C

R=1

±1

R<1
 C

p
x2R 0 x x
p p p
( x)2 = x· x=x x 0.

p x2R
i⌘ 1
i2 = 1.

(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d) a, b, c, d 2 R.

(a + ib) · (c + id) = ac + ibc + iad + i2 bd

= (ac bd) + i(ad + bc) a, b, c, d 2 R.
i

i
C := R ⇥ R ⌘ {(x, y) : x, y 2 R}
+ · C
C + C ! C, (a, b) + (c, d) := (a + c, b + d),
C · C ! C, (a, b) · (c, d) := (ac bd + ad + bc).
(C, +, ·) (0, 0)
(1, 0)

Rn
·

(C, +)
(0, 0)
((a1 , b1 ) + (a2 , b2 )) + (a3 , b3 ) = (a1 , b1 ) + ((a2 , b2 ) + (a3 , b3 ))
(a, b) + (0, 0) = (0, 0) + (a, b) = (a, b)
 C

(a, b)
( a, b)
(a, b) + ( a, b) = ( a, b) + (a, b) = (0, 0).
(a, b) = ( a, b)
(a, b) + (c, d) = (c, d) + (a, b)

((a1 , b1 ) · (a2 , b2 )) · (a3 , b3 )

= (a1 a2 b1 b2 , a1 b2 + a2 b1 ) · (a3 , b3 )

1 2 3 4
= ( a1 a2 a3 a3 b 1 b 2 a1 b 2 b 3 a2 b1 b3 , a1 a2 b3 b1 b2 b3 + a1 a3 b2 + a2 a3 b1 ),
5 6 7 8

(a1 , b1 ) · ((a2 , b2 ) · (a3 , b3 ))

= (a1 , b1 ) · (a2 a3 b2 b3 , a2 b3 + a3 b2 )

1 3 4 2
= ( a1 a2 a3 a1 b 2 b 3 a2 b 1 b 3 a3 b1 b2 , a1 a2 b3 + a1 a3 b2 + a2 a3 b1 b1 b2 b3 ),
5 7 8 6
((a1 , b1 ) · (a2 , b2 )) · (a3 , b3 ) = (a1 , b1 ) · ((a2 , b2 ) · (a3 , b3 ))
(a, b) · (1, 0) = (1, 0) · (a, b) = (a, b)
(a, b) 6= (0, 0)
✓ ◆
1 a b
(a, b) := , .
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
✓ ◆
1 a b a b
(a, b) · (a, b) = a· 2 b· 2 ,b · 2 +a· 2 = (1, 0)
a + b2 a +b 2 a +b 2 a + b2
1
(a, b) · (a, b) = (1, 0)
(a, b) · (c, d) = (c, d) · (a, b)
(C \ {(0, 0)}, ·)

(a1 , b1 ) · ((a2 , b2 ) + (a3 , b3 ))

= (a1 , b1 ) · (a2 + a3 .b2 + b3 )
= (a1 a2 + a1 a3 b1 b2 b1 b3 , a1 b2 + a1 b3 + b1 a2 + b1 a3 )
= (a1 a2 b1 b2 , a1 b2 + b1 a2 ) + (a1 a3 b1 b3 , a1 b3 + b1 a3 )
= (a1 , b1 ) · (a2 , b2 ) + (a1 , b1 ) · (a3 , b3 )

((a2 , b2 ) + (a3 , b3 )) · (a1 , b1 ) = (a2 , b2 ) · (a1 , b1 ) + (a3 , b3 ) · (a1 , b1 ).

 C

(0, 0) (00 , 000 )

(0, 0) = (00 , 000 ) + (0, 0) = (0, 0) + (00 , 000 ) = (00 , 000 ).
(1, 0)
(0, 0) (1, 0)
i
i := (0, 1) 2 C

(a, 0) · (x, y) = (ax, ay),

(a, 0) · (b, 0) = (ab, 0).

(a, 0) + (b, 0) = (a + b, 0).

◆ : R ! {(a, 0) : a 2 R} , a 7! (a, 0)

R ⌘ {(a, 0) : a 2 R} , 1 ⌘ (1, 0).

(x, y) = (x, 0) + (0, y) = (x, 0) · (1, 0) + (y, 0) · (0, 1),

z = (x, y)
z = x + iy
R ⇥ R ! C, (x, y) 7! x + yi

z = x+iy Re z := z z Im z := y
z Im z z
z z=x iy

z + z = 2x, z z = 2iy,

1
1 1 i
Re z = (z + z), Im z = (z z) ⌘ (z z),
2 2i 2
 C

1
i
(a + ib) · (c + id)
= (ac bd) + i(ad + bc)
= (ac bd) i(ad + bc)
= (ac ( b)( d)) + i(a( d) + ( b)c)
= (a ib) · (c id)
= (a + ib) · (c + id),

zw = z · w z, w 2 C.

a(x + iy) = ax + iay.

(±i)2 = ±i · ±i = (0, ±1) · (0, ±1) = ( 1, 0) ⌘ 1.

C C

|z| z
p p
|z| := zz ⌘ (Re z)2 + (Im z)2 ⌘ k(Re z, Im z)kR2 ,
R2
|rz| = |r||z| r 2R
|·| |z| 0 z=0
|·|
|z1 ± z2 |  |z1 | + |z2 | z 1 , z2 2 C
R2 ⇠
=C
hz1 , z2 i := (Re z1 )(Re z2 ) + (Im z1 )(Im z2 ) z1 , z2 2 C.
hz, zi = (Re z)2 + (Im z)2 = |z|2
|z1 ± z2 |2 = hz1 ± z2 , z1 ± z2 i = |z1 |2 ± 2hz1 , z2 i + |z2 |2
(|z1 | + |z2 |)2 = |z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 ,

±hz1 , z2 i  |z1 ||z2 | |hz1 , z2 i|  |z1 ||z2 |.

 C

z1 6= 0 z2 6= 0
z1 z2
w1 := |z1 |
w2 := |z2 |

±hw1 , w2 i  1.
|w1 | = |w2 | = 1
0  |w1 ± w2 |2 = hw1 ± w2 , w1 ± w2 i = 2 ± 2hw1 , w2 i,
⇤
(C, +, ·) ·
(R2 , +, h·, ·i)

{zn }n2N z C
|zn z| ✏>0 N >0
|z zn | < ✏ n N

max{|Re z|, |Im z|}  |z|  |Re z| + |Im z|.

zn ! z Re zn ! Re z Im zn ! Im z

✏>0 N >0 zn 2 B✏ (z) n N,

Br (z) R2 r z
Br (z)

{an } ⇢ R
lim sup an := lim sup am ⌘ inf sup am ,
n!1 n!1 m n n2N m n

lim inf an := lim inf am ⌘ sup inf am .

n!1 n!1 m n n2N m n

supm n am
inf m n am /R
±1 2 R

lim inf an  lim sup an

n!1 n!1

lim sup an  lim sup bn , lim inf an  lim inf bn an  b n n N N > 0.

n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

{an } ⇢ R
lim an = a1 2 R () lim sup an = lim inf an = a1 2 R.
n!1 n!n n!n
 C

(
lim sup(an + bn )  lim sup an + lim sup bn
n!1 n!1 n!1 {an }, {bn } ⇢ R,
lim inf (an + bn ) lim inf an + lim inf bn
n!1 n!1 n!1

1 1 1+1 limn!1 bn
an = (an + bn ) + ( bn )
(
lim sup an  lim sup(an + bn ) lim bn
n!1 n!1 n!1
lim inf an lim inf (an + bn ) lim bn
n!1 n!1 n!1

(
lim sup an + lim bn  lim sup(an + bn ),
n!1 n!1 n!1
lim inf an + lim bn lim inf (an + bn ).
n!1 n!1 n!1

(
lim sup(an + bn ) = lim sup an + lim bn
n!1 n!1 n!1
lim bn .
lim inf (an + bn ) = lim inf an + lim bn n!1
n!1 n!1 n!1

{an } limn!1 bn b 0
an bn = an b + an (bn b)
8 ✓ ◆⇣ ⌘
> (*b 0)
< lim sup(an bn ) = lim sup(an b) ⌘ lim sup an lim bn ,
n!1 n!1 n!1
> (*b 0)
⇣ n!1 ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
: lim inf (an bn ) = lim inf (an b) ⌘ lim inf an lim bn .
n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

bn = b 0 n
lim sup(ban ) = b lim sup an b 0.
n!1 n!1

b 0
lim sup(ban ) = lim inf (|b|an ) = |b| lim inf an = b lim inf an b  0.
n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

lim supn!1 (an bn ) lim inf n!1 (an bn ) {an }

limn!1 bn b0
{an } {bn }
8 ✓ ◆✓ ◆
>
< lim sup(an bn )  lim sup an lim sup bn
n!1 ⇣ n!1 ⌘ ⇣ n!1 ⌘ {an }, {bn }
>
: lim inf (an bn ) lim inf an lim inf bn
n!1 n!1 n!1

