Livro Materiais Avancados 2010

978-85-60755-25-7
Materiais Avanados
2010-2022
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2010
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.010
Materiais Avanados
2010-2022
Centro de Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos (CGEE)
ISBN 978-85-60755-25-7
Presidenta
Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo
Diretor Executivo
Marcio de Miranda Santos
Diretores
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvo
Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assuno
Edio / Tatiana de Carvalho Pires
Design Grco / Eduardo Oliveira
Diagramao / Hudson Pereira
Capa /Camila Maia
Reviso bibliogrca / Lilian Thom Andrade Brando/ Regina Mrcia Castro e Silva
Centro de Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos
SCN Qd 2, Bl. A, Ed. Corporate Financial Center sala 1102
70712-900, Braslia, DF
Telefone: (61) 3424.9600
http://www.cgee.org.br
Esta publicao parte integrante das atividades desenvolvidas no mbito do Contrato de Gesto CGEE 14
Termo Aditivo/Ao: Agenda Estratgica em Materiais Avanados - 51.37.1/MCT/2008.
Todos os direitos reservados pelo Centro de Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos (CGEE). Os textos contidos nesta
publicao podero ser reproduzidos, armazenados ou transmitidos, desde que citada a fonte.
Impresso em 2010
C389m
Materiais avanados no Brasil 2010-2022. Braslia: Centro de
Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos, 2010
360 p.; il.; 24 cm
ISBN - 978-85-60755-25-7
1. Materiais Avanados - Brasil. I. CGEE. II. Ttulo.
CDU 624.016 (81)
Materiais Avanados
2010-2022
Superviso
|c:n+noo Cosmc ||zzo ^ssunio
Comit consultivo
^|o|s|o |c|mo ||c|n
Cc|so ||nto oc |c|o
|c:n+noo +|cmbcc|
|osc C+:|os 8:css|+n|
|+:c|o oc ||:+no+ :+ntos
Consultores
|+b|o Co:+| |onscc+
|o:|+ |u|cc oc ^|mc|o+ :o+:cs
|osc |+n|c| 8|+so|| oc |c||o
|con+:oo oc :ouz+ |cnczcs
|+u:|c|o |+z|n| 8:+noio
V|cto: |+|+c| |czcnoc Cc|cst|no
V|:g|n|+ :+m,+|o 1c|xc|:+ C|m|nc|||
v+noc: |u|z V+sconcc|os
:+:+ Cso:o+s
Equipe Tcnica do CGEE
||y+s |c::c|:+ oc |coc|:os (coo:ocn+oo:)
|c||o |c||ows ||||o
Co-relatores
^||:coo ||:+no+ oc ocs
^n+ |+u|+ 8+x
^ngc|+ oc |c||o |c::c|:+ |+g+||ics
^nton|o ^zcvcoo o+ Cost+
^nton|o |o:gc ^bo+||+
C+:|+ V+|c:|+ |+:t|ns |oo:|gucs
C+:|os oc |ou:+ |cto
Ccs+: ûgusto :+|cs 8+:bos+
C:|st|n+ 1:|stio oc ^no:+oc
|ou+:oo z+,|co |ou:o
|||t+ U:+no C |:+,no||c|
|stcv+m V|to:|o :,|n+cc
|+b|o oo C+:mo 8:+g+n+
|+t|m+ |+:|+ :cuc|:+ oc C+:v+||o
|:+nc|sco C:|stovio |ou:cno oc |c|o
|:+nc|sco |osc Co::c+ 8:+g+
|c|o|s+ C+,on :c|um+c|c:
|cn+:+ |||||+n Cost+
|umbc:to ||c||+
|o:gc Otubo
|w+owo Ossco-^s+:c
|+|guo| V |+m+n+t|+n
|u|z :c:g|o |+:cc||no omcs
|+:cc|o +nz+:o||| oc O||vc|:+
|+:c|+ |+:|+ ||,,c|
|+:|+ ||oc|+ oc ||m+ |+v+::o
||:+bc| Cc:uc|:+ |czcnoc
|+oov+n 8o:o,cv|c
|+|+c| ^::omb+ oc :ous+
|cn+to ||bc|:o C|m|nc|||
||c+:oo |cnocs |c+| |cto
|obc:to 8|noc:
|ubcns 8c||o:t |un|o:
1+|s |un|oz | oc O||vc|:+
V+noc:|c| :c:g|o 8c:g+m+sc||
Revisores
^|bc:to |+ssos u|m+:ics
^m||ton :|n+to:+
Ccc|||+ ^mc||+ oc C+:v+||o z+v+g||+
|+v| :+nt|+go oc |+ccoo
Revisores
|ou+:oo 1o::cs :c::+
|c|son Vc|ss|o
|obc:to Cc::|n| V|||+s-8o+s
:||gco :||||
Materiais Avanados | 2010-2022

Sumarlo
Ararsrn+t/o 7
ln+aoou/o 9
!. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat orrrst ntciontt r srcuatnt ruatict !!
z. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat rtr+anict, ttcnr+isto r ro+nict

6!
!. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat o sr+oa rsrtcitt !z9
4. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat rnracit !69
. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat o trio ttairn+r z0!
6. tt+raitis tvtntoos t rta+ia or arcuasos nt+uatis z!!
7. Mt+raitis tvtntoos rtat stuor troico-ooon+otocict z97
8. Mt+raitis Avtntoos nt 1aiaotocit

!!
7

Apresentao
^t|+ns|o|m+iooo||+s||cmg|+noc|oouto|oc+|gum+so+s||nc|+|scommoditiesocucoc-
cnoc+|um+n|o+octcmcstc|on+const|uiooccon|cc|mcntocv+nt+gcnscomct|t|v+s|csu|-
t+ntcsoc|nvcst|mcntosocC|cm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos||occssosocs|ntcsco+m+tc||+-||m+
comcont|o|co+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scst|utu|+|soom+tc||+|c|ococmocscmcn|os|stcm|cooo|o-
outo+c+b+oov|+b|||z+mcngcn|oscso|uocsocg|+nocotcnc|+|cst|+tcg|co
|st+ub||c+ioc|csu|t+ooocumcs|o|ocon,untoooCC||co+comun|o+ococc|cnt|st+sccngc-
n|c||os|ntc||ocuto|csnomb|tooo||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+(|C)|+|soc.oocscc|+-
||st+so||unooso++c+ocm|+cm|cs+scgovc|nocooc|+|+m+o|ongooos+nosoc.oos-.oo,+|+
o|c|ccc|+oub||cotom+oo|ococc|siosubs|o|os+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
oc|ntc|cssc||o||t+||ocm+||c+ocsm+gnct|c+sc|ct|on|c+sc|oton|c+scnc|g|+oc|cs+n+c|on+|c
scgu|+n+ub||c++t|v|o+ocscs+c|+|smc|o+mb|cntc|ccu|sosn+tu|+|sm|nc|+|scb|o|og|coss+uoc
mco|co-ooonto|og|coct||bo|og|+
|sc|+-scuccst+ob|+s||v++os|occssosoctom+o+ococc|siococcst+bc|cc|mcntooco||t|c+s
ub||c+sv|s+nooo+m+ou|cc|mcntoocstcscto|^mu|t|o|sc|||n+||o+oco+cngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
|o|t|+t+o+ncstccs|o|ooc|ntc||gcnc|+co|ct|v+cocv|siono|utu|ot+ng|vc|(+,+nos)comoum
c|xo oc |ccomcno+ocs uc +|c+n+m os +mb|cntcs cxccut|vos o+s o|g+n|z+ocs uc |+nc,+m c
|nvcstcmcmso|uocstccno|og|c+soo|ntc|csscoomcst|coc|ntc|n+c|on+|b|+s||c||o^tcnt+|o|-
t+nto+|+csscc|xooc|oost+s(ccu||+|css+gcno+soc|||cmm+tc||+|scscst|+tcg|+soc
mc|c+ooo+scm|cs+s)ooc|mu|s|on+|+c++c|o+ocn+c|on+|oc+tcno|mcnto+ocm+no+sc|cs-
ccntcsocm+tc||+s-||m+sc|nsumosocnt|ooc+o|ocsocsustcnt+b|||o+occomct|t|v|o+occ|cs-
ons+b|||o+oc+mb|cnt+|csoc|+|
Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo
|:cs|ocnt+ oo C||
9

Introduo
|m oos +scctos c+|+ctc||st|cos oo |og|csso o+ c|v|||z+io |um+n+ |o| su+ occnocnc|+ no oc-
scnvo|v|mcntoc+||c+ocsocnovosm+tc||+|soucos|cvou+sc|v||comom+|cotcmo|+|oc
o||c|cntcs ct++s o+ cvo|uio o+s soc|co+ocs ocsoc os ||mo|o|os oc noss+ ||sto||+ |+s u|t|m+s
occ+o+s cm g|+noc +|tc o| |nucnc|+ o+ co|||o+ cs+c|+| + |c|cvnc|+ oos m+tc||+|s no ocscn-
vo|v|mcntotccno|og|cotcm+umcnt+oos|gn|c+t|v+mcntcto|n+noo-oscmmu|tosc+sos|+to|cs
octc|m|n+ntcs+|++|nt|oouioocnov+stccno|og|+sc+gcntcs|uno+mcnt+|soo|occssooc|no-
v+io|m+s|m|csobsc|v+ioocnossocot|o|+no|cvc|++|mo|tnc|+oosm+tc||+|scm+|c+stio
o|vc|s+scomocnc|g|+tc|ccomun|c+ocss+uococ|cs+cmc|o+mb|cntccnt|cout|+s
|o|cstcmot|vo+|c+||z+iooccstuoos|oscct|vossob|c|+tc||+|scum+|+t|c+||cucntccm
v+||os+|scscomo+|tco+cst|+tcg|+ococn|iooco||t|c+socn+nc|+mcnto+|o||+o+s+|+
scuocscnvo|v|mcntoc|cnt|coctccno|og|co
|m+o|cu|o+occv|ocntccmumcstuooocst+n+tu|cz+c+csco||+oostcm+s+sc|cm|oc+||z+oosc
|stocc|t+mcntcoco||cuno|cscntcc+so^sc|cion+||o|octc|m|n+o+comb+scno+tcno|mcn-
to+o|vc|sosc||tc||oscnt|cosu+|s+|mo|tnc|++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|coocscto|cs
cscc|cosoc|ntc|csscn+c|on+|ouoc+||c+iog|ob+|o+|ovc|t+mcntoc+g|cg+ioocv+|o|+|c-
cu|sosn+tu|+|soo+|scootcnc|+||c|cscnt+ooc|otcm+como+|c+o|t+oo|+oc|utu|oCom
b+scncstcsc||tc||os|o|+msc|cc|on+ooso|totcm+svo|t+oos+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscmoc|cs+
n+c|on+|cscgu|+n+ub||c++||c+ocscmc|ct|on|c+m+gnct|smoc|oton|c+cnc|g|++t|v|o+ocs
cs+c|+|smc|o+mb|cntc|ccu|sosn+tu|+|sm|nc|+|scb|o|og|coss+uocmco|co-ooonto|og|c+ct||-
bo|og|+|m+ocsc||iosuc|nt+occ+o+tcm+c|c|t++scgu||
|moc|cs+cscgu|+n+ub||c+o||+s||niooococ|x+|ocscos|c|on+|cst|+tcg|c+mcntccoc|o|m+
c+tcgo||c+nocscct|oo+soss|b|||o+ocscconom|c+scooscom|om|ssos|ntc|n+c|on+|s|nsou-
cos|og|+m+stccno|og|cos+||o,+oosn++|c+ococ|cs+ooc|ioto|n+|-sc|mo|t+ntccont||bu|io
oc|o|m++gc|+|o||c|cnc|+|socc++c|o+ocsccomctcnc|+so|ssu+so||+sccno|og|+sconso||o+o+s
comoso|o+gcmcnt|cmct+|sccc|m|c+st+mbcmsiog+|g+|os|mo|t+ntcs+|+oscto||||no+gcm
b+||st|c+cc|ct|om+gnct|c+m+tc||+|smct+||cosccomos|toscscc|+|sscnso|cs+v+n+ooscs|mu-
|+iocomut+c|on+|cmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|ssioo|ocoocstct|+b+||oucocst+c+os
scgmcntoscscc|cososs|vc|socsuc|+|cmb+||c||+scconom|c+sccc|cc+mcntostccno|og|cos
!0
Cincia, Tecnologia e Inovao

|mc|ct|on|c+osm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscst+|ionocc|nco+socc|socssob|cu+|stccno|og|+ssio
b+sc+o+scm||nc||os||s|cos|uno+mcnt+|succnu+ntooss|b|||tcm+const|uiocm+nu|+-
tu|+ocnovoso|sos|t|vosn+nomct||cossc,+mc++zcsocc|m|t||+|ntcg|+iooc+|u|tctu|+s
cococ|+iocom+tccno|og|++tu+|c|otc||oscst|+tcg|cos|cvccm+cvo|uioo+tccno|og|+
oc chips C|O (complementary metaloxidesemiconductor) +tc c|o mcnos o +no .o.o o|
mu|totcmo+os|ssoc|+ocvc|+c|m+nccc|comoumcomoncntc|mo|t+ntcooso|sos|t|-
vosc|ct|on|coscmum+t|+ns|iooct+|vczv+||+socc+o+s+tcucumnovo+|+o|gm+tccno-
|og|coscto|ncoom|n+ntc
|mm+gnct|smonunc++ntcs+v|o+o+scsso+s|o|tios|gn|c+t|v+mcntcoccnocntcooocscnvo|-
v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|scom|o||co+ocsm+gnct|c+scscc|+|s|mmu|tos+scctos+soc|co+-
occoccnocntcoc|occssos+utom+t|z+oosucus+mm+tc||+|s|c||om+gnct|coscmu+sctoo+s
+s+t|v|o+ocscsscnc|+|s^c++c|o+ococcont|o|+|oc|csc|mcntooc|mcsnoscmu|t|c+m+o+s
cmcsc+|++tom|c+ucsc+t|ng|un++|c+ocscm|conouto|csscvc||c+n++|c+ocm+gnct|smoOs
novosm+tc||+|socvcmsc|+c||c|o+oos+|+cv|t+|+g|cssio+mb|cnt+|ocvcmsc|||moscg+st+|
ouc+cnc|g|+|m+o+s+||c+ocsm+|s|om|sso|+scnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|c|||gc|+oo|csm+g-
nctoc+|o||cosucou+mcnc|g|+ccv|t+mousoocsubstnc|+sb+sc+oosnosc|o|o-uo|c+|bo-
nosucocst|ocm+c+m+o+ocozon|o
|m|oton|c+osccu|o.+v|vcnc|+|+|ncom+|+vc|s|m+ctostccno|og|cosn+soc|co+oc|ssoocv|oo+o
+m|o|cucoc|ooutos|nov+oo|cscomocmmost|+oo|cs(us+ooscmtc|cv|so|cscmc|+s|otog|+-
c+stc|c|oncscc|u|+|cs)cmscnso|csoc+|t+scns|b|||o+oc(+|+csu|s+c|cnt|c+mon|to|+mcnto
oc+mb|cntcs||mosmco|c|n+co|+gnost|cocs|stcm+socscgu|+n+)cmo|sos|t|vos|um|ncsccntcs
ccc|u|+sso|+|csoc+|t+cc|cnc|+cm|+sc|s|noust||+|s+|+|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|scn+stccno-
|og|+soc|n|o|m+ioccomun|c+io^b|o|oton|c+no||+s||cm+|t|cu|+||o|t+|ccc|+scu+c|oc
|ovcoo|oc+||mcntos+|+omunoo
|m+||c+ocscs+c|+|sosm+tc||+|scm|cg+oossc|vcms|unocsoccst|utu|+|ou|sio|o-
tciotc|m|c+scnso||+mcntoccont|o|co+cono|iooc|+c|on+|ooss|stcm+socvoo|oguctcs
ocsono+gcmvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcscs+tc||tcs+|+o|vc|s+s+||c+ocstoooscm+tcn-
o|mcnto +o ||^| (||og|+m+ |+c|on+| oc ^t|v|o+ocs |s+c|+|s) c su+s occnocnc|+s cm m+tc-
||+|s +v+n+oos sio ob,cto oc |ccomcno+ocs +u| cont|o+s c v+||o+o+s o| |nst|tu|ocs oc|+|s
oo ||og|+m+ Os subs|o|os o|b|t+m um+ o||ct||z |nst|tuc|on+| oo scto| uc +|mc,+ + c||+io oc
um+cm|cs+|ntcg|+oo|++|+s|stcm+scs+c|+|sc++zoc|cun||cconso||o+|o|vc|s+stccno|o-
g|+s+m+ou|cc|o+ssob|o|m+oc|ooutos|nov+oo|csucoss+msc|ut|||z+ooscomou+||o+oc
occm|cgoc|v||cococ|cs+
!!
Introduo
|mcnc|g|+o+umcntoo+ocm+no+(som+oo+oc|csccntc+c|oo||ontcs|cnov+vc|scc|cntcs
comcm|ssocsocg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+|couz|o+scscgu|+n+no|o|ncc|mcntocnc|gct|co)|mu|-
s|on+oocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+socgc|+ioocc|ct||c|o+ocioocsc||t+scntio+s||nc|-
+|sncccss|o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sn+s||cntcsoc|oouiocmb|ocombust|vc|s
c|ct||c|o+ocso|+|cnc|g|+nuc|c+|cnc|g|+co||c+|oouioc+|m+zcn+mcntooc||o|ogcn|occc|u-
|+s+combust|vc|^|gunsocst+ucsvio+|++|+b||c+iooc|mcscocc+m+o+sn+soocscnvo|-
v|mcntooc||g+smct+||c+scscc|+|socscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|scc|m|coscst|utu|+|scc|m|c+s
c|ct||c+sm+tc||+|s|c||+t+||osc+t+||s+oo|cs|cs|stcntcsocs+t|v+iocomos|toscst|utu|+|s|c|o|+-
ooscomb|+sm+tc||+|s+|+sc+|+iocombust|vc|snuc|c+|cscscm|conouto|cs
|mmc|o+mb|cntco||+s||ooc|+cx|b||n+s|ox|m+socc+o+sumc+|+tc|ocnco|+tccno|og|c+c
cont||bu||cmcsc+|+muno|+|n+|cmco|+ioocum+sc||coc|ob|cm+soo|+nct+sc,+cmocco|-
|cnc|+occ+us+sn+tu|+|souo|c|c|tos+nt|oogcn|cost+|scomomuo+n+sc||m+t|c+sc|cv+iooo
n|vc|oom+||cscn+oco|u|io+tmos|c||c+cxt|niooccscc|cs+n|m+|scvcgct+|s+c|o|c+io
oosocc+nosocst|u|ioo+c+m+o+ocozon|oocg|+o+iooosso|osc|uv++c|o+ocst|u|iooc|+-
b|t+tssuc|-cx|o|+iooc|ccu|sos||o||coscont+m|n+ocso||ooutosu|m|cosc||gososcon-
t+m|n+iom|c|ob|o|og|c+coc||+m+mcntosoc||o|oc+|bonctos+|s|ob|cm+s+omcsmotcmo
|cuc|cm|nvcst|mcntosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoc|oouioocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+socm+tc||+|sc
t+mbcm|c|cscnt+mg|+nocsoo|tun|o+ocsoc|nvcst|mcntosc|ogovc|nocc|ocm|cs+||+oo
|m|ccu|sosn+tu|+|sm|nc|+|scb|o|og|cosos|cccntcsocscnvo|v|mcntosc|cnt|cosctccno|og|cos
tcmc||+ooumc|cv+oonumc|oocoo|tun|o+ocsocc||+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|ss+soo|-
tun|o+ocs|csonocmos|t|v+mcntcncccss|o+ococt|+ns|ioo+cconom|++tu+|mcntcb+sc+o+
cmm+tc||+s-||m+sccombust|vc|s|ossc|s+|+um+cconom|+c+|+ctc||z+o+c|oocscnvo|v|mcnto
sustcnt+vc|cocb+|xousoocc+|bonouccont||bu++|++m|t|g+ioo+scm|ssocsoco|ucntcsc
o|t+nto+|++m|n|m|z+ioo+smcsm+scont||bu|ocs+nt|o|c+s,+c|t+o+sComb+sccmm+tc-
||+s||m+s+buno+ntcsou|cnov+vc|so|c|to|sc|+no|tc+ooc|+s|mo|tnc|+socto|costccno|o-
g|cost+|scomoc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscocsu+s|ontcsn+tu|+|s|ot+s+|tc|n+t|v+s
+|+|oouiooc|nsumosb+s|cos+|+|c|t|||z+ntcs|oouioocm+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cos+v+n+-
oos|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|toso++t|v|o+ocm|nc|+|coo+g|oncgoc|ocomo|nsumos+|+|o-
ouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscout|os
|ms+uocmco|co-ooonto|og|co+o||t|c+ococscnvo|v|mcnto|oout|vov|gcntcuco+sustcn-
t+b|||o+oc+oc|c|ooccx+nsiocconom|c++b||g+mct+scomo+|couioooocc|tcomc|c|+|oo
Com|cxo|noust||+|o++uoc+|+|,||b|||ocs+tc.o+,cocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+s+|+
|oouio|oc+|oc.o|ooutoscst|+tcg|cos+|+o|stcm+|n|cooc+uoc+tc.o+,|cst+ucssio
!z

o+oos s tccno|og|+s oc m+tc||+|s sc|v|noo o|t+nto +os |m|+ntcs o|toco|cos |otcscs cnoo-
v+scu|+|csm+tc||+|socnt+||osn+nocst|utu|+s+|+o|+gnost|coct|+t+mcntoocoocn+sm+tc||+|s
c+||c+oo|cs+|+s|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+cm+tc||+|s+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|C|uc|+|s+|+
oocscnvo|v|mcntoocu+|uc|scto|+s+ocs|nst|tuc|on+|s+sc|cmc|ct|v+o+sncss+cn+socm+|s
+|c+socm+tc||+|s|nc|ucm+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nosucocvcm|nc|u||cscc|+||z+ocsc
cu|sostccn|coscmsc+|c-uccmgcstiotccno|og|c+
|mt||bo|og|+um++|c+mu|t|o|sc|||n+|(ocg|+noc|ntc|cssc|noust||+|u+nto+ooom|n|oc|cnt|coc
tccno|og|cooos|cnomcnos|nc|cntcs+osmov|mcntos|c|+t|vosocsuc|||c|cs)+sc|o+scconom|c+s
co|m+cto+mb|cnt+|c|oc|c|toncg+t|vooos+t||toscocsg+stcsc|+m+m+tcnion+scst+t|st|c+s
Cc|c+oc+/+e/oo|oouto|ntc|nob|utooc+|scsocscnvo|v|oossioocsc|o|+oosnoocsg+stc
t||bo|og|co.o/ocss+sc|o+soocmsc|cv|t+o+scom+||c+iooocon|cc|mcnto,+cx|stcntccm
ocsg+stc+t||toc|ub||c+ioO|c|+toooscscc|+||st+s+ont++|++ncccss|o+ococsc|m|cmcnt+|
|og|+m+scst+vc|soc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscmt||bo|og|+comocst+bc|cc|mcntoocmc-
t+s+sc|cmcum||o+sc|osg|uos+c+ocm|cosoc|+noocm|cococ+|c+nccn+c|on+|
!!
Materiais avanados para defesa nacional e segurana pblica
1. Materiais avanados para defesa nacional e
segurana pblica
1
1.1. Apresentao
|stccstuootcmo||gcmn+^gcno+|st|+tcg|c+oc|+tc||+|s^v+n+oosooCcnt|oocCcstioc|stu-
oos|st|+tcg|cos(CC||)ucv|s+cst+bc|ccc|o+no|+m+c+sc|scct|v+soc+iocm+|c+scst|+-
tcg|c+soo||+noocîoocC|.oo;-.o+ooo|Ccuob,ct|vo||nc|+|c+|cscnt+|++n+||sc
oco+ooscst|+tcg|cossob|cm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|++||c+ocscm|c|cs+|+c|on+|ccgu|+n+
|ub||c+no||+s||
|u|+ntcocstuooum+||st+octo|costccno|og|cos|o||oost+o|cscc|+||st+sooscto|osu+|s
t|vc|+msu+|c|cvnc|+cons|oc|+o+oc+co|oocom+|gunsc||tc||oscst+bc|cc|oos(|c|cvnc|+|nous-
t||+|cst+g|oococscnvo|v|mcntono+|scnomunooo|mcnsocsscto||+|so+Cocm+tc||+|sc
+||c+ocsou+|s)v|s+noocst+bc|ccc|um++gcno+oc|||ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosococ|cs+csc-
gu|+n+no+|s+|+os|ox|mos+,+nos
^|m+zcn+mcntooc||o|ogcn|on+|o|m+g+sos+
^|m+zcn+mcntooc||o|ogcn|on+|o|m+so||o+
||om+tc||+|s+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|scococ|cs+
Cc|u|osc
C|c|oooCombust|vc||uc|c+|
Combust|vc|snuc|c+|cs+v+n+oos
||ct|on|c+mo|ccu|+|
||b|+sot|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+s
|+tc||+|soccnct|+iob+||st|c+cb||no+gcmnuc|c+|
|+tc||+|smct+||cos+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|scococ|cs+
|+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+
1 |stc c+,|tu|o |o| c|+bo:+oo ,c|+ cu|,c com,ost+ ,o: |+u:|c|o |+z|n| 8:+noio (coo:ocn+oo:). V|cto: |+|+c| |czcnoc Cc|cst|no
(:c|+to:). |+v| :+nt|+go oc |+ccoo (:cv|so:). ^nton|o |o:gc ^bo+||+. C+:|os oc |ou:+ |cto. |ou+:oo z+,|co |ou:o. |:+nc|sco
C:|stovio |ou:cno oc |c|o. |o:gc Otubo. ||:+bc| Cc:uc|:+ |czcnoc (co-:c|+to:cs)
!4

|+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcmc|ct|om+gnct|c+
|+tc||+|s+|+c+t+iooccnc|g|+so|+|c|ct||c|o+ocso|+|
|+tc||+|s+|+c+t+iooccnc|g|+so|+|s|stcm+stc|m|cosso|+|
|+tc||+|s+|+|oouioocb|oo|csc|
|+nocomos|tos
|+notubosocc+|bono
|ovosmctooosoc|nscionioocst|ut|v+
|ovos|occssosoc,uniocso|o+gcm
|ovos|occssosmct+|u|g|cos
||occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+sc|
||occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+sm+
cnso|cs+v+n+oos
|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|cmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
^+|t||o+|c|+to||+ocsscsc||tc||oscons|oc|+oosnost|+b+||os+ntc||o|csuccomocmo|stuoo
||oscct|vocm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oosooCC||sio|oostossc|stcm+stccno|og|cosc+ocscst|+-
tcg|c+s+|++|+v+nc+|oscto|ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|++oc|cs+n+c|on+|cscgu|+n+ub||c+^s
+ocscst|+tcg|c+sbusc+mto|n+|o+|sm+|s+utonomonocon|cc|mcntoocm+tc||+|snos|occs-
soso+cngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|scnos|ooutoscomocst+c+oov+|o|cst|+tcg|cocsoc|occonom|co
v|s+nooc|cv+|on|vc|ocu+||o+ocoos|nvcst|mcntosnos|ox|mos+,+nosn+|n||+cst|utu|+oc
||cn+|noust||+oo+|snosc+moso+oc|cs+n+c|on+|co+scgu|+n+ub||c+
^ +n+||sc o+ con,untu|+ |ntc|n+c|on+| |no|c+ +|tc|n+t|v+s c |n|c|+t|v+s +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc
|ooutosoc+|tov+|o|tccno|og|coococ|cs+uct|+ns|+o||+s||ocn|t|v+mcntc+|+um+t+-
m+|o||c|cnc|+oocnt|c+sn+ocsco|conscgu|ntctcn|+ooc|cs+|+|+zc|v+|c|os|ntc|csscsoc
scuovoO||+s||niooococ|x+|ocscos|c|on+|c|+ntc+comun|o+oc|ntc|n+c|on+|oc|o|m+
contunocntcocnt|oocsu+soss|b|||o+ocscconom|c+scoos||m|tcsooscom|om|ssos|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|s |+|+ sc os|c|on+| c sc| |csc|t+oo |ntc|n+c|on+|mcntc uns oucos |og|+m+s tccno|og|cos
ous+oosn++|c+ococ|cs+ooc|iov||+sc|um+cucn+m+s|mo|t+ntccont||bu|iooc|o|m++
gc|+|um+g|+noco||c|cn+cmtc|mosocc++c|o+ocsccomctcnc|+sm|||t+|csc|nt||nscc+mcntc
o||om+t|c+s+|s|og|+m+st|+||+m|noub|t+vc|bcnc||c|osoc|occonom|co+o+|socv|oostcc-
no|og|+soc+||+stouc|o,ctosm|||t+|cs|oo|c|on+mcom+conscucntcobtcnioocmc|c+oos
+|+|ooutosoc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oo
!
^+|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscscmouv|o+um+||o||o+oc+|+csscs|nvcst|mcntoso|sosm+-
tc||+|scm|cg+oosnoscto|ococ|cs+ucsccstcnocmscgu|+n+ub||c+ossucmnomunoo
um+cucn+u+nt|o+ocococtcnto|csoctccno|og|+scscc|c+sosu+|soom|n+momc|c+oo
cc||+m+occnocnc|+tccno|og|c+ôccnocnc|+b|+s||c||+niosc|cst||ngc+cn+s+osm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oosCc|tos|occssostccno|og|coscomoso|o+gcmcnt|cmct+|sccc|m|c+so|cxcm|o
t+mbcmsiog+|g+|os|mo|t+ntcs+|+oscto|ococ|cs+
^tu+|mcntco||+s||goz+occono|ocsncccss+||+s+|+umnovo|ongoc|c|oocc|csc|mcntocco-
nom|coouccont||bu|+|++|ctom+o+oco||t|c+s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntocomct|t|voo+|n-
oust||+b|+s||c||+Ogovc|nocst+|m|+nt+noo+|o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto||oout|vo(|||)uc
ocnc+ocs|ntcg|+o+s+|+muo+|o+t+m+|o+|noust||+n+c|on+||cnt|oo+||||o|+mocn|-
oos||og|+m+s|ob|||z+oo|cscm^|c+s|st|+tcg|c+scnt|cc|csoCom|cxo|noust||+|oc|c|cs+
uctcmcomoob,ct|vo|ccuc|+|c|nccnt|v+|oc|csc|mcntoo+b+sc|noust||+||nst+|+o++m||+noo
o|o|ncc|mcnto+|++s|o|+s^|m+o+sb|+s||c||+sc+scxo|t+ocs
|mcstuoo|cccntc|c|+t|vo+,o+g|omc|+oosoc|nov+ocs|nt|oouz|o+scmo||c|cntcs+|scsn+su|-
t|m+sc|ncoocc+o+s|no|c+ucc|omcnoscm,o/oosc+sos+o||t|c+occom|+soosgovc|nos
tcvcc|c|tos|gn|c+t|vo^|mo|tnc|+oosg+stosm|||t+|csooontoocv|st+o+o||t|c+|noust||+|
occo||cniot+ntoocscucsonotot+|o+scom|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|sm+s+ntcsocsu+n+tu|cz+
|m++|cc|+cx|css|v+ocsscsg+stoscst++ssoc|+o++|og|+m+scom|cxoscoc|ongo|+zouc
com|ccnocmocsoc+cont|+t+ioo+csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|ooutos+tc+|o-
ouioc|ct|v+co|o|ncc|mcntocont|nu+oooos|ooutosocscnvo|v|oos
|m|c|+iob||no+gcmb+||st|c+ocstuoo+ont+otcnc|+|s+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntoo+|oouiono
+|soc+osb+||st|coscm+tc||+|scc|m|coscomoosc+|bctosocs|||c|ocbo|occomos|toscomo
++|+m|o+coo||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|t+m+ss+mo|+|ôcm+no+|ntc|n+ocm+tc||+|+|+b||no+gcm
b+||st|c+ocvc|cu|oscoc+c|on+vcsccst|m+o+cmm+|soceootonc|+o+s;+nocgunoo+^ssoc|+-
io||+s||c||+oc|||no+gcm(^b|+b||n)cm.oos|o|+mvcno|ooscc|c+oce,oovc|cu|osb||no+oos
comumc|csc|mcnto|o,ct+oooc,/+o+no|oc+soooscc|m|cos+ocm+no+|n|c|+|+|++nov+
|+m|||+ oc b||no+oos oo |xc|c|to ||+s||c||o c oc |oo ||ts oc b||no+gcm +o|c|on+| (cc|c+ oc .o/ o+
||ot+)Comoo||t|nc|u|nooocustooc+u|s|ioocum+ob+||st|cocom+t|vc|cust+cc|c+oc|,
,,,m||nomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|cst|m+-scum+ocm+no+occu|to|+zoo+o|ocmoc|,|o+eo
m|||ocsOmc|c+ooocb||no+gcmb+||st|c+c+tcno|ootot+|mcntcv|+|mo|t+io
Osm+tc||+|sm+|sut|||z+oos+|+b||no+gcnsc|ct|om+gnct|c+scstion+|o|m+oc|o||+csum+ou
g+s|on|z+oo(|+sm+)|oc+sooc++|c||oscm|sso|cscomocc|u|+|csus+-scum+t|nt+c+||c+oo|+
!6

oc+|t|cu|+socn|uc|ccob|cOut|osm+tc||+|sm+|snob|cssio+s||g+socc|m+||oycmu-mct+|
O||+s||nio|oouzcstcsm+tc||+|scmcsc+|+|noust||+|Omc|c+oootcnc|+|sonoc+sooccc|u-
|+|csno||+s||oocsc|u+nt|c+ooc|onumc|ooccc|c+oc,om|||ocsoc++|c||osvcno|oos
cm.oos
|nt|c +s o|vc|s+s |n|c|+t|v+s oss|vc|s no scgmcnto oc m+tc||+|s mct+||cos oc oc|cs+ c scgu|+n+
um+o+s||nc|+|s+ocscst|+tcg|c+s|ccomcno+o+sc|ccuc|+|+c++c|o+oc+ntc||o|mcntcoo-
m|n+o+ no +|s oc obtcnio oc ||g+s oc t|tn|o ^|cm ocst+ |ccomcno+-sc |noust||+||z+| o|vc|sos
m+tc||+|smct+||cosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|tutosoc||bcmcomonovos|occssosmct+|u|g|cos
oc,uniococso|o+gcmut|||z+oosn+|oouioo+|noust||+ococ|cs+,u|g+oosv|+vc|soosontos
ocv|st+tccno|og|coccomc|c|+|
^sc+|+ctc||st|c+scomb|n+o+socb+|x+ocns|o+occ|cs|stcnc|+co||osio|+zcmoot|tn|oom+tc-
||+||oc+|+|+mu|t+s+||c+ocs|ocnt+ntoscucusto|c|+t|v+mcntc+|toocm|nc|+ioc|+b||c+io
tcm|couz|oosu++||c+io+scto|cscscc|+||z+ooscomoo+c|ocs+c|+||csu|s+s|cccntcsv|s+n-
oo|couioocsscscustos|csu|t+|+mnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+|soc.onovos|occssosotcn-
c|+|s+|++|oouiooct|tn|omct+||co
||mo|t+ntcnot+|uc+mct+|u|g|+oot|tn|ocs|m||+|ooz||con|oouccnsc,+um+|o|tcs|nc|-
g|+noocscnvo|v|mcntooc+mbososm+tc||+|soc|o|m+con,unt+|stcu|t|motcm+su+||nc|+|
+||c+ion+|noust||+nuc|c+|^su+|noust||+const|tu|ummc|c+ooo||goo||st+cu,+c++c|o+oc
|oout|v+cst+conccnt|+o+cmouc+scm|cs+soc+tu+iomu|t|n+c|on+|Como+|noust||+nu-
c|c+|b|+s||c||++|no+ccucn+oconsumo+nu+||cv|sto+|+os|c+to|csoc^ng|+|||c|||sc|+
o+o|ocmoceot;+no|st+ocm+no+cncont|+-scmu|to+b+|xoo+c++c|o+ococun|o+ocs|nous-
t||+|snocxtc||o|o+o|ocmoc+ooot;+no(oucocvccst+||ox|mooobreakevenocstct|ooc
|occsso|oout|vo)|nt|ct+ntoooom|n|ocmcsc+|+||otoo+mct+|u|g|+ooz||con|oc|m|t||+o
ocscnvo|v|mcnto+utoctoncoccomoncntcscst|utu|+|sccombust|vc|s+|+|c+to|csnuc|c+|csoc
+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oo
^ss|m como + cx+nsio oo +|um|n|o n+ occ+o+ oc +,,o |o| |mu|s|on+o+ o| su+ ut|||z+io cm
ut|||o+ocsoomcst|c+s+|gum+s+n+||scsvcmscnoo|c+||z+o+s+|+|ocnt|c+|nov+s+||c+ocso-
tcnc|+|s+|+ot|tn|obcmcomonovos|occssosucooc||+m|couz||oscustosoc|oouio
||ooutosocconsumos|m||+|cs+|no+nio|o|+m|ocnt|c+oos+|+ousooct|tn|om+s+v+||+m-sc
u+|s comoncntcs oc vc|cu|os sc||+m c+no|o+tos +|+ + subst|tu|io oos m+tc||+|s +tu+|s o| t|-
tn|oc+soocustoocsscscomoncntcscm|sc,+ms|gn|c+t|v+mcntc|couz|ooscm|c|+io+os
+t+m+|cs+tu+|s|ss+scsu|s+soocmv||+|nc|cmcnt+|omc|c+oooot|tn|o
!7
|x|stcmmu|tost|osocm+tc||+|scomos|toscon|o|mcot|oocm+tc||+|sucsiocomb|n+oos
como|+st|cosmct+|soucc|m|c+|+umt|ocscc|+|cu,oscstuooscusostcmsccx+no|oo
s|gn|c+t|v+mcntciooscomos|toso||mc||cosnosu+|sos|c|o|ossioun|ooso|um+m+t||z
o||mc||c+Comocxcm|ostcm-sc+b|+ocv|o|o(b+|xocustoccsoc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+)c+sb|+s
occ+|bonocst+scon|cc|o+scomocomos|tos+v+n+oosocv|oo+|cscnt+|cm|cs|stcnc|+|+o|-
g+bcmm+|o|uco+oco+|um|n|om+|o|+mo|tcc|mcntov|b|+ioccocc|cntcoco||+t+io
tc|m|c+ncg+t|vo^sb|+socc+|bono(|C)siocm|cg+o+scmo|vc|sos|ooutosocsoco|scooc
||c|osocvc|cu|os+tctubc||+soc|oguctcs
^s|o,cocsocc|csc|mcntooomc|c+oomuno|+|oc|Ccst|m+mumc|csc|mcnto+nu+|o+o|ocm
oc+,/|omcnt+noo|nvcst|mcntoscons|oc|+vc|soos||nc|+|s|oouto|csno+umcntoocsu+c+-
+c|o+oc|nst+|+o++|+|+zc||+cc+css+c|csccntcocm+no+Ossctcm+|o|cs|oouto|csmuno|+|s
t|vc|+m |nvcst|mcntos +nunc|+oos cm .oo; oc m+|s oc |, +| b| cm cx+nsio ou +tu+||z+io oc
su+s|+nt+s|noust||+|sO||+s||niocum|oouto|cmcsc+|+comc|c|+|ocb|+occ+|bonooc+|to
ocscmcn|o|ossu|+cn+s|+nt+soot|o||oto+|+csu|s+^c|csccntcocm+no+|ntc|n+s|n+-
||z++ncccss|o+ococ|nvcst|mcntos+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+|oouiocsu+comc|c|+||z+io
ût|||z+ioocb|+socc+|bonocst++umcnt+noonoscto|ococ|cs+ccc+o+vczm+|o|n+|nous-
t||++c|ocs+c|+|c|cg+noocm+|gunsc+sos+m+|soc,o/oocsocst|utu|+|o++c|on+vc^tu+|-
mcntc+|mb|+c|c+tcno|o++cn+so|um|o|ncccoo||ntc|n+c|on+|m+socont|+tov|gcntctc|-
m|n+cm.o+.+b||noo+oss|b|||o+ococcnt|+o+ocumnovo|o|ncccoo|++|t||ocss+o+t+
^cx|o|+ioc|oouiooco|cocg+scm+gu+s|o|uno+s(cx||c-+|)|cuc|ocm|cgooc
|c|o|osocb|+occ+|bonocmtoo++|cococoutossubm+||nos^|ct|ob|+s+nunc|ouum+oc-
m+no+oc|,nov+s|+t+|o|m+sos|o|c+tc.o.oo+su+|s,osiocm+gu+s|o|uno+s|csu|t+noo
cmum+ocm+no+cst|m+o+ocm+|socsm||tonc|+o+soc|Co|+no+tc.o.o
Ousooccomoncntcscst|utu|+|socb|+occ+|bonocm+socgc|+oo|csco||cosscto|n+|m-
|csc|no|vc|mco|o+uc+s+sc|csccmcmt+m+n|o(b|+socv|o|o+ss+m+sc||nv|+vc|socv|oo
+om+|o|cso)Out|og|+nocmc|c+oo+|++b|+occ+|bonono+|sc+su+ut|||z+iocomom+-
tc||+|oc|c|o|ocst|utu|+|n+|noust||+occonst|uioc|v||t+ntocomo|c|o|ooccst|utu|+snov+s
comocm|c|o|m+sô|c|on+|mcntc+sb|+socc+|bonoocu+||o+oc|noust||+|siot+mbcmut|||-
z+o+scmnuc|cosocc+bosc|ct||cosoc+|t+tcnsio
|o|m|Coc+|toocscmcn|ot+mbcmsiout|||z+o+scomom+tc||+|const|tu|ntcoc+|tcsocu|-
t|+ccnt|||ug+scm|cg+o+s+|+ocn||ucc|mcnto|soto|coocu|n|o|+t+-scocum|nsumooc
!8

