th e r e q u ir e d fir e -
b o a rd r e s is ta n c e le v e ls 3 a r e s p e c if ie d . H o w e v e r , if a s p e c ts o f th e
b u ild in g a r e a s s e s s e d f r o m a f ir e - e n g in e e r in g v ie w p o in t , th e n
a le s s e r F R L m a y b e a p p r o p r ia t e a n d t h is c a n b e p ro p o s e d
a s p a r t o f a n A lt e r n a tiv e S o lu tio n f o r t h a t p a r t ic u la r b u ild in g 4 .
T h e A lt e r n a tiv e S o lu t io n m u s t s a t is fy t h e B C A p e rfo rm a n c e
r e q u ir e m e n ts .

B C A 9 6
T h e te m p e r a tu r e s a c h ie v e d in th e s te e l s e c tio n s fo r th e
v a r io u s s p e c im e n s a r e s h o w n b e lo w .
p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u ir e m e n t s
1 m e tr e H ig h C o lu m n s - 1 0 0 x 1 0 0 x 6 S H S
1 2 0 0
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1 0 0 0
s o lu tio n s o lu tio n
S te e l T e m p e ra tu re (ºC )

h o llo w s e c t io n

8 0 0

h o llo w s e c t io n c la d w it h 1 3 m m
1 T h is p h e n o m e n o n is n o t a p p a r e n t fo r m e m b e r s p r o te c te d w ith
6 0 0 f ir e - r e s is t a n t b o a r d in t u m e s e c e n t c o a t in g s d u e t o th e m e c h a n is m s r e q u ir e d to a c tiv a t e s u c h
c o a tin g s
4 0 0 2 P r o t e c tio n o f th e o u ts id e o f th e tu b e w ith a n in tu m e s c e n t c o a tin g w ill
a llo w th e s h a p e to r e m a in
c o n c r e t e - f ille d s e c t io n c la d w ith
2 0 0 1 3 m m f ir e - r e s is t a n t b o a r d 3 S e e fo r e x a m p le , T a b le 3 o f S p e c ific a tio n C 1 . 1 o f t h e B C A
4 T h is w ill r e q u ir e a f ir e - s a f e t y e n g in e e r to u n d e r ta k e a n a s s e s s m e n t o f
0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 th e b u ild in g s itu a tio n b e in g c o n s id e r e d
T im e (m in )

O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3 1
 K e y A s p e c t s o f B e h a v io u r i) r e in f o r c e m e n t
T h e s ta b ilit y a n d s tre n g th o f a c o n c r e te c o lu m n is e n h a n c e d
B e fo re p re s e n tin g th e v a r io u s a p p r o a c h e s t o a s s e s s in g t h e b y th e p re s e n c e o f r e in fo r c e m e n t s in c e th is g iv e s b o th
f ir e r e s is ta n c e o f c o n c r e t e - f ille d S S H S c o lu m n s it is h e lp f u l f le x u r a l a n d a x ia l s tiffn e s s a n d s tr e n g th . It fo llo w s th a t h ig h e r
to a p p re c ia te s o m e o f th e k e y a s p e c ts o f th e b e h a v io u r o f le v e ls o f fir e r e s is ta n c e w ill b e a b le to b e a c h ie v e d if
th e s e c o lu m n s in fir e . r e in fo r c e m e n t is p re s e n t. T h e g r e a t e s t im p r o v e m e n t in fir e
r e s is t a n c e is a c h ie v e d w it h c o n v e n tio n a l r e in fo rc e m e n t b u t
T h e e ff e c t o f h e a tin g a n u n lo a d e d c o n c r e te - f ille d S S H S te s tin g h a s d e m o n s tra te d th a t s te e l fib r e s c a n a ls o p r o v id e
c o lu m n is n o w c o n s id e r e d . D u r in g th e e a r ly s t a g e s o f s o m e e n h a n c e m e n t.
h e a tin g , t h e s t e e l s e c t io n w ill b e h o t te r t h a n t h e c o n c r e te
c o r e 5 a n d w ill th e r e f o r e a t t e m p t t o e x p a n d r e la t iv e t o th e ii) c r o s s - s e c tio n a l d im e n s io n s
c o r e . H o w e v e r if t h e r e is s u f f ic ie n t b o n d b e tw e e n t h e c o r e D u r in g la t e r s t a g e s o f h e a t in g a s ig n if ic a n t te m p e ra tu r e
a n d t h e tu b e , th e t u b e w ill b e r e s t r a in e d b y th e c o r e a n d w ill g r a d ie n t d e v e lo p s w it h in th e c o n c r e t e c o r e w ith th e o u te r
g o in t o c o m p r e s s io n , w h ils t t h e c o r e w ill b e s u b je c t t o a n p a rts o f th e c o r e b e in g h o t t e r th a n t h e in n e r p a r ts . A s th e
e q u a l t e n s ile f o r c e . I f t h e c o r e h a s s u f fic ie n t t e n s ile s t r e n g th w id th o r d ia m e te r in c r e a s e s , th e p r o p o r tio n o f c ro s s -s e c t io n
d u e to its c r o s s - s e c tio n a l a r e a ( t h e te n s ile s t r e n g t h o f a ffe c te d b y t e m p e r a tu r e r is e b e c o m e s le s s f o r a g iv e n fir e
c o n c r e t e is r e la t iv e ly lo w ) o r r e in fo r c e m e n t ( if p r e s e n t) , th e n e x p o s u re . T h e c a p a c ity is a ls o in c r e a s e d .
t h e s te e l s e c t io n w ill y ie ld in c o m p r e s s io n g iv e n s u f f ic ie n t
te m p e r a tu r e in c r e a s e . If th e c o r e d o e s n o t h a v e s u ffic ie n t I t f o llo w s t h a t f o r a g iv e n
t e n s ile s t r e n g th t o r e s is t t h e f o r c e b e in g d e v e lo p e d w ith in lo a d le v e l ( s e e ( iii) ) , a n
t h e s te e l s e c tio n , t h e n it w ill c r a c k , r e lie v in g t h e te n s ile f o r c e in c r e a s e in c r o s s - s e c t io n a l
w ith in t h e c o n c r e t e a n d a llo w in g t h e t u b e t o f r e e ly e x p a n d . d im e n s io n s w ill g iv e a n
in c r e a s e in f ir e r e s is t a n c e . C o n c r e te W a ll
U n d e r n o r m a l t e m p e r a tu r e c o n d it io n s , c o m p r e s s iv e lo a d in g A lt e r n a t iv e ly , fo r a g iv e n
(a ) G e n e ra l
o n t h e c o lu m n s w ill b e s h a r e d b e t w e e n th e c o n c r e te c o r e f ir e e x p o s u r e , t h e lo a d a b le
a n d th e s t e e l s e c tio n in p r o p o r t io n t o t h e r e la tiv e s t iff n e s s e s to b e r e s is te d fo r th a t
o f e a c h p a r t— a lt h o u g h t h e lo a d c a r r ie d b y t h e s t e e l s e c t io n p e r io d w ill b e g r e a t e r fo r
c o lu m n s o f g r e a te r c r o s s - T e m p e ra tu re
w ill b e h ig h e r if t h e lo a d s d u r in g c o n s t r u c tio n a r e c a r r ie d b y
t h e s t e e l s e c t io n p r io r to c o n c r e te f illin g . A r is e in
t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s t e e l s e c tio n w ill r e s u lt in a f u r t h e r
iii) lo a d le v e l
in c r e a s e in c o m p r e s s iv e fo r c e w ith in th e s te e l s e c tio n s u c h
T h e h ig h e r t h e lo a d le v e l, t h e lo w e r t h e f ir e r e s is ta n c e
th a t it m a y r e a c h its y ie ld o r s q u a s h lo a d . H o w e v e r , a s th e
a c h ie v e d . T h e lo a d le v e l is u s u a lly e x p r e s s e d a s t h e r a t io o f
te m p e r a tu r e fu r th e r in c r e a s e s , th e s q u a s h lo a d c a p a c ity o f
a p p lie d lo a d to a m b ie n t te m p e r a tu r e s tr e n g th .
t h e t u b e is p r o g r e s s iv e ly r e d u c e d a n d m o r e lo a d is
t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e c o n c r e t e c o r e . In t h e lim it , t h e c o n c r e t e
iv ) s le n d e r n e s s
c o r e w ill r e s is t t h e e n t ir e lo a d p r o v id e d it h a s s u f f ic ie n t
T h e s le n d e r n e s s o f a c o lu m n is
s tre n g th .
n o r m a lly e x p r e s s e d a s a r a tio ( t h e
s le n d e r n e s s r a tio ) a n d is ta k e n a s
P f
th e e ffe c tiv e le n g th o f th e c o lu m n
P f d iv id e d b y it s w id t h , d ia m e t e r o r h L
o th e r s u c h d im e n s io n r e p r e s e n t in g d e