0·1 1·0
zn ! z 2 C lim supn!1 |zn z| = 0
 C

{zn }n2N C
✏>0 N >0 |zn zm | < ✏ n, m N
(C, | · |) {zn }
{zn }
{zn } z

|zn zm |  |zn z| + |z zm |,
{zn } {zn }

|Re zn Re zm | = |Re (zn zm )|  |zn zm |,

|Im zn Im zm | = |Im (zn zm )|  |zn zm |,
{Re zn } {Im zn } R a, b 2 R

lim Re zn = a, lim Im zn = b.
n!1 n!1
z := a + bi
lim sup |zn z|  lim sup (|Re (zn z)| + |Im (zn z)|)
n!1 n!1
 lim sup |Re (zn z)| + lim sup |Im (zn z)|
n!1 n!1
= lim sup |Re zn a| + lim sup |Im zn b| = 0,
n!1 n!1
⇤
{zk }k2N ⇢ C
n
X
sn := zk .
k=1
P1
k=1 zk C sn C

P1 P1 P1
Pk=1 zk k=1 wk C k=1 (zk ± wk ) C
1
k=1 zk
P1 C zk ! z 2 C
P 1
k=1 |zk | R k=1 zk C

P1 P1
k=1 |zk | R k=1 zk
C
C
⌦ C ⌦ C z2⌦
✏>0 B✏ (z) ⇢ ⌦
C R2
R2
⌦ z z
 C

A C A{ := C \ A C
A C {zn } ⇢ A
z2A
@S S x 2 @S B✏ (x) \ S 6= ;
{
B✏ (x) \ S 6= ; ✏>0
S S S := S [ @S
@BR (z) BR (z)
S S ⇢ BR ⌘ BR (0) R>0
S C
[
S⇢ O↵ {O↵ }↵2⇤
↵2⇤
[
=) S ⇢ O↵ ⇤0 ⇢ ⇤
↵2⇤0

S C S
S
C S S
S C S0 ⇢ S
S ⌦⇢C S0 = S \ ⌦ S1 ⇢ S
S F ⇢C
S1 = S \ F S
S0 ⇢ S S
S0 = ; S0 = S.
S
C S0 ⇢ S S0 C S0
S
S0 = S \ S 0
S
6 S0 ( S
;=
6 S0 ( S
;=
S0 S.
S1 := S \ S0 6 S 1 ( S0
;=
S S0 S1
S
[z1 , z2 ] z1 z2
[z0 , z1 ] [ [z1 , z2 ] [ · · · [ [zn 1 , zn ]
⌦ C ⌦
a, b 2 ⌦ a b

) a2⌦
A := x2⌦ a x .
 C

a2A A 6= ;
x2A⇢⌦ ⌦ ✏ = ✏(x) > 0 B✏ (x) ⇢ ⌦
B✏ (x) x
B✏ (x) a B✏ (x) ⇢ A
x2A A C ⌦
⌦\A ⌦ A
⌦ A 6= ; A=⌦
( ;=
6 A⇢⌦
⌦ A 6= ⌦ ⌦ \ A 6= ; a2A b 2 ⌦\A
a b [z0 , z1 ] [ [z1 , z2 ] [ · · · [
[zn 1 , zn ] z0 = a zn = b f [0, n]

f (t) = zj + (t j)(zj+1 zj ) t 2 [j, j + 1] j = 0, 1, · · · , n 1.

1 1
f (A) := x 2 ⌦ f (x) 2 A , f (⌦ \ A) := x 2 ⌦ f (x) 2 ⌦ \ A .

A ⌦\A C ⌦ f 1
(A)
1
f (S \ A) [0, n]
f 1 (A) f 1
(S \ A)
1
[0, n] f
(A) [0, n]
f 1 (S \ A) 1
x0 2 f (A) f (x0 ) 2 A
6 0
x0 = x0 6= n A ✏>0 B✏ (f (x0 )) ⇢ A
f x0 >0
() y2B (x0 ) () f (y)2B✏ (f (x0 ))
z }| { z }| {
|y x0 | < =) |f (y) f (x0 )| < ✏ .

() y2B (x0 ) () y2f 1 (A)

z }| { z }| {
|y x0 | < =) f (y) ⇢ A
1
B (x0 ) ⇢ f (A)
x0 = 0 x0 = n f
x0 = 0 >0 <n
() y2B (x )\[0,n]
0 () f (y)2B✏ (f (x0 ))
z }| { z }| {
0  y ⌘ y x0 < =) |f (y) f (x0 )| < ✏ .

() y2f 1 (A)
() y2B (x0 )\[0,n]
z }| { z }| {
0  y ⌘ y x0 < =) f (y) ⇢ A .
1
B (x0 ) \ [0, n] ⇢ f (A)

1 1
x2f (A) = (x) > 0 B (x) \ [0, 1] ⇢ f (A).
 C

1
f (A) [0, n]
C
z [ }| {
1
f (A) = [0, 1] \ B (x) (x) .
x2f 1 (A)

f 1 (S \ A) [0, n] f 1 (A)
[0, n] [0, n] f 1 (A) 6= ;
1
f (A) = [0, n] f 1 (S \ A) = ;
A 6= ⌦
A=⌦ ⇤

A
mrrre
A fjmjnfǚsxnr EE Xn
⌦\A

zn ! z ⌦3z N >0
zn 2 ⌦ n N
zn ! z ⌦3z
✏>0
B✏ (z) ⇢ ⌦.
N >0 zn 2 B✏ (z) ⇢ ⌦ n N
⌦ = B✏ (z) ✏>0 ⇤
C
z 2C ⌦ z
f :⌦!C z
zn ! z 2 C =) f (zn ) ! f (z) 2 C.
✏>0 >0 z
|f (z) f (y)| < ✏ |z y| < .
f (y) 2 B✏ (f (z)) y 2 B (x) f ⌦
f 2 C(⌦) f z2⌦
z2⌦

sup |f (z) f (y)| < ✏.

z,y2⌦,|z y|<

y z
 C

f
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) z = x + iy 2 ⌦
f z = x + yi u v (x, y)
f 2 Cm u, v 2 C m
th
n
{fn } f
⌦ ✏>0 N >0
n N =) |fn (z) f (z)| < ✏ z 2 ⌦.
⌦
kgkL1 (⌦) := sup |g(z)| g 2 C(⌦)
z2⌦

kfn f kL1 (⌦) ⌘ sup |fn (z) f (z)| < ✏ n N.

z2⌦

⌦ C fn f ⌦
lim supn!1 kfn f kL1 (⌦) = 0
fn ! f L1 (⌦) f
f
k · kL1 (⌦)

⌦ C {fn } ⇢ C(⌦) fn f
⌦ f 2 C(⌦)

P1 ⌦ P1 C {fn } ⇢ C(⌦)
kfk kL1 (⌦)  Mk k=1 Mk R k=1 fk (z)
⌦
P1
f (z) = k=1 fk (z)
n
X 1
X 1
X
lim sup f fk = lim sup fk  lim sup Mk = 0,
n!1 n!1 n!1
k=1 L1 (⌦) k=n+1 L1 (⌦) k=n+1

⇤
 f z
z
f (z + h) f (z)
lim
C3h!0 h
@ d
f 0 (z) @z f (z) @z
f (z) dz
f (z) ⌦
C f :⌦!C ⌦
⌦ f :C!C C

⌦ C f :⌦!C
a2⌦ U ⇢⌦ a
f U
f a2⌦ .

f (z) = zz z = 0
z=0

f g z h1 = f + g h2 = f g
g 0 (z) 6= 0 h3 = f /g z
h01 (z) = f 0 (z) + g 0 (z),
h02 (z) = f 0 (z)g(z) + f (z)g 0 (z),
f 0 (z)g(z) f (z)g 0 (z)
h03 (z) = .
g 2 (z)
P (z) = ↵0 + ↵1 z + · · · + ↵N z N ↵ 0 , · · · , ↵N
P z P 0 (z) = ↵1 + 2↵2 z + · · · + N ↵N z N 1

f = u + iv z = x + iy
@x f @y f f @y f = i@x f
 @x f @y f
f (z + h) f (z) f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
lim = lim = @x f (x, y),
R3h!0 h R3h!0 h
f (z + ih) f (z) f (x, y + h) f (x, y) 1
lim = lim = @y f (x, y).
R3h!0 ih R3h!0 ih i
f z
⇤