+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oococvcno+cont|o|+o+c|os|st+oos|oouto|csocstcm+tc||+|oucoto|n+
cst|+tcg|co+|++s|noust||+sococ|cs+cnuc|c+|
|st|m+-scuccm.o.oomc|c+oob|+s||c||oocm+no+|++;m||tonc|+o+socb|+occ+|bonoo|
+noousc,+cc|c+oc|,+.b|||ocs;+noC+soscocscnvo|v+um+cst|utu|+n+c|on+|oc|oouio
oc|Ccomc++c|o+oc|ccon|cc|o+ccomum|ooutou+||c+oonomc|c+ootoo+cst+ocm+n-
o+|ntc|n+ooc|+sc|+tcno|o+no+|sOocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|+occ+|bonooc+|toocscmc-
n|o|oouz|o+no||+s|||couz||++occnocnc|+cxtc|n+ocstc|nsumocst|+tcg|co
Out|om+tc||+|occm|cgoou+|c+|tov+|o|+g|cg+ooc+|+m|||+oc+osm+|+g|ng||cssious+oosn+
|noust||++c|ocs+c|+|o|cog+scnuc|c+|ctcmsu+vcno+cont|o|+o+c|os|st+oos|oouto|cs
|+um+g|+nocu+nt|o+ococscnso|cs+v+n+oosucncccss|t+moccsu|s+n++|c+ocm+tc-
||+|soc|ntc|csscoosscto|csococ|cs+cscgu|+n+|m+|t|cu|+|cx|stcmcomoncntcsocsum+
|mo|tnc|++|+o|vc|sosvcto|cscs|stcm+soc+|m+s(ocn|vc|c|cv+oocc++c|o+ococ|cc|sioc
ocst|u|io)cm|cg+oosc|+s|o|+s^|m+o+soo||+s||coocxtc||o||stcscomoncntcssio+|tcs
o+sc|+m+o+s|+t+|o|m+s|nc|c|+|s|cv|oog|+nocc++c|o+ocm|||t+|uccst+tccno|og|+|o-
o|c|on+oscomoncntcso+s|+t+|o|m+s|nc|c|+|stcm|o|tccont|o|c|ntc|n+c|on+|
|+|+scobtc|+utonom|+oc|+b||c+iooosubs|stcm+||m+||oocum+|+t+|o|m+|nc|c|+|c|+m+-
o+un|o+ococmco|o+|nc|c|+|(|||)+|+cm|cgost+t|cosccst|+tcg|cos(+c|on+vcm|ss||vc|cu|o
|+n+oo|ocs+tc||tcsubm+||nos+tc||tcctc)cncccss+||oucsctcn|+ooom|n|otccno|og|cooos
+cc|c|omct|oscg||omct|os|omunoo+tccno|og|+co||cntc+|++cc|c|omct|osus+oconcc|to
oo|cb+|+ncc+mcntooc|o|+scomscnso|t|o,unt+ocu+|tzoousc,+tccno|og|+c|ct|omccn|c+
|ocnt+nto+tcnocnc|+tccno|og|c++|++cc|c|omct|oscuc,+sccncont|+o|sos|ionocxtc-
||o|cm|c|o-c|ct|omccn|c+(|||||c|o||ct|o-mcc|+n|c+|ystcms)
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.oo,+t|ng|noo|,+sb|||ocscm.oosComocss+s+||c+ocssiomu|tov+||+o+sos|og|+m+s
ococscnvo|v|mcntosiomu|too|nm|coso|c|cccnoooo|tun|o+ocs+|+umg|+nocnumc|ooc
+to|csOmc|c+ooocg||osco|osc+cc|c|omct|os|||tcmc|csc|oo+t+x+s+nu+|sc|cv+o+s+t|n-
g|noo|,;,om|||ocscm.oos^s+||c+ocsoomc|c+ooocconsumo,++|c+n+mcc|c+oc|o/
oomc|c+oog|ob+|oc||||nc|c|+|s|csoc.ooeoscont|o|cscomscnso|ocmov|mcntooo||n-
tcnoo\||oc|+mv|s|b|||o+ocub||c++|+os||||nc|c|+|succstiocnct|+noo|+|o+mcntco
mc|c+oooctc|c|on|+cc|u|+|
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Osmc|c+ooscmc|gcntcsoc|||tcmootcnc|+|oc+o|c|on+||,..||||ocs+|+omc|c+oog|o-
b+|oc|||+tc.o+,(scgunoo+o|c|cvc|ocmcnt)
O ||+s|| +|no+ nio ossu| ncn|um+ |noust||+ com c++c|o+oc oc |oouio oc cu|+mcntos
||||m|cccntccstuooo+^ssoc|+ioo+s|noust||+s^c|ocs+c|+|s||+s||c||+s(^|^|)noC|u-
ooc|+b+||osob|c|+notccno|og|+s|no|cou+c++c|o+ococscobtc|no+|s|ooutos|n|c|+|s
|||+tc.o+,comoostc||o|+m+ou|cc|mcntooc|ooutosn+|s+tc.o.o
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vcm+ocncont|oo++||c+ioo+s|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|cmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
Como+umcnto+cc|c|+ooo+o|son|b|||o+ococ|n||+cst|utu|+comut+c|on+|cm|o|m+oc|+|-
ow+|c||nc|+|mcntccom|occss+mcnto+|+|c|occomo+c||c|o+mcntoconst+ntco+smc-
tooo|og|+s comut+c|on+|s n+ |o|m+ oc so|tw+|cs +||c+t|vos +|+ s|mu|+io tcm s|oo oss|vc| +
c+|+ctc||z+iooc|occssosm|c|osco|cosuccstionocc|nco+s|o||co+ocsm+c|osco|c+scm
s|stcm+scm+tc||+|scom|cxos
^comut+iooc+|toocscmcn|o(||C)ncccss+||+v|+b|||z+ioo+s|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|
cmC|cnc|+c|ngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|n|c|ou-scn+occ+o+oc+,;ocom+|nt|oouio
ooscomut+oo|csvcto||+|sco+suc|comut+io^+|t||oc.ooosu|g|uoconcc|toocc|ustc|
(s|stcm+oc|+c|on+|c|+ss|c+oocomos|stcm+o|st||bu|oo)mcsmo+|+oss|stcm+socmu|to+|to
ocscmcn|o|csoccntioc|ustc|soc|Csccst+ocsoct|+b+||oto|n+|+m-sc++|u|tctu|+|c-
v+|cccntc+|+mu|t+s+|c+soc+||c+iooccomut+iooc+|toocscmcn|o(||C)cmtoo+s+s
|+|x+sococscmcn|o
Omc|c+oooc||Cb+sc+oocmc|ustc|cont|nu++c|cscc|comt+x+sn+o|ocmoce/+o+no^
cst|m+t|v+oo||C(|ntc|n+t|on+||+t+Co|o|+t|on)|o|ocummc|c+oo+nu+|o+o|ocmoc|,e,b|-
||ocscm.oo;^cs+|o|sso+|noust||+niotcmum+o|iotccno|og|concmum++|u|tctu|++|+
gu|+||utu|+s+o+t+ocsc|cn+mcntos^csu|s+n++|c+occ|ustc|scomut+c|on+|s|c|cscnt+
um+g|+nocoo|tun|o+oc+|+novos|nvcst|mcntos
^tu+|mcntccx|stcum+m|o|ntc|cssc|cnov+oon+comun|o+occ|cnt|c+oc||Co|nov+s+|u|-
tctu|+soc|+|ow+|ccnovos+|+o|gm+soc|og|+m+ioôcont|+||ooo|og|cssonoocscnvo|v|-
mcntoocnovos|+|ow+|cstcm|+v|ooouco|og|cssoou+tcmcsmo|ct|occsson+const|uio
ocs|stcm+scsc+|+vc|s|+cc|soc|og|+m+|
z0

|x|stcmt+mbcmoucoss|stcm+socscnvo|v|oosuc+tcno+ms+t|s|+to||+mcntc+n+||o+oco+s|-
mu|+iocomut+c|on+|+|cmo+s||m|t+ocs|most+sc|occ|cc+mcntotccno|og|co+||c+ooc-
|os+|scsocscnvo|v|oosuc|m+ct+t+mbcm+|mo|t+iooccomut+oo|cscom+|t+sc++c|o+-
ocsoc|occss+mcntocu|+mcntosv|t+|s+|+|c+||z+iooccxc||mcntoso|mc|oo+s|mu|+io
^|cmo|sso++|c+ocs|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|ooc|+cont||bu||s|gn|c+t|v+mcntcnoocscnvo|v|-
mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscmtooososscgmcntosnioson++|c+oc|c|cs+ccgu|+n+o|sc
c|+ss|c+mcntct|+nsvc|s+|cc|mc|+too+s+socm+|s+|c+soc|ntc|cssccmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
O+v+noc|cnt|coctccno|og|cooo||+s||cumoossuo|tcso+conso||o+iooonosso+|scomo
otcnc|+cmc|gcntcnoccn+||omuno|+|uco|+ntco+sc||scs|ntc|n+c|on+|stcm+ut+oooscu
|occo|mcntoc|+busc+|nc+ns+vc|o+sso|uocscu|||b|+o+sc+c|c+s|+||c||+stccno|og|c+sou
comc|c|+|s|most+so|+|scsccnt|+|so|cu|t+moc|csc|mcntob|+s||c||ocmo||cio+og|+noc
ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|cnt|co-tccno|og|co+moccv|t+||og|cssosn+c|on+|s|mo|t+ntcs+ucvc-
n|+mc|m|t||++|ox|m+ioocsscs+|scsconco||cntcs
|o,cnioscooccns+|cmum+occnocnc|+octccno|og|+cxtc|n+c|+ntcoscno|mcsocs+os
ucsc+|cscnt+mn++|c+o+|c|cs+|+c|on+|^+|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscumocsscsocs+os
Os m+tc||+|s cm|cg+oos no scto| oc oc|cs+ uc sc cstcnocm scgu|+n+ ub||c+ ossucm no
munooum+cucn+u+nt|o+ocococtcnto|csoctccno|og|+scscc|c+sosu+|ssc+oss+moo
mc|c+oocc||+m+tio|nocsc,+vc|occnocnc|+tccno|og|c+
!.!.!. vlso slstmlca para lnovao e lndustrlallzao de materlals
de deresa e segurana
|oscto|ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|++oc|cs+cscgu|+n++c+|+ctc||st|c+mu|t|o|sc|||n+|oos|o-
,ctostccno|og|cosm|||t+|cs|mocum++n+||scs|stcm|c+o+scst|+tcg|+soc|nov+ioc|noust||+||z+-
io+ss|mcomooosg+|g+|oscx|stcntcsnoscto|o+s|oost+socso|uocscoos+||+n,oscst|+tc-
g|coscm|cs+||+|sm+|s+ocu+oos
^|noust||+ococ|cs+tcmum+|ong+||sto||+ocmuo+n+sc|ncc|tcz+s^|cmo+tccno|og|+o+m-
b|cntcmc|c+oo|og|coo+|noust||+ococ|cs+c+|ct+ooo||+to|cscconom|cosco||t|cos|nt||nsc-
c+mcntc|c|+c|on+oosc|+g|ob+||z+io^s||nc|+|stcnocnc|+soomc|c+ooococ|cs+sio
Custosc|csccntcsoos|ooutos|csu|t+ntcso+||cooscustosun|t+||osoc|oouio
Os |og|+m+s oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc novos s|stcm+s oc oc|cs+ consomcm b|||ocs oc
oo|+|cscm||c|cuc|cmcs+oos|nvcst|mcntoscm|occssos
z!
|cno|csu+nt|o+ocs|oouz|o+sc+utom+io^cconom|+occsc+|+|oo|c|on++mo|-
t|z+|ocustooc||co+|cno|z+oo(|couioooscustosoc|oouio)^tcnocnc|+c
busc+|cont|+b+|+n+|osco|oosocc|csccntcsc|oocscnvo|v|mcntocooc|+t|vocnt|c
n+ocsc|o|+s+|m+o+s
Custosoct|+ns+io|csu|t+noocmo||c|cntcs|o|m+soco|g+n|z+io|noust||+|(m|xcn-
t|c |+zc| c com|+|) ^ |noust||+ oc oc|cs+ oo |utu|o tcnoc + sc| um+ cm|cs+ g|ob+|
|oc+noo n+ +tu+io como cont|+t+o+ ||nc|+| (prime) ; |ntcg|+oo|+ oc s|stcm+s su-
||nooomc|c+oomuno|+|c+ou|||noot+|c|+scscc|+||z+o+soc|o|ncccoo|cscmtooo
o munoo ^ tcnocnc|+ c + cont|nu|o+oc oc |usocs cnt|c os |o|ncccoo|cs oos g|+nocs
g|uosc||+noom|n|-||mcsc++zcsoc|o,ct+|ocscnvo|vc|n+nc|+|csu|||+cotcs
com|ctosoossubs|stcm+s||nc|+|sôio|+zc|vc|suscom|+|t+mbcmcst+|cc-
t|noocm|cssocsoctc|cc|||z+ioc|osm|||t+|cs
Cont|nu|o+oco+|mo|tnc|+ooooc|occom|+oogovc|noco+su++tu+io|cgu|+-
oo|+cmum+mb|cntccomct|t|von+|noust||+ococ|cs+Osgovc|nostcm+g|oocomo
com|+oo|cscomct|t|vosouc|nccnt|v++|noust||+ococ|cs+++||c+|tccno|og|+gcs-
tio c cxc||cnc|+ |oout|v+ o+ |noust||+ c|v|| nos ncgoc|os oc oc|cs+ Os mc|c+oos oc
oc|cs+tcmscc+|+ctc||z+ooo||cosm+|scomct|t|vos|csu|t+noocm||scosm+|o|cs
cm+|o|ncccss|o+ococ||onoc+t||c+|noust||+ococ|cs+tcmsccnvo|v|oocmum+
g+m+ocncgoc|osm|||t+|csc;ouc|v|soc|o|m++comcns+|+cvcntu+|c|o+oc+|gum
cont|+toococ|cs+|mo|t+ntc
|cst||ocs c ocs+||os +|+ +s b+scs |noust||+|s oc oc|cs+ n+c|on+|s c++c|o+ocs cs-
cc|+||z+o+scomct|ioc|noccnocnc|+n+c|on+|^+|tc|n+t|v+oco||sctn+|m-
o|t+iooccu|+mcntosc++|t|c|+iocm|og|+m+soc||cooc|+t|vossio
|o|m+s oc ||n+nc|+| + m+nutcnio oo c+|t+| ||s|co c |um+no oc |o|m+ + com|c-
mcnt+|+c+|g+oct|+b+||ocm+ntc|+sc++c|o+ocscscc|+||z+o+so+|+sc|noust||+|
oc|c|cs+n+c|on+|
|+|+osuccssoooocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co+|ntcg|+iocnt|cosscto|csc|v||cm|||t+|oc||
coscto||oout|voocvcoco||c|ocsoc+|+scoocstuoooocst+bc|cc|mcntoocum|cu|s|tooc|+-
c|on+|v|s+nooog+n|ocmtcmo+t|+vcsooCapability PullcResearch Pushc++zcsoc+cc|c|+|
o|occssooc+u|s|iocooom|n|otccno|og|coc|ct|vooo|ooutoc|oscto||oout|vo
!.!.z. Aes estrateglcas para lnovao e lndustrlallzao
|omb|togovc|n+mcnt+|+|o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto||oout|vo(|||)cst+|+n+noomiooc
u+t|oc+tcgo||+soc|nst|umcntos
zz

|nst|umcntosoc|nccnt|voc|co|ton+nc|+mcntoc+|t+|oc||sco|nccnt|vossc+|scsub-
vcniocconom|c+
|ooc|occom|+oo|st+oocom|+so++om|n|st|+ioo||ct+coccm|cs+scst+t+|s
|nst|umcntosoc|cgu|+iotccn|c+cconom|c+conco||cnc|+|
ô|o tccn|co cc|t|c+io c mct|o|og|+ |omoio comc|c|+| gcstio o+ |o||co+oc
|ntc|cctu+| c++c|t+io cm|cs+||+| c oc |ccu|sos |um+nos coo|ocn+io |nt|+govc|n+-
mcnt+|c+|t|cu|+iocomoscto|||v+oo
|cnt|oo+||||o|+mocn|oos||og|+m+s|ob|||z+oo|cscm^|c+s|st|+tcg|c+scnt|cc|csoCom-
|cxo|noust||+|oc|c|cs+uctcmcomoob,ct|vo|ccuc|+|c|nccnt|v+|oc|csc|mcntoo+b+sc|n-
oust||+||nst+|+o++m||+nooo|o|ncc|mcnto+|++s|o|+s^|m+o+sb|+s||c||+sc+|+cxo|t+ocs
^+|t||ocsscs|nst|umcntos+s+ocscst|+tcg|c+sooc|iosc|m+|sbcmcst|utu|+o+scv|+b|||z+o+s
t+ntoo|+|tco+s|nst|tu|ocsC|cnt|c+scccno|og|c+s(|Cs)comoo+s|noust||+scnvo|v|o+s
Osoucos|o,ctosococscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|s|o,ccx|stcntcsno+|scstio||nc|-
+|mcntcn+s|Csm|||t+|cscsioocm+no+oosc|+sncccss|o+ocso+s|o|+s^|m+o+s|ocnt+nto
+cgu|+n+|ub||c+comc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|+|+csscscto|oocmo+|suo|tc+um+|oouio
sustcnt+vc|o|+|tco+s|noust||+suct|vc|cmcono|ocs|o|c|+s+|+|nvcst||^c++c|o+oc|+-
bo|+to||+||nst+|+o+c+m+ss+c||t|c++|+csscsocscnvo|v|mcntos+|no+sio|cst||t+sm+s+|cv|sio
oc|nvcst|mcntoso||ntc|mco|oo+|||+umcnt++cxcct+t|v+ooscto|cs|n+||z++oss|b|||o+oc
ocn+nc|+mcntoscm|cs+sb|+s||c||+s+|+|noust||+||z+|cm+sso|uocs,+ocscnvo|v|o+scmm+-
tc||+|s+v+n+ooscobtc|cmm+|o|cs|ccu|sos+|+||ocnovosm+tc||+|s
Om+|o|ocs+oc+g+|+nt|+s|noust||+so+cont|nu|o+oco+scom|+sco+s||n|+socn+nc|+mcn-
too+|oouioouccx|gcum+umcntoooooc|occom|+govc|n+mcnt+|n++|c+^cxc||cn-
c|+|ntc|n+c|on+|oc+|scsocscnvo|v|ooscomoo|+ioos|st+oos|n|ooscoso+|n|io|u|oc|+
cv|ocnc|+uc+o||t|c+occom|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|stcms|oout|||z+o+oc|o|m+|ntcns|v+cgcnc|+-
||z+o+como|nst|umcntooc+o|oc|omoio|noust||+|oc+|
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t|m+sc|ncoocc+o+s|no|c+ucc|omcnoscm,o/oosc+sos+o||t|c+occom|+soosgovc|nos
tcvcc|c|tos|gn|c+t|vo^|mo|tnc|+oosg+stosm|||t+|csooontoocv|st+o+o||t|c+|noust||+|
occo||cniot+ntoocscucsonotot+|o+scom|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|sm+s+ntcsocsu+n+tu|cz+
|m++|cc|+cx|css|v+ocsscsg+stoscst++ssoc|+o++|og|+m+scom|cxoscoc|ongo|+zouc
com|ccnocmocsoc+cont|+t+iooccsu|s+coocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|ooutos+tc+|o-
ouioc|ct|v+co|o|ncc|mcntocont|nu+oooos|ooutosocscnvo|v|oos
z!
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c|+|o+|++u|s|iooc|tcnsoc+|tocontcuootccno|og|cot+|scomom+tc||+|occm|cgom|||t+|
bcmcomoniocscc|c+t+|s+u|s|ocs||mo|o|+|mcntcn+|noust||+n+c|on+|ocvcnooo|t+nto
sc||cgu|+mcnt+oo
|+|+sc|omcnt+|+|noust||+||z+ioocsscsm+tc||+|socvcm-sc|nccnt|v+|+||+n,oscm|cs+||+|s+oc-
u+oos+|++cst|utu|+ioooscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+o|mc|ooc
ô|oscm|cs+s|so|+o+mcntc|c+||z+ooo|mc|oo+ubvcnio|conom|c+|nov+-
io o+ ||nc;|C com |ccu|sos oo |unoo |+c|on+| oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto C|cnt|co c
ccno|og|co(|||C)como|nc|cmcntoo++|cc||+com|nst|tu|ocsm|||t+|cscocsc-
gu|+n++|+||c|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosococ|cs+cscgu|+n+
ô|o +os +||+n,os cm|cs+-cm|cs+ com |nccnt|vo |omoio o+ cooc|+io cnt|c
cm|cs+so|mc|ooco|vc|s+s|o|m+s+ssoc|+t|v+scoc+||+n+st+|scomo+conso||o+io
oc+||+n,os|oout|voso|cst|utu|+soc|o|o|ngsoc,o|nt-vcntu|csconso|c|osctc|s-
s+scooc|+ocsoocm|+c|||t+|+conu|st+ocn+nc|+mcntoso|+|cscnt+|cmm+|o|
c|co|b|||o+occm+|o|c++c|o+ococcum||mcntoocmct+s
ô|os+|cc||+scnt|ccm|cs+sc|Cs||nc|+|mcntc+sm|||t+|cs+|+com+|t|||+-
mcntoo+|n||+cst|utu|+|nst+|+o+coocon|cc|mcntocscc|co+umcnt+noo+c++c|-
o+ococobtc|novosn+nc|+mcntosocmonst|+noootcnc|+|o||c|cnc|+oocmm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oos
cgunoo+^ssoc|+ioo+s|noust||+s^c|ocs+c|+|s||+s||c||+s(^|^|)+|++sscgu|+|osuccssooo
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um+nov+tccno|og|++|t|c|+noon+sct++soccsu|s+c|cnt|c+tccno|og|c+coccngcn|+||+
uc+ntcccoc|io+concciooo|o,cto|+|+|nccnt|v+|cbusc+|++|t|c|+ioooscto|cm|cs+-
||+|n+|noust||+n+c|on+|ococ|cs+ocvc-sc
ôu||||||mo|o|+|mcntcm+tc||+|scsc|v|osoc|c|cs+n+|noust||+n+c|on+|||o||z+noo
cmo|ocmocc|csccntcosscgu|ntcs|occssosoc+u|s|io
1) ||ooutonovocomoscuocscnvo|v|mcntoc+su+|oouiotot+|mcntcn+c|on+|s
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+|cc||+s|ntc|n+c|on+|sc;ou+t|+vcsoc+co|oosgovc|n+mcnt+|sc|m|t|nooooom|-
n|otccno|og|cocom|ctooo|oouto
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z4

4) |mo|t+iooc|ooutocom+ob||g+iooccomcns+ocso|+|tcoo|o|ncccoo|
(osct)uc+umcntcm+c++c|o+octccno|og|c+o+|noust||+b|+s||c||++|+uc
c|coss+||o||t+||+mcntcconccbc|ocscnvo|vc||oouz||m+ntc|c+tu+||z+||oou-
tos+|++s|o|+s^|m+o+s
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outos|mo|t+oosoc|ntc|cssco+|c|cs+ou|c+|+-|++|++|t|c|+|cm|o,ctostcc-
no|og|c+mcntc+v+n+oos
c|cc|on+|cncomcno+scouc+t|v+s(ocmonst|+oo|csoc|oc|+),unto|noust||+comcon-
tcuoooc|||v|s+noo|utu|++u|s|iooc|ooutosocn|t|vos
ôu||||n+|noust||+n+c|on+|||mo|o|+|mcntcn++|c+ococ|cs+oscu|+mcntosc|n-
sumosncccss+||os+|+osccnt|osm|||t+|cscc|v|soc||
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|nsumosoc|ntc|cssco+|c|cs+
ô|+||o,ctosococscnvo|v|mcntoc|cnt|co-tccno|og|coo+|noust||+
|usc+| + ocsonc|+io t||but+||+ o+ cxo|t+io oc |ooutos c sc|v|os oc |ntc|cssc
o+|c|cs+
|usc+|so|uio+|++|+|t+oc|sonom|+u+nto+|mostos|coc|+|so+|noust||+n+c|on+|
cm|c|+io+scuscomct|oo|cs|ntc|n+c|on+|sn+s+u|s|ocso+s|o|+s^|m+o+s
|usc+| + ocsonc|+io t||but+||+ oos |mostos cst+ou+|s uc |cc+cm sob|c os |ooutos
b|+s||c||os+ou|||oosc|+s|o|+s^|m+o+s
|st+bc|ccc||cg|mcscscc|cosocn+nc|+mcntococt||but+io+|++|mo|t+iooc
|ooutoscoc|nsumosniocont|o|+oosucsc,+mcons|oc|+oosoc|ntc|cssco+|c|cs+
|usc+|+co|+bo|+iooccm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|snoocscnvo|v|mcntocon,untooc|o-
outosoc|ntc|cssco+|c|cs+
|||o||z+|+c++c|o+ococ|ntcg|+iooccu|+mcntoscms|stcm+soc|ntc|cssco+|c|cs+
c+|oouiosobos|stcm+oc|c+|t|iooct|+b+||ocomo|o|m+|ntc|mco|+||+oc+b-
so|vc|c++c|o+octccn|c+cmtccno|og|+sc|+vcs
!.!.!. Cargalos em U8l
Osnovosm+tc||+|sc|m|tcmousooc|ccu|soscomm+|o|cc|cnc|+cst|utu|+|oss|vc|c+sscgu-
|+m mc||o||+ oos |+to|cs oc scgu|+n+ oos comoncntcs cst|utu|+|s oc s|stcm+s m|||t+|cs com
um+ concom|t+ntc |couio no cso c consumo oc cnc|g|+ |+ cxcct+t|v+ oc uc s|gn|c+t|vos
bcnc||c|ososs+msc|cxt|+|ooso+ocscobc|t+|oouioc+||c+ioocm+tc||+|suctcn|+m|o-
||co+ocsun|c+souuccxcco+msoosm+tc||+|so|son|vc|s+tu+|mcntc
z
|+|+suc|+|+|gunsg+|g+|osucoscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+cn||cnt++|++csu|s+oocscnvo|-
v|mcntoc+|nov+iocmnovosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oossugc|c-sc
|+|+|omcnt+|+c++c|o+ococ|nov+ioo+scm|cs+sb|+s||c||+socvc-sc|nccnt|v+|+c|c-
v+iooog+sto||v+oocm||com++m||+iooos|ccu|sosnio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s+|+
|nov+io|no|scns+vc|s+|++g|cg+|v+|o|+os|ooutosn+c|on+|s+m||+|+comct|t|v|-
o+oco+scm|cs+snomc|c+oooomcst|coc|o|t+|ccc|+|nsc|iocxtc|n+oo+|s
|+|+|ccuc|+|+c++c|o+oc|+bo|+to||+|o+s|Cst+ntom|||t+|cscomoc|v|socvc-sc|n-
ccnt|v+|o+umcntooo|nvcst|mcnto||v+oocgovc|n+mcnt+|cm|n||+cst|utu|+oc||
|oo|c|on+noos|Cs+c++c|o+ococgc|+|nov+stccno|og|+socm+tc||+|s
|+|+ +|+v+nc+| + c++c|t+io oc csso+| no scto| ocvc-sc |ccuc|+| o |nvcst|mcnto n+
|o|m+iocc++c|t+iooccsso+|n+s+|c+scscc|c+socm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|m|cs-
c|no|vc|s+|++c|cv+iooon|vc|occon|cc|mcnto
|+|+ m|t|g+| o cc|cc+mcnto tccno|og|co uc o|cu|t+ + +u|s|io oc m+tc||+s ||m+s c
comoncntcs +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc nov+s tccno|og|+s +s cm|cs+s c |nst|tu|ocs
cc|cc+o+socvcmbusc+|ncgoc|+ocs|+b|||oos+scomos+|scsc|o|ncccoo|cscst|+ngc|-
|oscomocnvo|v|mcntoo||om+t|coooCovc|nobcmcomoc|scgu||so|uocs|nov+-
oo|+s+|+suc|+|occ|cc+mcntoo|mc|oocnov+sso|uocstccno|og|c+sb|+s||c||+s
|+|++sscgu|+|+sustcnt+b|||o+ocooocscnvo|v|mcntoooscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+oc-
vc-sccxc|cc|+ocu+o+ccont|nu+mcntcoooc|occom|+govc|n+mcnt+|OCovc|no
vcmbusc+nooso|uocso|mc|ooc|nst|umcntos|cg+|sco||t|cosv|s+noo+m||+|+s
com|+s govc|n+mcnt+|s oc cu|+mcntos n+c|on+|s sob|ctuoo no ++|c||+mcnto c
mooc|n|z+ioo+s|o|+s^|m+o+scO|giosoccgu|+n+gc|+noo+c|co|b|||o+ocoos
|ooutosn+c|on+|snomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|cc|m|t|nooumc|csc|mcntocconom|co
sustcnt+vc|o+|noust||+
!.!.4. |omentos estruturantes
^cx|gcnc|+ococmonst|+iooc|ooc|o|um+n+iooctc|m|n+o+|c+nccoooom|n|otccno|og|-
cocom|ctoocsoc+conccio+tc+oc|+c|on+||o+ocoosmc|ostccn|cosus+oosncst++|m+io
o||t|c+Cons|oc|+nooucos|ooutoso++|c+ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+c|+cvo|uiotccno|og|c+
cx|g|o+niosccncont|+mo|son|vc|sn+|+tc|c||+m+ssiob+sc+ooscmcscc|c+ocsc|cu|-
s|toscncccss+||ooscucom|ctoocscnvo|v|mcnto|mocco||cnc|+noc+soo++u|s|ionocx-
tc||o|ocont||bu|ntc|oc+|cst+|++g+nooc|+cxccuioocum|nc|cmcntotccno|og|cocmout|o
+|so|t+ntooctc|m|n+nooc|o+oc|ooc|cm+|s+|no+gc|+noocm|cgos+|t+mcntcu+||c+-
z6

oosc+b||noomc|c+oosoccxo|t+io|o|+o+su+n+io|stcs+scctoscv|ocnc|+m+s|+zocsc|+s
u+|s+sn+ocscom|ctcnsocsoc|coom|n|occonom|coco||t|co+||c+mo||t|c+s|otcc|on|s-
t+scoc|nccnt|vos+oscuscto||noust||+|oc|c|cs+
|c+co|oocomosc||tc||osoc+||c+ioou+|ccst+g|oococscnvo|v|mcntono|+|scnomunoo
m+tc||+|soccm|cgon+|noust||+nuc|c+|como+b|+occ+|bono+s||g+socz||con|ococu|-
n|osc+|cscnt+mcomocst|+tcg|cos^|st|+tcg|+|+c|on+|oc|c|cs+cst+bc|ccc+ncccss|o+oco+
|ou|sion+v+|comoc|cmcntooco|ssu+sioO||og|+m+|uc|c+|||+s||c||o+|no+nio+|ov+oo
m+scmo|scussio+v+n+o+nomb|too+cc|ct+||+oc^ssuntos|st|+tcg|coscn|+t|z+ooom|n|o
ooC|c|oooCombust|vc||uc|c+|como|c||+mcnt+oc|noccnocnc|+tccno|og|c+c+g|cg+iooc
v+|o|+os|ccu|sosm|nc|+|sb|+s||c||os
1.2. Materiais para blindagem balstica
O|xc|c|to||+s||c||o(||)tcmcm+no+mcntoumg|+noc|og|+m+mob|||z+oo|ucv|s+oocscnvo|v|-
mcntoo+|+m|||+Cu+|+n|ocnovosb||no+oossuccsso|csoos+nt|gosvc|cu|osC+sc+vc|c||utuo+|ngc-
s+|st|m+-scucsc|io|oouz|ooscc|c+oc.o||un|o+ocscomum|nvcst|mcntoo+o|ocmoc|,,|
b|||ocsO||mc||o|ooutooo|og|+m+sc|+um+v|+tu|+b||no+o++|+t|+nso|tcoct|o+(V||)
O|c|c|cnc|+|oc|otcioocv|+tu|+sb||no+o+s+|+t|+nso|tcoct|o+cx|gcucoss|stcm+soc
b||no+gcns|o|nc+m|otciocont|+mun|ocsc||u|+ntcsoc+|m+s|cvcscmco|+s|+|s|cccntc-
mcntccst+c+tcgo||+ocv|+tu|+tcmcn||cnt+ooout|+s+mc++st+|scomo+sg|+n+o+s+nt|c+||oc
oso|sos|t|voscx|os|vos|m|ov|s+oos(|m|ov|sco|x|os|vc|cv|cc-|||s)
^b||no+gcmb+||st|c+cusu+|mcntc|m|cmcnt+o+cmc+m+o+sonocc+o+c+m+o+c|csons+vc|o|
umt|ooc|otcioctcmum+octc|m|n+o+|uniocmums|stcm+oc|otcio|oc+soo+sV||+
c+m+o+b+s|c+coc+o|+|++sc+m+o+socb||no+gcns+o|c|on+|s+|cmoousooc+osoc+|t+ou|cz+
como|+ccoc|m+ctot+mbcmtcms|oout|||z+ooumm+tc||+|+|no+m+|sou|oo|cmcommcno|v+-
|o|ococns|o+ocoscc|m|cos|stct|oocm+tc||+|+ssou+sc|cm|cg+oocomoc+m+o+cxtc|n+o+
b||no+gcmocc+||os|cvcsou|ntcg|+oo+oss|stcm+socb||no+gcmoosc+||osoccomb+tccs+oos
^|cm o+s +||c+ocs m|||t+|cs +os b+||st|cos c m+tc||+|s cc|m|cos t+mbcm sio ncccss+||os +|+
|otciooc+c|on+vcscvc|cu|osocscgu|+n+ub||c+c+|++b||no+gcmcm+||c+ocsc|v|s|n-
c|u|noom+tc||+-||m++|+c+|x+socb+ncosc+||os|o|tcsconoom|n|oscc+||osoc+ssc|o
z7
!.z.!. Agenda de aes estrateglcas para a socledade e economla do pals
^cs+|ooc|c|otccno|og|coo++|um|n++|+nsb+||st|cos,+tc|s|oooom|n+ooo|cm|cs+scs-
t|+ngc||+s+tu+noono||+s||cncccss+||oucscocscnvo|v+um+cm|cs+n+c|on+|c++zocoom|-
n+|oc|c|ooosc+|bctoso|scstcsm+tc||+|ssiocont|o|+oosc|+sotcnc|+scst|+ngc||+ssc,+o|
|cg|mcsoccont|o|c||g+oos+|c+nuc|c+|noc+soooc+|bctoocbo|oouc|o|C|(||ss||cc-
c|no|ogyCont|o||cg|mc)comoos+os+|+b||no+gcnstcc|oosb+||st|coscc+|bctoocs|||c|o
Oc+|bctoocs|||c|ocst+|cscntcn+|noust||+ct|o|||c|+n+|o|m+ocsc|oscc|m|cos+|+bomb+s
oc+|toocscmcn|oOc+|bctoocbo|occm|cg+oocomomooc|+oo|ocncut|onscm|c+to|cs
nuc|c+|csocusoc|v||cm|||t+||sso||ust|+bcm+n+tu|cz+ou+|oousooosc+|bctoso|sm|||t+|mcn-
tcoc+|bctoocs|||c|ococc|m|cooccsco||+cont|+mun|ocscomnuc|coocc+|bctooctungstc-
n|oouu|n|ocmob|cc|oo(oucx+u||oo)|+oc+|bctoocbo|oc|+|g+mcntccm|cg+oocmco|ctcs
c b||no+gcns oc +c|on+vcs C|+nocs o|cu|o+ocs vcm scnoo cncont|+o+s c|os cm|ccnocoo|cs
ucocsc,+m|+b||c+|c+|bctosno||+s||
^|cmo|sso+|no+nio|+cm|cs+sb|+s||c||+s|+b||c+noom+tc||+|s+bso|vcoo|csocono+sc+us+o+s
o| |m+ctos ou cx|osocs uc oss+m sc| cm|cg+oos cm b||no+gcns |+tc||+|s com cst|utu|+
+|vco|+|ucno|nst+ntcoo|m+ctoco|+s+msiobo+soocs^|cmo|sso|o||co+ocscomo+
|mconc|++cust|c+c+|+st|c|o+ocsiobcm-v|no+scncccss+||+sC+bc|css+|t+|ucos||nc|+|s
usu+||osocsscsm+tc||+|ssc||+mos+utomovc|so|scstcsm+tc||+|s+umcnt+||+m+scgu|+n+vc|-
cu|+|cmc+soocco||sio
|o c+so oo ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc b|+s n+c|on+|s +|+ cm|cgo cm tcc|oos oc |otcio b+||st|c+
|cccntcmcntc+m+|o||+b||c+ntcmuno|+|oc|cs|n+oco||ct||cnouccn+c|on+|tcvcon+nc|+-
mcnto +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc um nio-tcc|oo oc uso +|+ |otcio b+||st|c+ ncg+oo |ssc
cumcxcm|oocb|ouc|o+ocm|ccnocoo||smoo|scomoo||scotccno|og|cocc|cv+oonio
sc|nvcstcooootcc|oocnio-tcc|oob+||st|cout|||z+oono||+s||c|mo|t+oo|+um+|cmcntc
ncccss|o+ocococscnvo|v|mcnto|oc+|ocsscsm+tc||+|s+|+nsococ|cs+cscgu|+n+ub||c+Os
||nc|+|sm+tc||+|scomo++|+m|o+coo||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|tomoou|oocc|+st|c|o+oc,+tcmsu+s
+tcntcsoc|oouiovcnc|o+scoocmsc|co|+oos|oc+|mcntc|conscnsouc|+mc|c+oocon-
sum|oo|c+tcoc|cc|c|+gcmocss+stccno|og|+s
Os |cu|s|tos oo |o,cto cm +no+mcnto no || o+ nov+ |+m|||+ oc b||no+oos sob|c |oo+s cx|gcm
b||no+gcns+o|c|on+|sucossu+mcmsu+cst|utu|+m+tc||+|scc|m|cos+mo|tcccoo|csocono+s
ctcc|oos+|+|ctcniooccst|||+os
z8