th e m in im u m c r o s s - s e c tio n a l
p r io r to h e a tin g d im e n s io n o f t h e m e m b e r . A s th e
P f s le n d e r n e s s r a t io b e c o m e s la r g e r ,
th e fir e r e s is ta n c e r e d u c e s , a ll o th e r
fa c to r s b e in g e q u a l. s le n d e r n e s s r a tio = L e /d
in it ia l h e a tin g It fo llo w s fro m th e a b o v e d is c u s s io n th a t fro m a fir e
P f r e s is ta n c e v ie w p o in t it w ill a lw a y s b e b e tt e r t o u t ilis e a S S H S
P f
w ith a lo w w a ll th ic k n e s s a n d g re a te r c ro s s -s e c t io n a l
d im e n s io n th a n o n e w it h s m a lle r c ro s s - s e c t io n a l d im e n s io n
L o a d r e s is te d b y s te e l
la te r h e a tin g a n d t h ic k e r w a lls ( b u t h a v in g t h e s a m e a r e a o f s te e l) .
L o a d r e s is te d b y c o n c r e te
v ) e c c e n t r ic ity o f lo a d
I t is th e a b ility o f t h e c o n c r e t e c o r e t o c a r r y lo a d w h e n t h e T h e p re s e n c e o f e c c e n tr ic lo a d in g w ill
s t e e l tu b e c a n n o t t h a t is th e m a in b e n e f it p r o v id e d b y s ig n ific a n tly r e d u c e t h e f ir e r e s is ta n c e o f a n P
c o n c r e t e f illin g . u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e t u b e . T h is is d u e t o t h e
f a c t t h a t if t h e s t e e l t u b e h a s lit tle f le x u r a l
In t h e f ir e s it u a tio n , it s h o u ld b e n o t e d t h a t n e it h e r t h e r e s is t a n c e d u e to its t e m p e r a t u r e a ll o f t h e
th ic k n e s s o f th e S S H S , n o r th e y ie ld s tr e s s o f th e s e c tio n , b e n d in g r e s is t a n c e m u s t b e p r o v id e d b y t h e
n e e d to b e in c lu d e d in t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e a b ilit y o f t h e u n r e in f o r c e d c o r e - a n d s u c h c o r e s w ill o f f e r
c o n c re te to c a rry lo a d . lit t le r e s is t a n c e . I t f o llo w s t h a t u n r e in f o r c e d
S S H S s e c t io n s s h o u ld n o t b e u s e d in s it u a t io n s
T h e a b ilit y o f t h e c o n c r e t e c o r e to r e s is t lo a d in t h e f ir e s u b je c t t o h ig h e c c e n tr ic ity o f lo a d u n le s s
s it u a t io n is in f lu e n c e d b y a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s . T h e s e a re a llo w a n c e is m a d e fo r s u c h lo a d in g .
n o w d is c u s s e d .
T h is m a t te r is f u r t h e r c o n s id e r e d la t e r in t h is p u b lic a t io n .