(
xy(x+iy)
x2 +y 2
,z =6 0,
f (z) = f (x, y) =
0 , z = 0.
f =0 x=0 y =0 @x f (0, 0) = @y f (0, 0) = 0
↵2R
f (z) f (0) x(↵x)(x + i↵x) ↵
lim = lim 2 2
= .
z!0,y=↵x z z=x+i↵x!0 x + (↵x) 1 + ↵2
@z f (0, 0) @z f (0, 0)
f (z) f (0) f (z) f (0) ↵
@z f (0, 0) = lim = lim = ↵ 2 R,
C3z!0 z z!0,y=↵x z 1 + ↵2
@z f (0, 0) ↵
f

f 2 C1 z = x + iy
1
f 2C z @x f @y f z

f @y f = i@x f x () f z.
f = u + iv
@x u = @y v, @y u = @x v.

u := @x2 u + @y2 u = @x @y v @y @x v = 0,
v := @x2 v + @y2 v = @x @y u + @y @x u = 0,
u v
(
)
 h = h1 +ih2

Re f (z + h) Re f (z) Re f (x + h1 , y + h2 ) Re f (z)
=
h h1 + ih2
Re f (x + h1 , y + h2 ) Re f (x + h1 , y) Re f (x + h1 , y) Re f (x, y)
= +
h1 + ih2 h1 + ih2
h2 h1
= @y Re f (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) + @x Re f (x + ⌘1 , y)
h1 + ih2 h1 + ih2
ih2 1 h1
= @y Re f (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) + @x Re f (x + ⌘1 , y)
h1 + ih2 i h1 + ih2

⌘1  |h1 | ⌘2  |h2 |

Im f (z + h) Im f (z)
h
ih2 1 h1
= @y Im f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 ) + @x Im f (x + ⌘3 , y)
h1 + ih2 i h1 + ih2

⌘3  |h1 | ⌘4  |h2 |

f (z + h) f (z)
@x f (z)
h ✓ ◆
ih2 1
= @y (Ref (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) + iIm f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 ) @x f (x, y)
h1 + ih2 i
h1
+ (@x (Re f (x + ⌘1 , y) + iIm f (x + ⌘3 , y)) @x f (x, y)) .
h1 + ih2
 f (z + h) f (z)
@x f (z)
h ✓ ◆
ih2 1 1
= @y (Ref (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) + iIm f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 ) @y f (x, y)
h1 + ih2 i i
h1
+ (@x (Re f (x + ⌘1 , y) + iIm f (x + ⌘3 , y)) @x f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
h2
= (@y (Ref (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) + iIm f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 ) @y f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
h1
+ (@x (Re f (x + ⌘1 , y) + iIm f (x + ⌘3 , y)) @x f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
h2
= (@y Ref (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) @y Re f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
ih2
+ (@y Im f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 @y Re f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
h1
+ (@x Ref (x + ⌘1 , y) @x Re f (x, y))
h1 + ih2
ih1
+ (@x Im f (x + ⌘3 , y) @x f (x, y)) .
h1 + ih2

f (z + h) f (z)
lim sup @x f (z)
C3h!0 h
 lim sup |@y Ref (x + h1 , y + ⌘2 ) @y Re f (x, y)|
C3h!0
+ lim sup |@y Im f (x + h1 , y + ⌘4 @y Re f (x, y)|
C3h!0
+ lim sup |@x Ref (x + ⌘1 , y) @x Re f (x, y)|
C3h!0
+ lim sup |@x Im f (x + ⌘3 , y) @x f (x, y)|
C3h!0
= 0,
@z f = @x f ⇤
z2C f
z
@z f = @x f
1
@z f = (@x f i@y f ).
2
1
@z C
1
@z f := (@x f + i@y f ).
2

f z () @z f = 0 z
 @z f = µ@z f kµkL1  c < 1.
µ ⌘ 0

@z f 6= 0
@z f

PN
P P = n=0 Qn
N 2Z 0
n
X
Qn (z) = Qn (x, y) = Cn,k xn k y k
k=0
= Cn,0 xn + Cn,1 xn 1 y + Cn,2 xn 2 y 2 + · · · + Cn,n y n
CN,m 2 C
n
X n 1
X
n k 1 k
2@z Qn (z) = Cn,k (n k)x y +i Cn,k kxn k y k 1

k=1 k=0
Xn Xn
= Cn,k (n k)xn k 1 k
y +i Cn,(k̃+1) (k̃ + 1)xn k̃ 1 k̃
y
k=1 k̃=1
n
X n
X
= Cn,k (n k)xn k 1 k
y +i Cn,(k+1) (k + 1)xn k 1 k
y
k=1 k=1
n
X
= Cn,k (n k) + iCn,(k+1) (k + 1) xn k 1 k
y .
k=1

P P
Cn,k (n k) + iCn,(k+1) (k + 1) = 0 n = 0, 1, · · · , N k = 0, · · · , n 1.

✓ ◆
k n
Cn,k = i Cn,0 n = 0, 1, · · · , N k = 0, · · · , n 1.
k
 P
N
X n ✓
X ◆ N
X N
X
n
P (z) = Cn,0 xn k (iy)k = Cn,0 (x + iy)n = Cn,0 z n .
k
n=0 k=0 n=0 n=0

P
P () P

Recall Abs1 1Cklilzkcs.pointwise

Recall
Nniiifmzf ÈCKZEf叫 O

z
z

P1 z
k
k=0 Ck z
R

{Ck } ⇢ C
1 P m
lim sup |Ck | = 0
k Ck z k z 2C
k!1 P
r>0 Ck z k z 2 Br
1 P k
lim sup |Ck | k = +1 Ck z z=0
k!1
P

o
1
0 < lim sup |Ck | k < +1 Ck z k |z| < R
k!1

报
|z| > R
✓ ◆ 1
Z的 亦於 R

io
1
R= lim sup |Ck | k .
k!1
0 ECR P
✏>0 Ck z k z 2 BR ✏

BR
R = 1 R = 0
BR ✏ BR BR
|z| = R
z2C |z| > R
1 1
1 < R 1 |z| = lim sup |Ck | k |z| = lim sup |Ck z k | k .
k!1 k!1
 {Ck z k }k2N
{Ck z k }k2N |Ck z k |  L k

1 1
lim sup |Ck z k | k  lim sup L k = 1,
k!1 k!1
P
{Ck z k }k2N Ck z k
P R
k
Ck z
and it converges uniforms inP Bizi for all
Ck z k
z0 B|z0 | P |z0 |
OCECIEI
k
Ck z z0
C \ B|z0 |
r>0 N >0 r
1 1 1
|Ck | k  k N =) |Ck |rk  k N.
2r 2k

1
X 1
X
k
lim sup |Ck z |  lim sup Ck z k
n!1 n!1
k=n k=n L1 (Br )
X X 1
 lim sup |Ck |rk  lim sup k
=0 z 2 Br .
n!1
k n
n!1
k n
2

r > 0
Br ⇤

z 6= 0 {kn } ⇢ N kn ! +1

1 1
|Ckn | kn n =) |Ckn z kn | = |Ckn ||z|kn 1 n,
|z|
P P
Ck z k z 6= 0 Ck z k
Ck z k ! 0 ⇤

|z| > R >0

|z| = R + {kn } ⇢ N kn ! +1
1 1
|Ckn | kn n =) |Ckn z kn | = |Ckn ||z|kn 1 n,
R+
P
Ck z k
0<r <R 2 =R r >0
N >0 r
✓ ◆k
1 1 k R 2
|Ck | 
k k N =) |Ck |r  k N.
R R
 1
X 1
X
k
lim sup |Ck z |  lim sup Ck z k
n!1 n!1
k=n k=n L1 (Br )
1
X 1 ✓
X ◆k
k R 2
 lim sup |Ck |r  lim sup =0
n!1
k=n
n!1
k=n
R
r > 0
Br ⇤
P1
n=1 nz n R = 1
|z| = 1
P1
n=1 n 2zn R=1
|z| = 1
P1
n=1 n 1zn R = 1
z 2 @B1 \ {1} z=1
z

P1
f (z) = n=0 Cn z n
0 < R  +1 ( ) f 0 (z)
( )
1
X 1
X 1
X
n 1 n 1
g(z) := nCn z ⌘ nCn z ⌘ C̃m z m C̃m := (m + 1)Cm+1
n=0 n=1 m=0

BR g R f
( )