^tu+|mcntcn+|noust||+ococ|cs+b|+s||c||+nio|+umscgmcnto|noust||+|oco|c+oo+osm+tc||+|s
ocb||no+gcmb+||st|c+c|noust||+||z+ioocs|stcm+socb||no+gcm+o|c|on+|+|+vc|cu|oscocs|stc-
m+soc|otcio|no|v|ou+|+|+ocomb+tcntc+c|css+|o|m++|cmoc|o,ctosoccsu|s++|+
obtcnioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+|+z-scncccss+||++conso||o+ioocum+|-
|+n,o|noust||+|+|+|ntcg|+ioooso||c|cntcsm+tc||+|scmc|osoc|oouiocx|stcntcscm|ooutos
ococ|cs+ocn|oosc|os|cu|s|tosoc|+c|on+|sctccn|coso+s+|c+sococ|cs+cscgu|+n+
|osu|t|mos+nosoCcnt|occno|og|cooo|xc|c|to(C|x)u+nt|couo|nvcst|mcntoncccss+||o
+|++|m|+nt+ioocum+cc|u|+m|n|m+oc|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+b||no+gcnsno
toc+ntcsncccss|o+ocsocm+tc||+|cu|+mcntos|n||+cst|utu|+ccsso+|cscc|+||z+oo|st+scs-
t|m+t|v+s|o|+mb+sc+o+scm|n|o|m+ocsobt|o+s,untoscm|cs+s+|t|c|+ntcsoo|o,cto|+-
tc||+|s|cs|stcntcs+o|m+cto|+||st|co(|^||||^)||mc||+|n|c|+t|v+coo|ocn+o+c|o||n|stc||o
o+|c|cs+n++|c+ocm+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcns
O|o,cto+|+|noust||+||z+|oc+|bctoocs|||c|o(|C)cm|+c+socb||no+gcm+o|c|on+|n+|o|m+oc
tcc|oosb+||st|cosoc+o|o|nc|u|noo++u|s|ioocum|otc-||oto|o|cst|m+oocm,om|||ocsoc
|c+|sôcm+no+|n|c|+|+|++nov+|+m|||+ocb||no+oosoo||coc|oo||tsocb||no+gcm+o|c|on+|
(cc|c+oc.o/o+||ot+)Ocustooc+u|s|ioocum+ob+||st|cocom+t|vc|cst+cmbut|oon+cs-
t|m+t|v+Comocstc||tcust+cc|c+oc|,,,,oooo(|O|)nomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|c+so+oio
sc,+c|+|mo|t+iosc|iog+stoscnt|c|,|oceom|||ocsn+com|+ocstcm+tc||+|scmncn|um
g+n|otccno|og|co+|++|noust||+n+c|on+|
|c um+ |o|m+ gc|+| |ooc-sc |noust||+||z+| +s so|uocs n+c|on+|s ,+ ocscnvo|v|o+s cm m+tc||+|s
+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c++cmn|vc|oc|otot|oc|oso|giosoccsu|s+n+c|on+|scscc|+|mcntc
++|+m|o+osc+|bctosocs|||c|ocbo|ocoo||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|t+m+ss+mo|+|bcmcomo|omcn-
t+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+sso|uocs
!.z.z. Agenda de U8l
c|cc|on+|m+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcnscum++t|v|o+occont|nu+o|scnvo|vcnov+sso||c|t+ocs+c+o+
nov+tccno|og|+|c|+c|on+o+ucsu|gcComo,+mcnc|on+oo+c|m+os+ossioosm+tc||+|sm+|sut|-
||z+oost|+o|c|on+|mcntc+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+|ocnt+ntocx|stcum+|o|tctcnocnc|++|+ouso
oosm+tc||+|socn+tu|cz+cc|m|c+comb|n+oosouniocomb|+s|c|o|+oo|+st+|scomo
^|um|n+(^|.O,)-|n|c|+|mcntccm|cg+o++|+co|ctcsm+sucossu|+ocsv+nt+gcm
oocsocconscucntcmcntco+c|o+o+mob|||o+oc
z9
C+|bctoocbo|o(||C)-commcno|csocm+|o|cc|cnc|+b+||st|c+(cstcm+tc||+|t+m-
bcmccm|cg+oocomo+bso|vcoo|ocncut|onscm|c+to|csnuc|c+|cs)|nt|ct+ntosu+
cc|cnc|+c+|+|+c|cv+o+s|cssocsoc|m+ctooocnoocst|||++|
C+|bctoocs|||c|o(|;|C)-t+mbcmcommcno|csoccommc||o|cscono|ocsocsc|
+||c+oocmvc|cu|os
Cc|m|cos b+sc oc b|+s s|ntct|c+s - b|+s oc v|o|o tcc|oos +|+m|o+ c o||ct||cno oc
u|t|+-+|t+ m+ss+ mo|+| com v+nt+gcns oc sc|cm m+|s |cvcs m+s com ||m|t+ocs cont|+
mun|ocscom+|toooc|occnct|+io
^ cc|cnc|+ o+ b||no+gcm occnoc o+ mc||o| +ocu+io ocsscs m+tc||+|s c oc su+ ut|||z+io oc
|o|m+m|st+^cs+|o+sv+nt+gcnsoosm+tc||+|scc|m|cosum+||m|t+ioocscuusoc+ncccss|o+-
ococt|oc+sconst+ntcso+s|+c+scc|m|c+s+su+|sossucmc++c|o+oc||m|t+o+oc|cs|stcnc|+
+mu|t||os|m+ctos
^cn+scomo||ust|+io++|+m|o+uccumo||+m|o+(|y|on)ocscnvo|v|ooc|+|u|ontcumoos
m+tc||+|sut|||z+oosn+|otciob+||st|c+||+c|occss+o+n+|o|m+octcc|oocm+nt+sc+||c+oos
cm+ntc+|os(b||no+gcm)ocvc|cu|os;+c|on+vcscn+con|cciooc|||(|u|+mcntooc||otcio|n-
o|v|ou+|)comoco|ctcsôcm+no+oc+|+m|o++|+usocmm+tc||+|+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+ocvc|-
cu|osc+c|on+vcsccst|m+o+cmm+|soceootonc|+o+s;+nocgunoo+^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oc|||n-
o+gcm(^b|+b||n)cm.oos|o|+mvcno|ooscc|c+oce,oovc|cu|osb||no+ooscomumc|csc|mcnto
|o,ct+oooc,/+o+noOmc|c+ooooooc+|+m|o+c+tcno|ootot+|mcntcv|+|mo|t+io
Oo||ct||cnoocu|t|++|tocsomo|ccu|+|(|||\||)c|oouz|ooo|out|ost|cs|+b||c+ntcsno
munooscnooumb|+s||c||o|ut|||z+oo+|+m+tc||+|oc|otciob+||st|c+scnoo|occss+oon+
|o|m+octcc|oocm+nt+s+||c+oosn+con|cciooc|||comoco|ctcs+|ov+ocb+|+ôcm+no+
muno|+|ootcc|oob+||st|cooc||v+ooocstco||mc|ococ+|ox|m+o+mcntcu+t|om||tonc|+o+s;
+noc+tu+|mcntcc+tcno|o+c|osout|osoo|s|+b||c+ntcs||c|oncywc|||o||+s||+tu+|mcntc
siovcno|ooscc|c+oc.oooooco|ctcs;+no
||n+|mcntcscmumbom+ocs|voniocoss|vc|um+|nc|ocb||no+gcmcc+z^tccno|og|+oc
un|io|n|c|+|mcntccm|cg+o+c|+b+sc+o+cm|cs|n+soco||u|ct+nocu|+o+scomum|o+oc^tu-
+|mcntc+|nc|ssio|occss+ooso|t|+ns|c|cnc|+oc|cs|n+cmmo|occom+ux|||oocv+cuo(V+-
cuum^ss|stco|cs|n|+ns|c||ou|o|ngV^||)ccu|+ooscom|uzu|t|+v|o|ct+|oouz|noos|s-
tcm+scomc|cv+oog|+uoc|otcioc|c|oout|b|||o+oc+|cmoc|+|o+|oouio|noust||+||m+
+|cc||+ooC|xcomo||og|+m+oc|os-C|+ou+iocm|ngcn|+||+|ct+|u|g|c+coc|+tc||+|so+
||||ocmonst|ou+v|+b|||o+ocoo|occssoc+c++c|o+ococ|cs|stcnc|+b+||st|c+oos+|nc|sobt|-
!0

oos^|no+cncccss+||oocscnvo|vc||o|ncccoo|csoc|cs|n+s|oc+|s+|+su|||um+||n|+oc|oou-
iouc+tcnocsscsncccss|o+ocsoo||n|stc||oo+|c|cs+
^|gum+scm|cs+ss|oc|u|g|c+sn+c|on+|scstioocscnvo|vcnoo+osb+||st|cosgcnu|n+mcntcb|+s|-
|c||oscomoob,ct|vooc+tcnoc|sncccss|o+ocsoo|xc|c|tob|+s||c||o+umcnt+noo+soo|tun|-
o+ocsnomc|c+ooococ|cs+
!.z.!. |omentos estruturantes
|cstcscgmcntoout|+occ|cnc|+not+o+c++uscnc|+ocum|+bo|+to||on+c|on+|cscc|+||z+oocm
mco|ocsoc|o||co+ocsmccn|c+scm+|t+st+x+sococ|o|m+iocg|+nocsoc|o|m+ocsc+u-
s+o+s o| cx|osocs O mooc|+mcnto comut+c|on+| occnoc oc |n|o|m+ocs obt|o+s cm cu|-
+mcntos como b+||+s |o||nson c+n|ocs + g+s |cvc ou o|sos|t|vos oc |m+cto |+n+| |io c
suc|cntcossu||coo|goscomut+c|on+|sscmosmooc|osoosm+tc||+|s|oouz|oos|oc+|mcntc
|+ncosoco+oosocm+tc||+|s|oouz|oosnocxtc||o|niosu|cmcst+occ|cnc|+o|susu+|mcntc
osm+tc||+|s+|cscnt+mc+|+ctc||st|c+so|vc|s+su+noosubmct|ooss+|t+st+x+sococ|o|m+ioc
c+||cg+mcnto|oC|xcx|stc+un|c+b+||+|o||nsoncmoc|+iono||+s||oco|c+o++m+tc||+|s
+|+b||no+gcnsucncccss|t+oc+||mo|+mcntos
^|no+n++|c+oc|+bo|+to||oso|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v;|C^)+tu+n++|c+oc|o-
ccss+mcntoocsuc|||c|cs+|+sc|c+|+sm+oucooccon|c|||c+|+ctc||st|c+sun|c+s+o|oouto
occnocnoooom+tc||+|comoncntc|nt|c+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s+|tc|+o+sooc-scc|t+|+umcntooc
ou|cz+suc|c|+|c|+o||usioocoo+ntcs+ss|st|o+o||+sc|cocos|iooc|mcsnos+ss|st|o+
o||+sm+^|cmocstco|nst|tutooc|csu|s+sccno|og|c+s(||)cont||bu|cm|||ocm+tc||+|s
cc|m|coscmct+||cos+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+
|o|u|t|mon+|+scoc|oouio|noust||+|c|mo|t+ntcuccx|st+um+ocu+oomooc|oocgcstio
uc|ntcg|coso||c|cntcsm+tc||+|scm+|nc|sv|s+nooobtc|+|cs|stcnc|+b+||st|c+ncccss+||+com
+|c|oout|b|||o+occon|vc|occon+n+ocsc,+oos|sscmooc|oocgcstioocvcc|m|t||ogc|cn-
c|+mcntoo+c+oc|+|ntc|+g|noocomos|+b||c+ntcso+sv|+tu|+souo+s+c|on+vcsocsoc+||mc||+
ct++oo|o,cto|sscmooc|oocgcstiot+mbcmocvccst+bc|ccc|+|csons+b|||o+oco|submctc|
t+ntoo|otot|ou+ntoo|otc-||oto+v+||+ioooCcnt|ooc^v+||+ocsoo|xc|c|toC^|x+
mocsc|cm|omo|og+oos+|++u|s|io
!!
1.3. Materiais para blindagem eletromagntica
Osm+tc||+|s+bso|vcoo|csoc|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c+(|+|c)+|cscnt+m+c+|+ctc||st|c+ocooc-
|cmsc|ocv|o+mcntc+,ust+oosou|+ntcoscu|occss+mcntoocmooo++tcnoc|cm|cu|s|tosoc
o||c|cntcsv+|o|csocm+ss+cscc|c+c||nc|+|mcntcoc+tcnu+ioo+|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c+
cmo||c|cntcs|+|x+soc||cucnc|+s(.++sC|z)
Os|+|cut|||z+oosn+oc|cs+cscgu|+n+como|cvcst|mcntoocsuc|||c|cscxtc|n+sc|ntc|n+soc
vc|cu|os+c|costc||cst|cscmc|osn+v+|sm|||t+|csv|s+mniosc|octcct+oosc|os|+o+|cso|mc|o
o+|couioo+|cct|v|o+oco+cnc|g|+o+ono+c|ct|om+gnct|c+|nc|ocntc^|gunsm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
siout|||z+oosn+const|uiooccst|utu|+s+bso|vcoo|+soc|+o+|como|+oomcsc+s+m+t+sctc
|sscnc|+|mcntccx|stcmt|cstccn|c+socconst|uiooc+bso|vcoo|csoc|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c+
b+sc+o+scmc+ncc|+mcntooc|+scso+ono+c|ct|om+gnct|c+|nc|ocntccs+||+mcntoo+ono+c|c-
t|om+gnct|c+|nc|ocntccmo||cocso||c|cntcso++ntcn+|cccto|+cut|||z+ioocm+tc||+|scom
c|o+sm+gnct|c+sco|c|ct||c+s|nt||nscc+socnt|oo+|+|x+oc||cucnc|+soc|ntc|cssc
!.!.!. Agenda de aes estrateglcas para a socledade e economla do pals
O||+s||nio|oouzosm+tc||+|s|+|ccmcsc+|+|noust||+|Omc|c+oootcnc|+|sonoc+sooccc|u|+|cs
no||+s||oocsc|u+nt|c+ooc|onumc|ooccc|c+oc,om|||ocsoc++|c||osvcno|ooscm.oos
|c um+ |o|m+ gc|+| |ooc-sc |noust||+||z+| +s so|uocs n+c|on+|s ,+ ocscnvo|v|o+s cm m+tc||+|s
+|+b||no+gcmc|ct|om+gnct|c+cmn|vc|oc|otot|oc|oso|giosoccsu|s+n+c|on+|soc|o|-
m++gc|+||nov+ocsc+tcnoc|+ocm+no+sc|v|scm|||t+|cs|c||m|o+s
!.!.z. Agenda de U8l
O uso o+ |+o|+io c|ct|om+gnct|c+ n+ |+|x+ oc m|c|oono+s vcm sc to|n+noo ||cucntc u|t|m+-
mcntc com su+s ||nc|+|s +||c+ocs n+ +|c+ oc tc|ccomun|c+ocs cm occo||cnc|+ oos +v+nos
tccno|og|cosnosscto|csoctc|c|on|+cc|u|+|+ntcn+soct|+nsm|ssioc|ccciocs|stcm+socco-
mun|c+ioococ|cs+cocscgu|+n+cm|cg+ooscm+c|on+vcsn+v|oscv|+tu|+st+ntoc|v|scomo
m|||t+|csComv|st+s+c||m|n+|ou+tcnu+|n|vc|soc|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c++s+t|v|o+ocsoc||
+|+++|c+ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+vcmsccx+no|noon+busc+ocnovosm+tc||+|sucossu+mc+-
!z

|+ctc||st|c+soc+bso|vc|+|+o|+io|nc|ocntc|oo|c|on+noo+v+nostccno|og|coss|gn|c+t|vos
s+|c+socc|ct|oc|ct|on|c+nuc|c+|cs+c|+|+c|on+ut|c+cn+v+|
Osm+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcnsc|ct|om+gnct|c+soocmsc|+bso|vcoo|csou|ccto|cs(+|+ono+s
|+n+sc+mo|ox|moc+mom+gnct|co)cm|ccxocscmum+c+m+o+oucmmu|t||+sc+m+-
o+sn+sOsm+tc||+|sm+|sut|||z+ooscstion+|o|m+oc|o||+csum+oug+s|on|z+oo(|+sm+)|o
c+sooc++|c||oscm|sso|cscomocc|u|+|csus+-scum+t|nt+c+||c+oo|+oc+|t|cu|+socn|uc|c
cob|cOut|osm+tc||+|sm+|snob|cssio+s||g+socc|m+||oy(;o-,o/||+|c)cmu-mct+|(;,/
||+|cCuc|o)
^|ocu|+o|novosm+tc||+|sucossu+m|o||co+ocsm+gnct|c+sco|c|ct||c+s+ocu+o+s+o
usocm+bso|vcoo|csoc|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c+cocg|+noc|mo|tnc|+|nt|cosm+tc||+|scm
cstuoooso||mc|osconouto|cstcms|oo+||c+ooscomoccnt|osoc+bso|iooc|+o|+ioocv|oo
oss|b|||o+ococv+||+ioo+su+conout|v|o+occom+||cucnc|+o+|+o|+ioo+sono+s|nc|ocn-
tcsscnoocst+csu|s+ocst+ooo++|tcno|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|s|^||
Oscomos|toso||mc||costcm+t|+|oo++tcniooc|numc|osg|uosoccsu|s+t+ntoc|+|m-
o|tnc|+c|cnt|c+cmsccntcnoc|osnovos|cnomcnosocsscsm+tc||+|sm|stoscomoc|ootcn-
c|+|cm+||c+ocstccno|og|c+s
Om+tc||+|tcxt||como|c|o|oousc|v|noocomosubst|+tout|||z+oon+|o|m+iooccomos|tos
comoo|cxcm|ob|+ocv|o|oc+|bono+|+m|o+cctc|++|gumtcmo,+ccon|cc|oon+||tc-
|+tu|+cnoocon|cc|oososmctooosoc|c+|+ioco+s|o||co+ocsoco||mc|osconouto|cs
+ss++sc||ntc|css+ntc+|c+|+iooccomos|tos+|+sc|cmut|||z+ooscomo+bso|vcoo|csoc
|+o|+ioonocumooscomoncntcssc,+umo||mc|oconouto|+o|c|on+oo+um+m+t||zoco-
||mc|oconvcnc|on+|ocusogc|+|
Ostcc|oosocb|+ocv|o|oo|sc|cm|oouz|ooscm|+|g+csc+|+muno|+|cc|+su+|+|g+ut|||z+io
ocv|oossu+scxcc|cntcs|o||co+ocscomoo|cxcm|obom|so|+ntc+cust|coctc|m|conio
|n+m+vc|+|t+|cs|stcnc|+co||osiob+|x+m+ss+cscc|c+cbo+s|o||co+ocso|c|ct||c+s|no|c+m
um++||c+ioc|ct|v+n+|+b||c+ioocm+tc||+|scomos|toscomooso||mc|osossu|nooot|m+
+ocsiocnt|c+ssuc|||c|cs|ctc|ogcnc+succstiocm|c|+t|vocont+to
!!
!.!.!. |omentos estruturantes
^cs+|ocnio|+vc||noust||+|o,cno||+s||o|nst|tutoccno|og|cooc^c|on+ut|c+(|^)cooc|+
como|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)+mbosoo|c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+^c-
|ocs+c|+|(|C^)c+tu+cmn|vc|ocos-g|+ou+iococ|n|c|+ioc|cnt|c+n++|c+ocb||no+gcm
c|ct|om+gnct|c+nocstuooocm+tc||+|scomos|toscst|utu|+|so||mc||cosc|cvcst|mcntosoc+|t+
+bso|iooc|+o|+ioc|ct|om+gnct|c+
1.4. Materiais metlicos com aplicaes em defesa e segurana
Osm+tc||+|smct+||cosuco|su+|unc|on+||o+ocm+|ssc|cst+m+ousocmoc|cs+sioos+os
c||g+s|c||os+scnt|cosu+|sscocst+c+mos+os|nox|o+vc|sos+oscscc|+|socu|t|+-+|t+|cs|s-
tcnc|+os+os+|+tcmc|+tu|+sc|cv+o+sos+os+|+|c||+mcnt+sos+oscomc|cv+o+|+st|c|-
o+occos+osm+|+g|ng|nt|c+sc|+m+o+s||g+s|cvcstcm|c|cvnc|++s||g+soc+|um|n|ot|tn|o
m+gncs|ocbc||||o|cst+uccscc|+|co+oossuc|||g+sb+scocn|uc|cob+|toc|c||otoo+s
ocst|n+o+s++||c+ocscm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+st+|como+scncont|+o+sn+stu|b|n+socmoto|cs
+c|ocs+c|+|s
!.4.!. Agenda de aes estrateglcas para a socledade e economla do pals
|nt|c +s o|vc|s+s |n|c|+t|v+s oss|vc|s no scgmcnto oc m+tc||+|s mct+||cos oc oc|cs+ c scgu|+n+
um+o+s||nc|+|s+ocscst|+tcg|c+s|ccomcno+o+sc|ccuc|+|+c++c|o+oc+ntc||o|mcntcoo-
m|n+o+ no +|s n+ obtcnio oc ||g+s oc t|tn|o ^|cm ocst+ |ccomcno+-sc |noust||+||z+| o|vc|sos
m+tc||+|smct+||cosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|tutosoc||bcmcomonovos|occssosmct+|u|g|cos
ut|||z+oosn+|oouioo+|noust||+ococ|cs+
Ot|tn|o(|)cononoc|cmcntom+|s+buno+ntco+c||+|x|stcmoucosm+tc||+|sucossucm
+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soomct+|oc|tn|o|m+||c+ocsonocsio|cuc||o+sg|+nocs|o|+sot|tn|o
comctccomo+|um|no+ocsuc|||g+s|+|++||c+ocsuc|cuc|cm|cs|stcnc|++co||osio+|u-
m|n|on|uc|+ocscc|+|c||g+socz||con|ooocmsc|subst|tutoso|t|tn|oOo|ox|oooct|t-
n|ocomctccomc+|bon+toocc+|c|o|cc||t+oosocc+|bon+toocc+|c|oc+u||mct+|cocomo
|gmcntob|+nco|os||^+|ox|m+o+mcntc,|/oosconccnt|+oos|ovcn|cntcsoom|nc||ooc
t|tn|ococst|n+oo|oouiooc|gmcntosoco|ox|oosoct|tn|oose/|cst+ntcssious+ooscm
!4

|cvcst|mcntosocso|o+soc|+stcsc+|+m+nu|+tu|+occ+|bu|ou|m|coscmct+|Osm|nc||osuc
+|cscnt+m|ntc|cssccconom|cosio||mcn|t+|cucoxcno|ut||o^n+st+s|os|+ngc|ut||os|ntct|co
^ |oouio muno|+| oos conccnt|+oos oc |tn|o vcm +umcnt+noo +no + +no O +umcnto oo
consumoco+|oouiooc|gmcntosoco|ox|oooc|tn|on+C||n+tcmcst|mu|+oooocscn-
vo|v|mcntooc|o,ctosm|nc|+|soc|tn|ocmo|vc|sos+|scs^C||n+octcm+sm+|o|cs|csc|v+s
muno|+|soc|tn|o(.,/)co||+s||ossu|e/ocss+s|csc|v+sOsm+|o|cs|oouto|csmuno|+|soc
|tn|osioûst|+||+(.|/)^|||c+oou|(+,/)C+n+o+(+,/)cC||n+(,/)
^cn+s+|+sctc|um+|oc|+oot+m+n|oocstcmc|c+oono+|scm.oo;+|oouio|ntc|n+bc-
ncc|+o+no||+s||tot+||zou+|ox|m+o+mcntc,em||tonc|+o+s(cc|c+oc.,/o+|oouiomun-
o|+|)Ov+|o|tot+|o+s|mo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+s(|O|)oc.oo;|o|oc|,.,em|||ocscmsu+m+|o|
+|tccomostosu|m|cos(ese/)scgu|ooso|m+nu|+tu|+oos(.s|/)scm|m+nu|+tu|+oos(.+/)
cbcns||m+||os(+/)Osm+|o|cs|o|ncccoo|csoccomosto-u|m|cooc|tn|o+|+o||+s|||o-
|+m||^(,s/)|cx|co(.o/)C||n+(+o/)|c|n|+(;/)c^|cm+n|+(,/)|osm+nu|+tu|+oosoc
|tn|o os ||nc|+|s |o|ncccoo|cs |o|+m ^|||c+ oo u| c |o|ucg+ co||csonocnoo + so/ c +e/
|cscct|v+mcntcootot+||mo|t+oo
|+uc|c+nooc.oo;+scxo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+soc|tn|otot+||z+|+m.;m||tonc|+o+sco||cson-
ocnoo+|,|,m|||ocs^m+|o|+|tcoov+|o|tot+|o+scxo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+soc|tn|o|c|c|c-
sc + comostos u|m|cos (,,|/) scgu|oo o| scm|m+nu|+tu|+oos (.,/) m+nu|+tu|+oos (+,s/)
cbcns||m+||os(+s/)Osm+|o|csconsum|oo|csoccomostosu|m|coscxo|t+oosc|o||+s||
|o|+m^|gcnt|n+(|+/)||^(+,/)|c|no|n|oo(+./)C|||c(,/)c||ugu+|(,/)|osm+nu|+tu|+-
ooso+|sucm+|s|mo|tou|o|os||^(e,/)scgu|ooo|Co|omb|+(+,/)c|c|no|n|oo(++/)
Osscm|m+nu|+tu|+oosoct|tn|oossu|+mum+ocm+no+mcnosconccnt|+o+oouc+socm+|s
|o|m+sscnoo+|o|+no+(,e/)|+io(,o/)c||^(+|/)osm+|o|cs|mo|t+oo|csôcm+no+m+|s
conccnt|+o+cnt|c+scxo|t+ocsoc|tn|o|o|+ocbcns||m+||os|mo|t+ooscxc|us|v+mcntc
c|+||+n+cm.oo;
^ss|mcm.oo;om+|o|consumooot|tn|ono||+s|||o|ocst|n+oo+|+b||c+iooct|nt+scsm+|tcs
cvc|n|zcs(,++/)scgu|ooc|+s|oc|u|g|+(,,,/)|c||os-||g+(++./)|oouioocso|o+sc+nooos
+|++g+|v+no|+st|+(+./)co|u|t|mo|sosc|cvcst|mcntos(o,/)
O|occssoocobtcniooct|tn|omct+||co+tu+|mcntccmusococnom|n+oo||o||O+nt|goCcn-
t|occn|co^c|ocs+c|+|+tu+||c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+^c|ocs+c|+|(|C^)ocscn-
vo|vcuo|occssono||+s||covcnocu+|+um+g|+noccm|cs+b|+s||c||+uco||+zocsocmc|-
!
c+oonioo|m|+ntou|noust||+|mcntc|o|t+nto,+|ouvccon|cc|mcntoocscnvo|v|oo|oc+|mcntc
ou+|ooc||+sc|m+|s|+c||mcntc|ccuc|+oo
^sc+|+ctc||st|c+scomb|n+o+socb+|x+ocns|o+occg|+noc|cs|stcnc|+co||osio|+zcmoot|tn|o
om+tc||+||oc+|+|+mu|t+s+||c+ocs|ocnt+ntoscucusto|c|+t|v+mcntc+|toocm|nc|+ioc|+-
b||c+iotcm|couz|oosu++||c+io+scto|cscscc|+||z+ooscomoo+c|ocs+c|+||csu|s+s|cccn-
tcsv|s+noo|couioocsscscustos|csu|t+|+mnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+|soc.onovos|occssos
otcnc|+|s+|++|oouiooct|tn|omct+||co
O t|tn|o mct+||co c ut|||z+oo +m|+mcntc t+nto cm su+ |o|m+ comc|c|+|mcntc u|+ (C|) como
cm um+ sc||c oc ||g+s uc ot|m|z+m o|vc|s+s |o||co+ocs |cuc||o+s +|+ c+o+ uso |ctcno|oo
|+c||mcntcso|o+vc|coc|o|m+vc|ot|tn|oC|gc|+|mcntctcmmcno||cs|stcnc|+t|+ioccom-
|cssiouc+s||g+s||c+mcntccc|c+oc,o/oot|tn|oc|oouz|oon+|o|m+C|+m+|o|+|tc
n+|o|m+cmo
^ss|mcomo+cx+nsiooo+|um|n|on+occ+o+oc+,,o|o||mu|s|on+o+o|su+ut|||z+iocmut|-
||o+ocsoomcst|c+s+|gum+s+n+||scsvcmscnoo|c+||z+o+s+|+|ocnt|c+|nov+s+||c+ocsotcn-
c|+|s+|+ot|tn|oC|bcmcomonovos|occssosucooc||+m|couz||oscustosoc|oouio
||ooutosocconsumos|m||+|cs+|no+nio|o|+m|ocnt|c+oos+|+ousooct|tn|o+cs+|oc+|gu-
m+stcnt+t|v+s(cxt+cosocgo||c)
|o|out|o|+oo+v+||+m-scu+|scomoncntcsocvc|cu|oscs+oossc||+mc+no|o+tos+|++subs-
t|tu|iooosscusm+tc||+|s+tu+|so|t|tn|oc+soocustoocsscscomoncntcscm|sc,+ms|gn|-
c+t|v+mcntc|couz|ooscm|c|+io+os+t+m+|cs+tu+|s|c|+smcsm+s|+zocsucot|tn|oooc
sc||ntc|css+ntc+|+vc|cu|oscs+oos(|couiooccm|ssocsoocsocooconsumooccombust|-
vc|+|cmocsu+s|o||co+ocsun|c+socb+|x+ocns|o+occocscmcn|ocm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+scm
com+|+io+o+ocssuc|||g+s)omc|c+oot+mbcm+v+||+scucm|cgon+|noust||++utomob|-
||st|c+cmvc|cu|os|cvcsc+soscucustooc|oouiosc,+|couz|oos|gn|c+t|v+mcntc|ss+scsu|-
s+soocmv||++umcnt+|s|gn|c+t|v+mcntcomc|c+oooot|tn|o
||n+|mcntccomocv|ocnc|+ooncstccstuooooCC||ot|tn|otcm+|no+o|vc|s+sout|+s+||c+ocs
cst|+tcg|c+snosscto|csoc^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|sc+uoc|co|co-Ooonto|og|c++su+|sco||obo|+m
+csco||+o++iocst|+tcg|c+|c|+c|on+o++omct+|
|cum+|o|m+gc|+||ooc-sc|noust||+||z+|o|vc|sosm+tc||+|smct+||cosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|tu-
tosoc|||nc|us|vc||g+soc+ob+||st|co+|++tcnoc|sncccss|o+ocsocb||no+gcmb+||st|c+mcn-
!6

c|on+o+s+ntc||o|mcntcc|ccuc|+|+c++c|o+oc+ntc||o|mcntcoom|n+o+oc|oouiooc||g+soc
|tn|ono+|sn++|c+ococ|cs+|noust||+||z+|+|no+novos|occssosmct+|u|g|coscnovos|occs-
sosoc,uniocso|o+gcmoccomoncntcscst|utu|+|sucoss+msc|ut|||z+oosn+|oouioo+
|noust||+ococ|cs+c+so,u|g+oosv|+vc|soosontosocv|st+tccno|og|cosccomc|c|+|s
!.4.z. Agenda de U8l
^scsu|s+sncsscscgmcntocstiocmcont|nu+cvo|uiocoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|s
mct+||coscst+|cscntc||nc|+|mcntc+|++||c+ocscst|+tcg|c+snos+|scsm+|scvo|u|oos|o
||+s||+|guns|nvcst|mcntossio|c+||z+oosmcsmocmm+tc||+|s,+ocscnvo|v|oosnocxtc||o|ôc-
|+s+gcmtccno|og|c+cnt|cos+|scsooc,ust|c+|o|nvcst|mcntono||+s||cmm+tc||+|scons|oc-
|+oosocscnvo|v|oosnocxtc||o|noscnt|ooocconu|st+|comctcnc|+s|ncx|stcntcsou|ccuc|+|
c++c|o+ocs ,+ obt|o+s m+s ,+m+|s |noust||+||z+o+s ^|cm o|sso |+ +|no+ um g|+noc otcnc|+| oc
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocsscsm+tc||+|souc,ust|c+|nvcst|mcntoscm||nos+oscmgc|+|ccm
+|t|cu|+|nos+oscscc|+|sc+v+n+oos
O+tu+|cst+g|ooccon|cc|mcntomuno|+|c|m|tc|nc|us|vcmooc|+gcnscomut+c|on+|succm
|unioooocscmcn|ocsc|+oo+|++||g+cst|u|+m+comos|iou|m|c+cos|occss+mcn-
tosm+|s+ocu+oos+|+scobtc|+cst|utu|+c+s|o||co+ocsocsc,+o+s|ocnt+ntono||+s||+s
|n|o|m+ocsc+scomctcnc|+s+|no+sccncont|+mo|sc|s+s|+|t+noo|nvcst|mcntos+|+sc+t|ng||
cssccst+g|o
Out|o|+to||ntc|css+ntcc+oss|b|||o+ococsc+ssoc|+|+bo+u+||o+occst|utu|+|oos+os+os|o-
ccssosoct|+t+mcntoocsuc|||c|co|son|vc|smc||o|+noosu+s|o||co+ocscscc|c+scomo|-
vc|sosnst+|scomo|otciocont|++co||osio+umcntoo+ou|cz+co+v|o+cm|+o|g+|couio
ooocsg+stccnt|cout|os
Os+osc|m|tcmobtc|um+v+st+g+m+oc|o||co+ocsocv|oocomb|n+ioo+s|+scscmsu+
cst|utu|+oucc|m|tc+,ust+|+||+iovo|umct||c+c+mo||o|og|+o+s|+scss|o||co+ocsoc-
sc,+o+s|cst+||n|+ococscnvo|v|mcntoto|n+-sc|ntc|css+ntcocstuooc+||c+ocsoos+osb||+-
s|cosmu|t||+s|coscoc|+scscom|cx+s|ooc-sc+|no++ssoc|+|+s|o||co+ocso+s|+scs|cscntcs
comomcc+n|smooc|cc||t+io^|oouioocsscs+oscst++ssoc|+o+ut|||z+iooct|+t+mcn-
tostc|m|cosctc|momccn|cosoucoss|b|||t+su++||c+iog|+nocm+|o||+oos+oscx|stcntcs
nomc|c+oo^|noust||++utomob|||st|c+tcmut|||z+oob+st+ntco|occssooct|+ns|o|m+iooc|+-
scsnos+osc+ss|mcsc|+-scucomcsmovcn|++oco||c|noscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+
!7
!.4.!. |omentos estruturantes
|nt|c+s|nst|tu|ocs+tu+ntcscmm+tc||+|smct+||cos+|+oscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n+ucncccs-
s|t+moc|omcntoocst+c+m-sccnt|cout|+s
^|uno+ioCcnt|occno|og|cooc||n+sCc|+|s(Cctcc)uc+tu+noocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocnovos+osou||g+smct+||c+snio|c||os+socsoco|o,ctoo+||g++tc|occss+mcnto
tc|momccn|coc+c+|+ctc||z+ioocsu+s|o||co+ocscm|c|ocst|utu|+
O|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)uc+tu+n++|c+oc|occss+mcntoocsuc|-
||c|csmct+||c+s+|+sc|c+|+sm+oucooccon|c|||c+|+ctc||st|c+sun|c+s+o|oouto
occnocnoooom+tc||+|comoncntc|nt|c+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s+|tc|+o+sooc-scc|t+|+u-
mcntoocou|cz+suc|c|+|c|+o||usioocoo+ntcs+ss|st|o+o||+sc|+b|+ioocm+tc-
||+|sc|oouioocn+no+|t|cu|+s+ss|st|o+o||+sc|cocos|iooc|mcsnos+ss|st|o+
o||+sm+
O|nst|tutooc|csu|s+sccno|og|c+s(||)uccont||bu|cm|||cmm+tc||+|smct+-
||cost+|scomo+osm+|+g|ng(,+ocscnvo|v|oocom+||;|cn;C|)m+tc||+|ss|ntc||-
z+oos(b+||st|cos)comoncntcscm|ctc|ncccss+||o+|no++|o|uno+|oocscnvo|v|-
mcntooos+osm+|+g|ng+|+c|m|t||+|+b||c+iooc||g+scommc||o|ocscmcn|o
cmcscc|+|os+osm+|+g|ng,,oc|oo
O|nst|tutoccno|og|cooc^c|on+ut|c+(|^)ucocscnvo|vccsu|s+cooc|+t|v+com
+ ||CC (|n|vc|s|o+oc |coc|+| oc C+m|n+ C|+noc) +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc m+tc-
||+|s +v+n+oos m+|s cscc|c+mcntc ||g+s com c|c|to oc |cmo||+ oc |o|m+ (|||) c
comos|tos+t|vos|stcsm+tc||+|scscc|+|sscc+|+ctc||z+mo|um+not+vc|scns|b|||o+oc
+ tcmc|+tu|+ c c+||cg+mcnto mccn|co uc otcnc|+||z+ +||c+ocs cm o|vc|s+s +|c+s
uct|+o|c|on+|mcntcocm+no+mnov+stccno|og|+scomoosscto|cs+c|on+ut|coc+c-
|ocs+c|+|occt|o|cocg+scnc|g|+c|ct||c+mco|co-ooonto|og|cocout|os|cscnvo|vc
t+mbcmcstuoossob|c|occssosoc|oouioocoso+||g+|||com||c|tooc|cmo-
||+ oc |o|m+ (|||) +|+ +||c+ocs +c|ocs+c|+|s m+|s cscc|c+mcntc c|ct|ooos +|+
|+b||c+ioocontcsc|ct||c+s+|++||c+iocmo|sos|t|voc|ct|o||otccn|cout|||z+oos
cm|oto|cs-|oguctcs+||oc|cntco||oo|cscnvo|vc+|no+cm+t|v|o+oc|c|+c|on+o+
csu|s+s sob|c |o||co+ocs ||s|c+s oc ||g+s scm|conouto|+s c ||g+s oc scm|conouto|cs
m+gnct|cos
!8

1.5. Materiais compsitos com aplicaes em defesa e segurana
|+tc||+|comos|tooocsc|ocn|oocomo+comb|n+ioocoo|soum+|sm+tc||+|so||c|cntcscom
o|st|nt+s|o||co+ocs|untos|o|m+mumnovom+tc||+|ucossu|+sbo+su+||o+ocsoosm+tc-
||+|scomb|n+oosc;outcmsu+s||+ucz+sm|n|m|z+o+s^sv+nt+gcns+|cscnt+o+sc|oscomos|-
tossiov+||+scnt|cc|+s+|cs|stcnc|++tcmc|+tu|+scxt|cm+sco||osiococsg+stccscc|+|mcntc
cm+||c+ocs|noust||+|s|st+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soocmconouz||+custosm+|sb+|xosc+umcntooo
c|c|oocv|o+ocstcs|ooutos
|+tc||+|scomos|tosossucmmu|t+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sucoso||c|cnc|+moosm+tc||+|sconvcnc|o-
n+|s(|omogcncosc|sot|o|cosmcsm+s|o||co+ocscmtoo+s+so||cocscmu+|uc|onto)
|||c|cntcmcntc m+tc||+|s comos|tos sio |ctc|ogcncos c +n|sot|o|cos ou o|tot|o|cos ou sc,+
+|cscnt+mo||c|cntcs|o||co+ocscmo||c|cntcsontos
|x|stcmmu|tost|osoccomos|tosucv+||+mcon|o|mcot|oocm+tc||+|soosu+|ssiocomb|-
n+ooscomo|+st|cosmct+|soucc|m|c+|+umt|ocscc|+|cu,oscstuooscusostcmsccx+n-
o|oos|gn|c+t|v+mcntciooscomos|toso||mc||cosnosu+|sos|c|o|ossioun|ooso|um+
m+t||zo||mc||c+Comocxcm|ostcm-sc+b|+ocv|o|o(b+|xocustoccsoc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+)c
+sb|+socc+|bonocst+scon|cc|o+scomocomos|tos+v+n+oosocv|oo++|cscnt+|cm|cs|s-
tcnc|+|+o|g+bcmm+|o|uco+oco+|um|n|om+|o|+mo|tcc|mcntov|b|+ioccocc|cntcoc
o||+t+iotc|m|c+ncg+t|vo^sb|+socc+|bono(|C)siocm|cg+o+scmo|vc|sos|ooutosocsoc
o|scooc||c|osocvc|cu|os+tctubc||+soc|oguctcs
!..!. Agenda de aes estrateglcas para a socledade e economla do pals
||b|+socC+|bono(|C)siom+tc||+|soc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+c||g|oczuccomb|n+oos+um+
m+t||zno|m+|mcntc|cs|n+cox||o|m+mumm+tc||+|comos|to+v+n+oo|+comb|n+iooc
+|t+|cs|stcnc|+c||g|oczcon,ug+o++um+b+|x+ocns|o+occbo+|cs|stcnc|+co||osiouc|+zcom
ucoscomos|tosocb|+occ+|bonosc,+mtio+t|+cntcsnomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|^sb|+sc+|-
bon|c+s|oouzcm|+mcntosoc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+us+oos+|+osm+|so|vc|sosnsocst+-
c+noo-sc+s+||c+ocsnosscto|cstcxtc|s+utomot|voscso|t|vos+c|ocs+c|+|scococ|cs+
Oscomos|tos|c|o|+oosocb|+occ+|bonoossucmum+|cs|stcnc|+m+|o|uc+oo+oo|
cxcm|om+ssios|gn|c+t|v+mcntcm+|s|cvcsouccx||c+su+|mo|tnc|+tccno|og|c+ccco-
nom|c+cos|+zsc|cmut|||z+ooscmsubst|tu|io+c+smct+||c+scmcm|ccno|mcntoso|vc|sos
!9
ucvioo+|oouio+c|ocs+c|+|+|tcnscso|t|voscomo|+uctcsoctcn|sO|occssoocobtcn-
ioo+sb|+socc+|bonocnvo|vcum+tccno|og|+com|cx+cons|oc|+o+um|+to|c|+vcocsuccs-
soo+|oouiocumscg|coocomc|c|+|oosm+|sbcmgu+|o+oosc|+scm|cs+suc+octcm
||sto||c+mcntcomc|c+ooocb|+occ+|bonotcm+ss+ooo|c|c|osoc+|t+cb+|x+to|n+nooo|-
||c||+|+os|oouto|csocb|+|cvc|+ocu+o+mcntcsu+ncccss|o+occmtc|mosocc++c|o+oc
^s|o,cocsocc|csc|mcntooomc|c+oomuno|+|ocb|+occ+|bonocst|m+mumc|csc|mcnto
+nu+|o+o|ocmoc+,/|omcnt+noo|nvcst|mcntoscons|oc|+vc|soos||nc|+|s|oouto|csno+u-
mcntoocsu+c++c|o+oc|nst+|+o++|+|+zc||+cc+css+c|csccntcocm+no+Os||nc|+|sconsu-
m|oo|csocb|+occ+|bononomunoosio^mc||c+oo|o|tc(,,/)|+io(+,/)c|u|o+(,o/)
m+s +|scs como C||n+ +|w+n |no|+ |+ng|+ocs| c V|ctn+m cstio +|cscnt+noo ocm+no+s cm
||+nc+cx+nsio
|+t+-scocummc|c+oo|cst||t|vo+|t+mcntccom|cxoooontoocv|st+tccno|og|coc|ot+go-
n|z+oo o| sctc g|+nocs |oouto|cs com um |coom|n|o oc cm|cs+s oc o||gcm ,+oncs+ uc
cont|o|+msctcnt+o|ccntooomc|c+oo||oouto|cs+nt|gos|ct||+|+m-scoomc|c+ooout|vc|+m
su+so|v|socsocb|+occ+|bono+bso|v|o+so|g|uosm+|o|cs^|toscustosocc+|t+|c|+zos
oc|cto|nooo|nvcst|mcntomu|to|ongossiot|+o|c|on+|mcntc+ont+ooscomob+||c||+scnt|+-
o+ocnovos+to|csncsscmc|c+oo|stcssctcm+|o|cs|oouto|csmuno|+|st|vc|+m|nvcst|mcntos
+nunc|+ooscm.oo;ocm+|soc|,+|b|cmcx+nsioou+tu+||z+ioocsu+s|+nt+s|noust||+|s
conccnt|+o+sn+^mc||c+oo|o|tc|u|o+c^s|+
O||+s||niocum|oouto|cmcsc+|+comc|c|+|ocb|+occ+|bonooc+|toocscmcn|o|ossu|
+cn+s|+nt+soot|o||oto+|+csu|s+^c|csccntcocm+no+|ntc|n+ooc|nccnt|v+|os|nvcs-
t|mcntosncccss+||os+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+|oouiocsu+comc|c|+||z+io
^|cmoosscto|csococ|cs+cscgu|+n+coc+t|v|o+ocscs+c|+|scont|+toss|gn|c+t|vosoc|o|nc-
c|mcntoocb|+occ+|bonotcmoco|||oo+|+++v|+io+|+oscto|occnc|g|++|tc|n+t|v+||n-
c|+|mcntcco||c+c+|++cx|o|+ioocct|o|cocm+gu+s|o|uno+s|sscsnovoscont|+tosvcm
|nccnt|v+nooomc|c+oomuno|+|ocb|+occ+|bono|sscnovoccn+||ot+mbcm|cvou+um+u-
mcntooo|coocmc|c+ooo+b|+occ+|bono,+uc+|noust||+cst+v+ocs|c+|+o++|+um
+umcntotiog|+nocococm+no+
ût|||z+ioocb|+socc+|bonocc+o+vczm+|o|n+|noust||++c|ocs+c|+|c|cg+noocm+|guns
c+sos+m+|soc,o/oocsocst|utu|+|o++c|on+vc|mbo|++ocm+no+ocsscscto|niosc,++m+|o|
cmvo|umccst+tcmum+s|gn|c+t|v++|t|c|+iocmv+|o|csmonct+||osOcm|cgooccomo-
40

