quem é o/a

cientista?
Bibliografia deste tópico:
Da história e da epistemologia da Psicologia:
apresentação
Psychologica, 2008, 48: 320-331
 PEDRO URBANO, 2021

©
FACULDADE DE PSICOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA EDUCAÇÃO/CEIS20
UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA

HISTÓRIA E EPISTEMOLOGIA DA PSICOLOGIA

* NOTA: O TEXTO DE ALGUNS DOS DIAPOSITIVOS UTILIZA A GRAFIA
ANTERIOR AO ACORDO ORTOGRÁFICO DE 1990.
POSIÇÃO DO PROBLEMA
 CHARLES DARWIN COM 51 ANOS
RETRATO POR MAULL AND FOX, CA. 1859

ORIGEM: KARL PEARSON, THE LIFE, LETTERS, AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON
DIGITALIZAÇÃO: FASTFISSION, 2005
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

| ‘ ’ |
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

|‘ quando entrei para a escola (…)

coleccionava toda a espécie de coisas,
conchas, selos, franquias, moedas e

|
’
minerais. (…)

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

|‘ mas nenhuma actividade em

Cambridge foi seguida com tanto
entusiasmo, ou me deu tanto prazer, como

|
’
coleccionar besouros.

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

| |
BESOURO RINOCERONTE, MACHO (EM CIMA) E FÊMEA
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

| FIGURE FROM THE DESCENT OF MAN

ILLUSTRATING SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BEETLES.
“FIG. 16. CHALCOSOMA ATLAS.
UPPER FIGURE, MALE (REDUCED);
LOWER FIGURE, FEMALE (NAT. SIZE)”
FONTE: CHARLES DARWIN: THE DESCENT OF MAN, 2ND
EDITION, 1882
|
LICENÇA: DOMÍNIO PÚBLICO
| @ Charles Darwin
the autobiography

|
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

um dia, ao descascar um velho tronco, vi dois

escaravelhos raros e apanhei
um com cada mão;…

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

depois vi um terceiro, de um tipo novo, que não

podia de forma alguma perder,…

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

portanto atirei com o besouro que tinha na mão

direita para a boca.

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

eis que o besouro expele um fluido intensamente

acre (…) obrigando-me a cuspi-lo,…

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 (CHARLES DARWIN)

perdendo-o, bem como ao terceiro.

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
‘ what does a fish know about the water in which
he swims all his life?

ALBERT EINSTEIN — «SELF-PORTRAIT»

‘ for the most part I do the thing which my own
nature drives me to do. it is embarrassing
to earn so much respect and love

ALBERT EINSTEIN — «SELF-PORTRAIT»

‘ arrows of hate have been shot at me too; but
they never hit me, because somehow they
belonged to another world, with which
I have no connection whatsoever

ALBERT EINSTEIN — «SELF-PORTRAIT»

‘ I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but
delicious in the years of maturity

ALBERT EINSTEIN — «SELF-PORTRAIT»

 Albert Einstein
«Self-portrait» – 1936
(in portraits and self-portaits, George Schreiber)
‘ that [Elsa’s protective attitude] allowed him to
spend hours in a rather dreamy state, focusing
more on the cosmos that on the world
around him.

WALTER ISAACSON — «EINSTEIN: HIS LIFE AND UNIVERSE

‘ […] he generally preferred to think in pictures,
most notably in famous thought
experiments […]

WALTER ISAACSON — «EINSTEIN: HIS LIFE AND UNIVERSE

‘ “I very rarely think in words at all,”
he later told a psychologist.
“a thought comes, and
I may try to express it in words, afterwards,”

WALTER ISAACSON — «EINSTEIN: HIS LIFE AND UNIVERSE

‘ Walter Isaacson, 2007
Einstein: his life and universe

WALTER ISAACSON — «EINSTEIN: HIS LIFE AND UNIVERSE

quem é o/a cientista?
 Louis Pasteur, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein

FOTOGRAFIAS: GASPARD-FÉLIX TOURNACHON; AUTOR DESCONHECIDO; AUTOR DESCONHECIDO

a epistemologia tradicional centrou-se no
contexto da justificação
 ignorando o
contexto da descoberta
 como tal,
não conhece bem o/a cientista
 Marie Curie, 1867 ~ 1934
Prémio Nobel da Física (1907), Prémio Nobel da Química (1911)

FOTOGRAFIA: AUTOR DESCONHECIDO

 Irène Joliot-Curie, 1897 ~ 1956
Prémio Nobel da Química (1935)

FOTOGRAFIA: FUNDAÇÃO NOBEL

ESTERIÓTIPOS
Peter Pan
 Peter Pan
Francis Donkin, 1911

ILUSTRAÇÃO DE «PETER AND WENDY» DE JAMES MATTHEW BARRIE

Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and
playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy
who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-
ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of
Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies,
pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary
children from the world outside Neverland.
Peter Pan has become a cultural icon symbolizing youthful
innocence and escapism.