1 1 1 n 1 1
lim sup |C̃m | m = lim sup |nCn | n 1 = lim (n n ) n 1 lim sup |Cn | n 1 = lim sup |Cn | n 1 .
m!1 n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

{Cnk }
1 1 1 nk 1
·n
lim sup |Cn | n 1 = lim |Cnk | nk 1
= lim |Cnk | nk k 1
= lim |Cnk | nk
n!1 k!1 k!1 k!1
1 1
 lim sup |Cm | m = lim sup |Cn | . n
k!1 m nk n!1

{Cn` }
1 1 n` 1 1
1 ·
lim sup |Cn | n = lim |Cn` | n` = lim |Cn` | n` 1 n`
= lim |Cn` | n` 1

n!1 `!1 `!1 `!1

1 1
 lim sup |Cm | m 1 = lim sup |Cn | n 1 .
`!1 m n` n!1
 1 1
lim sup |C̃m | m = lim sup |Cn | n ,
m!1 n!1

g R f
f0 g

R=1 h 2 C \ {0} |h| < 1

1
X 1
X 1
X
f (z + h) f (z) (z + h)n zn n 1
g(z) = Cn nCn z = C n bn ,
h n=0
h n=0 n=0

n ✓ ◆
!
(z + h)n z n n 1 1 X n k n k n
bn = nz = h z z nz n 1
h h k=0 k
n ✓ ◆ n ✓ ◆ n ✓ ◆
1X n k n k n 1
X n k 1 n k n 1
X n
= h z nz = h z nz = hk 1 z n k
h k=1 k k k
k=1 k=2
Xn ✓ ◆ Xn ✓ ◆
n k 1 n k n
 |h| |z|  |h| |z|n k
k k
k=2 k=2
Xn ✓ ◆
n
 |h| |z|n k = |h|(|z| + 1)n .
k
k=0

< +1 R=1
z }| {
1
X X1
f (z + h) f (z)
g(z)  |Cn ||bn |  |h| |Cn |(|z| + 1)n .
h n=0 n=0
h!0 f0 f 0 (z) = g(z)
z2C
0<R<1 |z| < R |z| = R 2 >0
h 2 C \ {0} |h| < min{ , 1} |z + h|  |z| + |h|  R 2 + = R <R

1
X 1 ✓ ◆
X
f (z + h) f (z) n
g(z) = C n bn , bn = hk 1 z n k .
h k
n=0 k=2

z=0 bn = h n 1
z 6= 0 2kn
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n n k+1 n n k + 1 n (k 1) + 1 n
= = ·
k k k 1 k k 1 k 2
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
n 2 + 1 n (2 1) + 1 n n 1 n 2 n
 · = ·n n
2 2 1 k 2 2 k 2 k 2
 n k+1 n (k 1)+1
k k 1
k

X n ✓ ◆ n ✓ ◆
2 n k 1 n k n2 |h| X n
|bn |  n |h| |z| = |h|k 2 |z|n (k 2)
k 2 |z| 2 k 2
k=2 k=2
n 2 ✓ ◆ n ✓ ◆
n2 |h| X n j n j n2 |h| X n
= |h| |z|  |h|j |z|n j
|z|2 j |z|2 j
j=2 j=2
2 2
n |h| n |h|
= 2
(|z| + |h|)n  (R )n ,
|z| |z|2

< +1
z }| {
1
X 1
f (z + h) f (z) n |h| X
2
g(z)  |Cn ||bn |  |Cn |(R )n .
h n=0
|z|2 n=0

h!0 f0 BR f 0 (z) = g(z)

z 2 BR ⇤
P1
f (z) = n=0 Cn z n

f (n) (0)
Cn = n = 0, 1, 2, · · · ,
n!
f (n) nth f
n = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
(n + 2)!
f (n) (z) = n!Cn + (n + 1)!Cn+1 z + Cn+2 z 2 + · · ·
2!
z

P1 f (z) =
n
n=0 Cn z {zk }

zk ! 0 2 C f (zk ) ! 0 k ! 1,

f ⌘0
P P
an z n bn z n
an = b n n

f (n)

n!Cn = f (n) (0) = lim f (n) (zk ) = 0,

k!1

⇤
 ez := ex (cos ✓ + i sin ✓) z = x + i✓ 2 C.
|ez | = ex ez 6= 0 z = x + iy 2 C
ez1 +z2 = ez1 ez2 z 1 , z2 2 C

ei✓ = cos ✓ + i sin ✓ ✓ 2 R.

n 2 N (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)n =
cos(n✓) + i sin(n✓) ✓2R

z = |z|ei✓ z2C
✓ 2 [0, 2⇡) R2
ez

ez
1
X
z zn
e =
n=0
n!
R = +1

@z ez = @x (ex (cos y + i sin y)) = ex (cos y + i sin y) = ez z = x + iy 2 C.

1 i✓
sin ✓ := (e e i✓ ) ✓ 2 R,
2i
1
cos ✓ := (ei✓ + e i✓ ) ✓ 2 R.
2

1 iz
sin z := (e e iz ) z 2 C,
2i
1
cos z := (eiz + e iz ) z 2 C.
2
cos z sin z
1
sin(i✓) = (e ✓ e✓ ) ✓ 2 R,
2i
1
cos(i✓) = (e ✓ + e✓ ) ✓ 2 R.
2
 sin z cos z

sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z, sin2 z + cos2 z = 1, (sin z)0 = cos z.

(cos z)0
sin z
z3 z5
sin z = z + +···
3! 5!
R = +1 cos z
 R
⌘ Re + iIm : [a, b] ⇢ R ! C [a, b]
Re , Im 2 C([a, b])
Z b Z b Z b
(t) dt := Re (t) dt + i Im (t) dt,
a a a
Rb Rb
a
Re (t) dt a
Im (t) dt
⇥ ⇤
C = z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) a  t  b
C x y t 2 (a, b)
ż(t) := x0 (t) + iy 0 (t) t.
C C1 x, y 2 C([a, b]) x, y 2 C 1
int [a, x1 ] int [x1 , x2 ] int [xn 1 , b] [a, b] ż(t) 6= 0
t 2 (a, b) t0 x0 (t0 ) =
y 0 (t0 ) = 0 C1
C x, y 2 C 1 (a, b)

⇥ ⇤
C = z(t) a  t  b
C1 f
C f C
Z Z Z b Z b
f⌘ f (z) dz := f (z)|z=z(t) ż(t) dt = f (z(t))ż(t) dt,
C C a a

f (z(t)) ż(t)
C
⇥ ⇤ z
C = z(t) a  t  b z(t) a  t  b
 R
C
f
⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤
C1 = z(t) a  t  b C2 = w(t) c  t  d
C1 C C1
: [c, d] ! [a, b]
(c) = a, (d) = b, w(t) = z( (t)) [c, d],
R R
C1
f= C2
f

⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤
C1 = z(t) a  t  b C2 = w(t) c  t  d
C1 C ⇠
C1 ⇠ C2 () 2 C 1 ([c, d])
⇠
C⇠C C1 C C
C1 ⇠ C2 () C2 ⇠ C1 C1
C1 , C2 C
C1 , C2 , C3 C1 C
C 1 ⇠ C2 C 2 ⇠ C3 C 1 ⇠ C3
C1 C2 R R
C1 C C1
f= C2
f
⇥ ⇤
C = z(t) a  t  b C1
C
⇥ ⇤
C rev := z(b + a t) a  t  b ,
R R
C rev
f= C
f
C C rev

R C C1
f 7! C f C
R R R
RC (f + g) =
R C f + C
g f, g 2 C(C)
C
↵f = ↵ C
f f 2 C(C) ↵2C
C(C) C ( )

G 2 C([a, b])
Z b Z b
G(t) dt  |G(t)| dt.
a a
 Rb
a
G(t) dt
Z b Z b
G(t) dt = G(t) dt ei✓
a a
R
✓ 2 [0, 2⇡) C
Z b Z b Z b Z b
i✓ def i✓ i✓
G(t) dt = e G(t) dt ⌘ Re e G(t) dt + i Im e G(t) dt.
a a a a

Z b Z b
i✓
G(t) dt = Re e G(t) dt.
a a
i✓ i✓
|Re e G(t) |  |e G(t)| = |G(t)|

Z b Z b Z b
i✓
G(t) dt = Re e G(t) dt  |G(t)| dt,
a a a
⇤
C C1
1
H (C) Z
f  kf kL1 (C) H 1 (C) f 2 C(C).
C
R
C
f C