s|tosocb|+occ+|bonoc+|t+mcntccst|+tcg|coo|sc|m|tc+|oouiooc+c|on+vcsc+o+vcz
m+|s|cvcs+gc|scommcno|consumooccombust|vc|ccomm+|o|c++c|o+ococc+|g+|mmc-
nosoc|o+nosousoocb|+socc+|bonocm+c|on+vcsm|||t+|cs+ssouoc./+|+|o/oocso
cst|utu|+|o+s+c|on+vcsccm+c|on+vcscomc|c|+|s|o|+|no+m+|scx|css|votcnoo+ss+oooc./
+|+,o/oocsocst|utu|+|o+s+c|on+vcs
^tu+|mcntc + |mb|+c| c +tcno|o+ o| um |o|ncccoo| cst|+ngc||o cu,o cont|+to v|gcntc tc|m|n+
cm.o+.+b||noo+oss|b|||o+ococcnt|+o+nomc|c+oo++|t||ocss+o+t+O||og|+m+|mb|+c|
|C-,,o(novo+v|ioc+|guc||om|||t+|)uctc|+ocm+no+oc|Cs++|t||oc.o+.c|cv+|+s|gn|c+t|-
v+mcntcoconsumocons|oc|+noo-scuccc|c+oc,o/oocsooo+v|iosc|+cm|C
^cx|o|+ioc|oouiooco|cocg+scm+gu+s|o|uno+s(cx||c-+|)|cuc|ocm|cgooc
|c|o|osocb|+occ+|bonocmtoo++|cococoutossubm+||noso|socsoo+scst|utu|+ssub-
m+||n+s|nv|+b|||z+ocm|cgooccst|utu|+su|+mcntcmct+||c+so|uocscm||b|+ocC+|bono
,+sccncont|+mcmusocm+gu+s|o|uno+snomunootooocscc|+|mcntcnoCo||ooo|cx|co
V+||oscomoncntcstot+|mcntcmct+||coscstioscnoo|og|css|v+mcntcsubst|tu|ooso||c|o|os
ocb|+occ+|bonobcmm+|s|cvcsc|cs|stcntcs
|+s|+t+|o|m+soshore+|Coocsc|ut|||z+o+cmtubosoutosrisersc+bosumb|||c+|scc|cmcn-
tosoc|+t+|o|m+como|sossc+|+oo|csoc+gu+;o|coct+nucs^|ct|ob|+s+nunc|ouum+oc-
m+no+oc|,nov+s|+t+|o|m+sos|o|c+tc.o.oo+su+|s,osiocm+gu+s|o|uno+s|+|+cst+
n+||o+oc+ocm+no+cst|m+o+coc+|ox|m+o+mcntcou+sm||tonc|+o+soc|Co||+t+|o|m+c
+mct+govc|n+mcnt+|cconst|u||um+nov+|+t+|o|m+ocg+so|+no++|t||oc.o+oOt|+nso|-
tcocg+sn+tu|+|oosc+mosm+||t|moscost+sc|+com|cmcnt+ooc|ousoocn+v|osoc|+noo
comt+nucsocg+sn+tu|+|com||m|oo(C|C)osn+v|osg+sc||os|x|stc+ncccss|o+occst|m+o+
oct|csn+v|osg+sc||oso||+t+|o|m+consum|noom+|s,ootonoc|Cc+o+n+v|o|st|m+-scum+
ocm+no+ocm+|socsm||tonc|+o+so|+no+tc.o.o
Com+ncccss|o+ococc+||+||z+|og+sn+tu|+|notc|||to||on+c|on+|++|tc|n+t|v++ousoocg+so-
outoscog+sooutov||tu+|onocoC|Csc|+t|+nso|t+oocmc|||no|osocb|+occ+|bonocmc+-
m|n|ocs|st|m+-sc+convc|siooc,m||c|||no|os+|+g+sooutosv||tu+|s(,ooc+m|n|ocs)o|+no
scnoo,o|goc|Co|c|||no|oousc,++tc.;otonc|+o+socb|+socc+|bonoo|+no
O ||+s|| tcm |og|+m+s govc|n+mcnt+|s +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc cnc|g|+s +|tc|n+t|v+s |cstc
scnt|oo +|ovc|t+noo o otcnc|+| co||co oo +|s c busc+noo o|vc|s|c+| + m+t||z cnc|gct|c+ b|+-
s||c||+mu|t+sus|n+socgc|+iooccnc|g|+co||c+vcmscnoo|m|+nt+o+sComo|ocnt|c+oono
4!
cstuooooCC||oc|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+|nc|g|+ousooccomoncntcscst|utu|+|socb|+
occ+|bonocm+socgc|+oo|csco||cosscto|n+|m|csc|no|vc|+mco|o+uc+s+sc|csccmcm
t+m+n|o(b|+socv|o|o+ss+m+sc||nv|+vc|socv|oo+om+|o|cso)Cons|oc|+noo+cn+sos|u-
tu|os|c||ocsoccnc|g|++|+gc|+ioco||c+cst|m+-scum+ocm+no+ocum+tonc|+o+oc|Co|
|\ocgc|+ioOgovc|nob|+s||c||otcmcomomct++t|ng||+o/o+gc|+ioc|ct||c+n+c|on+||o-
vcn|cntcoc|ontcsco||c+s+tc.o.o
Out|og|+nocmc|c+oo+|++b|+occ+|bonono+|sc+su+ut|||z+iocomom+tc||+|oc|c|o|o
cst|utu|+|n+|noust||+occonst|uioc|v||t+ntocomo|c|o|ooccst|utu|+snov+scomocm|c|o|-
m+s||n+|mcntc+sb|+socc+|bonoocu+||o+oc|noust||+|siot+mbcmut|||z+o+scmnuc|cosoc
c+bosc|ct||cosoc+|t+tcnsio
ôtooocst|m+-scuc+tc.o.oomc|c+oob|+s||c||oocm+no+|++;m||tonc|+o+socb|+occ+|-
bonoo|+noousc,+cc|c+oc|,+.b|||ocs;+noC+soscocscnvo|v+um+cst|utu|+n+c|on+|oc
|oouio oc |C com c++c|o+oc |ccon|cc|o+ c com um |oouto u+||c+oo no mc|c+oo too+
cst+ocm+no+|ntc|n+ooc||+sc|+tcno|o+no+|sOocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|+occ+|bonooc+|to
ocscmcn|o|oouz|o+no||+s|||couz||++occnocnc|+cxtc|n+ocssc|nsumocst|+tcg|co
|cum+|o|m+gc|+||ooc-sc|noust||+||z+|o|vc|sosm+tc||+|scomos|tosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|-
tutosoc||cscc|c+mcntc+sb|+socc+|bonoc|omcnt+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+stccno-
|og|+soc|+b||c+ioc|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|scomos|toso||mc||coscc+|bonosos
!..z. Agenda de U8l
Os cstuoos c + csu|s+ sob|c o |occss+mcnto oc m+tc||+|s o||mc||cos gc|+m v+||+s +||c+ocs
cst|+tcg|c+snosscto|cs|noust||+|cm|||t+|(spin-os)Osm+tc||+|so||mc||costcmusosconvcnc|o-
n+|socsoc|ooutosocusooomcst|co+tc+||c+ocscom||g|oos|cu|s|tosoc|+c|on+|scomoo|
cxcm|oc||cu|toscom|cxoscsost|c+oosoccu|+mcntosc|ct|on|cos|cscntcscmcc|u|+|csm+-
u|n+s|otog|+c+so|g|t+|s|m+oo|+s||occomut+oo|cs+tcm+tc||+|sccomoncntcsocs+tc||-
tcsc+v|ocsc|v|scm|||t+|csmoto|cs-|oguctcs+|oc|cntcso||oom|ssc|scvc|cu|os+c|ocs+c|+|s
^sb|+soc+|toocscmcn|osio+b+sco+|noust||+occomos|tos+v+n+oosto|n+noo-sccst|+-
tcg|c+s+|++||c+ocsn+s+|c+sococ|cs+o|sc|m|tcmot|+nsbo|o+mcntooctccno|og|+s+os
scto|cs|oout|vosoo+|s|nt|ccst+socst+c+m-sc+soc||v+o+soosm+tc||+|sc+|bonosos
4z

Osm+tc||+|sc+|bonososconst|tu|oosb+s|c+mcntcooc|cmcntoc+|bonosiocncont|+oosn+n+-
tu|cz+n+s|o|m+socg|+tcn+tu|+|coucs+|gunsc+|vocsm|nc|+|scn+s|o|m+ss|ntct|c+scomo
g|+tc s|ntct|co b|+s oc c+|bono c+|bono v|t|co comos|tos c+|bono |c|o|+oo com b|+s oc
c+|bono(C||C)ous|m|csmcntccomos|toc+|bono;c+|bono(C;C)|stcsm+tc||+|soocmsc|
obt|oos++|t||oco|vc|s+sm+tc||+s||m+so|gn|c+snoscst+oosso||oo||u|oooug+sosoc+os-
s|b|||o+ococsscscomos|tosconsc|v+|cm+ssu+s|o||co+ocsmccn|c+scm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+s
c|m|tcoscucm|cgocmcomoncntcs+|+vc|cu|oscs+c|+|sg+|g+nt+soctubc||+soc|oguctc
comoncntcsoctu|b|n+s||c|osoc+c|on+vcsocg|+noco|tcc|nc|us|vccmu|t|+ccnt|||ug+s+|+
cn||ucc|mcntoocu|n|o
^b|+occ+|bono(|C)cum|+mcnto|ongocnooc+|ox|m+o+mcntcooo,-oo+ommcmo|-
mct|ocomost+cmg|+noc+|tco|+tomosocc+|bonoOs+tomosocc+|bonocstio+g|u+-
ooscmc||st+|sm|c|osco|cosucc|m+ncccm|c|+t|v+mcntc+||n|+oos+|+|c|+mcntc+o|ongooo
c|xoo+b|+|ssc+||n|+mcntooosc||st+|sc|m|tcuc+b|+tcn|+um+|cs|stcnc|+cxt|+o|o|n+||+
^sb|+socc+|bonosio|oouz|o+sc|+||o||scocb|+so|gn|c+s|ccu|so|+scomoo|c|coo
ct|o|cooraionc+o||+c|||on|t|||+(|^|)cmum++tmos|c|+|nc|tc^||o||sccons|stccmummc-
tooooc|oouioocb|+socc+|bonocmuc|+occomos|ioc|oc+|o|ocm+tc||+|||cocm
c+|bono|stcm+tc||+||ctcmsu+|o|m+b|os++t|+vcsoct|+t+mcntostc|m|cosuc|csu|t+mcm
c+|bon|z+iocom+|to|cs|ouoc+|bon+cco
^|oouioocb|+socc+|bonovc|osu|||+ncccss|o+ococm+tc||+|succomb|n+sscm|cvcz+
+|t+|cs|stcnc|+c||g|oczncccss+||os|oouiooccst|utu|+scomc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|+|su+nto
+ocsoc|cs|stcnc|+Comomcnc|on+oo+c|m+css+|oouiooco||c++|t||oo|occss+mcnto
cm+|t+tcmc|+tu|+ocumoost|cst|osocb|+s|ccu|so|+s|^||c|cc|+|on|ccnocnoo
oot|ooc|ccu|so|coo|occssout|||z+oo+b|+occ+|bonoobt|o+ossu|m|c|ocst|utu|+c|o-
||co+ocso||c|cntcs
||c+mcntc+sb|+sb+sc+o+sn+|^|tcmum+|cs|stcnc|+cscc|c+m+|o|cummoou|ocsc-
c|comcno|oouc+sb|+s|c|t+s++|t||oo|c|ccoo|+|on||b|+sb+sc+o+sno|c|ctcmo|
su+vczmcno||cs|st|v|o+occ|ct||c+cm+|o|conout|v|o+octc|m|c+u+nto+o+scctocconom|co
+sb|+socc+|bonob+sc+o+sn+|^|tcmcustooc|oouio|n|c||o|cm|c|+iouc|+sobt|o+s+
+|t||oosout|osoo|st|osoc|ccu|so|cs
^sb|+s|ccu|so|+ssiom+tc||+s-||m+sncccss+||+s+|++|oouioocb|+socc+|bonoocu+-
||o+ocioo||mc|oso|gn|cosc+|+ctc||z+ooso||ong+sc+oc|+socmo|ccu|+sun|o+so|+tomos
oc c+|bono uc mco|+ntc |occssos oc t|+t+mcnto tc|m|co c cono|ocs cont|o|+o+s oc tcnsio
4!
+tmos|c|+tcmoc||nc|+|mcntctcmc|+tu|+oocmo||g|n+|b|+socc+|bonooc+|toocscm-
cn|o(high performance carbon bers)
^cx+t+comos|ioocc+o+|ccu|so|(|^|piche e raion)v+||+ocum+cm|cs++|+out|+cc
cons|oc|+o+umscg|coocomc|c|+|^|^|ccons|oc|+o+um+o+sm+|s|mo|t+ntcsb|+s|ccu|-
so|+s+|++obtcnioo+b|+occ+|bonoCc|c+oc,o/octoo+s+sb|+socc+|bonocomc|c|+|s
|oouz|o+snomunoosioobt|o+s++|t||o+convc|siotc|m|c+ocb|+s|ccu|so|+soc|^|||+
tcmum+m|c|ocst|utu|+o||c|cnc|+o+uc||ccon|c|cum+|cs|stcnc|+m+|o|tcnsio
|cv|oosc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|+|soc|cs|stcnc|+tcnsiomcno|custocut|||z+iocm|o,ctoss|-
m||+|csocout|os|+b||c+ntcsoCcnt|occno|og|coo+|+||n|+cmio|+u|o(C||)otouc|+
ut|||z+ioo+b|+occ+|bonoobt|o+++|t||o+b|+|ccu|so|+oc|^|noocscnvo|v|mcntooc
su+nov+gc|+ioocu|t|+ccnt|||ug+s+|csco||+ocvcu-sc+o|+toocuc+ut|||z+ioo+b|+oc
c+|bonooc+|toocscmcn|oobt|o+++|t||o+|^|sco+nos|oto|cso+su|t|+ccnt|||ug+scmuc
um+|cs|stcnc|+cscc|c+oc+|ton|vc|comb|n+o++um+m+|o|vc|oc|o+ocoo|oto|c+um+mcno|
ocns|o+ocoom+tc||+|const|tucm|+to|csc||t|cosocg|+noc|c|cvnc|+ucoss|b|||t+mum+m+|o|
cc|cnc|+n+sc+|+io|soto|c+^|cmo|ssocomoo|mcns|on+mcnto+ocu+oo+b|+occ+|bo-
noossu|um+g|+noc|cs|stcnc|+co||osio
^sb|+socc+|bonob+sc+o+scm|ccu|so|cs++|t||oo|c|c|csonocmo|cc|c+oc,/oomc|-
c+ooocb|+socc+|bononomunooio|occssoscnc|go-|ntcns|vos(|cuc|cmtcmc|+tu|+sc|c-
v+o+s)co||ssom+|sc+|os||+sossucmum+|cs|stcnc|+mcno|o|cont+oo+|tog|+uocg|+t|z+-
iocmsu+m|c|ocst|utu|+(cst|utu|+g|+||t|c+)|nt|ct+ntoossucmum+conout|v|o+octc|m|c+uc
c|cg++sc|ccmvczcsm+|o|oouc+o+b|+b+sc+o+n+|^|ct|csvczcs+oocob|couc,ust|c+
ucsc,+mut|||z+o+scm+||c+ocscmuc+t|+ns|c|cnc|+occ+|o|c+||g|oczsc,+m|+to|csm+|s|c|c-
v+ntcsouc||t|coscomoo|cxcm|o+c|on+vcsm|||t+|csccst|utu|+socs+tc||tcscs+c|+|s
O|+|on|nt|oouz|oonon+|o+occ+o+oc+,eoc|n|c|oo+occ+o+oc+,;ouc|o|+m+tc||+-||m+
|coom|n+ntc+|++|oouioo+s||mc||+sb|+socc+|bonooc+|toocscmcn|o|o,c|csonoc
+tu+|mcntco|mcnosoc+/oocomc|c|oocb|+socc+|bononomunoo|stoscocuocv|oo+scus
c|cv+ooscustossu+s||m|t+o+s|o||co+ocs||s|c+scscub+|xo|cno|mcntocmc+|bono(.o-,o/)
|osu|t|mos+nosg+n|os|nc|cmcnt+|ss|gn|c+t|vos|o|+mobt|oosn+s|o||co+ocsmccn|c+so+s
ou+s||nc|+|sb|+s|ccu|so|+socc+|bonocmbo|++v+nos|cvo|uc|on+||oscm+mb+s+stccno-
|og|+sniotcn|+ms|ooobt|ooscm+|tco|cont+oc|ccst|utu|+ocsncsscmc|c+ooc|couio
oc|nvcst|mcntoscmcsu|s+
44

||mo|t+ntcs+||cnt+|uco+ccsso+g|+noc+|tcocsscso||mc|oscoccnocntcoc|mo|t+ioc
su,c|to+b|ouc|oscomc|c|+|scomococ+soo+sb|+socc+|bonococo|ox|ooocs|||c|o(u+|tzo)
+|no+nio|oouz|oosno+|s|+tu|+|mcntcucoscto|m+|s+|ct+ooc|oscmb+|goscooc|c|c-
s+cnt|ct+nto,+cx|stcmcstuoosuccv|ocnc|+mucosscto|csoccsu|s++c+ocm|c+c|noust||+|
t+mbcm,+cstiocomc+noo+obtc|ocncg+ocs+|+|mo|t+ioocstcst|osocm+tc||+|s+ss|m
tooos|no|c+oo|cs+ont+m+|++umcntocons|oc|+vc|oco|cu|o+ocs+|+o+v+noo+scsu|s+s
b|+s||c||+snum|utu|obcm|ox|mo|ss+socncg+ocssiooo|tun|o+ocs+|+oocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocss+stccno|og|+soc|o|m++utoctonc
V+|c|css+|t+|uc+s|o||co+ocsooscomos|tosobt|oosoccnocmt+mbcmoccomctcnc|+s
tccno|og|c+scm|cg+o+sno|occssoocmo|o+gcmcus|n+gcmoosmo|ocsconst|u|ooscm+o-
||g+ tcmc|+oo ncccss+||os +|+ + |+b||c+io o+s c+s Como mcnc|on+oo no cstuoo oo CC||
|c|+t|vo + |+tc||+|s ^v+n+oos +|+ ^t|v|o+ocs |s+c|+|s +c|csccnt+noo n+notubos oc c+|bono +
csscscomos|tosou|+ntc+|+b||c+ioobtcm-scmc||o||+ss|gn|c+t|v+sn+s|o||co+ocsocsscs
m+tc||+|sc|m|t|noo|couiooccsoocmoto|cs-|oguctccut|||z+iooc|oc|cntcsm+|scnc|-
gct|cos|csu|t+noom+|o|csvc|oc|o+ocsocuc|m+cmc||o|cs|csu|t+oos|ou|s|vos^scsu|s+s
oc +o|t|v+io oc n+nom+tc||+|s o |o,cto oc mo|ocs c + |oouio oc c+s cm comos|to vcm
scnoo|c+||z+o+sc|oouz|o+so||noust||+n+c|on+|cm+|cc||+como|nst|tutoccno|og|coo+
^c|on+ut|c+(|^)|stuoos+|+scobtc|+mc||o|c+|+ctc||z+ioo+s|o||co+ocsocsscsm+tc||+|s
c|occssosncccss|t+msc||ntcns|c+oos
omcntc+go|+cx|stcmno+|s|o,ctos|oostos+|++|c+||z+iooccstuooss|stcm+t|cossob|c
o|occss+mcntooccomos|tosocusonoscto|+c|ocs+c|+||stocv|ocnc|+um+t|+sonoscto|oc
|occss+mcntooccomos|toscst|utu|+|socc|omcnos,o+nosV+|c+|no+|c|o|+|ucooom|-
n|oocnov+stccno|og|+sno|occss+mcntooccomos|toscst|utu|+|sccons|oc|+oocomoonto
ocsu|cm+c|+mc|c+oo|og|c+c|+sg|+nocscm|cs+s|ogo+|noust||+b|+s||c||+ucossu|um+
vc|tcntc oc cxo|t+io +ccntu+o+ cncont|+-sc cm ocsv+nt+gcm c scnt||+ +s ||mc||+s +mc++s
c+socst+o||c|cn+tccno|og|c+niosc,+o|m|nu|o+oumcsmoc||m|n+o+
!..!. |omentos estruturantes
|nt|c+s|nst|tu|ocs+tu+ntcscmm+tc||+|scomos|tos+|+oscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n++su+|s
ncccss|t+moc|omcntoocst+c+m-sccnt|cout|+s
^ |uno+io Ccnt|o ccno|og|co oc ||n+s Cc|+|s (Cctcc) uc tcm |oco no ocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc|ccob||mcntoso|tccn|c+sococos|io||s|c+u|m|c+cc|ct|ou|m|c+
4
O|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)uc+tu+n++|c+ococscnvo|v|mcntoocscn-
so|cs+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|scomg|+noc|ntc|o|+iocomm+tc||+|scomos|tos
v|s+noo+oocscnvo|v|mcntooccst|utu|+s|ntc||gcntcs|m+|t|cu|+|+ut|||z+ioocb|+s
ot|c+scomoc|cmcntoconst|tu|ntco+cst|utu|+coo+gcmoccomos|toscomn+no-
tubosocc+|bonosio+|c+socconccnt|+iooccsu|s+
O|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc|csu|s+s|s+c|+|s(|nc)cmio|oscoosC+mos|ucvcm
ocscnvo|vcnoo|occssosocm|stu|+socn+notubosocc+|bonocomo||mc|osc;ou|c-
s|n+scomo|oos|toocmoo|c+|cst|utu|+s+|++||c+ocsn+const|uioocs+tc||tcs
cout|+scst|utu|+s+c|ocs+c|+|s
O |nst|tuto oc |csu|s+s ccno|og|c+s (||) uc cont||bu| cm ||| cm comos|tos c
n+nocomos|tos
O|nst|tutoccno|og|cooc^c|on+ut|c+(|^)uccst+cnvo|v|oonoocscnvo|v|mcntooc
|occo|mcntos oc |o,ctos |obustos +|+ cst|utu|+s +c|on+ut|c+s ||m+||+s oc m+tc||+|
comos|totcnooo|n+||o+oc+c+|+ctc||z+ioo+|csost+cst|utu|+|oc+|nc|s|c|o|+-
oosocm+tc||+|comos|tono|cg|mcocos-+mb+gcmcmcns+|osucsc|io|c+||z+oos
no |+bo|+to||o oc |st|utu|+s c Comos|tos ^v+n+oos oo |^ |nvo|v|oo t+mbcm no
ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occo|mcntosoccns+|oscc+|+ctc||z+iooccomos|tos|+m|n+oos
su,c|tos+|m+ctouctcmo|n+||o+oc+|+b||c+ioocC||s(co|osoc|ov+)ocm+-
tc||+|scomos|tos+|++|c+||z+iooctcstcscxc||mcnt+|sno|+bo|+to||ooc|st|utu|+s
|ntc||gcntcscComos|tos^v+n+oosoo|^cm|cv|stoo|o,ctoc|+b||c+ioocum
s|stcm+oc|n|usiooc|cs|n+oot|o|||(Resin Infusion under Flexible Tooling).|cscnvo|vc
|o,ctocmcon,untocom+|mb|+c|co|||oc+oocm|usc|+gcnsno|+|ucccno|og|co
ocio|oscoosC+mos|mtc|mosoc|o,ctotcm|ntc|cssccm|nvcst|mcntosn+mooc-
|+gcmoccomo|t+mcntocst|utu|+|os-+mb+gcmc||tc||osoc|cs|stcnc|+oc|+m|n+io
c||tc||osoc|cs|stcnc|+n+|cscn+occonccnt|+oo|csoctcnsio|o,ctooc,unt+sco|+o+s
c|cb|t+o+scc|c|tostc|moc|+st|cos|mtc|mosoc|+b||c+io|oc+||z+oocscnvo|v|mcnto
o+tccno|og|+||bc|||+ccmcnt(||)coos|c||+mcnt+|s+ssoc|+oosucvcmscnooc+o+vcz
m+|sut|||z+o+n+|noust||++c|on+ut|c++|++|+b||c+iooc|usc|+gcnsiocons|oc|+oosos
c|c|tosoc|+|osn+cst|utu|+c+scctosoc|c+|+b|||o+occ|nscc|on+b|||o+oc
^|+||n|+oo||+s||(||)ucut|||z+b|+occ+|bono(|C)n+|+b||c+ioocu|t|+ccnt|||ug+s
nuc|c+|csn+su+|sm+tc||+|succon,ugucm|cvcz+||g|oczc|cs|stcnc|+oc+|ton|vc|sio
cxt|cm+mcntcocsc,+vc|so|s+umcnt+m+cc|cnc|+n+sc+|+io|soto|c+^|C|mo|-
t+o+cb+sc+o+n+o||+c|||on|t|||+(|^|)comc|c|+|mcntcm+|so||uno|o+m+|sb+|+t+cut|-
||z+o+cm+||c+ocss|m||+|cs^ncccss|o+ocococscnvo|v|mcnton+c|on+|cocco||cnc|+oc
o|cu|o+ocscmsu++u|s|io|+|+t+nto|o|o|g+n|z+o+um++|cc||+occsu|s+cnt|co
Ccnt|occno|og|coo+|+||n|+(C||)+|n|c+m+||c+cm|cs+|+o|c|b|+scom
+o|on+ncc||oocum++gcnc|+govc|n+mcnt+|(||nc)+|+oocscnvo|v|mcnton+c|on+|
o+b|+occ+|bonob+sc+o+n+|^|costc||o||oouiocmcucn+csc+|+
46

OCcnt|occno|og|cooo|xc|c|toucvcmocscnvo|vcnoocsu|s+s+|++|oouioo+
|C++|t||oo|c|ccomn+nc|+mcntoo+|ct|ob|+s
1.6. Materiais para sensores avanados
Como+|cscnt+oonocstuooooCC|||c|+t|vo+|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+^||c+ocs||ct|on|c+s
|+gnct|c+s c |oton|c+s |+ um+ g|+noc u+nt|o+oc oc scnso|cs +v+n+oos c tccn|c+s +ssoc|+o+s
ucncccss|t+moccsu|s+n++|c+ocm+tc||+|soc|ntc|csscoosscto|csococ|cs+cscgu|+n+^
busc+oocntcno|mcntotco||cooos|cnomcnoscnvo|v|oosc+|tc|mo|t+ntcno|occsso+|+o
ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co |stc t|o oc |nvcst|g+io |cmctc +|+ con|cc|mcntos n+s +|c+s oc
c|ct|om+gnct|smo ||s|co-u|m|c+ tc|moo|nm|c+ mccn|c+ unt|c+ suc|conout|v|o+oc cscc-
t|osco|+ot|c+ocm+tc||+|sc|o||co+ocsmccn|c+soc|mcscsuc|||c|cstoo+sc|+s+||c+o+s
+ocon|cc|mcnto+|+|oouioocscnso|cs
|m+|t|cu|+|cx|stcmcomoncntcsocsum+|mo|tnc|++|+o|vc|sosvcto|cscs|stcm+soc+|m+s
(ocn|vc|c|cv+oocc++c|o+ococ|cc|siococst|u|io)cm|cg+o+sc|+s|o|+s^|m+o+soo||+s||
coocxtc||o||stcscomoncntcssio+|tcso+sc|+m+o+s|+t+|o|m+s|nc|c|+|succumtcm+oc
cxt|cm+|c|cvnc|++|++|+||n|+|xc|c|toc^c|on+ut|c+Osoctcnto|cs+utoctoncsoct+|tccno-
|og|+tcmsu+c++c|o+ocm|||t+|+|+v+nc+o+o|sscucon|cc|mcntoc+||c+iocon|c|cm+csscs
+|scs+c++c|o+ococcont|o|+|mu|tom+|sc|ct|v+ccc|cntcmcntcscusmc|oscmocs|oc+mcnto
c||nc|+|mcntcto|n+|scusm|ssc|s|ntc||gcntcs
|cv|oog|+nocc++c|o+ocm|||t+|uccst+tccno|og|+|oo|c|on+oscomoncntcso+s|+t+|o|-
m+s|nc|c|+|stcm|o|tccont|o|cc|+comun|o+oc|ntc|n+c|on+|o|mc|ooo|cg|mcocCont|o|c
ccno|og|cooc||ssc|s(||ss||ccc|no|ogyCont|o||cg|mc-|C|)mu|tocmbo|+|+,+v+||+sou-
t|+s+||c+ocsc|v|socstcscu|+mcntosco|t+ntoum+cno|mcoss|b|||o+ococmc|c+oon+c|o-
n+|c|ntc|n+c|on+|+|+cstcss|stcm+socn+vcg+ioccont|o|c|nt|c+ssu+s+||c+ocsc|v|socst+-
c+m-sc+s|noust||+sct|o|||c|++c|ocs+c|+|+c|on+ut|c+c+utomot|v+^|ct|ob|+so|sc|consu-
m|oo|+oc|ooutoscomcss+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scucn+tu|+|mcntcsiooc+|tov+|o|comc|c|+|tcm
g|+noc|ntc|cssccmuco+|sobtcn|+cstct|ooctccno|og|+o||sso,+vcmscnooum++|cc||+
o||c|cnc|+o++|+|nvcst|mcntosuc|cvcm+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocstcs|ooutos
Cons|oc|+noouc|+ums|gn|c+t|vomc|c+ooc|v||cm|||t+|ncstcscgmcntoocont|o|c|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|ucbusc+cv|t+|+|o|||c|+ioocvcto|cs(m|ssc|s)+|+usooc+|m+sococst|u|iocmm+ss+
+c+b+t+mbcmsc|v|noooccxcc|cntccscus++|+sc+|c+n+|out|oob,ct|vo|uno+mcnt+|occo-
nom|coum+vczucosoucos+|scsco|g+n|z+ocscm|cs+||+|sucoctcmt+|con|cc|mcnto
47
b|ouc|+m+om+x|mosu+o|sscm|n+ioo|scst+s|tu+iocont||bu|mu|to+|++m|n|m|z+iooc
conco||cnc|+oos|ooutoscomcst+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
|omunoo+tccno|og|+co||cntc+|++cc|c|omct|osus+oconcc|tooo|cb+|+ncc+mcntooc|o|+s
comscnso|t|o,unt+ocu+|tzoousc,+tccno|og|+c|ct|omccn|c+|ocnt+nto+tcnocnc|+tcc-
no|og|c++|++cc|c|omct|oscuc,+sccncont|+o|sos|ionocxtc||o|c+m|c|o-c|ct|omccn|c+
(|||||c|o||ct|o-mcc|+n|c+|ystcms)+b+scocs|||c|oouu+|tzo|csson+ntc
cnso|csocmov|mcntoniosionov|o+ocsctcms|oout|||z+ooscmn+vcg+ionosscto|cs+c|o-
cs+c|+|cococ|cs+ocsoc+occ+o+oc+,,om+s+svc|socs|||oc+cc|c|omct|oscg||omct|os
so|o|+mocscnvo|v|o+s|cccntcmcntc^tccno|og|+|||+|cscnt+ou+sv+nt+gcns|mo|t+ntcs
custoc|couiooot+m+n|o^cs+|oc+|no+niosc|cmtio+cu|+oosu+ntooso|sos|t|vosus+-
ooscm+||c+ocsm|||t+|csos+cc|c|omct|oscg||omct|os|||tcms|oo+m|+mcntccm|cg+-
ooscmvc|cu|osccmmu|tos|ooutosc|ct|on|cosocconsumo
^tccno|og|+|||c+|ntcg|+ioocc|cmcntosmccn|cosscnso|cs+tu+oo|cscc|ct|on|c+cm
um subst|+to oc s|||c|o comum o| mc|o o+ m|c|o-|+b||c+io |nu+nto os c|ct|on|cos sio |+-
b||c+oos us+noo |occssos cm c||cu|tos |ntcg|+oos (cx C|O b|o|+| ou ||C|O) os com-
oncntcsm|c|o-mccn|cossio|+b||c+oosus+noo|occssoscom+t|vc|socm|c|o-us|n+gcmos
u+|smo|o+m+b+scocs|||c|o|ct||+noom+tc||+|ou+o|c|on+nooc+m+o+s+|+|o|m+|o|sos|t|-
vosmccn|coscc|ct|omccn|cos
^||||omctc|cvo|uc|on+||+t|c+mcntctoo+s+sc+tcgo||+soc|oouto+ocomb|n+|+m|c|o-
c|ct|on|c+b+sc+o+nos|||c|ocom+tccno|og|+ocm|c|o-us|n+gcmto|n+noooss|vc|+|m|cmcn-
t+ioocs|stcm+scom|ctoscmumchip|||cum+tccno|og|+ucv|+b|||z+oocscnvo|v|mcn-
tooc|ooutos|ntc||gcntcs+umcnt+noo+|+b|||o+occomut+c|on+|o+m|c|o-c|ct|on|c+com+
c|cciococont|o|cocm|c|o-scnso|cscm|c|o-+tu+oo|csccx+no|nooocs+oocoss|vc|s
ocs|gnsc+||c+ocs
|m+vczucoso|sos|t|vos|||oocmsc||+b||c+oosus+nootccn|c+soc|oouiosc||+o+s|-
m||+|cs|oouioocc||cu|tos|ntcg|+oosnovosn|vc|soc|unc|on+||o+occon+b|||o+occsost|-
c+iooocmsc|+|c+n+ooscmumchipocs|||c|o+umcusto|c|+t|v+mcntcb+|xo
48

Omc|c+oooc|||com+|toocscmcn|o|nc|c|+|vcmc|csccnoon+o|ocmoc,/+o+noocsoc
.oo,+t|ng|noo|,+sb|||ocscm.oosscnoocc|c+oc,o/cmm+tc||+|s(bo|+c|+souwafersoc
s|||c|oocsc|souo|too|cg+o+s)cosout|os,o/cmcu|+mcntos|||Comocst+s+||c+ocs
siomu|tov+||+o+sos|og|+m+sococscnvo|v|mcntosiomu|too|nm|coso|c|cccnoooo|tun|-
o+ocs+|+umg|+nocnumc|ooc+to|cs
O mc|c+oo oc g||osco|os c +cc|c|omct|os ||| tcm c|csc|oo + t+x+s +nu+|s c|cv+o+s +t|ng|n-
oo|,;,om|||ocscm.oos|o,ccst|m+-scuccc|c+oce,/oomc|c+oosc,+oc+cc|c|omct|os
^|cmo|sso+s+||c+ocsoomc|c+ooocconsumo,++|c+n+mcc|c+oc|o/oomc|c+oog|ob+|oc
||||nc|c|+|s(+utomot|vomco|co|noust||+|+c|on+ut|cooc|cs+ctc)
|csoc+,,sg||osco|os|||cu|+mcmc|+socv|oco+|+|ovc|cst+b|||o+ocot|c+^+|t||
oc.oo,+cc|c|omct|os|||cnt|+|+mn+s+||c+ocsocconsumocmg|+noccsc+|+como|o-
tciooco|scos||g|oosoccomut+oo|cs|m.ooeoscont|o|cscomscnso|ocmov|mcntooo||n-
tcnoo\||oc|+mv|s|b|||o+ocub||c++|+os||||nc|c|+|succstiocnct|+noo|+|o+mcntco
mc|c+oooctc|c|on|+cc|u|+|
Oscgmcntooc||||nc|c|+|oc+|toocscmcn|oscguc+tu+|mcntct|cso||cocs||nc|+|scm
su+o|nm|c+ocmc|c+oo
|nt|+o+ocnovos|+yc|sosm+|s|cccntcs+v+nosn+tccno|og|+ocg||osco|os|||
+b|cmnov+soss|b|||o+ocs+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntooc+||c+ocsnosscto|cs+c|ocs+-
c|+|cococ|cs+cm+|t|cu|+|osmc|c+oosoc+c|on+vcsniot||u|+o+s(|^Vs)cmu-
n|ocs|ntc||gcntcs
Conso||o+io com o |+|oo c|csc|mcnto oo mc|c+oo c o+s +||c+ocs o+ tccno|og|+ +
tcnocnc|+cocm+|o||ntc|cssco+s||nc|+|s|ntcg|+oo|+sc|o|ncccoo|+sn++u|s|ioo+s
cm|cs+scscc|+||z+o+s
|st|+tcg|+s oc o|vc|s|c+io + s+zon+||o+oc o+ ocm+no+ nos o||c|cntcs scgmcntos oc
+||c+ioo+tccno|og|+|||(+utomot|vomco|co|noust||+|c|ct|on|cosocconsumo
+c|on+ut|co oc|cs+) ocmonst|+ + |mo|tnc|+ o+s cm|cs+s obtc|cm +|t|c|+io cm
v+||osocsscsscgmcntos
O ||+s|| +|no+ nio ossu| ncn|um+ |noust||+ com c++c|o+oc oc |oouio oc cu|+mcntos
||||m|cccntccstuooo+^ssoc|+ioo+s|noust||+s^c|ocs+c|+|s||+s||c||+s(^|^|)noC|u-
ooc|+b+||osob|c|+notccno|og|+s|no|cou+c++c|o+ococscobtc|no+|s|ooutos|n|c|+|s
|||+tc.o+,comoostc||o|+m+ou|cc|mcntooc|ooutosn+|s+tc.o.o
49
|c um+ |o|m+ gc|+| |ooc-sc c|cv+| o n|vc| oo |omcnto +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto c |oouio oc
scnso|cs+v+n+oosno+|scscc|+|mcntcocg||omct|osc+cc|c|omct|os|nc|us|vccomtccno|og|+
|||oc|o|m++gc|+||nov+ocsc+tcnoc|socm+no+sc|v|scm|||t+|cs|c||m|o+s
|+|+scobtc|+utonom|+oc|+b||c+iooosubs|stcm+||m+||oocum+|+t+|o|m+|nc|c|+|c|+m+-
o+un|o+ococmco|o+|nc|c|+|(|||)+|+cm|cgost+t|cosccst|+tcg|cos(+c|on+vcm|ss||vc|cu|o
|+n+oo|ocs+tc||tcsubm+||nos+tc||tcctc)cncccss+||oucsctcn|+ooom|n|otccno|og|cooos
+cc|c|omct|oscomscns|b|||o+ocmc||o|ucoo,g(c|ncoccntcs|moso++cc|c|+iog|+v|t+c|on+|)c
g||omct|oscomc||oococ||v+|n|c||o|++g|+u;|(umg|+uo||o|+)
||cc|socsm+|socg|+o+o+soouccst+sc|tcnccms|+m|||+soc+||c+t|vosocusogc|+|scm|cs-
t||ocscomc|c|+||z+io|ntc|n+c|on+|o|cm+|no+oc+|tov+|o|comc|c|+|+g|cg+oocomo+|no+
coc+sooosscnso|cs|||
Omc|c+oooc|||cont|nu+scnoo|mu|s|on+ooc|+|nov+io^||occu|+mcntos|||
cst+mu|to+t|v+nomunoo|ss+scsu|s+s|no|c+mt|+b+||oscmm+|soc+,o+||c+ocsoc|||
ucoocmsc|+g|u+ooscm+.c+tcgo||+sc+bc+soc,+tosoct|nt+scnso|csoc|cssiom|c|o-
|oncs+cc|c|omct|osg||osco|oss|stcm+sm|c|o-oto-c|ct|o-mccn|cos(|O||)m|c|o-bo|omc-
t|osm|c|o-o|s|+ysm|c|o-u|o|cos|+o|o||cucnc|+(|||||)m|c|oconccto|cs(m|c|ot|s)c
out|oso|sos|t|vos|||cmc|gcntcs
|+|noust||+oc|||sc|c++zoc+o|c|on+||ntc||gcnc|++oscnso|cum+|o|m+oco|c|ccc|um+
|o|tco||c|cnc|+iooo|ooutoô|nvcsocsu|||+cn+sumcomoncntcmu|tos|+b||c+ntcscs-
tioo|c|cccnooso|uocs^|go||tmossiocomumcntc|ntcg|+oos+on|vc|oochipo|cxcm|o+|+
|ot+iooctc|+ouoctcciooctoucctcOut|+|o|tctcnocnc|+cmc|gcntcc+|ntcg|+ioocv+||os
scnso|cs|||cmc|ustc|soucocvcsc|umroadmap+|+os|+b||c+ntcsoc|||ô|cu|-
o+occ+|usiooco+oosoco|vc|sost|osoccnt|+o+|cuc|cnoo+|go||tmoscom|cxos
|n|o+ocs|||s(Inertial Measurement Units)uco|c|cccmc|ncoousc|sg|+usoc||bc|o+oc++|t||
o+comb|n+iooc+cc|c|omct|oscg||omct|ossiocomumcntccm|cg+oosn+s|noust||+s+c|ocs-
+c|+|cococ|cs+^go|+uc+cc|c|omct|os|||siom+|sb+|+toscucon|vc|oc|ntcg|+iooos
g||osco|os ||| |o| +c||c|o+oo cst|m+-sc um+ |+|o+ cnt|+o+ no mc|c+oo oc |||s |||
|nc|us|vc|ntcg|+oos+ostc|c|oncscc|u|+|cs
0