5 T h is is d u e to th e r e la tiv e ly h ig h e r th e r m a l c o n d u c tiv ity o f s te e l

c o m p a r e d w ith c o n c r e te

2 O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3
A s s e s s m e n t o f F ir e R e s is t a n c e T a b le 1 (c o n t.)
T e s t N o . d im f 'c ( a c t ) e ff. L e n g th lo a d t im e
B a s is (m m ) (M P a ) (m m ) (k N ) ( m in s )
A c c o r d in g t o S p e c if ic a t io n A 2 . 3 o f t h e B C A , th e fir e S q u a r e C o lu m n s
r e s is t a n c e o f a n e le m e n t o f c o n s t r u c t io n c a n b e d e te r m in e d (C S T B ) S Q 1 0 1 1 4 0 4 7 2 5 2 0 6 8 5 2 4
fro m : (C S T B ) S Q 1 0 2 1 4 0 5 1 .5 2 5 2 0 4 1 0 4 2
• a s ta n d a rd fir e te s t r e s u lt— r e c o r d e d a n d r e p o r te d (C S T B ) S Q 1 0 3 1 4 0 4 0 .1 2 5 2 0 1 9 0 6 6
b y a q u a lif ie d o r g a n is a t io n (C S T B ) S Q 1 0 4 1 4 0 5 1 .6 2 5 2 0 5 3 0 2 8
• a m e th o d o f c a lc u la t io n — p r o v id e d a ll o f t h e
(C S T B ) S Q 1 0 5 1 4 0 5 1 .6 2 5 2 0 5 3 0 2 4
r e le v a n t p a r a m e te r s a r e c o n s id e r e d
(C T IC M ) S Q 1 0 6 1 5 0 4 9 2 5 2 0 3 7 6 8 1
O n t h is b a s is , th is te c h n ic a l n o te p re s e n ts : (C T IC M ) S Q 1 0 7 1 5 0 4 5 .6 2 5 2 0 2 8 6 8 0
(1 ) s ta n d a rd fir e te s t r e s u lt s (N R C ) S Q -0 1 1 5 2 .4 5 8 .3 2 6 6 7 3 7 6 6 6
(2 ) p u b lis h e d c a lc u la te d p e rfo rm a n c e s
(IB M B ) S Q 1 0 8 1 6 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 1 0 0 6 8
(3 ) c a lc u la tio n m e th o d s
(N R C ) S Q -0 7 1 7 7 .8 5 7 2 5 2 0 5 4 9 8 0
In th e c a s e o f a p p ro a c h e s (1 ) a n d ( 2 ) s p e c if ic g u id e lin e s a r e (IB M B ) S Q 1 0 9 1 8 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 2 0 0 4 2
g iv e n w it h r e s p e c t t o h o w t h e s e r e s u lt s s h o u ld b e a p p lie d t o
t h e p a r t ic u la r s it u a t io n b e in g a s s e s s e d . T h e s e g u id e lin e s (C T IC M ) S Q 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 4 .5 2 5 2 0 9 5 0 3 6
a r e c o n s is te n t w ith th e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f S p e c if ic a tio n A 2 .3 o f (C T IC M ) S Q 1 1 1 2 0 0 4 9 2 5 2 0 7 4 0 8 0
t h e B C A . T h is t e c h n ic a l n o te o n ly g iv e s in fo r m a tio n fo r (C S T B ) S Q 1 1 2 2 0 0 4 9 .5 2 5 2 0 1 6 6 0 1 9
c o n c r e t e - fille d S S H S c o lu m n s in b u ild in g s w h e re th e (C S T B ) S Q 1 1 3 2 0 0 5 5 .8 2 5 2 0 1 2 4 0 3 9
c o lu m n s a r e p r e d o m in a n tly a x ia lly lo a d e d . (C S T B ) S Q 1 1 4 2 0 0 5 5 .8 2 5 2 0 7 4 0 8 8
(IB M B ) S Q 1 1 5 2 0 0 4 4 .2 3 5 7 0 3 9 7 2 2
A p p r o a c h 1 : U s e o f T e s t R e s u lts (IB M B ) S Q 1 1 6 2 0 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 3 0 0 5 2
S ta n d a r d fir e te s ts h a v e b e e n c o n d u c te d o n c o n c r e t e - f ille d
(IB M B ) S Q 1 1 7 2 2 0 4 1 .3 5 8 0 0 4 9 0 1 6
S S H S c o lu m n s a t v a r io u s la b o r a t o r ie s t h r o u g h o u t th e w o r ld
(IB M B ) S Q 1 1 8 2 2 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 8 0 0 1 5
[5 - 8 ]. E a c h o f th e s e te s ts w a s c o n d u c te d u n d e r c o n d it io n s
id e n tic a l to th o s e r e q u ir e d b y A S 1 5 3 0 .4 . T h e te s t r e s u lt s a r e (IB M B ) S Q 1 1 9 2 2 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 8 0 0 3 4
s u m m a r is e d in T a b le 1 a n d c o v e r c o lu m n s c o n s tru c te d (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 0 2 2 5 4 9 2 5 2 0 1 0 8 5 5 6
u s in g c o n c re te m a d e fro m s ilic e o u s a g g r e g a te s — th e (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 1 2 2 5 4 9 2 5 2 0 1 5 2 0 4 2
p re d o m in a n t ty p e o f a g g re g a te u s e d in A u s tr a lia . (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 2 2 2 5 4 9 2 5 2 0 4 3 0 1 6 5
T a b le 1 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 3 2 2 5 4 4 .5 2 5 2 0 1 9 7 0 2 9
T e s t N o . d im f 'c ( a c t ) e ff. le n g th lo a d t im e (C S T B ) S Q 1 2 4 2 2 5 4 0 .5 2 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 6
(m m ) (M P a ) (m m ) (k N ) ( m in s ) (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 5 2 2 5 4 4 .5 2 5 2 0 1 4 0 5 4 0
C ir c u la r c o lu m n s (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 6 2 2 5 4 4 .5 2 5 2 0 5 6 0 1 4 5
(N R C ) C -0 1 1 4 1 .3 3 3 .1 2 6 9 5 1 1 0 5 5 (F IR T O ) S Q 1 2 7 2 5 0 5 7 .9 2 5 2 0 1 9 5 0 6 8
(N R C ) C -0 2 1 4 1 .3 3 1 2 6 9 5 1 3 1 5 7 (F IR T O ) S Q 1 2 8 2 5 0 4 7 .7 2 5 2 0 1 7 4 0 2 5
(N R C ) C -0 3 1 6 8 .3 3 2 .7 2 6 6 7 1 5 0 7 6 (N R C ) S Q -1 7 2 5 4 5 8 .3 2 6 6 7 1 0 9 6 6 2
(N R C ) C -0 4 1 6 8 .3 3 2 .7 3 8 1 0 1 5 0 6 0 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 2 9 2 6 0 4 2 .1 2 5 2 0 1 5 0 0 4 5
(N R C ) C -0 5 1 6 8 .3 3 5 .5 2 6 6 7 2 1 8 5 6 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 3 0 2 6 0 4 1 .5 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 8 6
(N R C ) C -0 6 1 6 8 .3 3 5 .4 2 6 6 7 1 5 0 8 1 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 3 1 2 6 0 4 2 .1 2 5 2 0 1 5 0 0 4 9
(C S T B ) C -0 7 1 6 8 .3 5 0 2 5 2 0 3 0 0 5 6 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 3 2 2 6 0 4 1 .8 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 1 1 4
(IB M B ) C -0 8 1 6 8 .3 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 1 0 0 4 0 (C T IC M ) S Q 1 3 3 2 6 0 3 4 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 1 0 2
(N R C ) C -0 9 2 1 9 .1 3 1 2 6 6 7 4 9 2 8 0 (C S T B ) S Q 1 3 4 2 6 0 4 1 .5 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 9 8
(N R C ) C -1 0 2 1 9 .1 3 2 .3 2 6 6 7 3 8 4 1 0 2 (IB M B ) S Q 1 3 5 2 6 0 4 1 .5 3 0 6 0 8 0 0 8 1
(N R C ) C -1 1 2 1 9 .1 3 1 .9 3 8 1 0 5 2 5 7 3 (F IR T O ) S Q 1 3 6 2 6 0 4 1 .5 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 1 3 3
(N R C ) C -1 2 2 1 9 .1 3 1 .9 3 8 1 0 5 2 5 3 3 (B A M ) S Q 1 3 7 2 6 0 4 1 .5 2 5 2 0 8 0 0 1 3 4
(N R C ) C -1 3 2 1 9 .1 3 1 .7 2 6 6 7 5 2 5 8 2 (IB M B ) S Q 1 3 8 2 6 0 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 5 1
(C S T B ) C -1 4 2 1 9 .1 4 9 .5 2 5 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 2 (C S T B ) S Q 1 3 9 2 6 5 3 0 .2 2 5 2 0 9 1 0 6 8
(C S T B ) C -1 5 2 1 9 .1 4 8 .2 2 5 2 0 6 0 0 4 5
(N R C ) S Q -2 4 3 0 4 .8 5 8 .8 2 6 6 7 1 1 3 0 1 3 1
(C S T B ) C -1 6 2 1 9 .1 4 8 .2 2 5 2 0 6 0 0 4 5
(F IR T O ) S Q 1 4 0 3 5 0 4 7 .7 2 5 2 0 2 2 5 0 8 5
(C S T B ) C -1 7 2 1 9 .1 5 0 2 5 2 0 6 0 0 4 3
(F IR T O ) S Q 1 4 1 3 5 0 4 7 .7 2 5 2 0 3 1 5 0 3 9
(C S T B ) C -1 8 2 1 9 .1 4 9 .5 2 5 2 0 9 0 0 3 5
(F IR T O ) S Q 1 4 2 3 5 0 4 7 .7 2 5 2 0 4 3 9 0 3 0
(C S T B ) C -1 9 2 1 9 .1 4 1 .3 4 0 6 0 3 0 0 3 9
(F IR T O ) S Q 1 4 3 3 5 0 4 8 .8 2 5 2 0 3 9 5 0 5 5
(N R C ) C -2 0 2 7 3 .1 2 8 .6 2 6 6 7 5 7 4 1 1 2
(N R C ) C -2 1 2 7 3 .1 2 9 2 6 6 7 5 2 5 1 3 3 T a b le 1 r e s u lt s m a y b e u s e d t o a s s e s s th e f ir e r e s is ta n c e o f
(N R C ) C -2 2 2 7 3 .1 2 7 .2 2 6 6 7 1 0 0 0 7 0 a m e m b e r p r o v id e d th e f o llo w in g a p p r o a c h is a d o p t e d :
(N R C ) C -2 3 2 7 3 .1 2 7 .4 2 6 6 7 5 2 5 1 4 3
S te p 1 : Id e n tify th e te s te d m e m b e r s h a v in g t h e s a m e c r o s s -
(N R C ) C -2 4 3 2 3 .9 2 7 .6 2 6 6 7 6 9 9 1 4 5
s e c tio n a l o u te r d im e n s io n s a s t h e m e m b e r b e in g
(N R C ) C -2 5 3 2 3 .9 2 4 .3 2 6 6 7 1 0 5 0 9 3
c o n s id e r e d in t h e d e s ig n ( h e r e a f t e r c a lle d t h e t r ia l
(C S T B ) C -2 6 3 2 3 .9 5 1 .6 2 5 2 0 1 8 0 0 2 8 d e s ig n m e m b e r)
(N R C ) C -2 7 3 5 5 .6 2 3 .8 2 6 6 7 1 0 5 0 1 1 1
(N R C ) C -2 8 3 5 5 .6 2 5 .4 2 6 6 7 1 0 5 0 1 7 0 S te p 2 : C h o o s e th o s e te s te d m e m b e rs t h a t a c h ie v e d th e
r e q u ir e d f ir e r e s is t a n c e
(N R C ) C -2 9 4 0 6 .4 2 7 .6 2 6 6 7 1 9 0 0 7 1
(C T IC M ) C -3 0 4 0 6 .3 3 0 .7 2 5 9 0 4 5 0 0 3 6