C1

⇤ ⇥
z(t) a  t  b C=
Z bp Z b
1 0 2 0 2
H (C) = (x (t)) + (y (t)) dt = |ż(t)| dt.
a a

Z Z b Z b Z b
f = f (z(t))ż(t) dt  |f (z(t))||ż(t)| dt  kf kL1 (C) |ż(t)| dt.
C a a a
⇤
{fn } fn ! f
C1 C
Z Z
f = lim fn .
C n!1 C
R
C
Z Z Z
lim sup f (z) dz fn (z) dz = lim sup (f (z) fn (z)) dz
n!1 C C n!1 C
 H 1 (C) lim sup kf fn kL1 (C) = 0,
n!1
 ⇤

⇥ ⇤
C= z(t) a  t  b
C1 f 2 C 1 (C) ( )
C Z
f 0 = f (z(b)) f (z(a)).
C
R
C1 f f 0 2 C(C) C
f0

ż(t) 6= 0
a<t<b t t >0 z(t + h) z(t) 6= 0 a < t+h < b
|h| < t
f (z(t + h) f (z(t))) f (z(t + h) f (z(t))) z(t + h) z(t)
= · |h| < t,
h z(t + h) z(t) h

d f (z(t + h)) f (z(t))

(f (z(t))) = lim
dt R3h!0 h
f (z(t + h)) f (z(t)) z(t + h) z(t)
= lim · lim
R3h!0 z(t + h) z(t) R3h!0 h
f (w) f (z(t)) z(t + h) z(t)
= lim · lim
C3w!z(t) w z(t) R3h!0 h
0
= f (z)|z=z(t) ż(t) .

Z Z b Z b
0 def 0 d
f (z) dz ⌘ f (z)|z=z(t) ż(t) dt = (f (z(t))) dt = f (z(b)) f (z(a)),
C a a dt

⇥ ⇤ C1 C =
z(t) a  t  b z(a) = z(b) 6 z(t2 )
z(t1 ) = t 1 < t2
(t1 , t2 ) 6= (a, b)
1
 K C f
K ⌦ K ⌦ K⇢⌦
f ⌦ K = {z} f z
f z ✏>0 f
B✏ (z)

Rn

C
CR1 f R
C⇢R C
f =0

C
f C f

C R C1 f (z) =
↵+ z ↵, 2C( ) C
f =0
1
⇥ F (z) := ↵z
⇤ + 2
z2 F0 = f
C = z(t) a  t  b

Z Z
f= F 0 = F (z(b)) F (z(a)) = 0,
C C

{K(k)T
} C⇠
= R2 K(1)
(2) (3) (k) (k)
K K ··· k2N K 6= ; K

R
R f R f =0

R
1, 2, 3, 4
 Z 4 Z
X
f= f.
i=1 i

Z Z
1
f f i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
i
4
(0) (1)
= = i i R(1)
(1)

Z Z
(1) (2) (3) 1
R R R ··· f f ,
(k) 4k
(k)
R(k)
k = 1
k = ` R(`)
(`) (`) (`) (`) (`) (`)
R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 i Ri
Z 4 Z
X
f= f.
(`) (`)
i=1 i

Z Z Z
1 1
f f f i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
(`)
i
4 (`) 4`+1
(`+1) (k)
:= i i R(`+1)
(`+1)

T T
k2N R(k) 6= ; z0 2 k2N R(k)

f (z) f (z0 ) f (z) f (z0 ) f 0 (z0 )(z z0 )

lim = f 0 (z0 ) () lim = 0.
z!z0 z z0 z!z0 z z0
 f (z) f (z0 ) f 0 (z0 )(z z0 )
oz :=
z z0

f (z) = f (z0 ) + f 0 (z0 )(z z0 ) + oz · (z z0 ), lim oz = 0.

z!z0

Z Z
f= oz · (z z0 ) dz.
(n) (n)
p
s H 1 ( )  4s |z z0 |  2s
p
1 (n) 1 4s 2s
H ( ) = n H 1( )  n , sup |z z0 |  .
2 2 z2 (n) 2n
oz ✏>0 N
p
2s
|oz |  ✏ |z z0 |  ,
2N

sup |oz |  ✏ n N.
z2 (n)

n N
Z Z Z p
f  4n f = 4n oz · (z z0 ) dz  ✏4 2s2 .
(n) (n)

N
✏ ⇤

f
R F F0 =
f R F f
( )
Z Z
f= F 0 = F (z(b)) F (z(a))
C C
⇥ ⇤
C1 C= z(t) a  t  b ⇢R

0 2 R
Z z Z
F (z) := f (⇣) d⇣ ⌘ f (⇣) d⇣,
0 C1
 C1 Re z
Re z z h2C
Z z+h Z
f (⇣) d⇣ ⌘ f (⇣) d⇣,
z C2
C2 z z + Re h
z + Re h z
Z z+h Z
F (z + h) = f (⇣) d⇣ = f (⇣) d⇣,
0 C3

C3 Re (z + h)
Re (z + h) z+h
Z z+h
F (z) + f (⇣) d⇣ = F (z + h),
z

C1 C2 C3

Z z+h
F (z + h) F (z) = f (⇣) d⇣
z

Z z z+Re h z+Re h z+h

1 z+h
1z }| { 1z }| {
1 dz = ((z + Re h) z) + ((z + h) (z + Re h)) = 1,
h z h h
Z z+h
F (z + h) F (z) 1
f (z) = (f (⇣) f (z)) d⇣,
h h z
f
F (z + h) F (z) 1
lim sup f (z)  lim sup kf f (z)kL1 (C2 ) H 1 (C2 )
C3h!0 h C3h!0 |h|
=2lim sup kf f (z)kL1 (C2 ) = 0
C3h!0

⇤
 ⇥ ⇤
C = z(t) a  t  b ⇢ R z(a) = z(b)
f R
F F0 = f R
Z Z
f= F 0 = F (z(b)) F (z(a)) = 0,
C C
⇤

A B
dist (A, B) = inf |a b|.
a2A,b2B

A {z0 } dist (z0 , B)

⌦ ⌦
1 ✏ C\⌦
z0 2
/ ⌦ ✏>0 = [ (t) : 0  t < 1]

dist ( (t), C \ ⌦) < ✏ t 0, (0) = z0 , lim | (t)| = 1,

t!1
⌦ C
z 2 C 1 < |z| < 3
1 ✏
C\⌦
S = z2C 1 < Im z < 1
C\S
S ↵2S
↵ z S z2S

x + iy 2 C 0 < x  1, y = sin x1 [ iy 2 C 1<y<1

y0
y0:= x + iy0 x 2 R \ .
{ y1 , · · · , yn } y1 > y2 > · · · > yn n2N
y1 yj+1
yj
 K C F
C K \F = ; dist (K, F ) > 0
F 1 , F2 C F1 \ F2 = ; dist (F1 , F2 ) = 0

⌦ { y1 , · · · , yn } y1 > y2 > · · · > yn X1

R

y0 = x + iy1 x 2 X1 .

R := z = x + iy x 2 X1 , y2  y  y1 ⌦

R
:= dist ( , C \ ⌦) > 0 z0 2 R
z0 1 = [ (t) : 0  t < 1]

(0) = z0 , lim | (t)| = 1.

t!1

\ 6= ; R

z0 2 ⌦ ⌦
0 1 2
C\⌦

dist ( 0 (t), C \ ⌦) < t 0, 0 (0) = z0 , lim | 0 (t)| = 1.