|o|ocoo+|cc|sio|cuc||o++|+s|stcm+sococ|cs+com|cxoso|o,ctoooscnso|g||omct||co
oc+|toocscmcn|o(oo+g|+u;|)cmocscnvo|v|mcntono|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)
comtccno|og|+ocb|+ot|c+||OC(|ntc||c|omct||c||bc|Ot|cC||o)sobot|tu|ooc|^(|stcm+s
|nc|c|+|s +|+ ^||c+ocs ^c|ocs+c|+|s) ocvc|+ +t|ng|| o oom|n|o tccno|og|co oc |otot|os +|+
v+||+ssc||csoc+||c+t|vost+t|cosccst|+tcg|cosoo+|s^t|tu|ooccom|ov+ioo+obtcniooc
|csu|t+oosoc|+c|on+|soo|o,cto|^+O|||cm|cs+|ncub+o+no||^vcst+|o|ncccnoo
un|o+ocsocb|ocog||omct||co||OCm|n|+tu||z+oos|cct|on+|+om|ss||+nt||+o|+io|^|-+
Oocscnvo|v|mcntooc+cc|c|omct|osoc+|toocscmcn|ouc,unto+ob|ocog||omct||co|ntcg|+
um+|||(|nc|t|+||c+su|cmcnt|n|t)niotcm+|+oox+|mcntc|cccb|oo+tcnioscmc||+ntc
o|scns+o++og||oComot+mbcmcx|stcm|cst||ocs|mo|t+ioocstcs+cc|c|omct|oscons|oc-
|+-sc|mo|t+ntc|oc+|+|+|c|+mcntc+og||o||OCoocscnvo|v|mcnto|ntc|nooc+cc|c|omct|os
occm|cgot+t|coccst|+tcg|coO||^vt+mbcmtcm+scuc+|goum|o,cto||nc-Ô|ocum
+cc|c|omct|ooto-mccn|cob+sc+oocmg|+ocsoc||+gg+b|+ot|c+uc+|no+cst+n+|+scoc
|ov+occoncc|to
Omc|c+oon+c|on+|oc|c|cs+ossu|ocm+no++|+o|vc|sos|ooutosucooc||+msc|o||cc|o-
n+oos+|++|noust||+n+c|on+|comv|st+s+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+c++c|o+oc+utocnc
|||(|nc|t|+||c+su|cmcnt|n|t)comocscmcn|ooc.g|+us;s+.g|+us;|c+m|||-g
^||(^tt|tuoc+no|c+o|ng|c|c|cnccystcm)|nc|u|noom+gnctomct|ocso|tw+|c|n-
o|c+t|vosoc+t|tuocco||ciocomocscmcn|omc||o|uc.g|+us
||(|nc|t|+||+v|g+t|onystcm)b+sc+oon+s|||n+c|on+|scomcscm+o|ioocC|
comocscmcn|omc||o|uc.g|+uscm+t|tuocco||cioc,mct|oscmos|io
|m+o|io+oocs+otccno|og|coo+|oouioocscnso|cs|nc|c|+|soc+|toocscmcn|o|ocnt|c+-
sct+mbcm+ncccss|o+ococn+nc|+mcntoc|omcntoo++t|v|o+oc|noust||+|cmc|ct|on|c+cmb+|-
c+o+oc+|t+|obustczv|b|+io+cc|c|+iotcmc|+tu|+|+o|+iocosm|c+ctcmoocv|o+ut||
|cc+|+ctc||st|c+soo+mb|cntcoc+||c+iooosscnso|cs
ô|c|on+|mcntc+o|+ooo+sncccss|o+ocsocscnso|cs|nc|c|+|socont+cc|ct|on|c+cmb+|c+o+|o-
bust++|guns|o,ctosooscto|+c|ocs+c|+|como+^C||(s|stcm+occont|o|coc+t|tuoccsuc|-
v|sioocbo|oo)o+|||(|+t+|o|m+mu|t|m|ssio)oo|nst|tutooc|csu|s+s|s+c|+|s(|nc)cstio
|cuc|cnooo+|noust||+n+c|on+|+c++c|o+ococ|o,ct+|c|oouz||comum+|tog|+uoccscc|-
c|o+ocsubs|stcm+scomom+gnctomct|osm+gncto|ucs|oo+soc|c+iocscnso|csoccst|c|+s
+|++utonom|+o+|+b||c+iooo||mc||os+tc||tcb|+s||c||oocscnso||+mcnto|cmoto
!
|nt|c+s|nst|tu|ocs+tu+ntcscmscnso|cs+v+n+oos+|+oscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n++su+|s
ncccss|t+moc|omcntoocst+c+m-sccnt|cout|+s
^|cmoos|o,ctosmcnc|on+ooso|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)+tu+n++|c+oc
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocscnso|cs+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|scomocst+uc+|+scnso|cs
+ b|+ ot|c+ scnso|cs n+nocst|utu|+oos scnso|cs ||| c scnso|cs c|ct|om+gnct|cos
|st+scsu|s+soccnocmcxc|us|v+mcntcocm+tc||+|s|mo|t+ooscomo|ontc+|+os
v+||os scnso|cs como |m|n+s c oo+ntcs oc scm|conouto|cs c b|+s ot|c+s cscc|+|s
O su||mcnto ocstcs m+tc||+|s nio sc conccnt|+ cm +cn+s um +|s m+s sio +ss|vc|s
oc cmb+|go c cont|o|c |ntc|n+c|on+| uc ooc com|omctc| ob,ct|vos cst|+tcg|cos oo
||+s||
Osccnt|osoccsu|s+o+|+||n|+(C||c|||)vcmocscnvo|vcnoo+c++c|o+oc
oc|+b||c+|o+cc|c|omct|o^|C(^cc|c|omct|o|cnou|+|comcnso|C++c|t|vo)cog||o
c|ct|omccn|co|C(||yuncoCy|o)v|s+nooconso||o+|um+un|o+ococmco|o+|nc|-
c|+|ouc|nc|u|tooososscnso|cs|nc|c|+|s(+cc|c|omct|oscg||os)b|ocoscnso|c|ct|on|c+
occont|o|ccmb+|c+o+c+|go||tmosoc|t|+gcmccomcns+io
O|nst|tutoccno|og|coo+^c|on+ut|c+(|^)ocscnvo|vccsu|s+sc|o,ctosn+s+|c+s
oc scnso|cs +t|vos (||nc|+|mcntc ocscnvo|v|mcnto c +||c+ocs oc |+o+| oc +bc|tu|+
|c+||+o+|oc+bc|tu|+s|ntct|c+^|cscnso|cs|nc|c|+|s)c+ss|vo(|occss+mcnto
ocs|n+|socscnso|cs||c|cscct|+|s)
1.7. Simulao computacional em cincia e engenharia de materiais
O|o|t+|cc|mcntoo+|n||+cst|utu|+|+bo|+to||+|mct|o|og|c+c|cnt|c+coc|occssos+|++o|o+o
ocscnvo|v|mcntoo++|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|uno+mcnt+|O+umcntoooooc|comut+c|on+|
+ssoc|+oo+o+||mo|+mcntoo+c++c|o+ococmooc|+gcmvcm+ocncont|oo++||c+ioo+s|mu|+-
iocomut+c|on+|cmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|snoscnt|ooo+busc+o+|couiooccustosc
octcmo+|+obtcniooc|csu|t+oos^s|mu|+iooosm+|scom|cxos|cnomcnosn++|c+ocm+tc-
||+|scont||bu|+|++oss|b|||o+ococvcncc|+|gum+so|cu|o+ocsno|occssoocmooc|+gcm
Como+umcnto+cc|c|+ooo+o|son|b|||o+ococ|n||+cst|utu|+comut+c|on+|cm|o|m+oc|+|ow+-
|c||nc|+|mcntccom|occss+mcnto+|+|c|occomo+c||c|o+mcntoconst+ntco+smctooo|o-
g|+scomut+c|on+|sn+|o|m+ocso|tw+|cs+||c+t|vos+|+s|mu|+iotcms|oooss|vc|+c+|+ctc||-
z

z+iooc|occssosm|c|osco|cosuccstionocc|nco+s|o||co+ocsm+c|osco|c+scms|stcm+sc
m+tc||+|scom|cxos|st+c+|+ctc||z+iocumob,ct|vocomumcmo|vc|s+s+|c+so+c|cnc|+|nc|u|noo
+u|m|c+||s|c+b|o|og|+cngcn|+||+nuc|c+|comot+mbcmn+cngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
^comut+iooc+|toocscmcn|o(||C)ncccss+||+v|+b|||z+ioo+s|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|
cmC|cnc|+c|ngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|n|c|ou-scn+occ+o+oc+,;ocom+|nt|oouio
oos comut+oo|cs vcto||+|s c o+ suc|comut+io O succsso |n|c|+| ocsscs comut+oo|cs vcto-
||+|s |o| b+sc+oo somcntc no ocscmcn|o ^ +|t|| o+ mct+oc oos +nos so + o|son|b|||o+oc oc
+mb|cntcsococscnvo|v|mcntococso|tw+|cs+||c+t|vosto|nou-scm+|s|c|cv+ntc||nc|+|mcntc
+|+osc||cntcs|noust||+|sOss|stcm+s+|+|c|osm+ss|vos(|||)obt|vc|+msuccssono|n|c|ooos
+nos ,o cm |unio oc su+ mc||o| |c|+io |co;ocscmcn|o |oo|c|on+o+ c|+ cvo|uio oos
m|c|o-comut+oo|cs|+mct+oco+occ+o+oc+,,oosscgmcntosocb+|x+cmco|+ocm+no+|m-
|cmcnt+|+mso|uocsocs|stcm+socmu|t||occss+oo|css|mct||cos(||)Osuccssoooconcc|to
||b+sc+oocmm|c|o|occss+oo|cs(|Cs)mcsmo+|+oss|stcm+socmu|to+|toocscmcn|o
|o|+b+sc+|+osu|g|mcntoooconcc|toocc|ustc|++|t||oc.ooo|csoccntioc|ustc|soc|Csc
cst+ocsoct|+b+||oto|n+|+m-sc++|u|tctu|+|cv+|cccntc+|+mu|t+s+|c+soc+||c+iooccom-
ut+iooc+|toocscmcn|o(||C)cmtoo+s+s|+|x+sococscmcn|o
Omc|c+oooc||Cb+sc+oocmc|ustc|cont|nu++c|cscc|comt+x+sn+o|ocmoce/+o+no^
cst|m+t|v+oo||C|o|ocummc|c+oo+nu+|o+o|ocmoc|,e,b|||ocscm.oo;^cs+|o|sso
+|noust||+niotcmum+o|iotccno|og|concmum++|u|tctu|++|+gu|+||utu|+s+o+t+ocsc
|cn+mcntos^csu|s+n++|c+occ|ustc|scomut+c|on+|s|c|cscnt+um+g|+nocoo|tun|o+oc
+|+novos|nvcst|mcntos
|cum+|o|m+gc|+||ooc-sc|omcnt+|+|m|+nt+iooc+mb|cntcs(|+|ow+|cso|tw+|cc|um+nw+-
|c)|nov+noocomnov+s+|u|tctu|+scomut+c|on+|sonocoss+msc||c|t+s||ocnovosm+tc||+|s
c|occssos|oout|vosv|+s|mu|+ocscomut+c|on+|scmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
|csocc+o+s+os+|nt|oouioooC|+y+omc|c+oooc||Cmuooub+st+ntc|m|ug+|ocs|stc-
m+sbcmo||c|cntcsomc|c+oooc|xouocsc|umn|c|oocs|stcm+scscc|+||z+oosComoncntcs
!
s|m||+|cssiocm|cg+oosn+|ntcg|+iovc|t|c+|o+so|g+n|z+ocsocsocos|Cs|no|v|ou+|s+tcos
m+|s otcntcs suc|comut+oo|cs ^mb|cntcs s|m||+|cs oc so|tw+|c cstio o|son|vc|s cm tooos
csscss|stcm+s^ss|m+s|cssocsoccustoo|m|nu||+mcmmu|toomc|c+oo+|+oss|stcm+soc
mu|to +|to ocscmcn|o c|cv+noo +|no+ m+|s os |cos c o|cu|t+noo o +ccsso +os usu+||os uc
|cc|s+mt|+b+||+|com+||c+ocsuc|cuc|cm+|ntcg|+ioocsuc|comut+oo|csûco+o+
cc|cnc|+ooss|stcm+socsuc|comut+oo|cssu+mcno||oout|v|o+occ+|+|t+oc|n||+cst|utu|+
ocsuo|tctcm|mu|s|on+oo+busc+o|nov+s+|u|tctu|+scomut+c|on+|s
O|cccntcsuccssooos|stcm+vcto||+||+|t||mu|+to|ocmonst|ouucmu|t+s+||c+ocsc|cnt|c+s
oocmbcncc|+|-sco|out|+s+|u|tctu|+scomut+c|on+|s|x|stcoc|+toum+m|o|ntc|cssc|cno-
v+oon+comun|o+occ|cnt|c+oc||Co|nov+s+|u|tctu|+soc|+|ow+|ccnovos+|+o|gm+soc
|og|+m+ioOs|stcm+||ucCcnc;|o+|||cumocsscs||mc||oscxcm|osocmuo+n+no|oco
oo|o,ctoocs|stcm+soc|+|g+csc+|+Const|u|oocomum+|mcns+u+nt|o+ococs|stcm+socb+|xo
ocscmcn|o |m|t+noo o |unc|on+mcnto oc s|stcm+s b|o|og|cos o ||ucCcnc c|m|tc um+ |ntcg|+-
ion+cnt|cumnumc|o|nus|t+oooc|occss+oo|csobtcnoon|vc|ssu||ccnocntcsococscmc-
n|o+ocu+oos+|+o|vc|s+s+||c+ocs^|cmocstco|og|+m+|igh Productivity Computer System
(||C)o++gcnc|+|^||^(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)oo|c+|t+mcntooc|c|cs+
no|tc-+mc||c+noocc|+|ouscuob,ct|voocconst|u||umcomut+oo|oc|ct+||os(+o+,ontosutu-
+ntcso|scgunoo)+tcon+|ocst+occ+o+ut|||z+noonov+s+|u|tctu|+scomut+c|on+|s
ôcont|+||ooo|og|cssonoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|+|ow+|cstcm|+v|ooouco|og|csso
ou +tc mcsmo |ct|occsso n+ const|uio oc s|stcm+s csc+|+vc|s |+cc|s oc |og|+m+| ^s o||cocs
+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntoocso|tw+|c(cxC|-|o|t|+nc|o|t|+noc+|toocscmcn|o)|n|c|+o+sno
|n|c|ooos+nos,o|o|+m|+t|c+mcntc+b+noon+o+sôcscobc|t+ocnov+s|o|m+soc|og|+m+-
iooct+|ss|stcm+s+|++cx+nsiooosoom|n|osoc+||c+ioc+|t+mcntcocsc,+vc|
^tu+|mcntccx|stcmoucoss|stcm+socscnvo|v|oosuc+tcno+ms+t|s|+to||+mcntc+n+||o+oco+
s|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|+|cmo+s||m|t+ocs|most+sc|occ|cc+mcntotccno|og|co+||c+ooc-
|os+|scsocscnvo|v|oosuc|m+ct+t+mbcm+|mo|t+iooccomut+oo|cscom+|t+sc++c|o+-
ocsoc|occss+mcntocu|+mcntosv|t+|s+|+|c+||z+iooccxc||mcntoso|mc|oo+s|mu|+io
^|cmo|sso++|c+ocs|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|ooc|+cont||bu||s|gn|c+t|v+mcntcnoocscnvo|v|-
mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscmtooososscgmcntosnioson++|c+oc|c|cs+ccgu|+n+o|sc
c|+ss|c+mcntct|+nsvc|s+|cc|mc|+too+s+socm+|s+|c+soc|ntc|cssccmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
^ com|ccnsio |uno+mcnt+| oc |occssos c|cmcnt+|cs cx|gc um con|cc|mcnto oct+||+oo o+s
congu|+ocsco+o|nm|c+n+csc+|++tom|c+|stcnovot|ooccxc||mcnt+iotcmc|m|t|oo
4

++tu+ionosm+|sv+||+ooss|stcm+s||s|coscomumn|vc|ococt+||+mcntoscm|cccocntcsn+
||sto||+|o|t+nto+s|mu|+io|c|cscnt+um+|c||+mcnt+ooc|os+ucc|m|tc+obsc|v+ioo+
cvo|uiooccst|utu|+scmcsc+|+n+nomct||c+snoscxc||mcntoscomut+c|on+|scont|o|+oos
^s|mu|+iot+mbcmoocsc|um++|tc|n+t|v+c+so+|c+||z+iooocxc||mcntonum|+bo|+to||o
convcnc|on+|sc,+mu|too|||c||oumcsmo|moss|vc|(cxcm|ocstuooo+so||o|c+iooocomo|-
t+mcntoocm+tc||+|ssobcono|ocscxt|cm+soc|cssioctcmc|+tu|+)^|cmo|sso|+bo|+to||os
+|+s|mu|+iooocmsc|cons|oc|+ooscom|cmcnt+|cs+os|+bo|+to||osconvcnc|on+|so|so|c-
|cccmoooc|oc|ntc||ct+ion++n+||scoos|csu|t+oosobt|ooscm+|+|c|ocomocxc||mcnto
|c+||st|co
ô|c|on+|mcntccnoto||oucocustoo+s|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|cmu|tomcno|u+noocom-
+|+oo+ocustoo+csu|s+cxc||mcnt+||c+||st|c+|csu|t+noocmcconom|+oco|n|c||otcmo
|ccu|sos|um+nosccs|o|osn+tcnt+t|v+ocobtcnioocnovosm+tc||+|sc|occssos
|o|u|t|mocons|oc|+m-sct+mbcm+so|cu|o+ocs+|+scobtc||n|o|m+ocsco+oossob|cm+tc-
||+|s+v+n+oos+|csc|tooosc|c|tosooscucnvc||cc|mcntoo||ongosc||ooos|+o|g+v|o+ut||
cono|ocs oc sc|v|o |cuc||o+s vc||c+io oc ocg|+o+io o| +gcntcs u|m|cos ou +mb|cnt+|s
(um|o+ocv+||+ocsb|usc+soctcmc|+tu|+|+o|+io)oooscsscs+scctosoocmsc|cstuo+oos
comb+sccmmooc|+gcmcomut+c|on+|m|n|m|z+noocns+|oscxc||mcnt+|sc+|oscocmo|+oos
+|cm oc c|m|t|| |cct|ocs oo |cnomcno |nvcst|g+oo o| mc|o oo cm|cgo oc |c||+mcnt+s oc
+n+||sc+v+n+o+s
|++|c+oc|c|cs+ccgu|+n+siocnumc|+s+s+|c+scontcm|+o+sc|+s|mu|+iocomut+c|o-
n+|cons|oc|+o+scst|+tcg|c+s^|gum+soc|+scom+m|ocscct|oou+|com+||c+ocso||ct+sn+
+v|+ioscto|+c|ocs+c|+|cm|||t+|comot+mbcmn+cngcn|+||+c|v||mco|c|n+scto|+utomot|vo
scto|cnc|gct|cos|oc|u|g|+c|noust||+ct|o|||c|+
|nt|c+s|nst|tu|ocs+tu+ntcscms|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|+|+oscto|ococ|cs+cscgu|+n++s
u+|sncccss|t+moc|omcntoocst+c+m-sccnt|cout|+s
^|uno+ioCcnt|occno|og|cooc||n+sCc|+|s(Cctcc)uctcm|ococms|mu|+iooc
|occssosoc|+m|n+ioocc|++s+ucntcv|s+noo|m|+nt+ioocnovos|ooutosn+
|noust||+mct+|u|g|c+

O|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)ucossu|um|+bo|+to||ooc|ngcn|+||+V||-
tu+|(||V)uco+suo|tccms|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|comcn|+scn+sscgu|ntcs+|c+s
c|ct|om+gnct|smo|nc|u|noo|cnomcnos+co|+oost|+nso|tcocc+|o|cocm+ss+com
ou scm muo+n+ oc |+sc cont|o|c c cst+b|||o+oc oc s|stcm+s |ou|sio (+c|on+ut|c+ c
cs+c|+|)+||c+ocso+cngcn|+||+nuc|c+|
O |nst|tuto ccno|og|co oc ^c|on+ut|c+ (|^) uc ocscnvo|vc csu|s+s cm s|mu|+io
numc||c+c+n+||scoct|+ns|io+|+tu|bu|cnc|+cm|+sm+scs+c|+|sum++bo|o+gcm
b+sc+o+cms|stcm+so|nm|cos|cscnvo|vct+mbcmcsu|s+scms|mu|+ionumc||c+
oc csco+mcntos v|scosos onoc sc v|s+ ||mo|o|+|mcntc +tcnoc| um+ |+|x+ cxtcns+ oc
|ob|cm+socsoccsco+mcntossuc|son|cost||coso+cngcn|+||++c|on+ut|c++tc|o-
b|cm+scmb+|x+vc|oc|o+oconoc+ocns|o+ocoou|oov+||+oucooucvcntu+|mcntc
c|m+ncccconst+ntc+o|ongooctooooc+mooccstuoo|cst+u|t|m+c+tcgo||+|n-
c|ucm-sc|ob|cm+soc|ntc|csscun|vc|s+|comoo|cxcm|oc+|g+s+c|oo|nm|c+scm
co|||c|os+c|oo|nm|c+ocvc|cu|ostc||cst|cscsco+mcntoscmto|nooco|||g|vc|sc+c|o-
n+vcsocb+|x+vc|oc|o+oco|u|io+mb|cnt+|csco+mcntosb|o-sustcnt+oosgc|+iooc
cnc|g|+co||c+cso|+||cscnvo|vccstuooso+cst|utu|+o+c|+m+ou|+ntco|occssooc
uc|m+n+scono|ocscncont|+o+sn+cm+|+occombustiooc|o|mu|+ocsoccombus-
t|vc|sc|oc|cntcsso||oos+t|+vcsoocm|cgooc+cotcsocs|mu|+iocomut+c|on+|c
uccnvo|v+mc|nct|c+u|m|c+oct+||+o+
1.8. Concluso
|m|c|+io+|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscons|oc|+noo++tu+|con,untu|+|ntc|n+c|on+|ccomum+
v|siocst|+tcg|c++|++oc|cs+n+c|on+|c+|++scgu|+n+ub||c+c|cg+-scsconc|usocs+|cscn-
t+o+s+scgu||ucocvcm|o|c|+|o|omcntocsu|s+c+os|occssosocobtcnioocm+tc||+|s
+v+n+ooscm|cg+ooscms|stcm+sm|||t+|cscc|v|sosu+|scom+t|b|||zcm+s||o||o+ocsc|cnt|-
c+sctccno|og|c+scom+sncccss|o+ocsococ|cs+
^s+ocscst|+tcg|c+s|oost+sv|s+mcont||bu||cmsc|sscgmcntosocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|c|tos
||o||t+||os+|++|+v+nc+|oscto||noust||+|b|+s||c||ocg+|+nt||cc|t+|noccnocnc|++o+|sn+|o-
ouiococscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|cooc|ooutos+|++oc|cs+cscgu|+n+ub||c+
^s+ocscnvo|v|o+ssioocc+|+tc|cm|ncntcmcntctccno|og|conouct+ngc+n+tu|cz+c||t|c+ocs-
scsm+tc||+|soc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oocsu,c|tos+|nst|umcntosoccont|o|c|ntc|n+c|on+|+|cmoos
|occssos+ssoc|+ooscocc+|+tc|o||t|co-|nst|tuc|on+|noucconcc|ncs+||c+ocsucgc|+|io
ocm+no+so+o++o|||c||obtcnioocsscsm+tc||+|snomc|c+oo
6

^s+ocscst|+tcg|c+s+u||oost+sv|s+mcont||bu||comostom+oo|csococc|siooo+|sno|n-
tu|tooc|omovc|+|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscom|ococmoo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|osc
cm+ocsuccons|oc|+mt+mbcm+sncccss|o+ocsoc|n||+cst|utu|+scomo|+bo|+to||osccu|+-
mcntosu+|ssc,+m
|noust||+||z+|+sso|uocsn+c|on+|s,+ocscnvo|v|o+scmm+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcmb+||st|c+
cm n|vc| oc |otot|o c|os o|gios oc csu|s+ n+c|on+|s cscc|+|mcntc + +|+m|o+ os
c+|bctosocs|||c|ocbo|ocoo||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|t+m+ss+mo|+|bcmcomo|omcnt+|o
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+sso|uocs
|noust||+||z+|+sso|uocsn+c|on+|s,+ocscnvo|v|o+scmm+tc||+|s+|+b||no+gcmc|ct|o-
m+gnct|c+ cm n|vc| oc |otot|o c|os o|gios oc csu|s+ n+c|on+|s oc |o|m+ + gc|+|
|nov+ocsc+tcnoc|+ocm+no+sc|v|scm|||t+|cs|c||m|o+s
|noust||+||z+|o|vc|sosm+tc||+|smct+||cosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|tutosoc|||nc|us|vc
||g+s oc +o b+||st|co c |ccuc|+| + c++c|o+oc +ntc||o|mcntc oom|n+o+ oc |oouio
oc||g+soc|tn|ono+|sn++|c+ococ|cs+|noust||+||z+|+|no+novos|occssosmct+-
|u|g|cosc|occssosoc,uniocso|o+gcmoccomoncntcscst|utu|+|sucoss+msc|
ut|||z+oosn+|oouioo+|noust||+ococ|cs+,u|g+oosv|+vc|soosontosocv|st+tccno-
|og|cosccomc|c|+|s
|noust||+||z+|o|vc|sosm+tc||+|scomos|tosocscnvo|v|ooso||nst|tutosoc||cscc|-
c+mcntc+sb|+socc+|bonoc|omcnt+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+stccno|og|+soc
|+b||c+ioc|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|scomos|toso||mc||coscc+|bonosos
|omcnt+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoc|oouioocscnso|cs+v+n+oosno+|scscc|+|mcntc
ocg||omct|osc+cc|c|omct|os|nc|us|vccomtccno|og|+|||oc|o|m++gc|+||nov+-
ocsc+tcnoc|+ocm+no+sc|v|scm|||t+|cs|c||m|o+s
|omcnt+| + |m|+nt+io oc +mb|cntcs (|+|ow+|c so|tw+|c c |um+nw+|c) com nov+s
+|u|tctu|+scomut+c|on+|sonocoss+msc||c|t+s||ocnovosm+tc||+|sc|occssos
|oout|vosv|+s|mu|+ocscomut+c|on+|scmc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
|omcnt+|+|m|+nt+ioocun|o+ocs||otoc|+bo|+to||osn+s|Cs+|++s+|c+scmuc
omc|c+oo+|no+nio+t|ng|u+su+m+tu||o+occconom|c+o|so+scctocst|+tcg|co|n-
c|u|nooscu+||+stctccno|og|co,+,ust|c++cont|nu|o+ocooocscnvo|v|mcnto|st+sc||+
t+mbcmum+|o|m+ocnioc|oc|+c++c|t+iococon|cc|mcnto,+conu|st+ooscm
cc|t+s+|c+soocon|cc|mcnto
7
||n+|mcntccomosugcstiooct|+b+||os|utu|os|ooc-sc+|c+||z+ioocumcstuoocscc|cono
mb|tooo||n|stc||oo+|c|cs+sob|cm+tc||+s-||m+so|son|vc|sno+|soc|ntc|cssc+|++|o-
ouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosoc|c|cs+ccgu|+n+^|cmocstccstuooconvcm|+nc,+|c|c+||z+|
csu|s+socmc|c+oom+|s+b|+ngcntcs+|+subs|o|+|os|utu|os|+nosocncgoc|osucocvc|io
sc||c+|+ooscmsuo|tcs+ocscst|+tcg|c+s+u||oost+s
8

kerernclas
^|O||| ||1O. ^^ (ioos) 1|tn|o ||||;|8
CO|C||Ô |:1|^1||C^ |^|^ ^ C|||C|^. 1|C|O|O|^ | ||OV^Ô || ||1|||::| |^
||||:^ |^C|O|^| |u|;ioo,
|:1|^1||^ |^C|O|^| || ||||:^ |cz;ioos
|:1U|O ||O:||C1|VO || |^1|||^|: - |c|+to:|os oc :|tu+io |+sc | - |c|+to:|o |+:c|+| - 1ccno|og|+s
:cns|vc|s (1cm+ V) - |+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos ,+:+ 1ccno|og|+s :cns|vc|s C||. 8:+s|||+. |cz;ioo;
|:1U|O ||O:||C1|VO || |^1|||^|: ^V^|^|O: - |+sc i;, |c:s,cct|v+s ,+:+ +io - 1o,|cos
1ccno|og|cos |:|o:|t+:|os cm C81 oc |+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos C||. 8:+s|||+. |un;ioos
|:1U|O ||O:||C1|VO || |^1|||^|: ^V^|^|O: |+nu+| oo |+:t|c|,+ntc :|m,os|o cm
|+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos ,+:+ :cto:cs :oc|occonom|cos C||. 8:+s|||+. ^go;ioo,
|^|1||:. | 8 :^|||||. 1 (ioo,) !c |utu:c o| t|c |c|cncc ||:m |:||O:. ,o. , ,o+-,so
|||: ^ccc|c:omctc:. y:osco,c +no ||U |+:|ct ioos-io+, (ioo,) :o|c |cvc|o,mcnt ||s,on|vc| cm
|tt,;;wwwm+:|ct:csc+:c|com;,:oouct;o|s,|+y+s,,:oouct|o=iis,s,+8xs=:
||^|O || ^Ô ioo; io+o oo |C1
|O||1|C^ || ||:||VO|V||||1O ||O|U1|VO (|||) |+|;ioos
|O||1|C^ |^C|O|^| |^ |||U:1||^ || ||||:^ (||||) |u|;ioo,
QU|||Oz. |C8 (ioos) |csu|s+ Coo,c:+t|v+ O |:o,cto oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto oc ||b:+s oc C+:bono ,+:+
^,||c+io cm U|t:+ccnt:||ug+s 1csc oc |cst:+oo |nst|tuto oc |csu|s+s |nc:gct|c+s c |uc|c+:cs.
Un|vc:s|o+oc oc :io |+u|o
|O|||U|: ||. |C| 8 C^||O:O. ^|V (io+o) |otcnc|+|s oc |c:c+oo c oc |nvcst|mcntos ,+:+
|:oouio no |+|s oc |+tc:|+|s oc |c|cs+ n+ ^:c+ oc 8||no+gcm |c|+to:|o 1ccn|co n oi;+o-||
Ccnt:o 1ccno|og|co oo |xc:c|to C1|X
:||||^||O :O8|| ||||1||z|: |:1|^1||C^: || C.18| |^|^ ^ ||||:^ |^C|O|^| ||;|C1;
C|| |ov;iooi
9
:|1O| ^||O|:|^C|^| 8|^:|||||O - O|O|1U|||^||: | ||:^||O: |^|^ :U^ CO|||1|1|V||^||
- |cun|io ||cn+:|+ |o:um oc Com,ct|t|v|o+oc oo :cto: ^c:ocs,+c|+| ||n|stc:|o oo
|cscnvo|v|mcnto. |noust:|+ c Comc:c|o |xtc:|o: ^ssoc|+io o+s |noust:|+s ^c:ocs,+c|+|s 8:+s||c|:+s
(^|^8) |ov;iooi
:|:1||^ ||1||^|O || C. 1 8 | |:o,ost+ oc ||:ct:|zcs |st:+tcg|c+s ,+:+ + |c|cs+ |+c|on+| ^ v|sio
o+ |noust:|+ ^c:ocs,+c|+| ^ssoc|+io o+s |noust:|+s ^c:ocs,+c|+|s 8:+s||c|:+s (^|^8) |cv;ioo,
:1|O||^|||. | (ioo,) io :c+:s :u,c:com,utc: |+:|ct ^n+|ys|s |ntc:n+t|on+| :u,c:com,utc:
Con|c:cncc (|:C) :c:|cs
60

6!
Materiais avanados para eletrnica,magnetismo e fotnica
2. Materiais avanados para eletrnica,magnetismo
e fotnica
1
2.1. Introduo
|stct|+b+||o|+z+|tco++gcno+cst|+tcg|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosooCC||ucv|s++cst+bc|ccc|
o+no|+m+c+sc|scct|v+soc+iocm+|c+scst|+tcg|c+soo|^CocC.oo;-.oosoo|Ccu
ob,ct|vo||nc|+|c+|cscnt+|++n+||scoco+ooscst|+tcg|cossob|cm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosn+s+|c+s
occ|ct|on|c+m+gnct|smoc|oton|c+|oouz|oosn+|+sc+ntc||o|ocstccstuoo|csscnc|+|ontu+|
+u|ucosm+tc||+|soc|ntc|cssctcm+||c+ocsuct|+nsccnocmo+|c+nccocstcoocumcntoc
uc,+n+|+sc+ntc||o|ocstccstuoo++n+||scoosm+tc||+|so|+|c+,+scobsc|vou|cst||t+
^scgu||s|tu+mosc+o+um+o+s+|c+stccno|og|c+sn+su+|sosm+tc||+|socst+c+oos+o|ongoocs-
tcoocumcntocncont|+m+||c+io
z.!.!. Lletrnlca
|m+|+t|c+comumnocstuooo+sc|v|||z+ocstcms|oo+ssoc|+|umm+tc||+|oom|n+ntc+c+o+
cst+g|oococscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co^ss|m++|t||oos+noseooosccu|oXX+soc|co+ocmo-
oc|n+ com su+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s cm g|+noc +|tc octc|m|n+o+s c|+ cx|o|+io o+s |o||co+ocs
oosm+tc||+|sscm|conouto|csooc||+sc|ocnom|n+o+oc+c|+oos|||c|o^|cvo|uioo+m|c|o-
c|ct|on|c+covc|t|g|nosoocscnvo|v|mcntoo+stccno|og|+soc|n|o|m+ioccomun|c+io(|Cs)
uc vcm tio |+o|c+|mcntc +|ct+noo +s |c|+ocs |um+n+s nos u|t|mos +nos t|vc|+m scus m+|cos
|n|c|+|sn+|nvcniooot|+ns|sto|o||oc||cy|+|occnc||+tt+|ncm+,|,cooc||cu|to|ntcg|+oo
(C|)o||||bycm+,,sCgc+o]
|mumm+tc||+|scm|conouto|+co||cntcc|ct||c+oocsc||ct|c+o+ccont|o|+o+ocm+nc||+mu|-
tom+|scc|cntcucoc|m|t|ooc|+s+nt|g+sv+|vu|+stc|m|on|c+sc+umcustoococ|+ios|g-
n|c+t|v+mcntcmcno|^+|t||occntio+|c+|+ioocnovosm+tc||+|sco|unc|on+mcntooos
1 |stc c+,|tu|o |o| c|+bo:+oo ,c|+ cu|,c com,ost+ ,o: Cc|so ||nto oc |c|o (coo:ocn+oo:). |con+:oo oc :ouz+ |cnczcs (:c|+-
to:). ^|bc:to |+ssos u|m+:ics (:cv|so:). ^nton|o ^zcvcoo o+ Cost+ (co-:c|+to:)
6z

comoncntcsc|ct|on|cos+ss+m+cx|o|+|+n+tu|cz+unt|c+o+m+tc||+cnu+ntouc+|ntc-
g|+io|og|css|v+ocumnumc|oc+o+vczm+|o|occomoncntcscmummcsmom|c|oc|||cv+
+um+com+ct+ioc|csccntcc+ocont|nuo+||mo|+mcntoooso|sos|t|vos
|m.oo;omc|c+oomuno|+|ocscm|conouto|cs(|+|g+mcntcoom|n+ooc|oscomoncntcsb+sc
ocs|||c|o)ccst|m+oocmcc|c+oc.;ob|||ocsocoo|+|cs|yuo,]|o||+s||scgunooo+ooso+^||-
|||(^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+o+|noust||+||ct||c+c||ct|on|c+)cm.ooeotot+|oc|mo|t+ocscom
scm|conouto|cs ++|c||os c comoncntcs c|ct|on|cos cou |ox|mo + +. b|||ocs oc oo|+|cs cm
umc|csc|mcntooccc|c+oc.o/sob|cocxc|c|c|o+ntc||o|^b|o;]
ô|ongooosu|t|mos|o+noso+|+o|gm+obsc|v+ooncss+cvo|uiococ|csc|mcntocxoncn-
c|+| oo numc|o oc comoncntcs |ntcg|+oos cm um mcsmo c|| cm obsc|vnc|+ |c| cm|||c+
cnunc|+o+cm+,e,o|Co|oon|oo|cocuccmmco|++c++c|o+ococ|occss+mcntooos
o|sos|t|vosc|ct|on|costcnoc||++sc|ou||c+o++c+o+.|mcscsioumtcstcmun|oo+cxt|+o|-
o|n+||+cngcn|os|o+oc|um+n+os|c|tostccn|cos|csons+vc|sc|oocscnvo|v|mcntocont|nuooc
novosm+tc||+|sco|sos|t|vosuc+tcomomcntotcmc|m|t|oo+|ntcg|+iooccomoncntcscm
csc+|+scm|cc|csccntcCgc+o]
|csocon+|oos+nos,oo|cm+n+||st+sooscto|tcm+|c|t+oo+|++cx|stcnc|+ocoss|vc|s||m|-
tcs+csscc|csc|mcntocxoncnc|+|osu+|stc||+mb+s|c+mcntcou+so||gcnso|st|nt+sCgc+o]^
||mc||+ocn+tu|cz+cconom|c+,+|o|+|ccon|cc|o+ocsocos||mo|o|oso+|noust||+c|ct|on|c+
+ c|+m+o+ |c| oc |oc| (ou scguno+ |c| oc |oo|c) c + const+t+io uc + const+ntc cvo|uio
tccno|og|c+ocm+no+ucoscustosoc|m|+nt+ioo+s|+b||c+soccomoncntcs(+s|+bs)ou||-
ucm+c+o+u+t|o+nos
|o,cu+nooocst+ooo++|tco+tccno|og|+c+m|n|++|++|oouioocc||soc|,nmo|co
ocum+|+bsuc|+,,b|||ocsocoo|+|cscomc+o+umooscon,untosocm+sc+|+scust+noom+|s
oouc+m|||ioocoo|+|cs|cco,]^ss|mcmum|utu|oniomu|to|ong|nuoo|cto|nocconom|-
coo+|oouioocum+nov+gc|+ioocc||s+ss+||++|csu|t+||nsuc|cntc+|+cob|||oscustos
xos|n|c|+|soc|m|+nt+ioo+snov+s|+nt+s|noust||+|sc+sscgu|+|+m+|gcmoc|uc|o+|+|nvcs-
t|mcntos+o|c|on+|scmtccno|og|+
^ scguno+ ||m|t+io oc c+|+tc| m+|s |uno+mcnt+| +ov|||+ o+ |o||+ |moss|b|||o+oc o+ |couio
cont|nu+o+o+so|mcnsocs||s|c+sooscomoncntcs+sc|cm|+b||c+ooscomo||m|tc+|+osmooos
+tu+|soc|o,ctocm+nu|+tu|+occ||cu|tos|ntcg|+ooscst|m+oocomoscnooo+o|ocmoc+|gum+s
ouc+soczcn+socn+nomct|os(+nm=+o
-,
m)
6!
^cs+|oos|og|cssoscont|nuosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|socs|gncmooosocm+nu|+tu|+
oscstuoos|oscct|voso+|noust||+ocm|c|oc|ct|on|c+||st+m+ocm+no+cm|+zosc+o+vczm+|s
cu|toso|tccno|og|+s+|no+|ncx|stcntcs(++|cococt|,o|osvc|mc||os|cob||c|w+||+b+||+|
o|og|csso|utu|o|||o|])|+zcnoo+ntcvc|uc+tc.o+,u+noo+|noust||+ocvc|+scto|n+||ntc-
g|+|mcntcocb+scn+notccno|og|c+|cco,]+bo|o+gcns|ntc||+mcntcnov+socvcmsc|cst+bc|cc|-
o+s|t|o,Cgc+o]O||m|tcn+|o+so|mcnsocs+|++s|+t+|o|m+sC|Ooo|ng|cscom|cmcn-
t+|ymct+|ox|ocscm|conoucto|+tu+|mcntcoom|n+ntcsccst|m+oocm,.nm|usos]|cnt|c
osocs+os+sc|cmcn||cnt+oosnos|ox|mos+nosscocst+c++ncccss|o+ocococn||u+|socnt|c
+s +|tc|n+t|v+s oc nov+s tccno|og|+s uc sc +|cscnt+m sio b+sc+o+s cm ||nc||os ||s|cos |uno+-
mcnt+|succnu+ntooss|b|||t+noo+const|uiocm+nu|+tu|+ocnovoso|sos|t|vosn+nomct||-
cossc,+mc++zcsocc|m|t||+|ntcg|+iooc+|u|tctu|+scococ|+iocom+tccno|og|++tu+|
um|cu|s|to+omcnostcmo|+||on+|+scoct|+ns|iocnt|coo|s+|+o|gm+sconcc|tu+|s
|mo+oo|c|cv+ntc+cons|oc|+|com|c|+iot|+ns|io+|+um+c|+os-s|||c|ocucsc+tccno-
|og|+C|Oc|o,cm+ou|+c|cn+mcntccst+bc|cc|o+|ssosc|czg|++s+cno|mcs|nvcst|mcntos
|c+||z+oos+o|ongoococc+o+sccnvo|vcum+m+||+muno|+|oc|+b||c+ntcs|o|ncccoo|csoc+|tcs
ccomoncntcscocm|||ocsoc|cst+oo|csocsc|v|o
^ss|mscossuccss|vosm++soccst|+o+(|o+om+s)|cvccm+cvo|uioo+tccno|og|+occ||s
C|O+tcc|omcnoso+no.o.oo|mu|totcmo+os|sso+|no+c|+ocvc|+c|m+nccc|como
um comoncntc |mo|t+ntc oos o|sos|t|vos c|ct|on|cos cm um+ t|+ns|io oc t+|vcz v+||+s oc-
c+o+s+tcucumnovo+|+o|gm+tccno|og|coscto|ncoom|n+ntc|ocnt+nto+|++sscgu|+|+
cont|nu|o+ocn+|couioo+so|mcnsocso+s|+t+|o|m+sC|Oocnt|oo+com|cx|o+oco+c+oc|+
occt++s,+|cuc||o+s+|++|oouioooso|sos|t|vos+tu+|s++|t||o+s+most|+sb|ut+socs|||c|o
V+no;]ccn+||os+|tc|n+t|vos|cc|s+msc|const+ntcmcntccons|oc|+oosVc|o;]
z.!.z. Magnetlsmo
|unc++ntcs+v|o+o|+||+o+scsso+s|o|tios|gn|c+t|v+mcntcoccnocntcooocscnvo|v|mcntooc
novosm+tc||+|sm+gnct|coscom|o||co+ocscscc|+|s^v|o+mooc|n+ccmmu|tos+scctoscx-
t|cm+mcntcoccnocntcoc|occssos+utom+t|z+oosucus+mm+tc||+|s|c||om+gnct|coscmu+sc
too+s+s+t|v|o+ocs|o|cxcm|out|||z+iooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+c|ct|omoto|csm|c|omoto|cscomu-
t+oo|cs+|m+zcn+mcntooco+ooso|g|t+|stc|ccomun|c+ocsn+vcg+iooc|+ocs+c|c+sccs+c|+|s
+utom+io|noust||+|mco|c|n+mooc|n+|m+gcmo||cssonnc|+m+gnct|c+scnso|cso|vc|sos|n-
oust||++utomob|||st|c+c|ct|ooomcst|cosctcut|||z+moc|o|m+|ntcns|v+osm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cos^
64