O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3 3
 S te p 3 : F r o m th e m e m b e r s c h o s e n in S te p 2 c h o o s e th o s e (a ) K lin s c h a n d W ittb e c k e r [1 6 ]
th a t h a v e a c o n c r e te s tr e n g th e q u a l to o r le s s th a n T h e f o llo w in g p re d ic t io n s o f p e r fo r m a n c e ( s e e T a b le 2 ) a r e
t h a t in te n d e d f o r t h e t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r b a s e d o n th e a n a ly s is c o n d u c te d b y K lin s c h a n d W it t b e c k e r
[1 6 ] fo r c o n c e n tr ic a lly lo a d e d u n r e in fo r c e d c ir c u la r h o llo w
S te p 4 : F r o m t h e m e m b e r s c h o s e n in S t e p 3 c h o o s e t h o s e s e c tio n s .
th a t h a v e a n e ffe c tiv e le n g th g r e a te r th a n o r e q u a l T a b le 2
t o t h a t o f t h e t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r C H S f 'c e ff. L e n g th lo a d r e s is ta n c e
d ia ( m m ) (M P a ) (m m ) (k N ) ( m in s )
S te p 5 : F ro m th e m e m b e rs c h o s e n in S t e p 4 c h o o s e t h o s e 1 3 9 .7 3 5 2 0 0 0 5 5 > 6 0
fo r w h ic h th e te s t lo a d is g r e a te r th a n o r e q u a l to 1 3 9 .7 3 5 3 0 0 0 4 6 > 6 0
th a t in te n d e d to b e a p p lie d t o th e t r ia l d e s ig n 1 6 5 .1 3 5 2 0 0 0 9 0 > 6 0
m e m b e r in th e f ir e s it u a tio n
1 6 5 .1 3 5 3 0 0 0 6 4 > 6 0
1 6 8 .3 3 5 2 0 0 0 9 5 > 6 0
S te p 6 C h e c k th a t t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r c a n b e c o n s id e r e d
1 6 8 .3 3 5 3 0 0 0 6 7 > 6 0
t o b e e s s e n t ia lly c o n c e n t r ic a lly lo a d e d ( s e e la t e r
d is c u s s io n ) T h e s e r e s u lt s m a y b e u s e d to a s s e s s w h e th e r a t r ia l d e s ig n
m e m b e r c a n a c h ie v e a fir e - r e s is t a n c e o f a t le a s t 6 0 m in u te s .
T h e u s e o f s in g le t e s t r e s u lts t o ju s t if y t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a T h e fo llo w in g s te p s s h o u ld b e f o llo w e d :
d e s ig n is im p lic itly a c c e p t e d b y th e B C A s in c e o n ly s in g le
te s ts a r e r e q u ir e d b y A S 1 5 3 0 .4 . T h e r e s u lts o f T a b le 1 c a n S te p 1 : I d e n t if y t h e m e m b e r s in T a b le 2 h a v in g t h e s a m e o r
t h e r e f o r e b e d ir e c t ly a p p lie d . H o w e v e r , in c a s e s w h e re le s s e r o u t e r c r o s s - s e c t io n a l d im e n s io n s a s th e t r ia l
m u lt ip le te s t s h a v e b e e n d o n e a n d w h e r e m o r e t h a n o n e f ir e d e s ig n m e m b e r
r e s is t a n c e h a s b e e n o b ta in e d f o r n o m in a lly id e n tic a l
m e m b e r s , it w ill b e p r u d e n t f o r th e d e s ig n e r t o a d o p t a lo w e r S te p 2 : C h e c k t h a t t h e e f f e c t iv e le n g th o f th e t r ia l d e s ig n
r a t h e r t h a n t h e h ig h e s t v a lu e . m e m b e r fa lls le s s t h a n o r b e t w e e n t h e lim it in g
v a lu e s . O th e r w is e r e s u lts a r e n o t a p p lic a b le .
E x a m p le 1 :
C o n s id e r a t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r: O n e S te e l 1 6 8 .3 C H S f ille d S te p 3 : U s e lin e a r in te r p o la t io n t o d e te r m in e th e m a x im u m
w ith 4 0 M P a u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c re te . T h e lo a d a p p lie d t o lo a d if th e e f f e c t iv e le n g th is b e tw e e n t h e lim it in g
m e m b e r in fir e is 1 2 0 k N a n d th e e ffe c tiv e le n g th ta k e n a s v a lu e s . If th e e ff e c t iv e le n g t h is le s s th a n t h e lo w e r
2 5 0 0 m m . M in im u m fir e - r e s is ta n c e to b e a c h ie v e d is 6 0 lim it in g v a lu e , th e n th e lo a d c o rre s p o n d in g to th is
m in u te s . v a lu e s h o u ld b e a d o p te d .

S te p 1 : F ro m T a b le 1 c h o o s e ( N R C ) C - 0 3 to ( N R C ) C - 0 8 S te p 4 : C h o o s e t h e h ig h e s t o f th e lo a d s o b t a in e d fr o m S te p
3 . T h is is th e m a x im u m lo a d th a t c o u ld b e a p p lie d
S te p 2 O n ly t e s t e d m e m b e r s ( N R C ) C - 0 3 , ( N R C ) C - 0 4 to th e c o lu m n to a c h ie v e t h e g iv e n le v e l o f fir e
a n d ( N R C ) C 0 6 ( ig n o r e t h ic k n e s s ) a r e a p p lic a b le re s is t a n c e .

S te p 3 : A ll te s t e d m e m b e r s c h o s e n in S t e p 2 a r e O K s in c e
S te p 5 : C h e c k th a t t h e c o n c r e t e s t r e n g th fo r t h e t r ia l d e s ig n
a ll h a v e c o n c r e te s t r e n g t h < 4 0 M P a
m e m b e r is a t le a s t th a t g iv e n fo r th e q u o te d
a n a ly s is r e s u lt s .
S te p 4 : A ll te s t e d m e m b e r s c h o s e n in S t e p 3 a r e O K s in c e
a ll h a v e a n e f fe c t iv e le n g th g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 0 m m
S te p 6 : C h e c k t h a t t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r c a n b e c o n s id e r e d
S te p 5 A ll te s t e d m e m b e r s c h o s e n in S t e p 4 a r e O K s in c e t o b e e s s e n t ia lly c o n c e n tr ic a lly lo a d e d ( s e e la te r
a ll a r e s u b je c t t o a t e s t lo a d o f 1 5 0 k N d is c u s s io n ) .

S te p 6 C h e c k th a t t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r c a n b e c o n s id e r e d E x a m p le 2 :
t o b e e s s e n t ia lly c o n c e n t r ic a lly lo a d e d ( s e e la t e r C o n s id e r a t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r : O n e S t e e l 1 3 9 . 7 C H S f ille d
d is c u s s io n ) w ith u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e w it h a n e ff e c t iv e le n g t h o f
2 5 0 0 m m .
It is t h e r e f o r e c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e c h o s e n tr ia l d e s ig n
m e m b e r c a n b e c o n s id e r e d t o a c h ie v e a fir e - r e s is t a n c e o f S te p 1 : F ro m T a b le 2 c h o o s e c a lc u la t e d r e s u lt s
6 0 m in u t e s , a s s u m in g it t o b e s u b je c t t o c o n c e n t r ic lo a d in g . c o r r e s p o n d in g to 1 3 9 .7 C H S s e c tio n s .