2 t!1

0 \ 6= ; t0 0 0 (t) 2

dist ( 0 (t), C \ ⌦) dist ( , C \ ⌦) = ,

f ⌦
R
D f =0
 j

f ⌦
0
F F = f ⌦ F
f
( )
Z Z
f= F 0 = F (z(b)) F (z(a))
C C
⇥ ⇤
C1 C = z(t) a  t  b ⇢ R
z0 2 ⌦
Z z
F (z) = f (⇣) d⇣,
z0

f
⌦ R
C1 C ⌦ C
f =0
 C

a2C f
(
f (z) f (a)
z a
,z =6 a,
g(z) = 0
f (a) , z = a.
g g

f g R
R g=0
隨便抓5rectangle
a2
/R
D g R

a2 = @R
Z Z
g= g,
1

1 3a ✏

Z Z
g = g  4kgkL1 ( 1) ✏  4kgkL1 (R) ✏.
1
R
✏>0 g=0
 a 2 int (R)
Z 換Z 路 徑 割
g= g,
2

2 a
✏

Z Z
g = g  4kgkL1 ( 2) ✏  4kgkL1 (R) ✏.
2
R
✏>0 g=0 ⇤

a2C f
G R G0 = g g
C
g=0 C1
C g
g

⇥ C⇢ (z0 ) ⇤ B⇢ (z0 )
i✓
C⇢ (z0 ) = Re + z0 0  ✓  2⇡
Z
1
dz = 2⇡i a 2 B⇢ (z0 ).
C⇢ (z0 ) z a
 a = z0

Z Z 2⇡
1 iRei✓
dz = d✓ = 2⇡i.
C⇢ (z0 ) z z0 0 Rei✓

Z Z ✓ ◆
1 1
dz = @z dz = 0.
C⇢ (z0 ) (z z0 )2 C⇢ (z0 ) z z0

Z Z ✓ ◆
1 1 1
dz = @z dz = 0 k = 1, 2, · · · .
C⇢ (z0 ) (z z0 )k+1 k C⇢ (z0 ) (z z0 )k
a 2 B⇢ (z0 )
1 1 1 1
= = · a z0 z 2 C⇢ (z0 ).
z a (z z0 ) (a z0 ) z z0 1 z z0

a z0 |a z0 |
= <1 z 2 C⇢ (z0 ),
z z0 ⇢
1
1 w
= 1 + w + w2 + · · · w2C |w| < 1
✓ ◆2 ! 1
1 1 a z0 a z0 X (a z0 )k
= · 1+ + + ··· = z 2 C⇢ (z0 ).
z a z z0 z z0 z z0 k=0
(z z0 )k+1

Xn 1
X
(a z0 )k 1 (a z0 )k
lim sup = lim sup
n!1
k=0
(z z0 )k+1 z a 1 n!1
k=n+1
(z z0 )k+1
L (C⇢ (z0 )) L1 (C⇢ (z0 ))
1
X 1 ✓
X |a z0 | k ◆
(a z0 )k 1
 lim sup = lim sup = 0,
n!1
k=n+1
(z z0 )k+1 L1 (C⇢ (z0 )) ⇢ n!1 k=n+1 ⇢

Z Z 1
X Z
1 1 k 1
dz = dz + (a z0 ) dz = 2⇡i,
C⇢ (z0 ) z a C⇢ (z0 ) z z0 k=1 C⇢ (z0 ) (z z0 )k+1
⇤
 R=1

⇥ ⇤ f
a2C C= Re i✓
0  ✓  2⇡ R > |a|
Z
1 f (z)
f (a) = dz.
2⇡i C z a

Z Z Z Z
f (z) f (a) f (z) f (z) f (z)
0= dz = dz f (a) dz = dz 2⇡if (a),
C z a C z a C z a C z a
⇤
R=1

C1
( 1
e x2 , x > 0,
f (x) =
0 , x  0,
C 1 (R) f (n) (0) = 0 n2N
f

f
( a 2 C = 1) a 2 C
{f (k) (a)}1
k=1
X1
f (k) (a)
f (z) = (z a)k z 2 C.
k=0
k!
{f (k) (a)}1
k=1 a2C
f
f P1 a 2 C
=1 Ck 2 C P1 f (z)k = k=0 k (z
C a)k z2C
g(z) = f (z + a) = k=0 Ck z g
f
f a 2 C
g(z) := f (z + a) z2C
X1
g (k) (0) k
g(z) = z z 2 C,
k=0
k!
P1 g(k) (0) P f (k) (a)
f (z) = g(z a) = k=0 k! (z a)k = 1 k=0 k!
(z a)k
z2C R>0 |z| < R
Z
1 g(w)
g(y) = dw y 2 BR .
2⇡i @BR w y
 R=1

X yk 1
1 1 1 y y2
= y = + + + · · · =
w y w(1 w
) w w2 w3 k=0
wk+1

X1 ✓Z ◆
1 g(w)
g(y) = k+1
dw y k y 2 BR .
k=0
2⇡i @BR w

✓Z ◆
1 g(w) g (k) (0)
dw = k = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
2⇡i @BR wk+1 k!

1
X g (k) (0)
g(y) = yk y 2 BR .
k=0
k!
z 2 BR
1
X g (k) (0)
g(z) = zk .
k=0
k!
z2C ⇤

⇥ ⇤ f
a2C C= Rei✓ 0  ✓  2⇡ R > |a|
Z
k! f (z)
f (k) (a) = dz k = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
2⇡i C (z a)k+1
f g

1
X f (k) (a)
f (z) f (a) = (z a)k z 2 C,
k=1
k!

a2C (z a)

1 1
f (z) f (a) X f (k) (a) k 1
X f (m+1) (a)
g(z) ⌘ = (z a) = (z a)m z 6= a.
z a k=1
k! m=0
(m + 1)!

g C
z2C ⇤
f a1 , a2 , · · · aN f (ak ) = 0
k = 1, 2, · · · , N
f (z)
g(z) := z 2 C \ {a1 , a2 , · · · , aN }.
(z a1 )(z a2 ) · · · (z aN )
 limz!ak g(z) k = 1, 2, · · · , N g̃ g
(
g(z) , z 2 C \ {a1 , a2 , · · · , aN },
g̃(z) :=
lim g(z) , z = ak k = 1, 2, · · · , N,
z!ak

a b C
R > max{|a|, |b|}

Z Z Z
1 f (z) 1 f (z) 1 f (z)(b a)
f (b) f (a) = dz dz = dz.
2⇡i C z b 2⇡i C z a 2⇡i C (z a)(z b)
1
H (C) C 2⇡R
1 kf kL1 (C) |b a| kf kL1 (C) |b a|
|f (b) f (a)|  H 1 (C) = R.
2⇡ (R |a|)(R |b|) (R |a|)(R |b|)
R!1 f (a) = f (b) a, b
⇤
A>0 B >0 k2Z 0
f
|f (z)|  A + B|z|k z 2 C,
f k
k k=0

k = `+1 k=` 0
g a=0
g
|f (z) f (0)| |f (z)| + |f (0)| 2A + B|z|`+1
|g(z)| =    2A + B|z|` |z| 1,
|z| |z| |z|

|g(z)|  kgkL1 (B1 ) + 2A + B|z|` .

k =` 0
g `
f (z) = zg(z) + f (0) z 6= 0,
f g z2C
f `+1
⇤
 3
f |f (z)|  A + B|z| 2 z2C f

f |f 0 (z)|  |z| z2C f (z) =

2 1
a + bz |b|  2

P (z)
z0 2 C P (z0 ) = 0

z0 2 C P (z) 6= 0
z 2C f (z) := 1
P (z)
P

N
X
P (z) = cj z j
j=0

N 2N cN 6= 0
N
!
X1
lim inf |P (z)| lim inf |c̃N ||z|N |c̃j ||z|j = 1,
z!1 z!1
j=0

lim |f (z)| = 0.
z!1

f
P
⇤

P (z)
A, ↵1 , · · · , ↵N 2 C
P (z) = A(z ↵1 ) · · · (z ↵N ) z2C C

PN
P (z) = j=0 cj z
j
N 2N cN 6= 0
g
a=↵

|g(z)|  A + B|z|N 1
,

P (z) = g(z)(z ↵) z 2 C,
g N 1
g ⇤
 ±1

p
1
z2 + 1 = 0 C
±i
z2 + 1 = 0 R.

p P (z) = z 2 + 1 p R[z]
1 := i 1 p
i 1 p
n R n
1 = 1

n2N n {⇣j }nj=1

zn 1=0
2⇡j 2⇡j
⇣j = cos + i sin j = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n 1.
n n
nth zn 1
n C
n
zn 1 = 0
n ⇤
n 1 n 2
zn + 1 = 0

f Br (z0 )

Z z Z
F (z) = f (⇣) d⇣ ⌘ f (⇣) d⇣ F0 = f Br (z0 ),
z0 C

C z0 z0 + Re (z z0 )
z0 + Re (z z0 ) z
z0 z Br (z0 )
g f Br (z0 )
a 2 Br (z0 )
(
f (z) f (a)
z a
, z 2 Br (z0 ) \ {a},
g(z) = 0
f (a) , z = a,
 R<1

Br (z0 ) g D
g

G G0 = g Br (z0 ).