+|c+occsu|s+cmm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosccons|oc|+o+cst|+tcg|c+c|os+|scs|noust||+||z+oosc|+
umcs|o|ocont|nuooccsu|s+t+ntonos|+bo|+to||os+c+ocm|coscomo|noust||+|s
|mmu|tos+scctos+csu|s+cm|+gnct|smoc|+tc||+|s|+gnct|cos^v+n+ooscst++ss+noo
o|um+|+scocmu|t++t|v|o+ocucscocvc||nc|+|mcntc+oocscnvo|v|mcntooctccn|c+ssost|-
c+o+sn++|c+oc|c+|+iocc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s^c++c|o+ococcont|o|+|oc|csc|mcnto
oc|mcsnoscmu|t|c+m+o+scmcsc+|++tom|c+ucoco||cun++|c+ocscm|conouto|cssccstcn-
ocu+|c+ocm+gnct|smo|stc|ntc|cssc|o|mot|v+oo||nc|+|mcntcc|+|noust||+mu|t|b|||on+||+
oc+|m+zcn+mcntooc|n|o|m+ocs|u|toscxcm|osoocmsc|c|t+oos+|+||ust|+|+|c|+io|o-
x|m+uccx|stccnt|c+||s|c+oc|cnomcnos|uno+mcnt+|scmm+gnct|smocsu+s+||c+ocstccno-
|og|c+s|moc|cs|o|+ut|||z+iooo|cnomcnoo+|+gncto|cs|stcnc|+C|g+ntcuc|cvoumcnosoc
+o+noscnt|csu+ocscobc|t+u|+mcntcc|cnt|c+csu+ut|||z+iocm|ooutostccno|og|cos|st+
ocscobc|t+uc|cvouconccssiooo|cm|o|obc|oc.oo;+oo|socscusocscob||oo|cs^|bc|t
|c|tc|ctc|C|unbc|g|o|umoost|+b+||osscm|n+|sooucc|o,ccon|cc|oocomo+|nt|on|c+
^c++c|o+ococs|ntct|z+|nov+scst|utu|+sm+gnct|c+sn+csc+|+oco|mcnsocsn+nomct||c+stcm
|cv+oo+oocscob||mcntosuccss|voocv+||os|cnomcnoscmm+gnct|smocom+m|+soss|b|||o+-
ocsocut|||z+ion++|c+ocm+gncto-c|ct|on|c+ous|nt|on|c+ôss|b|||o+ococt|+nso|tcc|c-
t|on|cocomo|+||z+ioocs|nt|ouxcom+gnct|smo+|+ooom|n|oooso|sos|t|vosc|ct|on|cos
Ocst+ooo++|tcncst++|c+cnvo|vc+|+b||c+iocont|o|+o+c|c|oout|vc|ocn+no-cst|utu|+sm+g-
nct|c+sconn+o+sn+st|cso|mcnsocs|st+scst|utu|+scmcsc+|+n+nomct||c++|cscnt+m|numc-
|os|cnomcnosucsosiocx||c+ooscom+ux|||oo+|ccn|c+unt|c+Ousooos|nc|ct|on|co
vcmscnooc+o+vczm+|scx|o|+oocm+||c+ocstccno|og|c+s+ss|mcomo+contccccom+su+
c+|g+ c|ct||c+ uc c |uno+mcnt+| +|+ o |unc|on+mcnto oc o|sos|t|vos scm|conouto|cs ||c|tos
unt|cos t+|s como |n,cio oc s|ns tunc|+mcnto oc s|ns cs+||+mcnto oc s|ns co||cntc oc
s|nc|c|to|+||ocs|nctccstioc+o+vczm+|s|ox|mosocsct|+ns|o|m+|cm+||c+ocstccno-
|og|c+s |c+|s ccno|og|+s +|tc|n+t|v+s +|+ |occss+mcnto c +|m+zcn+mcnto oc o+oos ut|||z+noo
+|cocs oc oom|n|o m+gnct|co cm n+noos vcm scnoo |oost+s |st+s tccno|og|+s c||+||+m +
mcmo||+un|vc|s+|ucsc|v|||+t+nto+|+o|occss+mcntocmtcmo|c+|como+|+o+|m+zcn+-
mcntoniovo|+t||oc|n|o|m+ocs
^m+|o|+|tcocstc|og|csso|o|m|o+vc|coo|ntc|csscc|csccntcc|++|c+ocm+gnct|smoscocvc
csu|s+|c+||z+o+n++|c+oc|c+|+ioocnovosm+tc||+|scn+ut|||z+io|ntcns|v+octccn|c+soc
c+|+ctc||z+ioc|+b||c+ioOocscnvo|v|mcntooctccn|c+soc+|tov+cuo|o|c|ou+ou|+||z+-
ioocmctooosocc|csc|mcnto+ntcssoo|son|vc|scmg|+nocs|+bo|+to||os+c+ocm|cosc|nous-
t||+|soo||mc||omunoo|nt|ccst+stccn|c+socst+c+mcntos+||t+x|+o||c|xc|o|ccu|+|(|||
6
n+s|g|+cm|ng|cs)+ocos|iout|||z+noo|c|xcoc||ct|onsc+tccn|c+ococos|ioo|uttc||ng
|st+u|t|m+tccn|c+c|m|tcoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occssosucoocmsc||+c||mcntccsc+|+oos
cmn|vc|oc+||c+ioo|s+s|noust||+sut|||z+m+tccn|c+ocsuttc||ngoc|o|m+|ntcns|v+
|+o||cioococscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|socst+c+mososcs|o|osnoscnt|ooococscob|||
m+tc||+|scom+n|sot|o|+sm+gnctoc||st+||n+scxt|cm+mcntcb+|x+s(o+|;m
,
)c+n|sot|o|+scxt|c-
m+mcntc+|t+s(+o
;
|;m
,
)+mbcmsiooc|ntc|csscm+tc||+|sucossucmcoc|c|v|o+ocscxt|cm+-
mcntcb+|x+s(o+^;m~+o
-,
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e
^;m~+o
,
Oc)(Obs+Oc=;,e^;m)
^||+oos s c+|+ctc||st|c+s m+gnct|c+s ocsc,+o+s os m+tc||+|s m+gnct|cos ocvcm tc| |o||co+ocs
ot|m|z+o+s oc conouio c|ct||c+ oc con|o|m+io mccn|c+ ocvcm sc| |cs|stcntcs co||osio c
ossu|||o||co+ocstc|m|c+s+ocu+o+s^|cmo|stoosnovosm+tc||+|socvcmsc|+c||c|o+oos
+|+cv|t+|+g|cssio+mb|cnt+|ocvcmsc|||moscg+st+|ouc+cnc|g|+|m+o+s+||c+ocsm+|s
|om|sso|+scnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|c|||gc|+oo|csm+gnctoc+|o||cosucou+mcnc|g|+ccv|-
t+mousoocsubstnc|+sb+sc+oosnosc|o|o-uo|c+|bonosucocst|ocm+c+m+o+ocozon|o
z.!.!. |otnlca
^ |oton|c+ ||o+ com |occssos uc cstio ||g+oos gc|+io oc |uz su+ t|+nsm|ssio su+ octccio
su+m+n|u|+io(+m||c+iomoou|+iooccxioctco|comoncntcsot|cos|ontcsoc|uz
(|m+o+s|||s|+sc|sctc)b|+sot|c+sctoooot|ooco|sos|t|voucoss+tc|scu||nc||o
oc |unc|on+mcnto b+sc+oo n+ |ntc|+io o+ |uz com + m+tc||+ |+t+-sc scm ouv|o+ +|gum+ oc
um+tccno|og|+c++c|t+oo|+ocout|+stccno|og|+scxc|ccnoo|nucnc|+cc+us+noo|m+ctoso-
b|cg|+noc||+iooosscto|cs|noust||+|socnt|cosu+|soocmosocst+c+|oocm+nu|+tu|+soc
cu|+mcntos +|+ s+uoc scgu|+n+ tc|ccomun|c+ocs cnc|g|+ mc|o-+mb|cntc b|otccno|og|+ c
+c|ocs+c|+|Comoscto||noust||+|c|+cng|ob++s+|c+socb|+sot|c+s|+sc|so|s|+yscc|cmcntos
otoc|ct|on|cosbcmcomotoo+ssu+s+||c+ocscomc|c|+|s|+t|c+st+|scomocomun|c+ocso-
t|c+s(tc|ccomun|c+ocs)cu|+mcntosmco|co-ooonto|og|cos+|+sc|scnso|csc|nst|umcnt+ocs
ot|cos|+sc|s|noust||+|smost|+oo|cs|um|nososctc
Osccu|o.o|o|+m|+mcntcoom|n+ooc|+c|ct|on|c+|cstcc||ooo+|cnocmos+m+n|u|+|c|c-
t|ons|cv+noo|oouiooco|sos|t|voscc++c|t+nootccno|og|+s||+c||vc||c+|uc+sn+ocs
m+|sbcm-succo|o+scconom|c+mcntcsio+uc|+suco|socmocum+|uc|noust||+|c|ct|on|co
|o|tcOsccu|o.+sc|+o|out|o|+oooom|n+ooc|+|oton|c+^+n+|og|+sccst+bc|cccu+noo
cons|oc|+mosuc+|noust||+|oton|c+|o,ctcmos|io+n+|og+|noust||+c|ct|on|c+u+noocst+
cstcvccmsu+|n|nc|+n+occ+o+oceou+noo+|gum+so+stccno|og|+sb+s|c+scst+v+mo|so-
66

s|io o|cm os scus |m+ctos c conscucnc|+s uc |o,c cm o|+ tio bcm con|cccmos cst+v+m
+cn+scomc+noo+sc|c|ccb|oos
^ss|mooc-sc+|m+|scmcu|vocosuc+|oton|c+c+us+|+umcno|mc|m+ctoc|cnt|cotcc-
no|og|cocconom|cocsoc|+|ou|+ntc+s|ox|m+socc+o+sO|cucoc|ooutosctccno|og|+s+s-
soc|+o+s|oton|c+tcmc|csc|oocno|mcmcntciomost|+oo|csus+ooscmtc|cv|so|cscmc|+s
|otog|+c+scocv|ococcmtc|c|oncscc|u|+|csscnso|csoc+|t+scns|b|||o+ocus+ooscmcsu|s+
b+s|c+mon|to|+mcntooc+mb|cntcs||mosmco|c|n+co|+gnost|cocs|stcm+socscgu|+n+^|cm
o|stoocnt|c+s+||c+ocscom|o|tc|m+ctocconom|cooccv|ocntc|mo|tnc|+oocmosc|t+|
o|sos|t|vos|um|ncsccntcsccc|u|+sso|+|csoc+|t+cc|cnc|+|+sc|s|noust||+|s+|+|occss+mcnto
ocm+tc||+|sc+stccno|og|+soc|n|o|m+iococcomun|c+ocs-como|+sc|s+ss|vc|socc|+vc+-
mcntou|t|+-|+|oomu|t||cx+oo|cscocmu|t||cx+oo|csocs|n+|sot|coscb|+sot|c+s(sob|o|-
m+oco|sos|t|vosouocb|+scscc|+|s)
|mbomcxcm|ooc|oouto|oton|coco++|c||ooc|V|ucossu|um|+sc|ocscm|conou-
to|ums|stcm+ot|cocum|oto-octccto|comoscuscomoncntcscsscnc|+|s|occon|cc|mcn-
togc|+|+b+t+||+|noust||+|ucsct|+v+noso|+soc|o,ccom|c|+iotccno|og|++sc|us+o+n+
nov+gc|+iooc|V|scom+|t+c++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcnto^|gumcntos|oton|cos|nucn-
c|+mosocb+tcssob|cu+|o+stccno|og|+ssc|+ut|||z+o+|m+o+s+||c+ocs|oton|c+sm+|s|c-
scntcsnoso|+s+tu+|scnoscto|octc|ccomun|c+ocsonocc|+ooc|ovc|vo|umcscno|mcs
oct|+|cgooco+oosn+|ntc|nctc;oucmout|+s|cocsoco+oosu+noo+co|+o++s|stcm+soc
c|+vc+mcntooc+|t+vc|oc|o+oc
^|oton|c+cst+t+mbcmconso||o+o+cm|nst|umcntoscscnso|cs||v|csoc|ob|cm+s||g+oos|n-
tc||c|cnc|+c|ct|om+gnct|c+c|cosoctcnsiooc|cocsc|ct||c+s^^ssoc|+io+|+o|cscnvo|v|-
mcnto o+ |noust||+ Otoc|ct|on|c+ oos ||^ (O||^) cons|oc|+ uc ,,/ oc tooos os o|sos|t|vos
consum|oosno+|ssio|oton|cosouc||ust|++cxtcnsiooomc|c+oo+ou+|+tccno|og|+,+|o|
|nco|o|+o+^cnct|+iooc|ooutosctccno|og|+sb+sc+ooscmmost|+oo|cs;|m+gcnscmmc|-
c+oosconsum|oo|csm+,o||t+||+mcntcVscomtc|+occ||st+|||u|ooctc|c|oncscc|u|+|cscomc-
mc|+sccv|ocntc|iocsu||cs+uc+stccno|og|+s|oton|c+stcn|+m|cv+ooc||+ioocmu|t+s
com+n||+socscnvo|vcnoo+||c+ocscscc|c+sucviooccomoncntcs+|+|+sc|s+tcso|tw+-
|c+|+o|o,ctoocnov+sso|uocsot|c+s|cnt|c+sm+|snov+stcnocnc|+sn+|oton|c+oocmos
c|t+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|s|cstccontcxto+|oton|c+|oo|c|on+|+o|sos|t|vos
comoncntcsc|ooutosmcno|csm+|s|+|ooscm+|sb+|+tosucconsum||iomcnoscnc|g|+c
tc|io+|t+|unc|on+||o+oc
67
ô|son|b|||o+occ+||c+b|||o+oco+stccno|og|+s|oton|c+soccnoco+cont||bu|ioo+||s|c+o+
u|m|c+o+c|cnc|+ocm+tc||+|so+sc|cnc|+so+v|o+coco|vc|s+s+|c+so+cngcn|+||+|stoc+|+c-
tc||z++|oton|c+comomu|t|o|sc|||n+|oc|o|m+ucnov+s+||c+ocsocm+no+m|+b|||o+ocsuc
u|t|++ss+m+s||ontc||+socv+||osco||c|cntcsoc+|t+mcntost|+o|c|on+|scmun|vc|s|o+ocsc|ns-
t|tutosoccsu|s+|o|cxcm|o+b|o|oton|c+c+comb|n+iooco|sc|||n+so+b|o|og|+co+|o-
ton|c+com+||c+ocsn+s+|c+socc|cnc|+so+v|o+mco|c|n++g||cu|tu|+cmc|o-+mb|cntc|+|+o
||+s||cm+|t|cu|+|uccum+|scomv+||+s||ontc||+s+g||co|+scucscto|n+c+o+vczm+|sum
|mo|t+ntc|ovcoo|oc+||mcntos+|+omunootooo+|mo|tnc|+ocst++|c+c|no|scut|vc|
^|cmocc|mc+|v+||+s+t|v|o+ocsc|cnt|c+stccno|og|c+sccconom|c+sooc-scvc|uc+|oto-
n|c+cum++t|v|o+ocuccst|mu|+out|+stccno|og|+sc+t|v|o+ocs,+ucc||m|n+tccno|og|+sm+|s
convcnc|on+|scc++c|t+|+o|c+|mcntcnov+sgc|+ocsoc|ooutosc|occssos,+cx|stcntcs+oo-
m|n+|osmc|c+oosocconsumo|+|sum+vcztom+nooocxcm|ooo+|m+zcn+mcntoot|cooc
o+ooscst+tccno|og|+muoouos+|+o|gm+soosscto|csoccnt|ctcn|mcntoccomut+iooomcs-
t|cos(v|+|V|)coosscnso|csoc|m+gcmo|g|t+|sb+sc+ooscmo|sos|t|vosoccst+ooso||oouc
cncont|+|+musom+c|on+scm+|+so|g|t+|s|st+so|su+vczc||m|n+|+mu+scuco|com|c-
toousooc|mcs|otog|+cos
|st+s tccno|og|+s com c+|+tc| ocsb|+v+oo| oocm t+mbcm c++c|t+| nov+s c|+sscs oc |ooutos
cmc|c+oos+tccntio|n+ccss|vc|st+|u+|comut+oo|cso|t+tc|stc|c|oncscc|u|+|csou|m+gc-
+mcnto o|g|t+| |ov+s |noust||+s c com+n||+s sio |uno+o+s c c|csccm +ucccnoo o mc|c+oo c
gc|+noo novos cm|cgos |nt|o+ocs cconom|c+s (com+n||+s |noust||+s govc|nos) |cv|+mcntc
cx|stcntcsoocmcomct||c|omc|c+ooscc|ccbc|cm+smuo+n+sc+|ovc|t+|cmnov+soo|-
tun|o+ocs|+s+|+|stocncccss+||o+g||csc+o+t+||+|o+mcntcouc|n|c||zmcntc+|no+nio
|+z+|tco+cu|tu|+b|+s||c||+^scnt|o+ocscconom|c+sucnioo|+zcm+c+b+mc+nooobso|ct+s
cmumcu|to|ntc|v+|ooctcmoocc||n+nooco|mcxt|ngu|noo-sc|oc+soocgovc|noscstcs
+ss+m+sc|com|+oo|csoctccno|og|+|mo|t+o+s+c||c+noo|ccu|sosucooc||+msc|ut|||z+-
oos+|+|nvcst|mcntonobcm-cst+|ocsu+ou|+io
68

2.2. Materiais para sensores
z.z.!. lntroduo
Otcm+ocscnso|csccxt|cm+mcntcv+sto+b|+ngcnoov+||+s+|c+sc|cnt|co-tccno|og|c+scmc|c-
ccnooo|s|soumcstuoocst|+tcg|cocxc|us|v+mcntcoco|c+oo+o+ssunto
cnso||+mcnto ot|co c um+ tccno|og|+-c|+vc +|+ +s m+|s |mo|t+ntcs tccno|og|+s us+o+s cm
noss+sv|o+s|o|cxcm|oscm+cx|stcnc|+oc|occo|mcntosocmco|o+com+|t+|cso|uioot|c+
niosc||+oss|vc|obsc|v+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+m|n|+tu||z+iooccst|utu|+ssob|cc||sscm|con-
outo|csco|scos||g|oosucoctc|m|n+m+vc|oc|o+oco+smuo+n+scmnoss+soc|co+ocb+sc+o+
n+|n|o|m+io
|+s t+mbcm co|s+s b+n+|s uc s|m|csmcntc |+zcm + noss+ v|o+ m+|s con|o|t+vc| tcm |c|+io
comscnso||+mcntoot|co|+cum+|c+||o+ocs|stcm+suco|scns+momoto||st++|+conouz||
o+utomovc|+t|+vcso+|ot+|c|ct+ocout|os+utomovc|scocs|n+|soct|+|cgoOut|++||c+io
b+st+ntc|cscntccn+v|g||nc|+s|stcm+socscgu|+n+ccont|o|coc++|c||osoomcst|cos
^|o|+x|+mco|c+|o||cvo|uc|on+o+c|oscnso||+mcntoot|co|+|mct|osocs+uococ+c|cn-
tcssiomco|ooscmc+s+coso+oossiocnv|+oosc|+|coc+|+omco|cono|os|t+|oucmscu
consu|to||o^n+||scot|c+ocm+tc||+|sb|o|og|cosocos|t+oossob|c+||+n,osocb|o-c||s|n|o|m+
|ont+cob,ct|v+mcntcsob|cocst+ooocs+uococum|no|v|ouo|oo|c|on+nooum+|oost+
tc|+cut|c++|t+mcntcc|son+||z+o+cot|m|z+o+
Omon|to|+mcntooo+|o++gu+ooso|oco+u+||o+ococ+||mcntos+ss|mcomoo+|couiooc
o|ucntcssiot+|c|+scsscnc|+|s+|+ucoss+mosm+ntc|omc|o+mb|cntccom+m|n|m+u+||-
o+oc+|++sgc|+ocs|utu|+s|cstcsc+mos+stccn|c+socmco|o+sot|c+s(|nc|us|vc|cmot+s)
cont||bucmoc|o|m+occ|s|v+
cnso|csm+gnct|cos(cc|cmcntosscnso|cs)cncont|+m+||c+ocscmo|vc|s+s+|c+so+cngcn|+||+
mccn|c+cm|o,ctosoc|ocomot|v+sc+utomovc|scomooctccto|csocos|ioocvc|oc|o+oc
|ntcns|o+ococc+mom+gnct|cooct|nt+scoco|stnc|+s
69
z.z.z. Slllclo oroso
Os|||c|oo|osocobt|oo++|t||oos|||c|omonoc||st+||no+t|+vcsocum|occssosoc+noo|z+io
cmso|uio+uos+oc+c|oouo||o||cocmcomo||nc|+|sc+|+ctc||st|c+scm|ssio|oto|um|ncs-
ccntc n+ |cg|io oo v|s|vc| oo cscct|o c|ct|om+gnct|co tcmc|+tu|+ +mb|cntc c c|cv+o+ |+zio
+|c+-vo|umc^c+m+o+ocs|||c|oo|oso|o|m+o+cum+com|cx+cst|utu|+cson,os+comost+
o||cg|ocsoc|monoc||st+||nooco|mcnsocsucv+||+mo+csc+|+m|c|omct||c+csc+|+n+no-
mct||c+ (ocnom|n+oos c||st+||tos) o| o|os com o|mct|os uc t+mbcm v+||+m ncst+s csc+|+s
oct+m+n|oco|um+suc|||c|c|ntc|n+t|o+mo|z+o+Osc||st+||tosoc|conn+oosncst+cs-
t|utu|+oocmsc||ntc|concct+ooso||ouo|ontcsocs|||c+|o|cst+|+zioos|||c|oo|osoc
cons|oc|+ooumm+tc||+|+|t|cu|+|nioscnoocnu+o|+ooncmcomos|||c|omonoc||st+||nocon-
vcnc|on+|ncmcomoumm+tc||+|+mo||o|cvc-sc|css+|t+|uco|monoc||st+||nocomumg+
|no||ctotcmcc|cnc|+unt|c+occm|ssiob+no++b+no+ocs|cz|vc|n+|cg|iooo|n||+vc|mc||o
|+os|||c|o+mo||o||o|ogcn+oo+|cscnt+um++|t+cc|cnc|+unt|c++b+|x+stcmc|+tu|+sm+s
ucocc|csccb|usc+mcntctcnocnoo+zc|on+tcmc|+tu|++mb|cntc
|ocnt+nto++||c+iooos|||c|oo|osoniosc|cst||ngccxc|us|v+mcntc+oso|sos|t|vosoccm|s-
siooc|uzOs|||c|oo|osotcmcnt|csu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scst|utu|+|sum+c|cv+o+suc|||c|c|ntc|n+
cc|cv+o++t|v|o+ocu|m|c+oocnoo-sccx|o|+|c|c|tosoc+oso|io|st+sc+|+ctc||st|c+st|+ns|o|-
m+mo|cmumm+tc||+||ntc|css+ntc+|++||c+iocmscnso|csocum|o+oc^no,o]g+scscv+-
o|csu|m|cos\+t,e|o+oo]^|tc|+ocso+s|o||co+ocsot|c+s|c|+c|on+o+s+oso|iooco|-
|c|cntcssubstnc|+su|m|c+s+umcnt+msu+otcnc|+||o+occomoscnso|ot|coocg+scsz+n,;]
|nt|ct+ntoconc|u|-sc+t|+vcsoos|csu|t+oos+|cscnt+oosn+||tc|+tu|+uct+|so|sos|t|vosncccs-
s|t+m+|no+ocsc|+||mo|+oos+mocmc||o|+|cmsu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socscns|b|||o+occoccst+-
b|||o+oc+|+to|n+|cm-scv|+vc|scomc|c|+|mcntc
z.z.!. |lbras optlcas mlcroestruturadas
^s b|+s ot|c+s |+ mu|tos +nos vcm scnoo +||c+o+s cm um+ v+st+ ||st+ oc t|os oc scnso|cs
comoo|cxcm|og||osco|osm+gnctomct|osscnso|csot|cosscnso|csoctcmc|+tu|++cc-
|c|omct|osscnso|csococ|o|m+iomccn|c+(st|+|ng+ugc)scnso|csocn|vc|cocco||cntcc|c-
t||c+|osu|t|mos+nosum+nov+c|+sscocb|+sot|c+s+sb|+sot|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+stcm
s|ooocscnvo|v|o+s|cv+noo+oss|b|||o+ocsoc+||c+iocomoscnso|cscomm+|s+|t+scns|b|||o+oc
oouc+uc|cs|c|toscomb|+sot|c+scomunsou+tcmcsmo++||c+ocs+|++su+|s+sb|+s
comunsniosc|vcmcomo+uc|+succx|o|+m+m|c|ocst|utu|+oonovot|oocb|+sot|c+s
70

||b|+sot|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+sconst|tucmom+|s|cccntcocscnvo|v|mcnton++|c+ocgu|+soc
ono+oc|ongo+|c+nccscnoo|csons+vc|so|um|cn+sc|mcntoo+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cm-
b|+sot|c+s|,+o,|n|o,|uso;]|st+sb|+sb+s|c+mcntccons|stcmoccst|utu|+sc|||no||c+sn+s
u+|sbu|+cosou|nsc|ocsoccsc+|+m|c|omct||c+c||cuno+monuc|cocco||cm+o|ongooctooo
ocom||mcntoo+b|+|m+c|+sscmu|to|mo|t+ntcocb|+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+ssio+sc|+m+-
o+sb|+socc||st+||oton|co(|C|)cmucosbu|+cosou|nsc|ocssionumc|ososcsco|g+n|z+m
|o|m+nooum+m+t||z|cgu|+|
|C|socnuc|coso||oogu|+m+|uzo||ccxio|ntc|n+tot+|,+uc+|cscn+ocbu|+cosn+c+sc+
|couzo|no|ccoc|c||+ioocst+|cg|iocom|c|+io+onuc|co|ccnocnooooocs|gncscc|co
b|+socstct|ooocmossu||nuc|cosoco|mct|osbcm|couz|oos(~+m)ucconn+mcno|-
mcmcntc+|uz|oc+sooc|C|sooc-sct+mbcm|o,ct+|b|+scomnuc|cosuc+cs+|occno|-
mcs(~|omoco|mct|o)gu|+m+|uzcmumun|comooo
|C|socnuc|coocogu|+m+|uzocv|oocx|stcnc|+ocumbandgap|oton|con+c+sc+m|c|ocst|u-
tu|+o+ucconn++|uznonuc|co^|o+g+iogu|+o+cmumnuc|cooc+|oumcsmocv+cu+oo
c+t|+cntcocv|oooss|b|||o+ococscobtc|cmb|+scomnio-||nc+||o+ocs~+ooovczcs|n|c||o|cs
socb|+scomunsOuzo,]cc|soco|sc|sios|ngu|+|csocco||cntcsun|c+mcntco+cx|stcnc|+
oobandgapn+c+sc+(,+uc+o|sc|siooo+|cocs|cz|vc|)
^|cmo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+ss|ngu|+|csocb|+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+so|+toocuc|+suc|os|iocn-
t|c+|uzcosbu|+cos|+zcomuc|numc|+s+||c+ocs|c|+c|on+o+s+o|ccnc||mcntoocstcscom
o||c|cntcsm+tc||+|ssc,+moss|vc|s|xcm|os|ocm|ncntcsoct+|s+||c+ocssioscnso||+mcnto
ocb|omo|ccu|+scmso|uio|cno|]ouocg+scs||to|]com+|t|ss|m+scns|b|||o+oc|mscnsooc
g+scs o|ucntcs t+mbcm |o| ocmonst|+oo |ono+] ^ g|+noc v+||+io oo |no|cc oc |c||+io oc
o||mc|oscomtcmc|+tu|+(scnso|octcmc|+tu|+)o|cxcm|o|o|cx|o|+o+cmum+sc||coc
cxc||mcntos|ggo+]
^sb|+sot|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+soocmsc|+o+t+o+s+|+mon|to|+|+oc|o|m+ioocum+cs-
t|utu|+cmt|cso|mcnsocs|stoc|c|tous+nooum+un|c+b|+commu|t||osnuc|coscmucnio
|+|n|c|+|mcntc+co|+mcntocnt|ccstcsu+noo+b|+coc|o|m+o++tcnsioo||c|cnc|+||nouz|o+
cnt|cosnuc|cos|csu|t+cmum+o||c|cn+oc|+sccnt|cos|c|xcsoc|uzucsc|o+g+mcmc+o+
umoosnuc|cos^ss|mu+|uc|oc|o|m+io;cncu|v+mcntoo+b|+oocsc|octcct+oo+n+||s+n-
oo-sc||+n,+soc|ntc||c|cnc|+noc+moo|st+ntc||+,s]
7!
^|nsc|ioocm+tc||+|cm|C|socnuc|coococ+|no+m+|s|ntc|css+ntcoouccm|C|socnuc|co
so||oo|stoo|uccoss|vc|sc|nsc|||m+tc||+|sc|ct|v+mcntcnonuc|coocooc|o|m+uc+|uzsc|o-
+guco||ct+mcntco|cstc|cstcc+so+m|c|ocst|utu|+o+c+sc+tcmum+c||uno+mcnt+|Como
o|no|ccoc|c||+ioc|ct|voocst+oocsc|b+st+ntcb+|xo(~+)om+tc||+||nsc||oononuc|coooctc|
|no|cc|gu+|ou|n|c||o|+oo+s|||c+c+|no++ss|mc|m|t||gu|+mcntoo||ccxio|ntc|n+tot+|
|stcm+s |o|+m ocscnvo|v|oos v|s+noo +||c+io oc |C|s |ccnc||o+s +|+ scnso||+mcnto ot|-
coocuxoocso|uocsCo|oe]|mscnso|oc|cssiob+sc+ooncst+sb|+st+mbcm|o||oosto
|cccntcmcntc^+|+toscmc||+ntc|o|ut|||z+oocomooctccto|occonccnt|+ocsmu|tob+|x+soc
octc|m|n+o+smo|ccu|+so|gn|c+smoo;]
|+|+c+o+um+o+s+||c+ocsmcnc|on+o+s+|+b||c+ioocb|+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+scomoctc|m|-
n+o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s|o|ncccss+||+|+|+|utu|+s+||c+ocs+|+o||c|cntcs+|c+socscnso||+mcnto
|stocont|nu+|+scnoovc|o+oc
z.z.4. Materlals para sensores no rotnlcos
|csu|s+s oc novos |cnomcnos c +||c+ocs oc m+gnct|smo c m+tc||+|s m+gnct|cos const|tucm
um+o+s+|c+soc+t|v|o+ocsm+|s|c|tc|scm+|s+t|v+st+nton+sun|vc|s|o+ocscomon+s|noust||+s
cmtoooomunooOmunoocontcmo|ncocst+b+sc+oocmmu|tos+scctosn++utom+iouc
ut|||z+osm+tc||+|s|c||o-c|c|||m+gnct|coscmu+sctoo+s+s+|c+soc+t|v|o+ocst+|scomo
Cc|+ioct|+ns|o|m+iooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+++|c||osoomcst|cos
|oto|csc|ct||cosoc+|t+otcnc|+moto|csc|ct||cosm|n|+tu||z+oos
^|m+zcn+mcntooco+oosoc+|t+ocns|o+oc
cnso|cs+utomob|||st|cosctc
|++|c+ocscnso|csosm+tc||+|socm+|o||ntc|csscsioos|misc|m+ncntcscu,omc|c+oomun-
o|+|co+o|ocmoc|,+ob|||ocscuc|omcnt+ummc|c+ooocbonsucoc|csoccnocmuc
cum+o|ocmocg|+nocz+m+|o|Os|misc|m+ncntcssiot||c+mcntcus+oosocou+sm+nc||+s
como+tu+oo|ccomo|o|ncccoo|ooc+mom+gnct|cooco|+||z+io|o||mc||omoooococ-
|+ioom+gnctoco|o||o+tu+oo|ucooc|unc|on+|no|cg|mcocmov|mcnto||nc+|onoco
scnso|octcct++|ox|m|o+ocoom+gnctoouno|cg|mcocmov|mcntooc|ot+ioonocoscnso|
octcct++os|ioc+vc|oc|o+oc+ngu|+|csoom+gncto(cm|o|m+oc+nc|)|mCgc+o]oocmos
cncont|+|||ust|+ocsoc|misc|m+ncntcsscnoous+oosnosmooos||nc+|coc|ot+io
7z

Os m+gnctos c|m+ncntcs ossucm um+ v+st+ g+m+ oc +||c+ocs uc v+||+m oc b||nucoos c
|misocgc|+oc||+s+moto|csgc|+oo|cs+uto|+|+ntcsm|c|o|oncsscnso|csccmo|sos|t|vosoc+|t+
tccno|og|+ como os o|sos|t|vos oc +|m+zcn+mcnto oc o+oos ^|gum+s |o||co+ocs sio |uno+-
mcnt+|s+|+osm+gnctosc|m+ncntcst+|scomo+|t+|cm+ncnc|+(|
|
)+|t+coc|c|v|o+oc(|
c
)c
+|t+|ct+ngu|+||o+ocn+cu|v+oc||stc|csc|st+s|o||co+ocssios|ntct|z+o+sc|oc|+m+oo|oou-
tocnc|g|+(||)
m+x
(ucc+c++c|o+ocucom+gnctoossu|oc+|m+zcn+|cnc|g|+m+gnctost+t|c+
n+|cg|io|o|+ocscuvo|umc)u+ntom+|o||o|cst+g|+nocz+m+|s|o|tcsc|+oc+mom+gnct|co
gc|+oocmcno|sc|+om+tc||+|ncccss+||o+|+|oouz||s|c+mcntcom+gnctoOv+|o|m+x|mo
oo|ooutocnc|g|+co+ooo|
o
|
|
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c
onoc|
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c+m+gnct|z+io|cm+ncntcc|
c
coc+moco-
c|c|vo ^tu+|mcntc os m+tc||+|s oc +|t+ +n|sot|o|+ b+sc oc tc||+s-|+|+s sio os uc +|cscnt+m
m+|o||oouto(||)
m+x
csu+sm+|o|cs||m|t+ocssio+m+gnct|z+io|c|+t|v+mcntccucn+csu+
scns|b|||o+oc++|t+stcmc|+tu|+s
ôcscobc|t+n+occ+o+ocsoo+s|ntc|css+ntcs|o||co+ocsm+gnct|c+so+s||g+soc|o-|c-||csu|-
touoct|+b+||oscm|||cosoc|noust||+s,+oncs+sc+mc||c+n+s|cst+s||g+so+c|oosc|cmcntosoc
tc||+-|+|+c|oouz||um+g|+noc+n|sot|o|+m+gnct|c+|csons+vc|c|o+|tov+|o|oc|
c
cnu+nto
uc+g|+nocm+gnct|z+iococv|o+|o|tc|ntc|+io|c||om+gnct|c+cnt|cos|onsoc|c^tu+|mcntc
omc||o|m+gnctoc|m+ncntcossu|comos|io|o
.
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+X(onocXcum+o|t|vo)o|sc|mu|to
|cvcoss|b|||t+noo+||c+iocmo|sos|t|vosoc+|t+o|t+b|||o+ocio+|no+cxcm|osoccxcc|cntcs
m+tc||+|s+|+|+b||c+iooc|misc|m+ncntcs+s||g+socm
.
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+;
|
,
cm
.
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+;
2.3. Materiais para dispositivos

z.!.!. lntroduo
|mcstuoocom+|+t|vooosc|c|toso+g|ob+||z+iosob|c+csu|s+cmm+tc||+|snos|st+oos|n|-
oos|cv+oo+c|c|tono+no.oooComo,]|co|zuc+csu|s+cmc|ct|on|c+cont|nu+||+|oc+o+
noocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sc|occssos+sc|conouz|oog|ob+|mcntc+t|+vcsocco|+bo|+ocs
|ntc|n+c|on+|scnt|co|g+n|z+ocs|noust||+|sOoocumcntosugc|c+|no+uc+|++sscgu|+|+su-
|cm+c|++mc||c+n+cmummc|c+ooc+o+vczm+|sg|ob+|oco|sos|t|vosoctccno|og|+oc|n|o|-
m+iob+sc+ooscmscm|conouto|cssc||+|uno+mcnt+|+sscgu|+|+cont|nu+ioocum+o||t|c+oc
7!
|omcnto+|cc||+o+|noust||+com+c+ocm|+cgovc|nocomocst+bc|cc|mcntoocccnt|os|oc+|s
occsu|s+n+sun|vc|s|o+ocs
|+t|+ns|iooco|sos|t|vos+|++|+|x+|n|c||o|++oonmo+|nc|cst|mouuccnu+ntoos||^
cont||bu|||+m+|+os+v+nos|utu|oscmcoc|gu+|o+occomout|os+|scssu+||oc|+n+cst+||+
+sscgu|+o+n+s+|c+socscm|conouto|cscomostos(C+^sC+^|^s)cocscm|conouto|csocg+
g|+noc(|C)+|+usocmo|sos|t|vosocotcnc|+ct|+nsm|sso|csocm|c|oono+s^|u|o+o|v|o|-
||+comos||^+||oc|+n+cms|stcm+sc|ct||cosocotcnc|+c+||c+ocsoct|+ns|sto|csocotcn-
c|++|+cont|o|csmoto||z+oos
||o,ctoscm+no+mcntocom|ccno|+m|occssos+v+n+oosoc+|u|tctu|+oct|+ns|sto|cs+|++
|+t+|o|m+ oc |, nm com |+nt+s |noust||+|s vo|t+o+s +|+ + |+b||c+io oc +st|||+s oc ,oo mm
Out|oob,ct|vo|mo|t+ntcc|++sscgu|+|ooom|n|ooccu|+mcntooc||tog|++oc+|t+|cso|uio
cocm+tc||+|soc+|t+const+ntco|c|ct||c+cocb+|x+const+ntco|c|ct||c+|co]Osm+|s|cccntcs
ocscnvo|v|mcntosn+soocstccno|og|c+s+|+onooc|,nmcnvo|vcmmoo|c+ocsn++|u|tc-
tu|+cgcomct||+oos|O||sc+subst|tu|ioocm+tc||+|st|+o|c|on+|so|out|osuc+tcno+ms
m+|s|cst||t|v+socm+no+s|c|t+su+ntocst+b|||o+octc|m|c+mob|||o+ococo|t+oo|csnosc+n+|s
cc+|+ctc||st|c+so|c|ct||c+sVc|o;]
^cont|nu+|couiooccsc+|+ooso|sos|t|vosC|Ot|+zocs+os|mo|t+ntcs+|+o|o,ctooc
|utu|ost|+ns|sto|cs|+|+m+ntc|+vc|oc|o+ococc|+vc+mcnto+tcnsocsc+o+vczmcno|csocom-
||mcntooog+tcocvcsc|o|+m+t|c+mcntc|couz|ooouco|su+vczcont||bu|+|+o+umcnto
ocsu+|cs|stcnc|+|+|+cont|+b+|+n+||ssom+tc||+|socb+|x+|cs|st|v|o+occomo|-Ccocvcmsc|
us+ooscmcscc|+|+|++||c+ocscm+|t+s||cucnc|+sômcsmotcmo+|couion+cscssu|+
o+c+m+o+ocox|oonog+tc|cv++um+umcnton+co||cntcoctunc|+mcntooog+tc+|+osubs-
t|+to|+touc|cuc|+|nt|oouioocm+tc||+|so|c|ct||cosoc+|to-|
||n+|mcntc+cont|nu+o+o|m|nu|ion+cscssu|+o+|cg|io|ontc;o|cno|csu|t+cmum+umcntoo+
|cs|stcnc|+cmsc||c||m|t+noo+o||usio|o|n|c|oo+occ+o+o|sos|t|vosC|Oocgcomct||+|+-
n+|convcnc|on+|nio++|cc|+mcomoso|uiov|+vc|no||m|tc|n|c||o|+,onmouc|cvoucons|-
oc|+io|oost+socgcomct||+s|nov+oo|+s+|++const|uiooos|O||s^|oo.]|mcscc|+|
oc|+io+b+|x+stcmc|+tu|+ssc+|cscnt+comoum+oss|vc|o||cio|utu|++|++so|uiooo
|ob|cm+occsc+|+cm|+t+|o|m+s|cn+mcntcoc|+c|on+|sno||m|tcn+nomct||co|cno;]
74

z.!.z. Ulsposltlvos eletrnlcos
|+tc||+|s+|+um+nov+c|ct|on|c+
^s |o||co+ocs oos m+tc||+|s o|son|vc|s scm|c |o|+m |+to|cs octc|m|n+ntcs oo |og|csso tcc-
no|og|co^ss|mmu|tocmbo|+o||mc||ot|+ns|sto|tcn|+s|oo|+b||c+oo++|t||ocumc||st+|oc
gc|mn|oCgc+o]|o|os|||c|oucvc|o+|coom|n+|n+|noust||+c|ct|on|c+ou|+ntcosu|t|mosu+-
|cnt+ +nos ^cs+| tc| c+|+ctc||st|c+s c|ct||c+s |n|c||o|cs s oo gc|mn|o o ||tmo oo subscucntc
+v+notccno|og|coscb+scoun+cx|o|+ioo+s|o||co+ocscscc|+|so+|ntc||+ccs|||c|o-(ox|oo
ocs|||c|o)|ocoe]|oc|+toocont|nuo|og|cssonoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+sgc|+ocsoccom-
oncntcscomoconscucntc+umcnton+csc+|+oc|ntcg|+iososc|czoss|vc|c|oc|m+ncntc
|nvcst|mcntocmv+||+s+|c+sccmcscc|+|n+c|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|s
C+o+novo|cu|s|toococscmcn|om+|sc|cv+ooc+o+nov+cscc|c+iotccn|c+no||m|tcoo,+
cst+bc|cc|ooocm+no+v+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|scom+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sncccss+||+s
comtoo++csc+|+sub,+ccntcocmoo|c+ioocmctooosoc|c+|+ioocn|ioocnovos+|-
mct|osococ|+ioc++n+||scoccst+b|||o+occo+com+t|b|||o+ococo||c|cntcsm+tc||+|s+tu+n-
oocmconcc|toOssuccss|voscstuoos||m+c+|+m+o|ongoooc+m|n|o+sct++sncccss+||+s
oc|nvcst|mcntocmcon|cc|mcnto|uno+mcnt+|ctccno|og|+s|c-comct|t|v+s|ocnt|c+nooos
oss|vc|sg+|g+|ostccno|og|cosocmco|oc|ongo|+zoco|st|ngu|nooocnt|cc|csosc+soscmuc
o con|cc|mcnto b+s|co ,+ c|+ o|son|vc| m+s o oom|n|o tccno|og|co c|+ +|no+ |ncc|to c +uc|cs
out|oscmuct+ntoocont|o|co+tccno|og|+u+ntoos|uno+mcntosb+s|cosc|+mcons|oc|+oos
ouv|oososn+csc+|+octcmo|cuc||o++|++cont|nu+o+obco|cnc|+|c|oc|oo|c|vcntu+|so|-
cu|o+ocsocstct|o|ocnt|c+o+sno|utu|osc|v|+mocsoc,+como+|c|t++|++ncccss|o+oc|mc-
o|+t+oc|nvcst|mcntossc|ct|vosCom|ssoo|coom|n|ooos|||c|on+|noust||+c|ct|on|c+mooc|n+
+|ccc+sscgu|+ooo|c|omcnosm+|sum+occ+o+
|+ns|sto|csc+tccno|og|+C|O
^|cvo|uioo+tccno|og|+oc|n|o|m+ioscocvcucmg|+noc+|tc++|gum+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sccu-
||+|csoot|+ns|sto||cnt|cc|+smc|cccmocst+uc
+) |mg+n|oc|cv+oooucc|m|tc+umun|cot|+ns|sto|octc|m|n+|osn|vc|s|og|coso+
|csost+ +os c+o+ cst+g|o c o||cc|on+| mu|t||os t|+ns|sto|cs subscucntcs no c||cu|to
c|ct|on|coc
7
b) ^c++c|o+ococ|so|+|+s+|o+ooo|sos|t|vooccvcntu+|sutu+ocsoos|n+|occnt|+o+
||ssoucto|n+oss|vc|comb|n+|s|n+|scom+m||tuoccc+|+ctc||st|c+s|||cgu|+|csm+s+ssoc|+oos
+umb|tcscc|cooc|n|o|m+iocomout|oss|n+|s|gu+|mcntccontcnooutu+ocs+|+|csu|t+|
nio+cn+scm|unocs|og|c+scon+vc|sm+st+mbcmcmums|n+|ocs+|o+ucm+ntcmsu+|n-
tcg||o+occmum+mb|cntc|cnooc|u|oos
Out|oso|sos|t|voscomoo|ooostunc||csson+ntcs(||s)oocmt+mbcm+|cscnt+|g+n|osno
cnt+ntoo|sc|cmo|sos|t|vosocoo|stc|m|n+|sniotcmc++c|o+ococ|so|+mcntooo|u|oooc
cnt|+o+co|t+ntoniooocm+cumu|+|ums|n+|ocs+|o+|obustocncont|+noo+ss|muso||m|-
t+oocmoc|+ocs|og|c+sComo.]
|o,c + tccno|og|+ oom|n+ntc n+ |+b||c+io oc m|c|o|occss+oo|cs c m|c|o cont|o|+oo|cs c +
C|Oucct+mbcmus+o+cmout|osc||cu|tos|og|coso|g|t+|sc+n+|og|coscomocmt|+nsouto-
|cs+|+|occss+mcntooco+oosc|m+gcnsc+|+comun|c+iocu|unc|on+mcntoscb+sc|+no
uso oc oo|s t|+ns|sto|cs oc c|c|to oc c+mo t|o mct+|;(ox|oo oc scm|conouto|) s|mct||c+mcntc
o|sostosccom|cmcnt+|cscmsu+s|unocsc|ot|oocoo+gcm(umt|ooout|ot|on)
Omct+||unc|on+comoo|t+|og|c+co|oc+o+sob|c+c+m+o+|so|+ntcooox|oo+u+|o|su+vcz
|ccob|coscm|conouto|
|css+|o|m++sc+|+ctc||st|c+sm+|s|mo|t+ntcsooso|sos|t|vosC|Osiosu+c|cv+o+|mun|o+oc
+|u|ooscob+|xoconsumooccnc|g|+u+noocmmooocst+t|co|ssom+|s+|+c|||o+occomuc
o|sos|t|vos+ss|mconst|u|oosoocmsc||+b||c+ooscm+|t+com+ct+ioto|nouC|O+tccno-
|og|+oom|n+ntc|oouioocc||s,+o|v+||+socc+o+s|c|+to+|t|cu|+|mcntc+|+oc+sooc
comut+oo|cso|t+tc|souu+|uc|++|c||oucscut|||zcocb+tc||+sum+ocsu+scscc|+|sv+n-
t+gcnscom+|+t|v+scst+cmscumcno|consumooccnc|g|+,+uc+cn+sumoost|osocc||cu|-
tos(o|+||o+ocncg+t|v+ouos|t|v+)ucconst|tucmumo|sos|t|voC|Osccncont|++c|on+oo
cmu+|uc||nst+ntcoctcmo|+moe]
cm|conouto|cscomostos
|mbo|+ooom|n|ooos|||c|osc,++bso|uton+|noust||+ocscm|conouto|cs|+scm|cn|c|oscsc-
c|+||z+oosucoocmsc|cx|o|+oosc|ousoocm+tc||+|suc+|cscntcmv+nt+gcnscscc|c+s
t+|s como m+|o| mob|||o+oc oc o|t+oo|cs c mcno| |u|oo ^ss|m o| cxcm|o scm|conouto|cs
comostoscomo|os|ctooc|no|o(|n|)+|scnctoocg+||o(^sC+)cn|t|ctoocg+||o(C+|)uctcm
g+o||ctoco|t+nto+|t+mob|||o+oc+|+c|ct|onsscconst|tucmcmm+tc||+|soccsco||++|+
76