A p p r o a c h 2 : U s e o f T a b u la te d S o lu tio n s S te p 2 C h e c k e f fe c t iv e le n g th is le s s t h a n t h o s e is T a b le 2
In th e p a s t m a n y a tte m p ts h a v e b e e n m a d e to p r e d ic t th e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f c o n c r e t e - f ille d t u b e s in f ir e [ 5 , 9 1 1 ] . M o r e S te p 3 : U s e lin e a r in t e r p o la t io n to g e t m a x im u m lo a d th a t
re c e n t a p p ro a c h e s [8 , 1 2 -1 5 , 1 5 -1 8 ] h a v e b e e n fo u n d to c a n b e a p p lie d in f ir e s it u a t io n :
g iv e le s s o p t im is t ic p r e d ic t io n s o f p e r f o r m a n c e a n d a r e
b a s e d o n m o d e llin g t h e m e m b e r u s in g f in it e e le m e n t M a x lo a d = 5 5 - [ ( 5 5 - 4 6 ) x ( 2 5 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 ) / ( 3 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 ) ]
t e c h n iq u e s w h e r e te m p e r a t u r e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c r o s s - = 5 0 .5 k N
s e c t io n a r e c a lc u la t e d a n d t h e ir e f fe c t o n t h e s t r e n g t h a n d
s t iff n e s s o f t h e c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t . S te p 4 : 5 0 . 5 k N is t h e m a x im u m lo a d t h a t c a n b e a p p lie d f o r
D e s p it e th e a p p a r e n t s o p h is t ic a t io n o f t h e s e m e t h o d s it is a f ir e - r e s is t a n c e o f a t le a s t 6 0 m in u t e s
s t ill d if f ic u lt to a c c u r a t e ly p r e d ic t t h e p e r fo r m a n c e o f th e
te s te d m e m b e rs . S o m e o f th e s e m e th o d s h a v e b e e n u s e d S te p 5 : T r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r m u s t h a v e a c o n c r e te s tr e n g t h
to g e n e r a te ta b le s o r g r a p h s o f s o lu tio n s w h e r e th e fir e w it h f 'c ≥ 3 5 M P a .
r e s is t a n c e is p r e s e n t e d a s a fu n c t io n o f m e m b e r c r o s s -
s e c t io n , c o n c r e te s t r e n g th , e f f e c t iv e le n g t h a n d lo a d le v e l.
T h e s e d a ta h a v e b e e n u s e d in t h is p u b lic a t io n t o d e t e r m in e S te p 6 : C h e c k t h a t t r ia l d e s ig n m e m b e r c a n b e c o n s id e r e d
s o lu t io n s fo r O n e S t e e l s e c tio n s , h o w e v e r d u e to th e t o b e e s s e n t ia lly c o n c e n t r ic a lly lo a d e d ( s e e la t e r
lim it a t io n s o f t h e d a t a , o n ly lim ite d s o lu t io n s a r e a v a ila b le . d is c u s s io n ) .
O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3
4
(b ) A u s tr a lia n In s titu te o f S te e l C o n s tr u c tio n [2 0 ] T a b le 4 (c o n t.)
B a s e d o n a n a d v a n c e d a n a ly s is u n d e r t a k e n b y O 'M e a g h e r
o u te r d im e n s io n e ff. le n g th lo a d r e s is ta n c e
[8 ], th e fo llo w in g s o lu t io n s a r e g iv e n f o r c o lu m n s h a v in g a n
(m m ) (m m ) (k N ) ( m in s )
e ff e c t iv e le n g th o f 2 0 0 0 m m o r le s s . T a b le 3 b e lo w g iv e s th e
P r e d ic te d P e r fo r m a n c e - C H S
m a x im u m c o n c e n t r ic lo a d s th a t m a y b e a p p lie d to c o n c r e te -
2 7 3 .1 2 0 0 0 1 3 7 9 > 3 0
f ille d c ir c u la r h o llo w s e c t io n s ( C H S ) s o th a t a f ir e - r e s is t a n c e
o f a t le a s t 6 0 m in u te s w ill b e a c h ie v e d . 2 7 3 .1 5 0 0 0 7 5 6 > 3 0
2 7 3 .1 7 0 0 0 4 7 0 > 3 0
T a b le 3 2 7 3 .1 2 0 0 0 9 7 0 > 6 0
C H S f 'c M a x fir e lo a d ( k N ) to a c h ie v e f ir e 2 7 3 .1 5 0 0 0 4 5 2 > 6 0
d ia m e te r ( m m ) (M P a ) r e s is ta n c e o f a t le a s t 6 0 m in s 2 7 3 .1 7 0 0 0 2 6 7 > 6 0
2 1 9 .1 2 5 3 0 0 3 2 3 .9 2 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 > 3 0
2 7 3 .1 2 5 7 0 0 3 2 3 .9 7 0 0 0 8 2 5 > 3 0
3 2 3 .9 2 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 3 .9 2 0 0 0 1 6 4 0 > 6 0
3 5 5 .6 2 5 1 5 5 0 3 2 3 .9 7 0 0 0 5 0 0 > 6 0
4 0 6 .4 2 5 2 2 0 0 3 5 5 .6 2 0 0 0 2 6 9 0 > 3 0
4 5 7 2 5 2 9 2 5 3 5 5 .6 7 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 > 3 0
5 0 8 2 5 3 7 5 0 3 5 5 .6 2 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 > 6 0
6 1 0 2 5 5 7 5 0 3 5 5 .6 7 0 0 0 9 1 5 > 6 0
2 1 9 .1 4 0 4 5 0 4 0 6 .4 2 0 0 0 3 6 7 4 > 3 0
2 7 3 .1 4 0 1 0 5 0 4 0 6 .4 7 0 0 0 2 0 9 5 > 3 0
3 2 3 .9 4 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 6 .4 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 > 6 0
3 5 5 .6 4 0 2 4 0 0 4 0 6 .4 7 0 0 0 1 1 0 8 > 6 0
4 0 6 .4 4 0 3 4 0 0 4 5 7 2 0 0 0 4 7 6 2 > 3 0
4 5 7 4 0 4 6 0 0 4 5 7 7 0 0 0 3 0 6 0 > 3 0
5 0 8 4 0 5 9 0 0 4 5 7 2 0 0 0 4 0 9 5 > 6 0
6 1 0 4 0 9 1 0 0 4 5 7 7 0 0 0 2 4 2 8 > 6 0
5 0 8 2 0 0 0 6 0 9 6 > 3 0
T h e p r o c e d u r e f o r c h e c k in g th e a d e q u a c y o f a t r ia l d e s ig n 5 0 8 7 0 0 0 4 2 3 8 > 3 0
m e m b e r is t h e s a m e a s t h a t g iv e n in ( a ) .
5 0 8 3 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 > 6 0
5 0 8 7 0 0 0 1 8 5 7 > 6 0
(c ) F in n is h C o n s tr u c tio n a l S te e lw o r k A s s o c ia tio n [1 9 ]
B a s e d o n a n a dv a n c e d a n a ly s is s im ila r t o th a t u n d e rta k e n T h e p r o c e d u r e fo r c h e c k in g th e a d e q u a c y o f a t r ia l d e s ig n
b y O 'M e a g h e r, th e f o llo w in g s o lu t io n s ( s e e T a b le 4 ) h a v e m e m b e r is t h e s a m e a s t h a t g iv e n in ( a ) a b o v e .
b e e n p u b lis h e d fo r u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e - f ille d s q u a re
h o llo w s e c tio n s fo r fir e r e s is ta n c e p e r io d s o f 3 0 a n d 6 0 A p p r o a c h 3 : U s e o f S im p lifie d C a lc u la tio n
m in u te s . T h e p r e d ic tio n s a re fo r b o th S H S a n d C H S M e th o d
s e c t io n s f ille d w it h c o n c r e te h a v in g a n f 'c o f 4 0 M P a .
( a ) K o d u r 's F o r m u la
T a b le 4 K o d u r [2 1 ] h a s r e c e n t ly p r o p o s e d a s im p lif ie d f o r m u la t o
a llo w t h e e s t im a t e o f f ir e r e s is t a n c e o f c o n c e n t r ic a lly lo a d e d
o u te r d im e n s io n e ff. le n g th lo a d r e s is ta n c e
S S H S c o lu m n s . T h e p r o p o s e d f o r m u la w a s d e v e lo p e d
(m m ) (m m ) (k N ) ( m in s ) f o llo w in g e x t e n s iv e e x p e r im e n ta l a n d t h e o r e t ic a l s tu d ie s o f
P r e d ic te d P e r fo r m a n c e - S H S t h e b e h a v io u r o f c o n c r e t e - f ille d t u b e s in f ir e . A s e r ie s o f
1 2 5 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 > 3 0 p a r a m e t r ic s t u d ie s w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s in g a t h e o r e t ic a l m o d e l
1 2 5 3 5 0 0 7 0 > 3 0 th a t a c c o u n te d fo r th e e ffe c t o f e le v a te d te m p e r a tu r e o n th e
1 5 0 2 0 0 0 3 1 0 > 3 0 m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f s te e l a n d c o n c r e te . T h e d a ta
1 5 0 3 5 0 0 1 6 0 > 3 0 g e n e r a te d b y t h e s e p a r a m e t r ic s t u d ie s w a s u s e d to d e r iv e a
1 5 0 2 0 0 0 9 5 > 6 0 s im p lif ie d fo r m u la t o e n a b le th e p r e d ic t io n o f f ir e r e s is t a n c e .
1 5 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 > 6 0 T h e p r o p o s e d f o r m u la a n d a s s o c ia te d v a r ia b le s a r e g iv e n
2 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 6 0 > 3 0 b e lo w :
( f ' c +2 0 ) 2 D
2 0 0 3 5 0 0 5 2 0 > 3 0 t = f D
2 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 > 3 0 ( L e −1 0 0 0 ) P ......E q n (1 )
2 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 3 0 > 6 0 T a b le 5
2 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 > 6 0 V a r ia b le P la in c o n v e n tio n a l s t e e l f ib r e
2 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 4 3 0 > 3 0 c o n c re te r e in f o r c e d r e in f o r c e d
2 5 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 > 3 0 c o n c re te c o n c re te
2 5 0 6 0 0 0 6 4 0 > 3 0
L e : e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
2 5 0 2 0 0 0 9 7 0 > 6 0
(m m ): 2 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 - 4 5 0 0
2 5 0 5 0 0 0 4 3 0 > 6 0
P r e d ic te d P e r fo r m a n c e - C H S f ' c : 2 8 d a y c o m p r e s s iv e s tr e n g th o f c o n c r e te
1 3 9 .7 2 0 0 0 1 6 8 > 3 0 (M P a ): 2 0 - 4 0 2 0 - 5 5
1 3 9 .7 3 5 0 0 7 6 > 3 0 D : o u t s id e d ia m e t e r o r w id t h o f s e c t io n ( m m )
1 6 8 .3 2 0 0 0 3 4 0 > 3 0 C H S (m m ): 1 4 0 - 4 1 0 1 6 5 - 4 1 0 1 4 0 - 4 1 0
1 6 8 .3 3 5 0 0 1 8 0 > 3 0 S H S (m m ): 1 4 0 - 3 0 5 1 7 5 - 3 0 5 1 0 0 - 3 0 5
2 1 9 .1 2 0 0 0 7 7 3 > 3 0 t : fir e r e s is ta n c e o f c o lu m n s u b je c t to s ta n d a r d fir e te s t
2 1 9 .1 3 5 0 0 5 1 2 > 3 0 ( m in s ) ≤1 2 0 ≤1 8 0 ≤1 8 0
2 1 9 .1 5 0 0 0 3 2 1 > 3 0 P : lo a d a p p lie d t o t h e c o lu m n in f ir e ( k N )
2 1 9 .1 2 0 0 0 4 4 0 > 6 0 f : e m p ir ic a l f a c to r d e p e n d in g o n w h e t h e r t h e s e c tio n
2 1 9 .1 3 5 0 0 2 5 6 > 6 0 c ir c u la r , s q u a r e o r f ib r e r e in f o r c e d
2 1 9 .1 5 0 0 0 1 5 5 > 6 0 C H S : 0 .0 7 0 .0 8 * 0 .0 7 5
S H S : 0 .0 6 0 .0 7 * 0 .0 6 5
O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3 * < 3 % a n d 2 5 m m c o v e r 5
 A c o m p a r is o n o f t h e f ir e r e s is t a n c e g iv e n b y t h e p r o p o s e d (b ) A p p r o a c h fo r L a r g e r D ia m e te r C o lu m n s
e q u a tio n w ith t h e r e s u lt s o f t e s t e d m e m b e r s ( u n r e in f o r c e d F o r c ir c u la r h o llo w s e c tio n s o f la r g e r d ia m e t e r ( ≥ 3 5 0 m m ) , a n
s e c tio n s ) fa llin g w it h in t h e lim its o f t h e a b o v e s im p le t h e o r y a p p r o x im a t e a p p r o a c h c a n b e u s e d t o d e te r m in e t h e fir e
is s h o w n b e lo w . r e s is t a n c e . T h is c o n s is t s o f ta k in g in t o a c c o u n t t h e e f f e c t o f
t e m p e r a t u r e r is e o n c o n c r e te a n d s te e l r e in f o r c e m e n t b y
2 0 0 u tilis in g a n e ffe c tiv e c o n c re te c r o s s - s e c tio n a n d
L in e o f e q u iv a le n c e r e in fo r c e m e n t h a v in g a n e f f e c tiv e s t r e n g t h . A n y s t r e n g t h
1 7 5
K o d u r 's p r e d ic t io n s - E q n ( 1 ) a s s o c ia t e d w ith t h e C H S s e c t io n is ig n o r e d . T h e c o lu m n is
1 5 0
M o d if ie d K o d u r 's p r e d ic t io n s t h e n a n a ly s e d a s a n o r m a l c o n c r e t e c o lu m n b u t s u b je c t t o
t h e r e d u c e d lo a d s a p p lic a b le t o t h e f ir e s itu a tio n ( s e e
1 2 5 A S 1 1 7 0 . 1 [ 2 2 ] ) . T h e r e c o m m e n d a t io n s a r e g iv e n in T a b le 6
C a lc (m in s )