Z
g=0 C1 C ⇢ Br (z0 ).
C

f Br (z0 )
a 2 Br (z0 ) 0<⇢<r a 2 B⇢ (z0 )
Z
1 f (!)
f (a) = d!,
2⇡i C⇢ (z0 ) ! a
⇥ ⇤
C⇢ (z0 ) C⇢ (z0 ) = z0 + ⇢ei✓ 0  ✓  2⇡ C⇢ (z0 ) = @B⇢ (z0 )

g
= 2⇡i
Z Z zZ }| {
f (!) f (a) f (!) f (a)
0= d! = d! f (a) = d!,
C⇢ (z0 ) ! a C⇢ (z0 ) ! a C⇢ (z0 ) ! a
⇤
⌦ f ⌦ a2⌦
f (a) f
a D
Z 2⇡
1
f (a) = f (a + rei✓ ) d✓
2⇡ 0

@Br (a) ⇢ D

+ k2

R<1

R
R=1
R<1
f BR (z0 ) Ck
1
X
f (z) = Ck (z z0 )k z 2 BR (z0 ).
k=0
 R<1

0 < ⇢ < R
a=z
Z
1 f (!)
f (z) = d! z 2 B⇢ (z0 ).
2⇡i C⇢ (z0 ) ! z
z!! a!z
✓ ◆2 ! 1
1 1 z z0 z z0 X (z z0 )k
= · 1+ + + ··· = ! 2 C⇢ (z0 ),
! z ! z0 ! z0 ! z0 k=0
(! z0 )k+1

C⇢ (z0 )
1 Z !
1 X f (!)
f (z) = d! (z z0 )k .
2⇡i k=0 C⇢ (z0 ) (! z0 )k+1

Z
1 f (!) f (k) (z0 )
d! = ,
2⇡i C⇢ (z0 ) (! z0 )k+1 k!

f (k) (z0 )
f (z) = (z z0 )k z 2 B⇢ (z0 ).
k!
0<⇢<R ⇤

⌦ C
f z0 2 ⌦ f
1
X
f (z) = Ck (z z0 )k
k=0

z 2 BR (z0 ) R= sup r {f (k) (z0 )}1

k=1
Br (z0 )⇢⌦

1
X f (k) (z0 )
f (z) = (z z0 )k
k=0
k!

z 2 BR (z0 ) R= sup r
Br (z0 )⇢⌦

⌦ = C

z 2D

f a g
 R<1

1
X f (k) (a)
f (z) f (a) = (z a)k z a.
k=1
k!

1 1
f (z) f (a) X f (k) (a) X f (`+1) (a)
g(z) = = (z a)k 1
= (z a)` z 6= a a.
z a k=1
k! `=0
(` + 1)!
g z=a
⇤
X f
⌦ D⇢⌦ f |D = 0 f ⌘0 ⌦

⇢
{zn } ⇢ ⌦
A := z0 2 ⌦ .
zn ! z0 f (zn ) = 0 n2N
f (z0 ) = 0 zn = z0 z0 2 A
A 6= ;
z0 2 ⌦ P f z0
✏>0 f (z) = k Ck (z z0 )k z 2 B✏ (z0 )
f = 0 B✏ (z0 )
B✏ (z0 ) ⇢ A A A C ⌦
⌦
f z0 2 A f (z0 ) = 0
f (z) = 0 () z 2 A.

f (z) 6= 0 () z 2 ⌦ \ A.
z0 2 ⌦ \ A f (z0 ) 6= 0 ✏ = 12 |f (z0 )| > 0
f z0 >0
1
w 2 B (z0 ) =) |f (w) f (z0 )|  ✏ = |f (z0 )|.
2

w 2 B (z0 )
1
=) |f (z0 )| |f (w)|  |f (w) f (z0 )|  |f (z0 )|
2
1
=) |f (z0 )|  |f (w)|
2
=) f (w) 6= 0 =) w 2 ⌦ \ A.
 R<1

B (z0 ) ⇢ ⌦ \ A z0 2 ⌦ \ A ⌦\A
C ⌦
A
⌦ A 6= ; ⌦=A ⇤

f
⌦ {zn } ⇢ ⌦ zn ! z0 2 ⌦ f (zn ) = 0
n2N f ⌘0 ⌦

f
z0
r>0 f |Br (z0 ) = 0
⇤

f (z) = sin z ⌦=C f

f (n⇡) = 0 n2Z C
zn ! z0 2 ⌦

f (z) = sin( z1 ) ⌦ = C \ {0}

f 1
f ( n⇡ )=0 n2Z

f |f (z)| ! 1 z!1 f

R>0 |f (z)| > 1 |z| > R

f BR (0)
BR (0) {zn } ⇢ BR (0)
z 2 BR (0) f (zn ) = 0
⌦=C f ⌘0 C
↵1 , · · · , ↵N 2 BR (0) f ↵i = ↵j
i 6= j

f (z)
g(z) :=
(z ↵1 )(z ↵2 ) · · · (z ↵N )

g(z) 6= 0 z2C

1 (z ↵1 )(z ↵2 ) · · · (z ↵N )
h(z) := =
g(z) f (z)

|f (z)| ! 1 z!1 |h(z)|  A + |z|N

1
h h(z) = g(z)
6=
0 z2C
h h(z) = k k 6= 0 h

1
f (z) = (z ↵1 )(z ↵2 ) · · · (z ↵N ),
k
⇤
 f ⌦
Z
f (z) dz = 0
⌦
f
⌦

R1 ezt
f (z) = 0 t+1
dt
z 2 C Re (z) < 0
{fn }
⌦
lim kfn f kL1 (K) = 0 K ⇢ ⌦,
n!1
f ⌦
z 2 ⌦ r > 0 Br (z) ⇢ ⌦
K = B r2 (z)
lim kfn f kL1 (B r (z)) = 0.
n!1 2

f K
K fn f
Z Z
f = lim fn = 0,
n!1

f B r2 (z) z2⌦
⇤
g(z) = z0 + ei✓ z ✓ = arg(z1 z0 )
z 2 C Im z = 0 L z0 z1 arg w 2⇡
✓
Im w Re w
sin ✓ = , cos ✓ = .
|w| |w|
g
 ⌦ L C f
⌦ ⌦\L f ⌦
L
z0 2 L r>0 Br (z0 ) ⇢ ⌦
Br (z0 )
R
f f =0

L ✏>0
✏ ✏
f Z Z
f = lim f = 0,
✏!0
✏

L
L R 1 2 R
f =0 f =0
R R R 1 2
f= 1
f+ 2
f =0
f Br (z0 )
z0 2 L ⇤
 BR (z0 ) \ {z0 } z0
R f
z0 f z0 f
z0
z0
f z0
f z0
g z0 f (z) = g(z)
z0 f z0
A B z0 A(z0 ) 6= 0 B(z0 ) = 0
A(z)
f (z) = B(z)
z0 f
z0
f z0 f
z0

f
z0 limz!z0 (z z0 )f (z) = 0 f
z0 A z0 A = f
z0
f z0
f z0 f z0 z0
f
(
(z 6 z0 ,
z0 )f (z) , z =
h(z) =
0 , z = z0 ,
 z0 h z0
h(z)
h(z0 ) = 0 A(z) = z z0
z0 A=f
z0 ⇤
f z0
limz!z0 (z z0 )f (z) = 0 f
z0
f
z0 k2Z 0

z
0
z }| {
lim (z z0 )k+1 f (z) ⌘ lim (z z0 ) (z z0 )k f (z) = 0,
z!z0 z!z0

A
z0
A(z) = (z z0 )k f (z) z0 .
k=0 z0 k>0 z0
f
f k=0 z0
f z0 k>0 A(z0 ) 6= 0
z0 k

f x0 = 0
C0
C0 > 0 |f (z)|  |z|↵
↵ > 0 / Z
↵ 2 d↵e ↵ b↵c
↵
lim sup |z d↵e f (z)| = lim sup |z|d↵e |f (z)|  lim sup C0 |z|d↵e ↵
= 0.
z!0 z!0 z!0

z b↵c f (z) = A(z) 0

A C1 > 0 b↵c <  ↵
C1
|f (z)| |z|

f z0
lim (z z0 )k+1 f (z) k2Z 0 lim (z z0 )k+1 f (z) 6= 0,
z!z0 z!z0

limz!z0 |f (z)| = 1 limz!z0 (z

k+1
z0 ) f (z)
f z0 R > 0
f (BR (z0 ) \ {z0 }) := f (z) z 2 BR (z0 ) \ {z0 } C
 B (w0 ) C
B (w0 ) \ f (BR (z0 ) \ {z0 }) = ;.
|f (z) w0 | z 2 BR (z0 ) \ {z0 }
1 1
 z 2 BR (z0 ) \ {z0 }.
f (z) w0
A z0
1 1
= A(z) () f (z) = w0 +
f (z) w0 A(z)
z0 f z0 A(z0 ) = 0
z0 A(z0 ) 6= 0 ⇤

P
{µk }k2Z C k2Z µk = L
P1 P 1 P1
L2C k=0 µk k= 1 µk ⌘ k=1 µ k
1
X X1
µk + µk = L.
k=0 k= 1