o|sos|t|vosuccnvo|v+mcm|ssiooc|uzc;ou+||c+ocscmtc|ccomun|c+ioCgc+o]|ssccum
mc|c+ooucc|csccucno|mcmcntccomosu|g|mcntoo+tccno|og|+oos++|c||ostc|c|on|coscc-
|u|+|cscuctcnoc+scto|n+|+|no+m+|o|com+convc|gcnc|+o|g|t+|c+un|vc|s+||z+ionouso
o+s|cocsscmou|o|]
|nu+nto+com+ct+iooco|sos|t|vosb+scocs|||c|osc+|ox|m+oc|o|tcs||m|t+ocs||s|c+sc
tccno|og|c+so+umcntoo+ocm+no+o|scm|conouto|cscomostostcm|cv+oo+um+|couio
m+|s+ccntu+o+oocustoo||unio+|+csscsm+tc||+|sômcsmotcmocmucocc|csccm
+so|mcnsocs+|+os|||c|o+stcnsocsoc|utu|+o|m|nucm|ocnt+nto+|++tccno|og|+oc|+-
o|o||cucnc|+sos|cu|s|tos+|+t+|stcnsocsoocmsc|tio+|tosu+nto.oVo|tsc+|cmo|sso
|+ncccss|o+ococo|sos|t|vosucoc|cm+c|m+oc+ooC|zctcn|+mm+|o||obustcz+|+o|+ocs
+|c+to||+s^sC++ss+sc|om+tc||+|+ocu+oou|o|]
|mum+coc+ococm+no+c|csccntco|t|+nsm|ssioc|+|ntc|nctoccontcuoooc+uo|ocv|ocoos
o+oosoocmsc||cv+oos+oconsum|oo|o|ono+sgu|+o+scmc+bosoub|+socv|o|oou+t|+vcsoc
t|+nsm|ssocs+bc|t+soucoo|c+o+sc|ocs+o||v|c|u|tocmbo|+o|ntc|v+|ooc||cucnc|+scnt|c
+o-+ooC|zsc,+occxt|cm+|mo|tnc|++|++||c+ocscomc|c|+|soum|||t+|csoucoss|stcm+s|n-
tcg|+oos,+|o|+mocscnvo|v|ooscomcsscob,ct|voumccn+||oucoocsc|+|tc|+oocom+|nt|oou-
iooost|+ns|sto|csb|o|+|csoc|ctc|o,unio(||s)um+tccno|og|++ocu+o++|++|ntcg|+iocm
g|+noccsc+|+(+tc+oooot|+ns|sto|cs;c||)|cv+noo+o|sos|t|vosococscmcn|osuc||o||+g]
|cs+os+tu+|so+c|ct|on|c+b+sc+o+nos|||c|o
^|coom|nnc|+o+|noust||+m|c|oc|ct|on|c+b+sc+o+cmscm|conouto|cstcm|cous+oocmsu+
c|m+ncntcc++c|o+ococ|nt|oouz||+|ntc|v+|os|cgu|+|cs|nov+ocsucoss|b|||t+ms|mu|t+nc-
+mcntcum+m+|o||unc|on+||o+oc+oso|sos|t|voscum+|couioooscustoso|un|o+ococ|n-
|o|m+io+|m+zcn+o+ou|occss+o+ûcstiooco|u+ntotcmom+|s||cntcsc|+oss|vc|
s+t|s|+zc|+s|co|ocso+|c|oc|oo|csc|+|csono|o+c|osuccssoou||+c+ssoo+|noust||+cm
cont|nu+|+o|m|nu|iooot+m+n|onom|n+|ooso|sos|t|vos
|mbo|+t|+ns|sto|csocmcno|t+m+n|oconsum+mmcno|cnc|g|+u+noocmoc|+ioc|cscos-
tum+m+|cscnt+|m+|o|co||cntcoc|ug+|cv+noo+umocsc|o|c|ooccnc|g|+u+noocmcst+-
ooococs+t|v+io(o)^ss|mm+|o|numc|ooccomoncntcscomm+|o|c++c|o+ococ|occss+-
mcntoo|o|sos|t|vo|c|cscnt+m+|o|consumooccnc|g|+co|t+ntom+|o|gc|+ioocc+|o|no
77
c||comoumtooooucu|t|m+mcntcoocv||+sc|o|+to|||m|t+ntcoon|vc|oc|ntcg|+iooc
comoncntcsoss|vc|ocsc|+|c+n+oocomb+scn+tccno|og|+convcnc|on+||||o,tooe]
cms|oomcnc|on+ooucc+sovcn|+m+sc|m+nt|o+s+s+tu+|stcnocnc|+soc+umcntoo+||cu-
cnc|+ococ|+iooos|occss+oo|cscoc|ntcg|+ioocumnumc|ocxoncnc|+|mcntcc|csccntcoc
t|+ns|sto|cso|c||cmb|cvc+otcnc|+consum|o+o|umm|c|o|occss+oo|oc+|to-ocscmcn|o
c|cg+|++sc|o+o|ocmoc+o|\comum+ocns|o+ocsuc|c|+|occc|c+oc+ooo\;cm
.
v+|o|cu|-
v+|cntc++uc|cobsc|v+oo+|++suc|||c|coon+||zocum|oguctccmcu|so\onoe]
Cons|oc|+iot+|vczoc+|no+m+|o||c|cvnc|+vcn|++sc|o|+toocuc+so|mcnsocs||s|c+soos
comoncntcscocsu+mutu+sc+|+iocmmcsmoc||comc+m++|c+n+|os||m|tcsn+nosco-
|cosousc,++uc|ccmucc|c|tosunt|cos+ssoc|+ooscst|utu|+m+|s|uno+mcnt+|o+m+tc||+
+ss+m+sc|oom|n+ntcs|usos]^|o||+cu|ctccn|c+o+|ntc|um+o+scm|cs+s||oc|csn+|+-
b||c+iococscnvo|v|mcntoocc||cu|tos|ntcg|+oos|cvcuc+tc.o+,+tccno|og|+tc|++|c+n+oo
os||m|tcs+tom|cos+|cmoou+|osc|c|tostc|m|costo|n+|ioocsv+nt+,os++tccno|og|+oct|+ns|s-
to|csb+sc+oosnos|||c|o|+moe]
|+vc|o+oc+|cocu+ioc|m+ncntco+|noust||+oos|||c|oniosc|cst||ngc+busc+|+|couio
o+so|mcnsocs||s|c+sooso|sos|t|voscnu+nto+umcnt+noosu+c++c|o+ococ|occss+mcnto+o
mcsmotcmoc|+ocvcsc|c++zocsustcnt+|umc|csc|mcntocxoncnc|+|oon|vc|oc|ntcg|+io
occomoncntcscmummcsmoc||cnu+nto||m|t+noooconsumooccnc|g|+cm|n|m|z+noo+s
c|o+suc|cv+m+c|c|tostc|m|cosoc|ctc||osOuc+scm|cs+s||oc|csscvcm|o|+o+scntio+
|+zc|coco|c+|+|tcocscus|ccu|soscx|o|+iooctccno|og|+s+|tc|n+t|v+sc+oocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocnovosm+tc||+|sucoss+m|o|nccc|mcsmouc+cn+s+|tco+s|csost+sncccss+||+sncssc
c||ooooct|+ns|iotccno|og|c+|||o,]
|sso|nc|u|ocsoc|o,ctos|nov+oo|csn+busc+occst|utu|+so||c|cntcs(comot|+ns|sto|csoc,-o|-
t+socmcno|consumo)+|nov+ocs|nc|cmcnt+|sn+cngcn|+||+o+com+ct+ioooso|sos|t|vos
comomc||o|u+||o+ococso|o++|+|couioo+cscssu|+ooscont+tosco|m|nu|ioo+sc+-
|+iocnt|cc|cmcntos+t|vosc|og|cssosn++|c+ocnovosm+tc||+|sC|+noc+tcniotcms|oo
o+o+nosu|t|mos+nos+osm+tc||+|so|c|ct||cost+ntooc+|t+u+ntoocb+|x+const+ntco|c|ct||c+
os||mc||osoocm|couz||+co||cntcoc|ug+o|um|+to|oc+oo|c|+t|v+mcntc+oo|ox|ooocs|||-
c|ocnu+ntoosscgunoosc|m|tcmousooct||||+socconcxioc+o+vczm+|scst|c|t+s
|+sum+ct++|uno+mcnt+|c|c||m|n+|no|occss+mcntocont|nu++sc|+||tog|++ot|c+o+
u+||csu|t+oc||b|n+||ocontcnoo+|n|o|m+iosob|cosubst|+to+sc||csc|v+ooco+o|io
78

oo c||cu|to + sc| subscucntcmcntc t|+t+oo |c mooo + |c|oouz|| com c||c|io +s cst|utu|+s
com|cx+succ+|+ctc||z+mc+o+t|+ns|sto|c+smu|t||+sconcxocsucocvcmsc||c|t+scnt|cos
m|||ocsoct|+ns|sto|cscmumo+ooc||cu|to+sct++s||tog|+c+soct|+ns|c|cnc|+oos+o|ocsoc-
vcmsc||cct|o+soczcn+socvczcscomc||c|to+||n|+mcntocmc+o+um+oc|+s|css+m+nc||+
o|occsso||tog|+coco||csonoc+t||c+mcntc,o/oocustoocm+nu|+tu|+
^||tog|++m+|s+v+n+o+oc|o,cc|m+ncccconn+o+|cg|iooc|oonm+e,onm+|no+no
v|s|vc|m+socont|o|co+||tog|++nocxt|cmo-oo-u|t|+v|o|ct+(||V)ooc|c|cscnt+|um+v+no
u+||t+t|vo|mo|t+ntc|||o,]|+tccno|og|+C|O+o+ss+|o+|+|x+oc+.onm+|+,.nm|+
um+muo+n+subst+nc|+|no|cg|mcoct|+t+mcnto||tog|+co|csmo+om|t|nooucocom||-
mcntoocono+c|m+nc+omcsmo+c+o+|couiooccsc+|+o|occss+mcntosc+|ox|m+c+o+
vczm+|soo||m|tctco||cooc|cso|uioot|c+
^ss|mtccn|c+s||tog|+c+scomo||(|cso|ut|on|n|+nccmcntcc|n|ucs)cO|C(Ot|c+|||ox|-
m|tyCo||cct|on)so||c|+msuccss|vos+c||c|o+mcntos+|++sscgu|+|+oc||o+ocn+|c|oouio
oosoct+||csm+|snoso+m+sc+|+oc|ntc|cssc|ooe]|+o|+io||Vtcmumcom||mcntooc
ono+oc+,,nmc++zococn||m+sc+|+scom|cso|uio+b+|xooc+onmm+scomoc+bso|v|o+
c|ov|o|ocsc||os|cc|s+msc|us+oosno|ug+|oc|cntcsc||+noooscu|o||ocon,untoococs+-
ostccn|cos+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+nov+s|stcm+t|c+oc|oouioocm+sc+|+s|co,+]
|mum++n+||sc|n|c|+|oo|ob|cm+ocustocst|m+oo+|++t|+ns|io+csscnovo+t+m+|++|ccc
comocxt|cm+mcntcc|cv+oooct+||o|m+uc+scm|cs+s||oc|csvcm+o|+nooscus|nvcst|mcntos
ncsscscnt|ooc|otcmouc||cscoss|vc||cco,]
z.!.!. Materlals com alta constante dleletrlca (blgb-k) balxa constante
dleletrlca (low-k)
Com+|couioo+csc+|++|+o||m|tc+b+|xooos,onmnovosm+tc||+|st|vc|+mocsc||nt|oouz|-
oosnos|occssosoc|+b||c+ioooscomoncntcsOcob|csubst|tu|uo+|um|n|oco|c|ct||cosoc
||g|-|scmost|+|+m|so|+ntcsm+|scc|cntcs|+scss+smuo+n+sniosczc|+mscmconscucn-
c|+ssob|c+|ntcg||o+occst|utu|+|o+s|ntc|concxocsoosc||cu|tos|ntcg|+oos(C|s)ou|+ntc+sct++s
oc|occss+mcntocm+nu|+tu|+n+||+tc||+|so||c|cntcstcmn+tu|+|mcntco|st|nt+s|o||co+ocs
tc|momccn|c+socmooouc+con+b|||o+ococumnovomct+|||g+oub|cno+o||mc||c+|c-
c|s+sc|cx+ust|v+mcntc+,ust+o++ntcsocsu+|ntcg|+iocmumC||o|cxcm|onousooccob|c
comom+tc||+|ocb+|x+const+ntco|c|ct||c+cmt||||+scst|c|t+s|ob|cm+scomomo|o+gcmso|o+
79
cx+iot|vc|+mocsc|um+umso|uc|on+oos+ntcsuc+|oouiocmc+|+tc||cgu|+|ocC|scom
t||||+soccob|c|ow-|scto|n+sscoss|vc|V+no;]
^ncccss|o+occ+o+vczm+|o|occom+ct+ioooso|sos|t|vosm|c|oc|ct|on|cost|+z+u|gcnc|+oc
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|scom|o||co+ocsmccn|c+ss+t|s|+to||+scconst+ntcso|c|ct||c+s
+ocu+o+s+c+o+|uniocx|stcmocm+no+s||mc||+v|st+cont|+o|to||+so|m+tc||+|s||g|-|
|stoccomconst+ntcso|c|ct||c+sc|cv+o+sco|out|os|ow-|ocmcno|const+ntco|c|ct||c+ucos
+tu+|mcntcus+oosn+s|ntc|concxocsCgc+o]Os||mc||ossiocsscnc|+|s+|+oss|b|||t+|uccom-
oncntcs oc um mcsmo o|sos|t|vo + c+o+ nov+ gc|+io sc+|+oos o| o|stnc|+s +|no+ mcno|cs
oss+m+|m+zcn+|g|+nocsocns|o+ocsocc+|g+scmc|o++|cc|+vc|cnu+ntoosscgunoossc|+zcm
ncccss+||os+|+ot|+nso|tccc|cntcocco||cntccmt||||+sc+o+vczm+|scst|c|t+s
Oocs+o|uno+mcnt+|+ooob|+|oocscmcn|ocooo||m|tc|+t|co+|++ocns|o+ococotcnc|+
como|couz||c|o+s(csscnc|+|mcntco|c+|o|)cnu+ntocom+ct+noonumc|oc|csccntcoct|+n-
s|sto|csocmcno|t+m+n|ocmo|mcnsocsc+o+vczmcno|csOso|c|ct||cosus+oosn+o|t+(g+tc)
ocumt|+ns|sto|ocvcmtc|um+cscssu|+m|n|m++b+|xoo+u+|o|so|+mcntooc|x+ocsc|c|ct|vo
comumnumc|o|n+cc|t+vc|occ|ct|onscsc++noo|mbo|+,+tcn|+s|ooocmonst|+o++v|+b|||o+oc
o+tccno|og|++tu+|+|+|couz||+cscssu|+++.nm(ocu|v+|cntc+c|ncoc+m+o+s+tom|c+s)tcm
s|oocx|o|+o+snov+sso|uocscmtc|mosoco|c|ct||cosniob+sc+ooscms|||c|ooc+|t+const+ntco|c-
|ct||c+|sscso|c|ct||cos|cv+|+m+um+|couioo+co||cntcoc|ug+o|um|+to|m+|o|uc+oooono
cnt+ntoo|niosc|cmt+|sm+tc||+|scom+t|vc|scomos|||c|osu+|nco|o|+ionoscomoncntcs
com+conccio+tu+|ocm+no+too+um+nov+tccno|og|+ocm+nu|+tu|+|+moe]
^|couioo+cscssu|+o+c+m+o+ocox|ooconvcnc|on+|+|+cc|c+ocou+sc+m+o+s+tom|c+s
(ousc,+o+o|ocmoc;^)nio++|ccccomoum+so|uiov|+vc|ocv|oo+|ob|cm+scomoco||cn-
tcoc|ug+c+o|+toocuc+s|o||co+ocso+|ntc||+ccnioscm+ntcm|nv+||+ntcscom+|couio
o+csc+|+ouc|cv+o|cxcm|o+o++|cc|mcntooc+|m+o|||+s+|+o|t+oo|csCgc+o]
|+tc||+|scomm+|o|v+|o|occonst+ntco|c|ct||c+comoox|oosmct+||coscomooox|ooocz||co-
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coms|||c|o|nu+nto+co||cntcoc|ug+nog+tc+umcntoucmcc|c+oc+oovczcsn+su|t|m+st|cs
gc|+ocsoct|+ns|sto|cs+so|uio+tu+|mcntccncont|+o+cnvo|vcousocomb|n+ooocm+tc||+|s
||g|-|comum+m+|o|cscssu|+o+c+m+o+|so|+ntc|o|o;]||n+sc+m+o+socn|t|ctosox|ooso-
ocmsc|um+so|uio+|+usocmtccno|og|+sn+sccntcs\onoe]
80

|cvcsc|obsc|v+oonocnt+ntouccmt|+ns|sto|csocc|c|toocc+moconvcnc|on+|st+nto+|ug+
occo||cntccnt|c|ontcco|cnou+ntootunc|+mcntosiocont|o|+oosc|on|vc|ocoo+gcmooc+-
n+|oucniosc|+zm+|soss|vc|cmcomoncntcs+b+|xooo||m|tcoc+oonm\onoe]Cgc+o]
Out|o|ob|cm+su|gccomo|csu|t+ooo+cont|nu+|couioo+so|mcnsocsooscomoncntcsc|c-
t|on|cosot|+nso|tcocc+|g+cmt||||+scst|c|t+socumo+oom+tc||+|oocsc|subst+nc|+|mcntc
o||c|cntco+uc|cobsc|v+oocmsu+s|o||co+ocsocvo|umc|c|o;]c||+noo|ob|cm+sconc|c-
tossob|c++|u|tctu|+o+s|ntc|concxocsCgc+o]|+|+oscomcscssu|+mcno|uc+oonmo
cs+||+mcnton+s|ntc||+ccsccm|||cgu|+||o+ocsn+cst|utu|+oocscto|n+|umc|c|tooom|n+ntc
|cv+noo+umc|csc|mcntocxoncnc|+|o+|cs|st|v|o+ocoocob|ccomo|nvc|soo+|+|gu|+o+t||||+
^ss|m+|cs|stcnc|+oc||n|+ocumcomoncntcoc,.nmccst|m+o+cmcc|c+oooob|oo+uc|+
obsc|v+o++|+umcomoncntcscmc||+ntc|+b||c+oon+tccno|og|+oc|,nm^|coe]
Ocst+ooo++|tcusoocm+tc||+|soc+|t+const+ntco|c|ct||c+(||g|-|)
^tccno|og|+C|Ooce,nm|o|cst+bc|cc|o+cmum+|+|o+convc|sioo++|u|tctu|++ntc||o|oc
,onm|+moe]scnoooocs+ooc|c+|+|o|sos|t|voscomo|mcnsocso+o|ocmoc|,nmsuc-
|+ooc|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+stccn|c+sococos|iooc,unocscoccont|o|co+sc+|+ctc||s-
t|c+so+c+m+o+ocoo+ntc|||o;]
|o|n|c|ooc.oo,+|ntc|+nunc|ou|nvcst|mcntoso+o|ocmoc|,;b|||ocs+|+ocomco|mc-
o|+toc|oouio+o|ongooos|ox|mosoo|s+noso+nov+||n|+oc|occss+oo|csoc,.nm(oc-
nom|n+oosoc\cstmc|cvc|Cgc+o])ucocvc|iosc|m+|s|+|oosmcno|cscm+|scc|cntcsoo
ontoocv|st+occonsumooccnc|g|+m|o,]
Os t|+ns|sto|cs co||csonocntcs uc sio b+sc+oos cm m+tc||+|s oc ||g|-| oc scguno+ gc|+io c
g+tc mct+||co |c|cscnt+m um+ sob|cv|o+ o+ |c| oc |oo|c +|+ + tccno|og|+ C|O com o uso
oc||tog|++oc|mc|sio+|++sc+m+o+sc||t|c+scum+comb|n+ionousooccob|ccm+tc||+|soc
|ow-| n+s c+m+o+s oc |ntc|concxio |nto,] cu ocscnvo|v|mcnto most|+ o succsso o+ cst|+tcg|+
oc|nov+|oco|scnco||c|+oot+o+c|+||||cm+nos|cccntcssu+m|c|o-+|u|tctu|+scgucoc
m+nc||+mu|to|ox|m++oost|+ns|sto|csoc|,nmo+gc|+io+ntc||o|o|cm+go|+com+ct+oos
ocm+nc||+m+|scc|cntc|nto,+]
8!
^|tc|n+t|v+s+os|||c|o
Oc+s|on+|mcntcnov+sncccss|o+ocstccn|c+soocmsc|+tcno|o+sc|ouso|nov+oo|o+s|o||c-
o+ocsocm+tc||+|s,+con|cc|oos|mcxcm|oo|ssoco|+toocucm+tc||+|soc+|to-||cccntc-
mcntcocscnvo|v|oos|c+b|||+m+oss|b|||o+ococusooogc|mn|ocomoumm+tc||+|+|+c+n+|
cm |O||s o uc o| su+ vcz |cz com uc o uso oc succss|vos g+tcs oc Cc;+|to-| tcn|+ s|oo
+ont+oocomocxt|cm+mcntc|om|sso|cm|utu|oso|sos|t|vosn+nomct||cos|+mos]
|mum|cccntccstuoocom+|+t|vosob|c+cvo|uioooocscmcn|ooc|O||snos|ox|-
mos+noszc|os]o+|mct|o-c|+vc|o|ocn|oocomoscnooo+t|+so|nt||nsccooot|+ns|sto|
t=CV;| onoc C c + c++c|tnc|+ tot+| (|nc|u|noo c|c|tos c++c|t|vos +|+s|t+||os) oo o|sos|t|vo
Vc+tcnsiooc+||mcnt+ioc|+co||cntcocs+tu|+ionoo|cnou+ntomcno|o+t|+somc-
||o|oocscmcn|ooo|O|||o||.oo;ost|+ns|sto|cs|o|+mc|+ss|c+ooscmt|cst|os
oc+co|oocom+ncccss|o+oc|og|c++|to-ocscmcn|o(||us+oocms|stcm+scst+c|on+||osoc
+|toocscmcn|ococ|+noocm+|t+||cucnc|+comosc|v|oo|cscm|c|ocomut+oo|cs)b+|xo
consumou+noocmcsc|+(|||csc|v+mtcmoocv|o+ocb+tc||+soco|sos|t|vosmovc|s
comocc|u|+|cs)cb+|xoconsumou+noocmoc|+io(|O|o|sos|t|vosmovc|socmc||o|oc-
scmcn|ocomonotcboo|s)Cgc+o]
|+|+zocs+|++c|co|t+|uc+mc||o||+ooocscmcn|ooctocv+comc+|+scocsv|+|ocsu+t+x+
||sto||c+oc+;/;+nooucscocvcb+s|c+mcntc+osscgu|ntcs|+to|cs
|couocs +o|c|on+|s o+ csc+|+ oos t|+ns|sto|cs ocvcm |cv+| + c|c|tos oostos oc c|csc|-
mcntos|mu|tncoocVcoc|como|csu|t+oooo+umcntoo+co||cntcoc|ug+
||c|tosoccst|c|t+mcntoocc+n+|como|csu|t+oooo+b+|x+mcntoocb+||c||+sc|+|c-
ouiooccsc+|+|cv+noo++umcntoo+co||cntcoc|ug+
ûmcntos+o|c|on+|socV|cuc|cmumm+|o|tco|ocoo+gcmooc+n+|ouc|cv++um+ocg|+-
o+ioo+mob|||o+ocooso|t+oo|csc+umcntoo+co||cntcoc|ug+
Com+|couiooccsc+|++umcnt+mosc|c|tosocutu+ion+oo+gcmcscto|n+mc|csccntcs+s
cont||bu|ocso+s|||cgu|+||o+ocsn+ocn|iooos||m|tcso+st||||+s|cv+noo+um+v+||+iocst+t|s-
t|c+mcntc|c|cv+ntcnov+|o|ocVzc|os]
ôcsc|too+smu|t+so|cu|o+ocscn||cnt+o+sc|+tccno|og|+C|Ocmtc|moso+socm+no+s
sob|cm+tc||+|scmsuccss|v+s|couocsoccsc+|++cxcct+t|v+oos||cucc|+oss+sc||cv+-
8z

o++o||m|tcoonooc..nmcumoucom+|s+|cm|+|+|ssoosocs+os+sc|cmvcnc|oosno
cont|o|cc|ct|ost+t|cooosc+n+|sco||cntcsom+|sb+|x+scm+|o|csco||cntcsonsc|ioncccss+-
||+s|ovost|+ns|sto|cscmnov+s+|u|tctu|+stc|ioocsc|conccb|ooscombo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
c|ct||c+s+|+com||mcntosoog+tcn+|+|x+oc+o-.,nm|mu|+ocsnumc||c+ssugc|cmuc
|O||b+scocs|||c|ooocmsc|+|no+|unc|on+|sno||m|tcoc.nmocmoooucc|+zo+-
vc|suo|uc+tccno|og|+C|Oocvc|+sc|c++zocconv|vc|comonovo+|+o|gm+n+noo|
umbomtcmo+|no+||soe]
|mum|o||zontcoc|ongo|+zo+s|ncv|t+vc|smuo+n+soc+|+o|gm+tccno|og|coocvcm|cv+|
cx|o|+iooc|o||co+ocs+|no+niotot+|mcntccon|cc|o+socm+tc||+|snovosccmsu+m+|o||+
+|t|c|+|mcntc|oouz|oos|s+b|oouc+o|ongoo+|ox|m+occ+o++sgcomct||+soc|occss+-
mcnto+|c+n+|ioos||m|tcs||s|coso+so|mcnsocs+tom|c+su+nooc|c|tostc|m|coscvcntu+|mcn-
tcto|n+|io+nt|cconom|coscs|o|osoc|couio+|no+m+|o|n+csc+|+cnu+nto+|no+sc,+oss|-
vc||oouz||o|sos|t|vosC|Ocmt+|so|mcnsocsc|csnioncccss+||+mcntcoc|+|ioocm+nc||+
m+|scc|cntcousc|iom+|sb+|+tos+|+|oouz||ucoso+gc|+io+ntcccocntc
O||m|tcn+nosco|co
^comb|n+ioocc+|+ctc||st|c+scomo+|+|c||smocomut+iocmontoutu+ntcc||c|+|u|+
oc ||v||cg|os con|c|cm |nov+ocs n+ m|c|o+|u|tctu|+ oc o|sos|t|vos uc cstcnocm + c++c|o+-
oc|nov+oo|+o+|noust||+comb+scn+tccno|og|+|;C|O^||]|mbo|+,+sc,+mc|+|osos||m|tcs
tcmo|+|soo+|+o|gm+ocum+c|ct|on|c+cxc|us|v+mcntcb+sc+o+nos|||c|oc+|no+mu|to+|||s-
c+oo+sscgu|+|u+|o+uc|+stccno|og|+s|o,c+ont+o+scomooss|vc|s+|tc|n+t|v+sscto|n+|++
oom|n+ntcocnt|ooc+o++,+nos|csmo+ss|m|+|no|c+ocsocucocnt|oocumsc|ctonumc|o
ocoocsoccomoncntcsn+noc|ct|on|cosmo|ccu|+so|gn|c+sn+notubosocc+|bonoc|occs-
s+mcntob+scocc|ct|ons|no|v|ou+|sooc|iocst+|n+tccno|og|+sub,+ccntc|utu|+gc|+iooc
novosm|c|o|occss+oo|cs^||]
|u|to cmbo|+ o |m+cto o+ n+notccno|og|+ ocv+ sc| |cvo|uc|on+||o nos |occssos tccno|og|cos
+|cmoos,.nmnos|ox|mos+nos+|no+oct|+ns|io+s+||c+ocsn+notccno|og|c+sm+|ss|gn|-
c+t|v+ssco+|io|ov+vc|mcntcn+s+|c+soco|s|+ysocb+|xo-custococmcmo||+s|ocos]|c
|+toos||mc||osmc|c+oos++oot+|cmonovo+|+o|gm+ocvcmsc|+uc|cs|o,c||m|t+ooso|
custocnioo|ocscmcn|ocomoo|s|+ysc+|m+zcn+mcntooc|n|o|m+iouc+t|ng||+msu+s
+|cocsoct|,o|osvc|mc||osc|o|+oocconom|co^ss|m+|+os|ox|mos+nossio|cv|stoso|s-
os|t|vos|nov+oo|cscocb+|xocustocomb+sccmmcmo||+sn+nomccn|c+s|c||oc|ct||c+scm+g-
8!
ncto|cs|st|v+s+|cmoco|scos||g|ooscom+|m+zcn+mcntoc|cno|cu|+|cmummc|c+oocst|m+-
oocm|,|.b|||ocso|vo|t+oo+no.o+o|ocos]
|o|su+vcztcms|oosugc||oooocscnvo|v|mcntoocc||cu|tos||b||oosC|O|(oo|ng|csC|O;n+-
now||c;n+noocv|cc)uccomb|n+||+m+cx|b|||o+occ+|+c|||o+ococ|occss+mcntoo+tccno|og|+
C|Ocom+cno|mcocns|o+ococcomoncntcsocoo|stc|m|n+|scomucn+noo|sos|t|voscm
csc+|+mo|ccu|+|ooc||+msc||oouz|oos|||os]ôcns|o+ococo|sos|t|vos+t|voscmc||cu|tos
C|O|ccst|m+o+cm+tc+o
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o m +|+ + tccno|og|+ C|O o+ +||c+b|||o+oc o+ |c| oc |oo|c c|+ |couio o+ csc+|+ +ntcs
mcsmouco||m|tc||s|cou|t|movcn|+sc|+|c+n+oo\onoe]Oscustosocum+un|c+m+sc+-
|+|cuc||o+cmc+o+ct++oo|occss+mcntocm,onmsioo+o|ocmoc|,seooooocom
ocon,untocom|ctoocm+sc+|+s+t|ng|noocc|c+oc+||,cgunoocstuooso+||^|C|
os|uc|osobt|ooso|+|c+oc+st|||+(w+|c|)|oouz|o+tcmscm+nt|oo+|ox|m+o+mcntccons-
t+ntcsocsoc+,,,|cco,]
2.4. Dispositivos magnticos
z.4.!. lms permanentes
Con|o|mc ,+ cx||c|t+oo no c+|tu|o + os |mis c|m+ncntcs |c|cscnt+m um+ c|+ssc oc m+tc-
||+|scst|+tcg|cos||cst+mbcmcncont|+m+||c+ocscmo|sos|t|vosc|ct|om+gnct|cos(gc|+oo|csc
moto|csc|ct||cos+v|ocsc|ct|ooomcst|cos|c|og|oscomut+oo|csos|c|on+oo|cs)|obot|c+(m|-
c|omoto|cs m|c|oos|c|on+oo|cs scnso|cs) o|sos|t|vos c|ct|o+cust|cos (+|to-|+|+ntcs |oncs c m|-
c|o|oncsoctc|c|onc)|nst|umcntosocmco|o+(g+|v+nomct|oscb+|+n+s)o|sos|t|vosocto|uc
(u|t|+ccnt|||ug+smco|oo|csocotcnc|+c|ct||c+)cu|+mcntosmco|coscomoncntcsocm|c|o-
ono+sco|vc|sosout|os|nst|umcntosccu|+mcntostccn|co-c|cnt|cos
84

z.4.z. Magnetos maclos
Osc|+m+oosm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosm+c|ossio+uc|csucoocmsc||+c||mcntcm+gnct|z+oosc
ocsm+gnct|z+oos |ossucm coc|c|v|o+ocs |nt||nscc+s mu|to b+|x+s c sio ut|||z+oos ||m+||+mcntc
+|++umcnt+|(ouo||cc|on+|)ouxoocc+mom+gnct|coO||nc|+|+|mct|oucosc+|+c-
tc||z+c+c|mc+b|||o+oc|c|+t|v+
|
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uio|+c||mcntcumm+tc||+||csonoc+umc+mom+gnct|co+||c+oo
Osm+tc||+|sm+c|ossiout|||z+ooscmou+sc+tcgo||+s||nc|+|sco||cntc+|tc|n+o+(^C)cco||cntc
cont|nu+(|C)|m+||c+ocs|Com+tc||+|cm+gnct|z+oo+|+|c+||z+|um+octc|m|n+o+oc|+-
ioccmscgu|o+cocsm+gnct|z+oo+on+|o+oc|+iocomooco||co|cxcm|onos|c|csnos
sc+|+oo|cs m+gnct|cos nos c|ct|om+gnctos ctc |m +||c+ocs ^C o m+tc||+| c c||oo|c+mcntc
m+gnct|z+oococsm+gnct|z+oocmscnt|oosoostosou|+ntctooooc||ooooc|unc|on+mcnto
comoo|cxcm|onost|+ns|o|m+oo|csocotcnc|+
^+|t+c|mc+b|||o+occum+c+|+ctc||st|c+ocsc,+vc|||mo|t+ntcuc+c|o+occnc|g|+o|c|c|o
ococ|+io(u+nooom+tc||+|+ss+o|umc|c|ooc||stc|csc)sc,++mcno|oss|vc|^sc|o+s
cm+||c+ocs^Ctcm,o||gcnso||c|cntcs
1) |c|o+so|||stc|cscuccstio|c|+c|on+o+scom++|c+cont|o+ocnt|oooc|c|ooc||s-
tc|csc|st+sc|o+soocmsc||couz|o+sc|+o|m|nu|ioo+coc|c|v|o+oc|nt||nscc+oos
m+tc||+|sccstioo||ct+mcntc|c|+c|on+o+s+|c+v+|||o+ou|+ntcoc|c|ooc||stc|csc|o|-
t+ntoo|m|nu|noo-sc++|c+oom+tc||+|o|m|nucm-sc+sc|o+so|||stc|csc
.) |c|o+o|co||cntc|nouz|o+(co||cntcsoc|ouc+u|touco||cntcs+|+s|t|c+s)u+nooum
m+tc||+||c||om+gnct|coccxosto+umc+mom+gnct|co+|tc|n+ooco||cntcsc|ct||c+s
sio|nouz|o+socnt|ooom+tc||+|^|ntcns|o+ococst+sco||cntcsoccnoco+||cucnc|+
oo c+mo m+gnct|co +||c+oo o+ |cs|st|v|o+oc oo m+tc||+| |c||om+gnct|co oo n|vc| oc
|nouio c o+ |+c|||o+oc com uc cst+s co||cntcs c||cu|+m +t|+vcs oo m+tc||+| O ++|c-
c|mcntoocst+sco||cntcs|csu|t+cm|nocsc,+vc|+umcntoo+gc|+ioocc+|o|ocnt|ooo
m+tc||+|
!) |c|o+s+nom+|+succstio+ssoc|+o+s+mov|mcntooc+|cocsocoom|n|om+gnct|co
ocnt|ooom+tc||+||st+sc|o+soocmsc|m|n|m|z+o+sc|+obtcnioocm+tc||+|sm+|s
|omogcncoso|m|nu|noo-sc+sb+||c||+s+|+mov|mcntoo+s+|cocsocoom|n|o
Osm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosm+c|ossious+ooscxtcns|v+mcntcn+|noust||+c|ct|on|c+cn+o|st||bu|-
ioocotcnc|+c|ct||c+n+sscgu|ntcs+||c+ocs|+su+m+|o||+sio|c|cscnt+oosc|+s|c|||t+s
m+c|+s|oouz|o+scomox|oosoc|cCo|||ncznOmctooooc|+b||c+iot|+o|c|on+|c+c|+-
8
m+o+tccno|og|+oooOsox|oossio|cns+oosoc+co|oocomoc||ocsc,+ooccmscgu|o+s|n-
tc||z+ooscm|o|nos^s|c|||t+sossucmb+|x+sc|o+scm||cucnc|+socm|c|oono+scsiomu|to
us+o+scmtc|ccomun|c+ocs(|t|os|nouto|cst|+ns|o|m+oo|csocs|n+|cocu|soctc)convc|sio
occnc|g|+(to|o|ocsyb+c|sctc)su|cssiooc|ntc||c|cnc|+c+bso|vcoo|csocm|c|oono+s
|m o|sos|t|vos oc b+|x+ ||cucnc|+ (moto|cs gc|+oo|cs t|+ns|o|m+oo|cs |c+to|cs) os m+tc||+|s
m+|scomunssioosc|+m+oos+osc|ct||cos|c|toscom|m|n+soc+ocomouc+conccnt|+io
occ+|bonoous|||c|o||g+soc|c||ocn|uc|ou|c||occob+|ton+|o|m+ocm+tc||+|b|utoouoc||g+
+mo||+|c+|+o+o||cs|||+mcnto|+|oosob|cum+suc|||c|cmct+||c+|||+^tu+|mcntc|+um+
g|+noc+t|v|o+ococcsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocm||g+s+mo||+scomoob,ct|vooc|couz||osmc-
c+n|smosocc|o+occnc|g|+cmc||o|+|os|occssosoc|oouiooct+scm|+|g+csc+|+
|mo|sos|t|vosoc||cucnc|++c|m+oc+o||z+sc|o+so|co||cntcs+|+s|t+snioc|m|tcmo
usooc+osc||g+smct+||c+siocntiout|||z+oos|c|||tcso|vc|soscomoos|cx+gon+|s(cst|utu|+
oo|+|cO
+,
)oscs|nc||os(||c
.
O
|
)c+sg|+n+o+s(oot|ooo|C-
,
|c
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)nosu+|s+|no+|o,c
|++t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+b+s|c+^s||nc|+|s+||c+ocsocsscsm+tc||+|ssiocmt|+ns|o|m+oo|cs
c|nouto|csoc+|t+||cucnc|+ut|||z+ooscmcu|+mcntosc|ct|on|coso|sos|t|vosocm|c|oono+s
us+ooscmtc|ccomun|c+ocsccm|+o+|bcmcomocmc+bc+socg|+v+iom+gnct|c+Omc|c+-
oomuno|+|ocm+tc||+|soc+|t+c|mc+b|||o+occo+o|ocmoc|,+b|||iom+sscmc||+ntcmcntc
+oucoco||ccomos|misc|m+ncntcsomc|c+ooocbcnsucoccnocmo||ct+mcntcocsscs
m+tc||+|scmu|tom+|o|
z.4.!. Nanoos
||osm+gnct|coscmcsc+|+n+nomct||c+siocst|utu|+smu|to|nvcst|g+o+s+tu+|mcntccucos-
sucm um+ v+st+ g+m+ oc +||c+ocs otcnc|+|s cm n+notccno|og|+ +v+n+o+ |nc|u|noo mc|os ||-
tog|+|+oosg|+v+iooco+ooscom+|cocsocoom|n|om+gnct|coc|occss+mcntoocs|n+|s|m
Cgc+o]oocmosvc|umo|sos|t|vo|c|to+cn+scomn+noosm+gnct|cosc++zoc|c+||z+|oc-
|+ocs|og|c+sOsn+noosvccmscnoo|o|tcmcntccons|oc|+ooscomoum+nov+tccno|og|++|+
+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oos
86