a n d d e r iv e d f r o m h e a t t r a n s fe r a n a ly s e s o f C H S s e c t io n s o f
1 0 0
v a r y in g d ia m e te r s .
7 5 T a b le 6

5 0 F R L D ia m e te r S te e l s tr e n g th r e d u c tio n
e x p o s u re r e d u c tio n c o v e rs (m m )
2 5
( m in s ) (m m ) 3 0 m m 4 0 m m 5 0 m m
0 3 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 7 5 2 0 0 4 5 2 0 0 .8 3 1 1
T e s t (m in s )
6 0 3 1 0 .6 3 0 .8 3 0 .9 9
7 5 4 1 0 .4 7 0 .6 7 0 .8 4
It c a n b e s e e n th a t th e re is a c o r r e la t io n b e tw e e n th e
p r e d ic te d fir e r e s is ta n c e s a n d th o s e o b ta in e d fro m th e te s ts . 9 0 5 0 0 .3 5 0 .5 5 0 .7 2
If th e fo r m u la ( E q n ( 1 ) ) p re d ic te d e x a c t ly th e f ir e r e s is ta n c e 1 2 0 6 6 0 .1 6 0 .3 5 0 .5 2
o b ta in e d fro m th e te s ts th e n a ll o f th e p o in ts w o u ld f a ll a lo n g 1 5 0 8 2 0 .0 2 0 .2 0 0 .3 7
t h e lin e o f e q u iv a le n c e . A b o u t o n e h a lf o f th e p o in ts fa ll 1 8 0 9 6 0 0 .0 8 0 .2 4
a b o v e t h e lin e .
E x a m p le 4 :
C a lc u la te th e e f f e c t iv e c o n c r e te c r o s s - s e c t io n a n d th e
A ls o s h o w n o n t h is g ra p h a re th e p r e d ic te d f ir e r e s is t a n c e s
re d u c t io n in s te e l s tr e n g th o f c o n v e n tio n a l r e in fo r c e m e n t o f a
u s in g a m o d ifie d e q u a t io n . T h e p o in ts a r e o b ta in e d b y
r e in fo rc e d c o n c r e t e - f ille d c ir c u la r h o llo w s e c t io n c o lu m n to
s u b tr a c t in g 1 5 m in u te s fro m e a c h c a lc u la t e d r e s p o n s e . T h e
h a v e a f ir e r e s is ta n c e le v e l o f 9 0 m in u t e s . T h e c r o s s - s e c tio n
m o d if ie d e q u a tio n is g iv e n b e lo w :
in c o n s id e r a tio n is a 3 5 5 .6 x 9 .5 C H S w ith c o n v e n tio n a l
( f ' c +2 0 ) 2 D r e in fo rc e m e n t p la c e d a t 4 0 m m in s id e o f t h e C H S .
t = f D −1 5
( L e −1 0 0 0 ) P ........E q n (2 )
F ro m T a b le 6 , th e d ia m e te r re d u c tio n o f th e c o n c r e te c ro s s -
s e c tio n a t 9 0 m in u tu e s F R L e x p o s u r e is 5 0 m m . T h e
It is a d v o c a te d t h a t t h is a p p ro a c h b e a d o p te d w h e n
c o r re s p o n d in g s te e l s tre n g th re d u c tio n o f th e r e in fo rc e m e n t
e s t im a t in g t h e f ir e r e s is t a n c e o f u n r e in fo r c e d c o lu m n
a t 4 0 m m c o v e r is 0 . 5 4 8 . T h e r e s u lt in g c ro s s -s e c tio n w ith
s e c tio n s u s in g t h is f o r m u la . T h e lim it s g iv e n in T a b le 5 s t ill
re d u c e d s tre n g th o f r e in fo r c e m e n t a re s h o w n b e lo w .
a p p ly . [ N o te th a t a t t h e lim it, b o th e q u a tio n s 1 a n d 2 m a y
p r e d ic t a f ir e r e s is t a n c e o f 1 2 0 m in u te s a s s h o w n fo r th e 3 5 5 .6 x 9 .5 C H S
c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h = f 'c
f o u r p a ir s o f r e s u lt s a b o v e ] .

E x a m p le 3 :
D e s ig n a n u n r e in fo r c e d c o n c re te - f ille d c ir c u la r h o llo w
m m
s e c tio n c o lu m n o f a b u ild in g to h a v e a f ir e - r e s is t a n c e le v e l o f m 1 m
6 .
1 6 .
6 0 m in u te s . T h e c o lu m n is fille d w ith c o n c re te h a v in g a n f 'c 3 4 2 9
o f 4 0 M P a . T h e e ff e c t iv e le n g th o f th e c o lu m n is ta k e n a s
2 5 0 0 m m , a n d it m a y b e a s s u m e d to b e a x ia lly lo a d e d . T h e
lo a d a p p lie d t o t h e c o lu m n in fir e is 1 7 5 0 k N
s te e l
S o lu tio n : r e in fo r c e m e n t
D e s ig n p a r a m e te r s : u n r e in fo r c e d c o n c re te s te e l s tre n g th = fsy
s te e l s tre n g th
c ir c u la r e h o llo w s e c tio n C H S = 0 .5 4 8 fsy
e ff e c t iv e le n g t h L e = 2 5 0 0 m m E x is tin g r e in fo r c e d
c o n c r e te -fille d C H S E ffe c tiv e c r o s s -s e c tio n
f 'c = 4 0 M P a
P = 1 7 5 0 k N
F R L = 6 0 m in u te s T h e s t r e n g th o f th e c o lu m n w ith t h e e ff e c t iv e c r o s s - s e c t io n
c a n b e a s s e s s e d in a c c o r d a n c e w it h A S 3 6 0 0 [ 2 3 ] .
F r o m th e d e s ig n p a r a m e te r s g iv e n a n d r e a r r a n g in g E q n ( 2 ) ,
t h e o u t s id e d ia m e te r o f t h e c ir c u la r h o llo w s e c tio n , D , c a n b e E ffe c tiv e L e n g th s
e x p re s s e d a s : T h is t e c h n ic a l n o te o n ly a p p lie s t o c o lu m n s in b r a c e d
( L e −1 0 0 0 )
D 5 / 2 = ( t +1 5 ) P b u ild in g s w h e r e t h e c o lu m n s a r e h e a t e d o v e r o n e le v e l.
f ( f ' c +2 0 )
If th e c o lu m n is f le x u r a lly c o n tin u o u s a t e a c h e n d , th e n th e
F r o m T a b le 5 , f is ta k e n a s 0 . 0 7 , a n d s u b s t itu t in g a ll th e e ff e c t iv e le n g th , L e, c a n b e ta k e n a s 0 .7 x H w h e r e H is th e
p a r a m e t e r s in t o t h e e q u a t io n , g iv e s : d is ta n c e b e tw e e n la t e r a l r e s tr a in t s ( t y p ic a lly th e f lo o r - t o - flo o r
D = 2 6 3 m m h e ig h t) . If th e c o lu m n is f le x u r a lly c o n tin u o u s a t o n ly o n e e n d
a n d ro t a t io n a lly u n r e s t r a in e d a t t h e o th e r, th e n L e c a n b e
T h e r e f o r e , th e m in im u m o u t e r d ia m e te r o f t h e C H S r e q u ir e ta k e n a s 0 .8 5 x H . O th e r w is e L e s h o u ld b e ta k e n a s H .
is 2 6 3 m m . F r o m th e r a n g e o f O n e S te e l p r o d u c t, th e n e x t
s e c tio n c lo s e s t to a n d h ig h e r th a n 2 6 3 m m is 2 7 3 .1 m m C H S