P
f (z) = k2Z ak z k
AR1 ,R2 = z 2 C R1 < |z| < R2

✓ ◆ 1
1 1
R1 = lim sup |a k | , k R2 = lim sup |ak | k .
k!+1 k!+1

0  R1 < R2  +1 f ⌦

1
X
f1 (z) = ak z k B R2 .
k=0
R2 = +1 B R2 C

1
X ✓ ◆k X1
1 1 1 1
f2 (z) := a k ⌘ ak z k z2C = < .
k=1
z k= 1
|z| z R1

f2 C \ B R1 .
f = f1 + f2 ⇤
 f P AR1 ,R2 0  R1 < R2  +1
k
f f (z) = k2Z ak z AR1 ,R2
C1 C2 r1 r2
R 1 < r1 < r2 < R 2 z 2 B r2 \ B r1
f (w) f (z)
g(w) =
w z
w 2 AR1 ,R2
Z
g(w) dw = 0,
C2 [C1rev

C1rev

C2 [ C1rev

Z Z
f (w) 1
dw = f (z) dw
C2 [C1rev w z C2 [C1rev w z
0 = 2⇡i =0
1
z
Z }| { z
Z }| {
B 1 1 C
= f (z) B @ dw dwC
A = 2⇡if (z) z 2 B r2 \ B r 1 ,
C2 w z C1 w z

Z Z
f (w) f (w)
2⇡if (z) = dw dw z 2 B r 2 \ B r1 .
C2 w z C1 w z
 |w| > |z| w 2 C2

X zk 1
1 1 1 z z2
= z = + + + ··· = w 2 C2 ,
w z w(1 2
) w w2 w3 k=0
wk+1

C2 |w| < |z| w 2 C1

X1
1 1 1 w w2 wk
= = ··· = w 2 C1 ,
w z z w z z2 z3 k=0
z k+1

C1
1 ✓
X Z ◆ X1 ✓ Z ◆
1 f (w) k 1 k k 1
f (z) = dw z + f (w)w dw z
k=0
2⇡i C2 wk+1 k=0
2⇡i C1
= ak k 0 k =a k<0
1 ✓
z Z }| ◆{ 1 ✓
z Z }| ◆{
X 1 f (w) X 1 f (w)
= dw z k + dw z k
k=0
2⇡i C2 wk+1 k= 1
2⇡i C1 w k+1

f (w)
z 2 B r2 \ B r1 wk+1
⌦

k2Z
Z
1 f (w)
ak = dw
2⇡i C wk+1
C ak r1
r2 ⇤

f AR1 ,R2 (z0 ) =

z 2 C R1 < |z z0 | < R2 0  R 1 < R2  1 f
X Z
k 1 f (z)
f (z) = ak (z z 0 ) , ak = dz
k2Z
2⇡i CR (z0 ) (z z0 )k+1

CR (z0 ) z0 R R1 < R < R 2

P z0 = 0
k
f (z) = k2Z ak z AR1 ,R2 C
Z X Z
f (z)
dz = ak zk n 1
dz n 2 Z.
C z n+1 k2Z C

Z
z m dz = 0 m 2 Z 0.
C
 Z
1
z dz = 2⇡i.
C

Z
z m
dz = 0 m 2 Z 2.
C

Z (
2⇡i , m = 1,
z m dz =
C 0 , m 2 Z \ { 1}.

Z Z
f (z)
dz = an z 1
dz = 2⇡ian n 2 Z,
C z n+1 C
⇤
z0 R1 = 0 R2 < 1
AR1 ,R2 = BR2 (z0 ) \ {z0 } f
BR (z0 ) \ {z0 } f

X
f (z) = ak (z z0 )k z 2 BR (z0 ) \ {z0 }.
k2Z
P P
k 0 ak (z z0 )k f k<0 ak (z
k
z0 ) f
f
f

f z0
f
f z0 f z0
C k =0 k2N
f z0 n2N C 6=
n⇣ 0 ⌘ C k =0 k>n
1
f P z z0
P
n
f z0 C k 6= 0 k2N
A z0 f (z) =
A(z) z0 f
A ⇤

A(z)
f (z) = z0 ,
(z z0 )n
 A P1 z0
A(z) = k=0 ak (z z0 )k
1
X 1
X
k n
f (z) = ak (z z0 ) = an+j (z z0 )j
k=0 j= n

z0
f ⇤

n 2 N C k = 0
k>n z0
⇤

P (z)
Q(z)
P Q deg P < deg Q
1
z zk
{z1 , z2 , · · · , zn } Q

P (z)
Q(z) = A(z z1 )k1 (z z2 )k2 · · · (z z n ) kn n  deg Q Q(z)
kj zj
P (z)
A0 (z) := Q(z)
z1
⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
P1 1
z z1
P1 P1 1
z z1
C \ {z1 }
⇣ ⌘
P (z) 1
A1 (z) := Q(z)
P1 z z1
⇣ ⌘
1
A1 (z) z2 P2 z z2
⇣ ⌘
P2 P2 1
z z2
C \ {z2 } A2 (z) :=
⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
P (z) 1 1
Q(z)
P1 z z1
P2 z z2

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
P (z) 1 1
P1 ··· Pn
Q(z) z z1 z zn
deg P < deg Q |z| ! 1

C2C
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
P (z) 1 1
P1 ··· Pn ⌘C z 2 C,
Q(z) z z1 z zn
⇤

deg P < deg Q |z| ! 1 C=0

 f z0

X Z
k 1 f (z)
f (z) = ak (z z0 ) , ak = dz
k2Z
2⇡i C (z z0 )k+1

C z0 f
Z
f = 2⇡ia 1 .
C
a 1

a 1 f z0
Res (f ; z0 ) := a 1

f
k2Z 0 z0
1
Res (f ; z0 ) = @zk 1
(z z0 )k f (z) z=z0
.
(k 1)!

k 1
f (z) = a k (z z0 ) + · · · + a 1 (z z0 ) + a0 + a1 (z z0 ) + · · · .

(z z0 )k f (z) = a k + · · · + a 1 (z z0 )k 1
+ a0 (z z0 )k + a1 (z z0 )k+1 + · · · ,

@zk 1
(z z0 )k f (z) = (k 1)!a 1 + a0 k!(z z0 ) + · · · .
z = z0 ⇤

R
f f

C1
a2
/
Z
1 1
wind ( , a) = dz
2⇡i z a
a
= C C

(
1 a
wind ( , a) =
0 a
 ⇥ ⇤
ak = z0 + rei✓ : 0  ✓  2k⇡
Z 2⇡
1
wind ( , a) = i d✓ = k,
2⇡i 0

C1

a 7! wind ( , a) wind ( , ·),

a2
/
C1
a2
/ wind ( , a) wind ( , ·)
C\
⇥ ⇤
= z(t) 0  t  1
Z s
ż(t)
F (s) = dt 0  s  1,
0 z(t) a
ż z t
R
ż(s)
Ḟ (s) = 0 < s < 1,
z(s) a

d F (s)
(z(s) a)e =0 0 < s < 1.
ds
(0, 1)
F (s)
(z(s) a)e ⌘C 0s1
C 2 C s = 0 s = 1
F z [0, 1]
F (s)
(z(s) a)e = z(0) a 0  s  1.
a2
/ z(0) a 6= 0
z(s) a
eF (s) = 0  s  1.
z(0) a
z(1) = z(0)
z(1) a
eF (1) = = 1.
z(0) a

F (1) = 2⇡ik k 2 Z,
wind ( , a) = 1
2⇡i
F (1) =k ⇤
wind = 2 wind = 1 wind = 0

wind = 1 wind = 2 wind = 3

wind ( , a) = 2
 f
⌦ z 1 , z2 , · · · , zm 2 ⌦
C1
Z m
X
f = 2⇡i wind ( , zk ) Res (f ; zk ).
k=1

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1
P1 , · · · , Pm
z z1 z zm
f
m
X ✓ ◆
1
g(z) = f (z) Pk
k=1
z zk
D
Z Z m Z
X ✓ ◆
1
0= g= f Pk .
k=1
z zk

✓ ◆
1 Res (f, zk ) a 2 a 3
Pk = + 2
+ + ··· ,
z zk z zk (z zk ) (z zk )3

Z
1
dz = 0 k = 2, 3, 4, · · · ,
(z zk )k

Z ✓ ◆ Z
1 1
Pk = Res (f, zk ) dz = 2⇡iwind ( , zk ) Res (f ; zk ).
z zk z zk
⇤
⇠