Wikipedia
d. Quixote
 Dom Quixote e o seu escudeiro
Gustave Doré, 1863

ILUSTRAÇÃO DE «DON QUIXOTE» DE MIGUEL DE CERVANTES

Quixotism is impracticality in pursuit of ideals, especially those
ideals manifested by rash, lofty and romantic ideas or
extravagantly chivalrous action. It also serves to describe an
idealism without regard to practicality. An impulsive person or act
might be regarded as quixotic.
Quixotism is usually related to “over-idealism,” meaning an
idealism that doesn’t take consequence or absurdity into account.
It is also related to naïve romanticism and to utopianism.

Wikipedia
dr. Fausto
 Faust
gravura de Rembrandt, ca.1652

EM EXIBIÇÃO NO RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDÃO

Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend, based on the
historical Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480–1540).
The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life,
which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroads,
exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly
pleasures. The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary,
artistic, cinematic, and musical works that have reinterpreted it
through the ages. “Faust” and the adjective “Faustian” imply a
situation in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity
in order to achieve power and success for a limited term.

Wikipedia
 ARTIST: JEAN-PAUL LAURENS (1838–1921)
TITLE: FAUST
OBJECT TYPE: PAINTING
DATE: UNKNOWN DATE
MEDIUM: OIL ON CANVAS
DIMENSIONS: HEIGHT: 53.9 CM; WIDTH: 64.7 CM
COLLECTION: RIO GRANDE DO SUL MUSEUM OF ART
CURRENT LOCATION
PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL
SOURCE/PHOTOGRAPHER: MARGS

AUTHOR: STEVE JURVETSON FROM MENLO PARK, USA

THE AUTHOR DIED IN 1921, SO THIS WORK IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN ITS COUNTRY
OF ORIGIN AND OTHER COUNTRIES AND AREAS WHERE THE COPYRIGHT TERM IS THE
AUTHOR'S LIFE PLUS 95 YEARS OR FEWER
 nuvem atómica sobre Hiroshima
6 de Agosto de 1945

FOTOGRAFIA: TRIPULAÇÃO DO AVIÃO «NECESSARY EVIL» – U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

 nuvem atómica sobre Nagasaki
9 de Agosto de 1945

FOTOGRAFIA: TRIPULAÇÃO DO AVIÃO B-29 UTILIZADO NO ATAQUE – U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

 «Fat man»
réplica da bomba atómica lançada a 9 de agosto de 1945 sobre Nagasaki

FOTOGRAFIA: U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

projecção ortográfica do Japão

AUTOR: CONNORMAH
 Go-shichi no Kiri
selo do governo japonês

AUTOR: ZAGYOSO
 Hiroshima, antes e depois da bomba atómica
(área do hipocentro da bomba)

FOTOGRAFIAS: AUTORES DESCONHECIDOS; U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

vítima da bomba atómica, Hiroshima
7 de Agosto de 1945

FOTOGRAFIA: MASAMI ONUKA

Hiroshima, cúpula da prefeitura após o lançamento da bomba atómica
s/ data

FOTOGRAFIA: FG2
Hiroshima na actualidade, cúpula da prefeitura e edifícios modernos
28 de Novembro de 2006

FOTOGRAFIA: HIROTSUGU MORI

esquema genérico do missil MX «peacemaker»
(ogivas W87 representadas a vermelho)

AUTORIA: U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The W87 is an American thermonuclear missile warhead formerly
deployed on the LGM-118A Peacekeeper (“MX”) ICBM. 50 MX
missiles were built, each carrying up to 10 W87 warheads in
multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, and were
deployed from 1986 to 2005. Starting in 2007, 250 of the W87
warheads from retired Peacekeeper missiles were retrofitted onto
much older Minuteman III missiles, with one warhead per missile.

Wikipedia
The original yield of the W87 was 300 kilotons, but has the
announced ability to be upgraded to a yield of 475 kilotons,
presumably by using more highly enriched uranium (HEU) in the
fusion secondary stage tamper. It is not known if that upgrade was
completely tested and ready to implement, or merely designed.

«Little Boy»: ≈ 15 kilotons of TNT

«Fat Man»: ≈ 20 kilotons of TNT

Wikipedia
 Dresden

800 bombardeiros
mais de 650.000 bombas incendiárias
25.000 a 40.000 mortos
bombardeiro ABC Lancaster, largando bombas sobre Duisburg
14/15 de Outubro de 1945

FOTOGRAFIAS: UNITED KINGDOM GOVERNMENT

 Dresden, 1945

FOTOGRAFIA: G. BEYER | ARQUIVO: DEUTSCHES BUNDESARCHIV (GERMAN FEDERAL ARCHIVE)

 Dresden, 1946
mãe olhando para os seus filhos gémeos,
ambos mortos

FOTOGRAFIA: RICHARD PETER | ARQUIVO: DEUTSCHE FOTOTHEK

 Dresden
Berlim 67 607,3

Hamburgo 39 687,6

Munique 27 110,9

Leipzig 11 614,4

Dresden 7 100,5
to my left I suddenly see a woman. I can see her to this
day and shall never forget it.
she carries a bundle in her arms
it is a baby
she runs, she falls, and the child flies in an arc into the fire
foto promocional do filme Frankenstein, 1931
Boris Karloff

FOTOGRAFIA: UNIVERSAL STUDIOS

iconografia
todas as imagens livres de direitos de cópia, licenciadas por
Creative Commons (Wikipedia) e/ou no domínio público;
repositório: Wikipedia/Wikicommons