6 O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3
E c c e n tr ic L o a d in g S S H S S S H S
U n d e r a m b ie n t c o n d it io n s , a ll s te e l m e m b e rs m u s t b e
d e s ig n e d to re s is t a le v e l o f e c c e n t r ic lo a d in g . T h is is to
a llo w fo r th e p re s e n c e o f s o m e le v e l o f u n in t e n t io n a l
e c c e n tr ic ity . S h o u ld c o lu m n s h a v e b e a m s c o n n e c te d to o n e
s id e o n ly th e y m a y b e s u b je c t to a g re a te r b e n d in g .
S S H S S S H S

s la b s
b e a m s
O n e s id e d
I f a n is o la te d u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te - f ille d t u b e is s u b je c t e d
t o e c c e n t r ic lo a d in g , t h e n th e fir e r e s is t a n c e o f t h e m e m b e r
m a y b e s ig n ific a n tly r e d u c e d d u e to th e fa c t th a t th e c o lu m n
m a y h a v e lit tle b e n d in g r e s is ta n c e . If t h e c o lu m n is
c o n tin u o u s a n d t h e c o n n e c t io n s a r e k e p t a d e q u a te ly c o o l,
t h e c o o le r le n g th s o f t h e c o lu m n w ill e x h ib it m u c h g r e a t e r
f le x u r a l s tif fn e s s a n d t h e r e f o r e a t tr a c t m o r e b e n d in g m o m e n t
in t o th e s e r e g io n s , t h u s r e d u c in g th e b e n d in g m o m e n t s a t
t h e e n d s o f t h e h e a te d c o lu m n le n g t h . I t is r e a s o n a b le u n d e r
t h e s e c ir c u m s t a n c e s t o c o n s id e r t h e c o lu m n a s b e in g
e s s e n t ia lly a x ia lly lo a d e d .
s t e e l p la t e
T y p e (a ) T y p e (b )
It is a s s u m e d th a t th e c o n n e c tio n s a n d b e a m s a r e k e p t
s u f fic ie n t ly c o o l to tr a n s fe r lo a d s a n d p r o v id e t h e n e c e s s a r y
la t e r a l a n d r o t a t io n a l r e s tr a in t t o t h e e n d s o f th e c o lu m n . T h is
is n o r m a lly a c h ie v e d b y fir e p r o t e c t io n o f t h e s e p a r t s .
C o n n e c tio n T y p e ( a ) is s u it a b le w h e r e t h e c o lu m n is
c o n tin u o u s s in c e th e flo o r lo a d s c a n b e tr a n s fe r r e d in to th e
T w o s id e d c o n c re te c o re th ro u g h b o n d b e tw e e n th e u p p e r c o o l s te e l
s e c t io n a n d t h e c o n c r e t e . S u c h a c o n n e c t io n c o u ld b e u s e d
to tr a n s fe r r o o f lo a d s in to a c o lu m n b u t a d d itio n a l m e a s u r e s
m u s t b e ta k e n to t r a n s f e r th e lo a d s d ir e c tly in t o t h e c o n c r e t e .
T h is c o u ld b e a c h ie v e d b y a c a p p la te th a t t r a n s f e r s th e lo a d
in b e a r in g o r t h r o u g h p in s th r o u g h t h e tu b e in t o t h e c o n c r e t e
t o g iv e m e c h a n ic a l a n c h o r a g e .
In th e c a s e o f c o n n e c t io n T y p e ( b ) w h e r e a s t e e l p la t e h a s
b e e n s lo t te d t h r o u g h th e tu b e , th e lo a d c a n b e t r a n s f e r r e d
d ir e c t ly in t o th e c o n c r e te th r o u g h b e a r in g o f th e s te e l p la te
o n c o n c re te .

P r a c tic a l C o n s id e r a tio n s
S m a ll h o le s ( 2 x 2 0 m m d ia ) s h o u ld b e p r o v id e d in t h e w a lls
c o o le r e n d o f a tu b e a n d lo c a te d b e tw e e n 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 m m f r o m it s e n d s
a n d a t a m a x im u m s p a c in g o f 5 m . T h e s e h o le s a r e p r o v id e d
to r e lie v e s te a m p r e s s u r e [2 4 ].

If it is in te n d e d to r e in fo r c e th e c o n c re te c o r e w ith s te e l
f ib r e s , t h e n it is re c o m m e n d e d th a t s u c h fib re s s h o u ld b e
h o t z o n e 0 .5 m m in d ia m e te r , n o t lo n g e r th a n 3 8 m m , a n d h a v e
c r im p e d fla ts o r h o o k e d e n d s to e n s u re a d e q u a te p u ll- o u t
r e s is t a n c e [ 2 5 ] .
c o o le r e n d
C o n c lu s io n s
G e n e r a l g u id e lin e s o n th e fir e r e s is t a n c e p e rfo rm a n c e o f
S S H S c o lu m n s in c o r p o r a t in g c o n c r e t e f illin g h a v e b e e n
C o n n e c tio n s p r o v id e d . A p p r o a c h e s 1 a n d 2 a r e ta b u la te d s o lu tio n s fo r
T y p ic a l c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n b e a m s a n d c o n c r e t e - fille d u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e - f ille d S S H S c o lu m n s b a s e d o n te s t
S S H S m e m b e rs a r e illu s t r a te d . T h e s e in c lu d e w e b s id e r e s u lt s a n d a n a ly tic a l p r e d ic tio n s , r e s p e c t iv e ly . A p p r o a c h 3
p la te s t h a t a r e w e ld e d to th e s id e s o f th e s te e l m e m b e r a n d o ff e r s a s im p lifie d c a lc u la t io n m e t h o d f o r b o th r e in fo r c e d a n d
th o s e w h e re a c o n n e c te d p la te is p a s s e d th ro u g h th e u n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e - f ille d S S H S c o lu m n s . T h e s e
c o lu m n . a p p r o a c h e s m u s t o n ly b e u s e d w it h in t h e ir p r e s c r ib e d lim it s .

R E F E R E N C E S
[1 ] P r o e , D .J ., B e n n e tts , I.D ., T h o m a s , I.R . a n d S z e to , W .T ., " H a n d b o o k o f F ir e P r o te c tio n M a te r ia ls fo r S tr u c tu r a l S te e l" ,
A u s tr a lia n In s t itu t e o f S te e l C o n s t r u c t io n , 1 9 9 0 .

[2 ] F ir e S a f e t y D e s ig n C o m p e n d iu m , O n e S t e e l, N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 1 .

[3 ] S t a n d a r d s A u s t r a lia , A S 1 5 3 0 .4 , " M e t h o d s fo r F ir e T e s t s o n B u ild in g M a t e r ia ls , C o m p o n e n t s a n d S t r u c tu r e s , P a r t 4 : F ir e -

r e s is ta n c e T e s t s o f B u ild in g C o n s t r u c t io n " , 1 9 9 7 .

[4 ] " B u ild in g C o d e o f A u s tr a lia 1 9 9 6 " , V o lu m e 1 — C la s s 2 to 9 , A u s t r a lia n B u ild in g C o d e s B o a r d , 1 9 9 6 .

[5 ] G r im a u lt , J . P . , " C a lc u l à l'in c e n d ie d e s p r o f ils c re u x r e m p lis d e b é to n " , m a n u e l p r a tiq u e , C h a m b r e S y n d ic a le d e s

F a b r ic a n t s d e T u b e s d 'A c ie r , J u n e 1 9 8 2 .

[6 ] L ie , T .T . a n d C a r o n , S . E . , " F ir e R e s is t a n c e o f C ir c u la r H o llo w S t e e l C o lu m n s F ille d w it h S ilic io u s A g g r e g a te C o n c r e t e : T e s t

R e s u lts " , In te r n a l R e p o r t N o . 5 7 0 , In s titu te fo r R e s e a r c h in C o n s tr u c tio n , N a tio n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c il o f C a n a d a ( N R C C ) ,
A u g u s t 1 9 8 8 .
7
O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3
 [7 ] L ie , T . T . a n d C h a b o t , M ., " E x p e r im e n t a l S t u d ie s o n t h e F ir e R e s is t a n c e o f H o llo w S t e e l C o lu m n s F ille d w ith P la in
C o n c r e te " , I n s t itu t e f o r R e s e a r c h in C o n s t r u c t io n , N R C C , I n te r n a l R e p o r t N o . 6 1 1 , J a n u a r y 1 9 9 2 .

[8 ] A . J . O 'M e a g h e r e t a l. , " B e h a v io u r o f C o m p o s it e C o lu m n s in F ir e " , B H P R e s e a r c h - M e lb o u r n e L a b o r a to r ie s R e p N o

B H P R /P P A /R /9 3 /S G 3 C , M a rc h 1 9 9 3 .

[9 ] " F ir e r e s is t a n c e o f c o n c r e t e - f ille d s tr u c t u r a l h o llo w s e c t io n s " , F ir e P r e v e n tio n S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y , N o 2 3 , p p 1 5 - 1 7 ,

J u n e 1 9 8 0 .

[ 1 0 ] F le m in g to n , R . A . , " F ir e P r o t e c tio n o f H o llo w S t r u c tu r a l S e c t io n s , " S T E L C O , 1 9 8 0 .

[ 1 1 ] " S H S D e s ig n M a n u a l fo r C o n c r e t e F ille d C o lu m n s , P a r t 2 F ir e R e s is t a n t D e s ig n " , B r it is h S te e l ( n o w C o ru s ).

[ 1 2 ] L ie , T . T . a n d C h a b o t , M ., " A M e t h o d to P r e d ic t t h e F ir e R e s is ta n c e o f C ir c u la r C o n c r e te F ille d H o llo w S te e l C o lu m n s " ,

J o u r n a l o f F ir e P r o t e c tio n E n g in e e r in g , 2 ( 4 ) , p p 1 1 1 - 1 2 6 , 1 9 9 0 .

[ 1 3 ] L ie , T .T . , I r w in , R . J . a n d C h a b o t , M . , " F a c to r s A ff e c t in g t h e F ir e R e s is t a n c e o f C ir c u la r H o llo w S t e e l C o lu m n s F ille d w ith

P la in C o n c r e t e " , In t e r n a l R e p o r t N o . 6 1 2 , I n s t itu t e f o r R e s e a r c h in C o n s t r u c tio n , N R C C , A u g u s t 1 9 9 1 .

[ 1 4 ] L ie , T . T a n d D a w o d , I . , " F a c to r s A f f e c tin g t h e F ir e R e s is t a n c e o f S q u a r e H o llo w S t e e l C o lu m n s F ille d w it h P la in C o n c r e te " ,

I n t e r n a l R e p o r t N o . 6 3 3 , I n s t it u t e f o r R e s e a r c h in C o n s tr u c t io n , N R C C , A u g u s t 1 9 9 2 .

[ 1 5 ] L ie , T . T a n d D e n h a m , E . M . A ., " F a c t o r s A ff e c t in g t h e F ir e R e s is ta n c e o f C ir c u la r H o llo w S t e e l C o lu m n s F ille d w ith B a r -

R e in fo r c e d C o n c r e te " , In te r n a l R e p o r t N o . 6 5 1 , In s titu te fo r R e s e a r c h in C o n s tr u c tio n , N R C C , S e p te m b e r 1 9 9 3 .

[ 1 6 ] K lin g s c h , W . a n d W it tb e c k e r , F . W . , " A p p lic a t io n o f H o llo w - S e c t io n C o m p o s ite C o lu m n s w ith V is ib le S te e l S u r f a c e s u n d e r

N o r m a l T e m p e r a t u r e C o n d it io n s a n d to m e e t F ir e - R e s is t a n c e R e q u ir e m e n t s " , S e m in a r o n N e w A p p lic a t io n s fo r S t e e l in
v ie w o f C h a lle n g e f r o m S u b s t it u t e M a t e r ia ls , L u x e m b o u r g , M a y 1 9 8 8 .

[ 1 7 ] T w ilt, L . e t a l. , D e s ig n G u id e f o r S tr u c t u r a l H o llo w S e c tio n C o lu m n s E x p o s e d t o F ir e " , C ID E C T , 1 9 9 4 .

[ 1 8 ] E u r o p e a n C o n v e n t io n fo r C o n s t r u c t io n a l S te e lw o r k , " C a lc u la t io n o f th e F ir e R e s is ta n c e o f C e n tr a lly L o a d e d C o m p o s it e
S t e e l- C o n c r e te C o lu m n s E x p o s e d to th e S t a n d a r d F ir e " , E C C S - T e c h n ic a l C o m m it t e e 3 - F ir e S a f e ty o f S t e e l S t r u c tu r e s ,
T e c h n ic a l N o te , F ir s t E d it io n , 1 9 8 8 .

[ 1 9 ] T h e F in n is h C o n s tr u c t io n a l S te e lw o r k A s s o c ia tio n , " D e s ig n M a n u a l: T h e F ir e D e s ig n o f C o m p o s it e C o lu m n s o f C o n c r e t e -
F ille d S t e e l S t r u c t u r a l H o llo w S e c tio n s " , D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 1 .

[ 2 0 ] A u s t r a lia n I n s t it u t e o f S t e e l C o n s t r u c t io n , " D e s ig n o f S t e e l B u ild in g s f o r F ir e S a f e t y - E u r o p e a n a n d A u s tr a lia n P e r s p e c tiv e " ,

1 9 9 6 S e m in a r P r o c e e d in g s .

[ 2 1 ] K o d u r , V .K . R ., " P e r fo r m a n c e - b a s e d F ir e R e s is t a n c e D e s ig n o f C o n c r e t e - F ille d S te e l C o lu m n s " , J o u r n a l o f C o n s t r u c tio n a l

S te e l R e s e a rc h , 5 1 , p p 2 1 -3 6 , 1 9 9 9 .

[ 2 2 ] S t a n d a r d s A u s tr a lia , A S /N Z S 1 1 7 0 .0 , " S t r u c t u r a l D e s ig n A c t io n s , P a r t 0 : G e n e r a l P r in c ip le s " , 2 0 0 2 .

[ 2 3 ] S t a n d a r d s A u s tr a lia , A S 3 6 0 0 , " C o n c r e t e S tr u c t u r e s " , 1 9 9 4 .

[ 2 4 ] E u r o p e a n C o n v e n t io n f o r C o n s t r u c tio n a l S te e lw o r k ( E C C S ) - T e c h n ic a l C o m m it t e e 3 , F ir e S a f e t y o f S te e l S tr u c t u r e s ,
" C a lc u la tio n o f t h e F ir e R e s is ta n c e o f C e n t r a lly L o a d e d C o m p o s ite S t e e l- C o n c r e t e C o lu m n s E x p o s e d t o th e S t a n d a r d F ir e " ,
F ir s t E d itio n , 1 9 8 8 .

[ 2 5 ] B r it is h S t e e l, S H S D e s ig n M a n u a l fo r C o n c r e t e - F ille d C o lu m n s , P a r t 2 - F ir e R e s is t a n c e D e s ig n .

F u r th e r in fo r m a tio n c a n b e o b ta in e d fr o m O n e S te e l o n :

F r e e c a ll 1 8 0 0 -1 -S T E E L
S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L 1 8 0 0 -1 -7 8 3 3 5
O n e S te e l W e b s ite h ttp ://w w w .o n e s te e l.c o m
C o n c r e te -F ille d S te e l C o lu m n s : P r e d ic tio n s o f F ir e R e s is ta n c e
W r itt e n b y : I.D . B e n n e tts a n d C .C . G o h
P u b lis h e d b y : O n e S te e l M a n u fa c tu r in g P ty L im ite d
A B N 4 2 0 0 4 6 5 1 3 2 5
S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 2

8 O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills - F ir e D e s ig n N o te 3