2.5. Dispositivos optoeletrnicos
z..!. Slllclo poroso
^sc+|+ctc||st|c+soos|||c|oo|oso|o|+m|nt|oouz|o+sn+scio+.numcontcxtooc+||c+iocm
scnso|cs|nt|ct+nto+||nc|+|mot|v+ionocstuoooos|||c|oo|osocscmouv|o+scuotcnc|+|
noocscnvo|v|mcntooco|sos|t|vosotoc|ct|on|cosb+sc+oosn+tccno|og|+oos|||c|oconvcnc|o-
n+|o|scst+c+m|+mcntcconso||o+o+|++cxcct+t|v+oc|nc|u||o|sos|t|vosc|ct|on|cosco-
toc|ct|on|coscmummcsmoc||oc|scm|nco|o|+|tccn|c+ssost|c+o+scocg|+noccustoo
ucto|n+os|||c|oo|osoumm+tc||+|ocg|+noc|ntc|cssct+mbcmn++|c+tccno|og|c+Cu|+soc
ono+|||,;]|t|osot|cos|||,;]octccto|csoc|V|+|,,]|otooctccto|csu,;]c|||s|+v,;
|cg,,]siocxcm|osoco|sos|t|vos+|cscnt+oosn+||tc|+tu|+ut|||z+noocstcm+tc||+|
z..z. Semlcondutores nanoestruturados. pontos quantlcos
|m+c|+sscocm+tc||+|n+nocst|utu|+oooc|ntc|cssc|oton|coc+oosontosunt|cosco|o|o+|s
+|oe] ^s |o||co+ocs ot|c+s oc n+noc||st+|s scm|conouto|cs ||cucntcmcntc c|+m+oos oc
ontosunt|cosou+tomos+|t|c|+|s(cmbo|+++n+|og|++|cscntc||m|t+ocscomoocmonst|+-
ooo||+||+||+|o|]occnocmocsu+s|o|m+scocscust+m+n|os|cst+scono|ocsosn|vc|s
c|ct|on|cosniosc+g|u+mcmb+no+scont|nu+soccnc|g|+(comocmscm|conouto|csvo|umct||-
cos)coconn+mcntount|co+|tc|+osbandgapsc|ct|on|coscnoo+ss|m+,ust+noo-scot+m+-
n|oo+s+|t|cu|+scoss|vc|scs|nton|z+|oscscct|osoc+bso|iocuo|csccnc|++|+v||tu+|mcn-
tcu+|uc|os|io|m+|t|cu|+|+obsc|v+ioocg+n|oc+io|+sc|n+|cg|iooc+,,onm,+|o|
ocmonst|+o+|ooo;]|st+scst|utu|+soco|mcnsocsn+nomct||c+szc|o-o|mcns|on+|sossucm
um+v+||co+ococc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|c+sucniosioobsc|v+o+scmcst|utu|+sun|oub|o|mcn-
s|on+|sOnumc|on|tooc+tomosnosn+noc||st+|sgc|+|mcntco+o|ocmoc+|gum+sccntcn+sc
|csons+vc|o|um+g|+nocv+||co+ococ|cnomcnos|oto|nouz|ooscomoc|c|tost|+ns|cntcs|oto-
u|m|cosc|oto||s|cosucsiobcmcon|cc|oost+ntocm||s|c++tom|c+u+ntocm||s|c+mo|ccu|+|
m+sucniosioobsc|v+ooscmso||oosvo|um+|cs|+noc||st+|soco||c|cntcsm+tc||+|ssio|+b||c+-
ooscmv+||+sm+t||zcs|oscoc||+soucmso|uocsus+nootccn|c+soc|+b||c+ioocv|o|osouu|-
m|c+occo|o|ocs|o|o|]^|cmo|ssoonumc|o|couz|ooocc|ct|onsc++zcsoc|c+||z+|t|+ns|ocs
ot|c+s |+z com uc + +bso|io sc,+ s+tu|+vc| c + ut|||z+io oc ontos unt|cos co|o|o+|s como
c|+vcsot|c+s|o||oost+|v|o.]
87
|m++||c+iooc+|t|cu|+||ntc|csscocv|oo+ucstocscnc|gct|c+suc+ucccmmu|tosocb+tcs
n+soc|co+ocmooc|n+coocscnvo|v|mcntooccc|u|+s|otovo|t+|c+socu|t|+-+|t+cc|cnc|+b+sc
ocn+no+|t|cu|+s|unc|on+|scu,++||c+iooocsc|cons|oc|+o+comoumoos||nc|+|sconcc|-
toso|s|ut|vos+|+o+umcntooccc|cnc|+com|couiooccustooc|oouiooccnc|g|+so|+|
|otovo|t+|c+||o+|comcstct|oocm+tc||+|ccstct|ooc+||c+ios|gn|c+o|t+nto|omovc|
tccno|og|+ccxc|t|sc|uno+mcnt+|s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocs|stcm+scc|cntcsocgc|+iooc
cnc|g|+|cnov+vc|cscmcm|ssioocCO
.
cgunoocst|m+t|v+s|cccntcs|+o;]oconsumooccnc|g|+g|ob+|o+|um+n|o+ococvc|+c|cscc|
oos+tu+|s+,tc|+w+tts;+no(\;+)+|++|ox|m+o+mcntc,o\;++tc.o,oO||nc|+|ocs+o
nioc+cn+s+umcnt+|+|oouiooccnc|g|+|cv|oo+o+ucc|mcntog|ob+|occo||cntco+cm|s-
sioocg+scscontcnooc+|bono(c|c|tocstu|+)cx|stcum+g|+noccn|+sccm|occssoscnvo|vcnoo
|ontcs |cnov+vc|s |cstc contcxto + |oouio oc cnc|g|+ so|+| |otovo|t+|c+ (||V) tcm c|csc|oo +
um+t+x+oc,o/+o+no|st+|oouiocst+conccnt|+o+cm+|scscomo|+io|st+oos|n|oos
C||n+c+|scso+Comun|o+oc|u|oc|+como|s+n|+c^|cm+n|+|o+nooc.oo,+||V+t|ng|u
ummc|c+oooccc|c+oc|,+ob|||ocs|+yo,]^tu+|mcntcoscustosocgc|+iooc||Vsccn-
cont|+mn+|+|x+oc|,o.,+|,oe,;|\||stoco||csonoc+umv+|o|+|ox|m+o+mcntc,+e
vczcsm+|o|ooucocustooc|oouiooccnc|g|+tc|moc|ct||c+comb+sccmc+|vioContuoo
n+|u|o++ocsgovc|n+mcnt+|scstio|nccnt|v+noo+|oouiooc||Vtcnoocomomct++|c+n-
+|um+||+ioo+o|ocmoc+o/o+|oouiooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+tot+|coc.,/oomont+ntcoc
cnc|g|+oc|ontcs|cnov+vc|socnt|ooos|ox|mos,+nos|+o;]
u+t|oc+|+ctc||st|c+sb+s|c+sc|cocnc|+mosontosunt|cosscm|conouto|cs+|++||c+ocscm
s|stcm+s|otovo|t+|cos
1) |u|t|||c+io oc o|t+oo|cs onoc um un|co |oton ooc gc|+| mu|t||os cxc|tons |m
cxc|toncum+|c|ct|onbu|+co||g+ooum+cxc|t+ioc|cmcnt+|cms|stcm+socm+tc||+
conocns+o+|o|cxcm|onoc+soocn+no+|t|cu|+soc|bc|o|ocmonst|+oo|cccntc-
mcntcucumun|co|otonooc|omovc|+gc|+iooc+tc;cxc|tonscoeyoe]|sto
s|gn|c+um+umcntooc;oo/n+cc|cnc|+unt|c+oo|occssoocgc|+iooco|t+-
oo|cscoconscucntc+umcntoocco||cntcococ|+ioo+cc|u|+|+|+s|stcm+s|oto-
vo|t+|cosocg+un|cocstc|occssoossu|num||m|tctc|moo|nm|cooccc|cnc|+oc
+tc|,/cm|cg|mcoc|||+o|+ioso|+|cu|v+|cntc+umso|cocse/cm|cg|mcoccon-
ccnt|+iom+x|m+(|e,ooso|s)Com+|+t|v+mcntco||m|tctc|moo|nm|cooccc|cnc|+
+|+s|stcm+socg+un|coocm+tc||+|socg|+nocso|mcnsocscoc,+/+|+|||+o|+io
ocumso|oc|+/+|+|||+o|+iom+x|m+
88

.) ^mu|t|||c+iooco|t+oo|cscum|occssomu|tooucocc|cntccmm+tc||+|svo|u-
m+|cs(bu||)ouoccnc|g|+ocg+|
g
|c|+t|v+mcntc+|t+(o|cxcm|oc+soscomoooo
|ouC+^s)|csmo+|+m+tc||+|sbu||ocb+|xo|
g
onococxccssooccnc|g|+ooscx-
c|tonsucntcs(|ccxc|tonscomcnc|g|+b+st+ntcsuc||o|+|
g
)tc|m|n+scnooo|ss|+o+
n+|o|m+occ+|o|+t|+vcsoc|ntc|+ocsc|ct|on-|onon
|ocnt+ntocmontosunt|cos+cc|cnc|+oos|occssosoctc|m+||z+iooccxc|tons
v|+|ntc|+ioc|ct|on-|ononoocsc|b+st+ntc|couz|o+o+nooc|+ncc+|ntc|+ocsc|c-
t|on-c|ct|onucoocm|ovoc+|um|cnomcnot|oconvc|sioûgc||nvc|s+|+zcnoo
comucoocc+|mcntooocxccssooccnc|g|+ooscxc|tonsucntcs+c+||ctc+|o|m+io
oc novos cxc|tons |stc |occsso c +|t|cu|+|mcntc cc|cntc +|+ o c+so oc n+no+|t|-
cu|+soc|bc|bCoccCoucsioscm|conouto|cs++|t||oosu+|sontosun-
t|cos,+vcmscnoo|+b||c+oos|++|guns+nos^|cmo|ssom+|s|cccntcmcntc|occssos
ocmu|t|||c+iooco|t+oo|cscons|oc|+nooout|osmcc+n|smos||s|cost+mbcmcstio
scnoocons|oc|+oos|uo;|ozo,]|+t+-sco|t+ntoocum|ob|cm+c|cnt|co+|no+
cm+bc|toContuooooontoocv|st+o+s+||c+ocsos|occssosoc|o|m+ioocmu|-
t||oso|t+oo|csoocsc|cons|oc|+oocomoum|cnomcnocc|cntc||nc|+|mcntcno
oom|n|o oc n+nocst|utu|+s onoc + ucb|+ oc s|mct||+ |nt|oouz|o+ c|+s cucn+s o|-
mcnsocs moo|c+ |ntc|+ocs c|cmcnt+|cs c oss|b|||t+ + m+n||cst+io m+|s cc|cntc oc
|cnomcnosucniosioobsc|v+oosnosm+tc||+|socg|+nocso|mcnsocs
!) |xt|+iooco|t+oo|csucntcsonocsccv|t++|c|+x+iotc|m|c+ooscxc|tonsoc+|t+
cnc|g|+(|ccxc|tonsucntcs)oss|b|||t+noosu+cxt|+ionocst+oooc+|t+cnc|g|+|stc
|occsso+c+||ct+um+umcntoo+tcnsioococ|+ioo+cc|u|+cconscucntcmcntco
+umcntooccc|cnc|+oc|oouiooccnc|g|+|stc|occssoossu|um||m|tcoccc|cn-
c|+tc|moo|nm|c+ocee/+|+|||+o|+ioocumso|ct+mbcmocse/+|+|||+o|+io
m+x|m+Comonoc+soo+mu|t|||c+iooco|t+oo|cst|+t+-scocum|cnomcno|csu|-
t+ntco+|n|b|ioo+tc|m+||z+iooccxc|tonsucntcs|mout|+s+|+v|+so|occssooc
cxt|+iooco|t+oo|csucntcst+mbcmscm+n||cst+ocm+nc||+mu|tom+|scc|cntc
cm s|stcm+s oc n+no+|t|cu|+s como +s c|t+o+s +c|m+ c nio cm m+tc||+|s oc g|+nocs
o|mcnsocsc
4) |c||o|+|ovc|t+mcntooocscct|oso|+|onoc+sn+no+|t|cu|+s|nt|oouzcmn|vc|s|n-
tc|mco|+||osn+b+no+oct|+ns+|cnc|+ooscm|conouto||stooss|b|||t+uc++bso|io
scucnc|+| oc . ou m+|s |otons oc cnc|g|+ |
|
|
g
t+mbcm |csu|tcm n+ |o|m+io oc cx-
c|tons +| |occsso ooc sc| com+|+oo com o oc cc|u|+s so|+|cs oc |ctc|ocst|utu|+s
|+o;|+yo,]Os||m|tcsm+x|mosoccc|cnc|+tc|moo|nm|c+oocm+t|ng||+|;/+|+
|||+o|+iocomumso|ce,/+|+|||+o|+iom+x|m+
^cs+| o+s v+nt+gcns occo||cntcs oc ||m|tcs tc|moo|nm|cos oc cc|cnc|+ m+|s c|cv+oos os o|s-
os|t|vos|otovo|t+|cosb+sc+ooscmontosunt|cos+|no+nio+|c+n+|+mumg|+uococscnvo|-
89
v|mcnto s+t|s|+to||o mcsmo cm csc+|+ oc |+bo|+to||o ^tu+|mcntc cx|stcm v+||+s +|tc|n+t|v+s oc
congu|+io+|++con|cciooco|sos|t|vos|otovo|t+|coscx|o|+noo+sv+nt+gcns|nt|oouz|o+s
c|osontosunt|cos||+o|\ogoe]|nt|ct+nto+s||nc|+|so|cu|o+ocstccno|og|c+s+|no+sc
cncont|+mnomb|tooo|occssoocs|ntcsccoc|nco|o|+iooosontosunt|cosn+cst|utu|+
||s|c+ooso|sos|t|vos|mout|+s+|+v|+st|+t+-scocbusc+|so|uocs+|++||mo|+|+sv+nt+gcns
|unc|on+|soos|stcm+ocn+no+|t|cu|+scm|n|m|z+|su+ocg|+o+io||s|co-u|m|c+|cstcscnt|oo
os||nc|+|socs+os+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooco|sos|t|vos|otovo|t+|coscomontosunt|cos
oocmsc||csum|oosn+sscgu|ntcsucstocs
+) Como cont|o|+| +s c+|+ctc||st|c+s ||s|c+s (cg t+m+n|os o|sc|sio cm t+m+n|o oc|c|-
tos c||st+||nos c+|+ctc||st|c+s oc |ntc||+cc) +|+ +||mo|+| os |occssos oc gc|+io oc
o|t+oo|cs
b) Como|omovc|+|o|m+iooc|ntc||+ccsn+no+|t|cu|+-mc|ooc|o|m++ocu+o++|+
+||mo|+|+cxt|+iooco|t+oo|cs
c) Como |omovc| um+ conccnt|+io suc|cntcmcntc +|t+ oc n+no+|t|cu|+s num mc|o
t|+ns+|cntccbomconouto|(tcmoocv|o+c|cv+oo)+|+cx|o|+|cc|cntcmcntc+
mu|t|||c+iooco|t+oo|csou+cxt|+iooco|t+oo|csucntcs
Con|o|mccxosto+c|m+t+ntoocontcxtoc|cnt|cocomoocst+ooo++|tctccno|og|coocmum
con,untoocucstocsocs++ntcs+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooco|sos|t|vos|otovo|t+|cosocontos
unt|cosContuooos+|tos||m|tcsoccc|cnc|+tc|moo|nm|c+|cv|stos+|+cstcst|osoco|so-
s|t|voosco|oc+mcomo+|+o|gm+octccno|og|+o|s|uto|+uctcms|oo+m|+mcntc|nvcst|g+o+
cmn|vc||ntc|n+c|on+|
z..!. |lbras optlcas mlcroestruturadas
|+mcsm+|o|m+comucoco||cu+|+os|||c|oo|oso+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+sb|+sot|c+sm|c|o-
cst|utu|+o+s|o|+m|nt|oouz|o+sn+scio+,numcontcxtooc+||c+iocmscnso|cs|ocnt+nto
t+|sm+tc||+|s+|cscnt+mcno|mcotcnc|+|+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooco|sos|t|vos+|+comun|-
c+ocsot|c+scout|+s+||c+ocs|oton|c+s|cstcu|t|moc+soo||mc|osouso|-gc|comoo+gcns
cscc|c+soocmsc||nt|oouz|oosnosbu|+coso+m|c|ocst|utu|+o+b|+scnooostc||o|mcntc
cu|+oos+|+gc|+|b|+stot+|mcntcso||o+s|u+o|]^|nsc|ioocm+tc||+|cmb|+sm|c|ocst|utu-
|+o+smoo|c++sc+|+ctc||st|c+s||nc+|cscnio||nc+|csoc|o+g+io^v+st+m+|o||+oost|+b+||os
sob|co+ssuntocncont|+oosn+||tc|+tu|+cx|o|++cn+s++|tc|+ioo+s|o||co+ocs||nc+|cs^
90

g|+nocv+||+iooo|no|ccoc|c||+iooco||mc|oscomtcmc|+tu|+o|cxcm|o|o|cx|o|+o+
cmum+sc||coccxc||mcntos
||b|+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+scomnuc|cosso||oosoocmt+mbcmgu|+||uzo|c|c|toocbandgapsc
osbu|+coso+c+sc+sio|ccnc||ooscomumm+tc||+|com|no|ccoc|c||+iom+|o|ooucooo
nuc|coôs|iocscct|+|oobandgapoccnocoo|no|ccoc|c||+iooom+tc||+||nsc||oo|mum
cxc||mcnto|+|o,]osbu|+coso+c+sc+|o|+m|ccnc||ooscomc||st+|||u|oocu,o|no|ccc|+s|n-
ton|z+oo+t|+vcsoc+ucc|mcntoo+b|+^s|nton|+oo|no|cc|cv+v++um+s|nton|+oobandgapc
+b|+|o|ut|||z+o+comoum+c|+vcot|c+^s|nton|+oobandgapocum+|C|comc||st+|||u|oo
t+mbcm|o|obt|o++t|+vcso++||c+ioocumc+moc|ct||coouc|cv+oss|b|||o+ococo|so-
s|t|vosm+|s|+|oos|++o,]
^sb|+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+st+mbcmsc|cst+mgc|+ioocsuc|cont|nuooc|uzu+noocxc|-
t+o+so|u|sosoc|+sc|u|t|+-|+|ooso+o|ocmococzcn+soc|cmtoscgunoosocou|+io|stc
|cnomcnotcm+||c+ocsmct|o|og|c+s|mo|t+nt|ss|m+souc|c|cscnt+um+c|o|s|ut|von+
cscct|osco|+ot|c+ocu|t|+-+|t+|cso|uio|ono,]Ocscct|osuc|cont|nuot+mbcmoocsc|
+||c+oocms|stcm+soco|+gnost|coo|omog|++o|Coc|cnc|+Ot|c+(OC)como|ontcoc
|uzocb+no+|+|g+ccomcucnocom||mcntooccoc|cnc|+^||oe|s|o|]|st+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
sio|uno+mcnt+|s+|+oot+|os|stcm+OCocum++|t+|cso|uiocs+c|+|
2.6. Uma olhar no futuro: novos materiais e novas tecnologias
^|og|css|v+c|ccioo+scvcntu+|s||m|t+ocscmum|utu|o,+niom+|stio|ong|nuo+o|o-
|ong+mcntoo+|c|oc|oo|cmuoou+m+nc||+occnc+|+|+|tc|n+t|v+s+ntcscons|oc|+o+s|o-
x|m+so+cioc|cnt|c+comooc|+vc+mcntooc|n|o|m+ioc|++|tc|+ioo+s|o||co+ocsoc
mo|ccu|+s|so|+o+sou+tcmcsmoc|ocont|o|coouxoocumun|coc|ct|onOocscnvo|v|mcnto
oosn+noc|+vc+oo|csmost|ousc|oss|vc|su+m+nu|+tu|++umb+|xocustococm+nc||+cont|o-
|+o+|mum|cccntcoocumcnto(|mc|g|ng|csc+|c||cv|ccs|uto;])oconso|c|o||co|oc+
o+nooc.o+,comoum+o+t+|ov+vc|+|++convc|sioo+|noust||+c|ct|on|c++|+o+|+o|gm+
n+no|cco,]u+noo|occss+oo|csco|sos|t|vosoc+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oos(mcmo||+)c-
gunoo+|gunscscc|+||st+sot||ngo|nt+|+css+convc|sio,+tc||+oco|||ooum+vczucn+-
noo|sos|t|vos,+o|son|vc|sscmost|+m|obustos+utu+ocsunt|c+suc|nv|+b|||z+||+mo|un-
c|on+mcntooco|sos|t|vosC|Oconvcnc|on+|scmo|mcnsocsn+nomct||c+s|+|o,]
9!
Ocont|o|ccoctcciooc|occssoscnvo|vcnoo+tomosoumo|ccu|+s|no|v|ou+|sc|ousooc|ns-
t|umcntos m+c|osco|cos t+| como sono+s oc v+||cou|+ bcm como c um+ ct++ |uno+mcnt+|
+|+ ocmonst|+| + v|+b|||o+oc o+ c|ct|on|c+ mo|ccu|+| c o+ comut+io unt|c+ |co;] ^|guns
+uto|cscons|oc|+muccomut+iount|c+comut+iob+scocmo|ccu|+soc||^ccom-
ut+oo|csb+sc+ooscmn+notuboso|c|cccmm+|o|csoss|b|||o+ococv||+subst|tu||+tccno|og|+
+tu+|no||m|tcocv+||o+oco+|c|oc|oo|c|uto+]|mbo|++|no+cm|+scmu|tocxc||mcnt+|cs-
s+s tccno|og|+s ,+ cxc||mcnt+|+m cxcm|os oc succsso como n+ ocmonst|+io oc t|+ns|sto|cs
c|cmcnt+|csccc|u|+socmcmo||+mcsmoucsu+v+||co+ococ+||c+ocsnio++|c+ncsscmo-
mcntotio+b|+ngcntcu+nto+oos|||c|onoso|+soc|o,cscuotcnc|+|oc|+|ooocscnvo|v|mcnto
comotccno|og|+so|s|ut|v+st+|vcz|n|c|+|mcntccmn|c|oscscc|coso+tccno|og|+oc|n|o|m+-
ionioocvc||++ss+|ocsc|ccb|oo|uto+]
z.6.!. A eletrnlca molecular
|m+oss|b|||o+ocuccst+sobcons|oc|+iocscc|+|cousoocmo|ccu|+s|no|v|ou+|s+|+|o|m+|
oscomoncntcsb+s|cosocum|occss+oo||m+mo|ccu|+cucn+mcsmo|c|+t|v+mcntcs|m-
|csooc+g||comoumt|+ns|sto|oumcsmoum+o|t+|og|c+o||ntc||ov|noo+ss|m+subst|tu||
ost|+ns|sto|csb+scocs|||c|ocomocomoncntcs|uno+mcnt+|socumo|sos|t|vocomut+c|on+|
|o|sc|cmoct+m+n|omu|tomcnosmo|ccu|+sooc||+mcxccut+|+soc|+ocscu|v+|cntcss
ocumo|sos|t|voscm|conouto|cmmu|tomcno|tcmoccomm+|s+|t+com+ct+io|co;+]
|css+m+nc||++nov++|c+o+c|ct|on|c+mo|ccu|+|+m+ou|cccocm+nc||+mu|to|+|o+comcon-
t||bu|ocsnio+cn+so+u|m|c+||s|c+cC|cnc|+oc|+tc||+|sm+st+mbcmo+||o|og|+
||ct|on|c+monomo|ccu|+|conomco+oo+c||cu|tos|og|coso|g|t+|s|o,ct+ooscomb+scnocom-
o|t+mcntoocmo|ccu|+s|no|v|ou+|s|ontos-c|+vc+sc|cmm+|sbcmocn|oos+|+oocscnvo|v|-
mcntoocss++|c+com|ccnocm
+) uct+m+n|om|n|moocvctc|um+mo|ccu|++|+c|m|t||+|c+||z+ioococ|+ocs
|og|c+s
b) Como+|n|o|m+iooocsc||occss+o+|ntc|n+mcntc
c) u+|sos|cu|s|tosoccnc|g|+co|ss|+io+ssoc|+oos+cssc|cnomcno|||o;]
|m+scguno++bo|o+gcmc+o+c|ct|on|c++|tc|n+t|v+ucbusc+o|sos|t|vosb+sc+ooscmm+tc-
||+|socb+|x+o|mcns|on+||o+ocucvcn|+m+subst|tu||+tccno|og|+C|O+b+|xoo+||ontc||+oos
+o nm com ocscmcn|o com+|+vc| c mcno|cs ocm+no+s oc cnc|g|+ + custos m+|s |couz|oos
9z

|+noosn+notuboscn+nooots|c+|+ooso|tccn|c+scomo+utomont+gcmc|csu|t+ntcso+
+uto-o|g+n|z+iooccst|utu|+scom|cx+sooc||+msc|us+ooscmnovos+|+o|gm+soc+|u|tc-
tu|+ +|+ |oouz|| n+noo|sos|t|vos |||o;] |m+ tc|cc||+ oo|tun|o+oc co||csonoc +os s|stcm+s
n+noc|ct|omccn|cos(|||)osocs+osoc||o+|nov+sc+|+ctc||st|c+smccn|c+socm+tc||+|scm
csc+|+n+nomct||c+o|c|cccmnovosc+m|n|oscmtc|mosoctccn|c+soc|+b||c+iomctooosoc
octcciococ|ntc||+c|+mcntocomout|oso|sos|t|voscococ|+io|||o;]
z.6.z. Nanotubos de carbono
|csocsu+ocscobc|t+no|n|c|ooos+nos,oosn+notubosocc+|bono(C|)tcmsu|g|oocomo
m+tc||+|s|om|sso|cscmo||c|cntcsc+mosoc+||c+io^,+,,]C+o+n+notubooocsc|cns+oo
como|o|m+ooc|ooob|+mcntoocum+|o||+oc+tomosocc+|bonoo|sostos|cx+gon+|mcntc
cmum|+no(og|+|cno)+occnoc|oongu|ou||+|oc+||n|+mcntoo+|o||+ucoocsc|oc-
n|ooo|oo|snumc|os|ntc||os(ncm)oC|oocv||+tc|c+|+ctc||st|c+smct+||c+souscm|con-
outo|+scomoscvccmCgc+o]
|ogoscocscob||uCgc+o]ucosC|ooc||+mcx|st||n+|o|m+ocumun|cotubo(\|)ou
comov+||ostubosconccnt||cos(|\|)uo|]|u|tocmbo|++s|o||co+ocsc|ct||c+su+nto
mccn|c+soosC|cmscucon,untoos|++mc|tcncc|+um+c+tcgo||++|tccnt|cosm+tc-
||+|scomcst|utu|+n+nosco|c+Cgc+o]o|+toocuc+go|+cst+v+|ocnt|c+o++cx|stcnc|+ocum+
mo|ccu|+csscnc|+|mcntcun|o|mcns|on+|combo+conout|v|o+occ|ct||c+tcmc|+tu|++mb|cntc
oc|mco|+toocsc|touo|ntc|cssccmscuusocmum+c|ct|on|c+mo|ccu|+|^,+,,]
O |cnomcno oc oo mov|mcnto oc c|ct|ons |+t|c+mcntc scm u+|uc| |cs|stcnc|+ c con|cc|oo
comot|+nso|tcb+||st|coccobsc|v+oooco||c|cm\|n+|o|m+occst+oosunt|coso|sc|c-
tosucscm+ntcmcoc|cntcssob|co|stnc|+so+o|ocmocm|o|su+vczC|scm|conouto|cs
oocmv||+|unc|on+|comon+not|+ns|sto|csocc|c|toocc+mo+oconcct+|cmoo|sc|ct|ooos
mct+||cos+|o||+o+mcntco|sostosCgc+o]+osc+||c+|um+tcnsionog+tcoC|oocc|+-
vc+|ocum+|o|m+conouto|++|+|so|+ntctcmc|+tu|++mb|cntc^,+,,]
ômcsmotcmo|\|siocscc|+|mcntcconvcn|cntcs+|+cst+bc|ccc|bonscont+toso|s
+|cmocooc|cmsc|o|sostoscm+|+|c|osu+conout|v|o+occ|cscccomo+umcntoocscuo|-
mct|ocst|utu|+sb+sc+o+scm|\|ousc,+com+|cocsmu|t||+soocmtc|conout|v|o+oc
c|ct||c+um+o|ocmocg|+nocz+m+|o|ucumbomcont+to|o|m+ooo|cob|cmct+||coC|+o|]
^ss|mcnu+ntoC|mct+||cosoocmv||+sc|ot|mosm+tc||+|soc|ow-|cmsu+|o|m+scm|-
9!
conouto|+(cm+|t|cu|+|+|+oc+sooc\|como|mct|oso+o|ocmoc+nm)tcm,+cncon-
t|+oon|c|osoc+||c+iocomom+tc||+|soc||g|-|+|+cv|t+|cu|to-c||cu|toscmcst|utu|+scon-
outo|+s|ocoe]
|+notubostcms|oo|og|css|v+mcntc|nco|o|+oostccno|og|+oos|||c|o|mCgc+o]cmost|+o+
um+|m+gcmobt|o+o|m|c|osco|+c|ct|on|c+ocv+||cou|+ocumt|+ns|sto|o|c|c|toocc+mo
|+n+|b+sc+oocmum+concxioo|C|uccmcnos+|ct+o+o|cst+oos|ntc||+c|+|sooucoco|-
|c||+cm|O||s|ntc||+mcntcb+sc+ooscms|||c|o|+mcsm+gu|+cmost|+o+um+|oost+oc
umt|+ns|sto|ocotcnc|+onocC|ssioc|csc|oosoc|o|m++|c+to||++|+|o|m+|+sconcxocs+os
osC|smct+||cossc|cmuc|m+oosc|++||c+ioocumc|cv+oo|cooctcnsiocnt|cosc|ct|ooos
|cst+|io+cn+sosC|sscm|conouto|cs|mum+|c+||z+io|n|c|+|o+|oc|+|+zocsocc|+vc+mcnto
o+o|ocmoc+oo-+ooo|o|+mobt|oos+|+|oouz||um+co||cntcocv+||osm^C|+o|]
z.6.!. Ulsposltlvos rerrlgeradores magnetocalorlcos
C|c|os oc |c|||gc|+io m+gnctoc+|o||cos como o most|+oo cm Cgc+o] +|cscnt+m um m+tc||+|
m+gnctoc+|o||co com os scus momcntos m+gnct|cos |n|c|+|mcntc o||cnt+oos +|c+to||+mcntc O
|occssooc|cs|||+mcntosco+++|t||oomomcntoucc|cssioo||cnt+ooso|umc+mom+g-
nct|co cxtc|no +ucccnoo o m+tc||+| |stc c+|o| c cntio |cmov|oo oo m+tc||+| o| um |occsso
oct|+ns|c|cnc|+occ+|o|usu+|+t|+vcso|cxcm|ooocm|cgoocumo|ss|+oo|ô|cmovc|o
c+mom+gnct|cocxtc|noosmomcntosm+gnct|cosoom+tc||+|sco||cnt+m+|c+to||+mcntc|cs-
|||+nooo+mb|cntcnum|occsso|nvc|souc|cucgc|ouum+ucc|mcnton++most|+o|oc+-
s|ioo++||c+ioooc+mom+gnct|cocxtc|no
|cccntcmcntc |o| ocscobc|t+ um+ nov+ c|+ssc oc m+tc||+|s m+gnct|cos uc +|cscnt+m o c|c|to
m+gnctoc+|o||cog|g+ntctcmc|+tu|++mb|cntccmcon,uniocomum+t|+ns|iooc|+scm+g-
nct|c+|nt|ccstcsocst+c+mosos|+nt+n|ocosuc+|cscnt+mcst|utu|+oot|o||
.
(onoc|=
^|Coou||)Co
,
(|
+-x
Cc
x
)
|
|n(^s
+-x
b
x
)|n|c(|
+-x
^s
x
)|+(|c
+,-x
|
x
)cscus||o|ctosc+sm+ng+-
n|t+scomcst|utu|+oot|o(|
+-x
|
x
|nO
,
onoc|=|+nt+n|ococ|=C+|c|+)^|c|||gc|+io
ut|||z+noo o c|c|to m+gnctoc+|o||co c um+ tccno|og|+ |om|sso|+ +|+ +s tccn|c+s convcnc|on+|s
b+sc+o+scmc|c|osoccom|cssio;cx+nsioocg+scso+nosos+omc|o+mb|cntc
94

2.7. Materiais para memrias
z.7.!. lntroduo
Con|o|mc mcnc|on+oo no |n|c|o o+ scio +| csu|s+s oc novos |cnomcnos c +||c+ocs oc
m+gnct|smo c m+tc||+|s m+gnct|cos const|tucm cm um+ o+s +|c+s oc +t|v|o+ocs m+|s |c|tc|s c
m+|s +t|v+s cm un|vc|s|o+ocs c cm |noust||+s no munoo |ntc||o |m +|t|cu|+| + |mo|tnc|+
cconom|c+ oc m+tc||+|s m+gnct|cos +|+ +|m+zcn+mcnto c |occss+mcnto oc o+oos o|g|t+|s c
cno|mcOmc|c+oomuno|+|oc+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oosus+noomc|osm+gnct|cos+t|ng||+,,
b|||ocsocoo|+|cscm.o+o|cstcu|t|moc+socostum+sc+o|c|on+|ov+|o|+g|cg+ooocout|+s
tccno|og|+s(comoscm|conouto|csso|tw+|cctc)ncccss+||+s+|+ucoso|sos|t|vosoc+|m+-
zcn+mcntom+gnct|cos|unc|oncm
|o|t+nto |cv+noo cm cons|oc|+io cst+s tccno|og|+s +g|cg+o+s o mc|c+oo muno|+| oc +|m+zcn+-
mcntooco+oosut|||z+nootccno|og|+cmc|osm+gnct|cosocvcu|t|++ss+|os|,+oob|||ocs+nu+|s
cm.o+o|stcsnumc|oscmbo|+sc|c|+m++cn+soo|sscgmcntosoc+||c+ocsocm+tc||+|sm+g-
nct|cosoioum+o|mcnsioo+|mo|tnc|+ocst++t|v|o+ocn+tccno|og|++tu+||m.oosomc|c+oo
b|+s||c||ooccomut+oo|cscsso+|s|o|o+o|ocmoc+,m|||ocsocun|o+ocsouccu|v+|c+umtot+|
oc+|ox|m+o+mcntc,.b|||ocsoc|c+|s+cn+scons|oc|+nooo|coooso|scos||g|oos
|o,ccmo|+cx|stcms|n+|sc|+|osocuc+tccno|og|+b+sc+o+nocont|o|co+c+|g+ooc|ct|onuc
+t|ng|uoscu+ogcucom+c|+oocomut+oo|cst+c|cg+noo|ox|m+oc||m|tcs|nt||nsccosoctc|-
m|n+ooso||c|sb+s|c+so+||s|c+|stooco||co|uc+so|mcnsocsooso|sos|t|voscstio|ox|m+s
o+uc|+sooscom||mcntosocono++ssoc|+oos+oscst+oosc|ct|on|coscncstcc+so+s|o||co+-
ocsunt|c+s+ss+|io+sc|cons|oc|+o+snoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovoso|sos|t|vos|m+o+s+|-
tc|n+t|v+sm+|s|om|sso|+succmc|g|unosu|t|mos+,+nosc+uc|+ucut|||z+os|nooc|ct|on
+|+cont|o|cc|occss+mcntooc|n|o|m+io|cnomcnosoct|+nso|tcoccnocntcsocs|n|c-
vo|uc|on+|+m+tccno|og|+oc+|m+zcn+mcntooc|n|o|m+ocsnosu|t|mos+,+nos
^|nt|oouiooco|sos|t|vosb+sc+oosnoc|c|too+m+gncto|cs|stcnc|+g|g+ntctcms|oo|uno+mcn-
t+|no+umcntoo+ocns|o+ococ|n|o|m+io+tu+|mcntco|son|vc|cmo|sos|t|voscomc|c|+|s|stc
c|c|tocons|stcn+obsc|v+ioocuccms|stcm+socmu|t|c+m+o+sconst|tu|o+socn+sc+m+o+s
|c||om+gnct|c+s|ntc|c+|+o+so|n+sc+m+o+sniom+gnct|c+s+|cs|st|v|o+occ|ct||c+occnocoo
+||n|+mcnto|c|+t|vocnt|coss|nso+sc+m+o+sm+gnct|c+s+o,+ccntcs
9
|cst+m+nc||+tcm-sc+oss|b|||o+ococcont|o|+|ocst+ooocconouioc|ct||c+++|t||o+con-
gu|+iom+gnct|c+ocst+sn+nocst|utu|+sOc|c|to|nvc|soonococst+oom+gnct|cooocsc|con-
t|o|+ooc|++ss+gcmo+co||cntcc|ct||c+t+mbcm|o||oostococscobc|tocxc||mcnt+|mcntc
nosu|t|mos+nos|oc|+m+ooc|c|tooc|n,cioocs|nucniotcmn+o++vc|comoc|c|toc|+s-
s|coocgc|+ioocc+mom+gnct|coc|oc|c|toc|+ss|cooc^mc|c-Oc|stco
^s|o||co+ocsocconouiooosmct+|s|c||om+gnct|cosv+||+moc+co|oocom+o||cnt+io|c|+-
t|v+cnt|cos|nooo|t+oo|occ+|g+c+uc|+ooss|ns|csons+vc|sc|+m+gnct|z+iooomc|o
|cst+m+nc||+oocm-sco|st|ngu||oo|st|osoco|t+oo|csocc+|g+scm+n+|og|+como+|c|c-
t|on;bu|+co o+ tccno|og|+ convcnc|on+| oc scm|conouto|cs |st+ |o||co+oc sc to|n+ m+|c+ntc
cmcst|utu|+scu,+so|mcnsocssioo+o|ocmoocom||mcntooccs+||+mcntoocs|ncmuc
ocst+oooco|+||z+iooos|nc|csc|v+oouc+|++|gunsm+tc||+|scomooc|omococob|c
oocsc|o+o|ocmococzcn+socn+nomct|os
Comocxcm|osocm+tc||+|soc|ntc|cssc+|++|m+zcn+mcntom+gnct|cooco+oostcmos
+) |stcm+suc+|cscnt+moc|c|too+m+gncto|cs|stcnc|+g|g+ntc+|++||c+ocscmscn-
so|cs c cm c+bcotcs oc |c|tu|+ oc o|scos ||g|oos |nt|c cstcs s|stcm+s ocst+c+mos +s
v+|vu|+socs|nc+s,unocstunc|m+gnct|c+s+|+ut|||z+iocmmcmo||+sm+gnct|c+s
oc+ccsso+|c+to||o
^v+|vu|+ocs|nCgc+o]cumo|sos|t|vot||couccm|cg+ousoocco||cntccomo-
|+||z+ioocs|nonocoo|s|c||om+gnctos(c+m+o+||v|ccc+m+o+|cs+)siosc+|+oos
o|um+c+m+o+cs++oo|+|so|+ntcmu|ton+ôc|+ioocstco|sos|t|voc+n+|og+
ocum+|o|+||z+oo|;+n+||z+oo|oc|uzô||cnt+io|c|+t|v+cnt|c+sm+gnct|z+ocs
o+sou+sc+m+o+smoou|++co||cntcc|ct||c+ucc||cu|++t|+vcsooo|sos|t|vo^v+|vu|+
oc s|n c um oos o|sos|t|vos uc |unc|on+ com b+sc no c|c|to o+ m+gncto|cs|stcnc|+
g|g+ntcctcms|oo|uno+mcnt+|+|+o+umcntoo+ocns|o+ococ|n|o|m+io
b) |||mcs oc m+ng+n|t+s (oo t|o |+C+-m+ng+n|t+s) uc +|cscnt+m c|c|to oc m+gncto-
|cs|stcnc|+co|oss+|com|;|.+oo/
c) |stcm+socmu|t|c+m+o+s+utoo|g+n|z+o+socn+no+|t|cu|+soc|c|tou|cCo+|++||-
c+ocsoc+|t+ocns|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcnton+|+|x+ocbytc;|n
.
^s|nt|on|c+tcmcxc||mcnt+ooum|o|tcocscnvo|v|mcntoccst++|c+oocon|cc|mcnmtocc|-
t+mcntcocscmcn|+|++c||uno+mcnt+|cmum+nov+c|+o+g|+v+iom+gnct|c+oco+oosOs
|uno+mcntoso+|noust||+c|ct|on|c++tu+||cous+mnousoocc+mosc|ct||cos+|+cont|o|+|o
mov|mcntoocc|ct|onso|um+|ntc|+ioc|+ss|c+comsu+c+|g+^s|nt|on|c+oum+gnctoc|ct|o-
96

n|c+o|su+vczoccnoco++ioocc+mosm+gnct|cos(ouc|ct||cos)cxtc|n+mcntc+||c+oosso-
b|c+s|o||co+ocsocs|num+c+|+ctc||st|c+unt|c+oosc|ct|ons(vc|Cgc+o])|cco;|u|o,]
|mo|sos|t|vomu|tos|m|cscomb+scn+m+gncto|cs|stcnc|+cmost|+oocmCCc+o]onocou+s
c+m+o+socm+tc||+||c||om+gnct|co(||)cnvo|vcmum+c+m+o+conouto|+ô||cioocm+gnct|z+-
ioo+c+m+o+||suc||o|oocsc|x+cnu+ntouc+m+gnct|z+ioo+c+m+o+|||n|c||o|ooc
sc|c|+vc+o+u+noo+sou+stcm+mcsm+o||cnt+ioocs|nouxoocc|ct|onscncont|+b+|x+|c-
s|stcnc|+^|cs|stcnc|++umcnt+mu|tou+noo+sou+sc+m+o+s||tcmm+gnct|z+ocsoost+s
|o|su+vczumo|sos|t|vomoou|+oo|ocs|nCgc+o]scb+sc|+noc|+vc+mcntoo+tcnsiono
c|ct|ooo suc||o| uc +|ct+ + o||cio oo s|n no m+tc||+| scm|conouto| |+|+ tcnsocs nu|+s +
co||cntcc+|t+|vcntu+|mcntc+|+um+o||cnt+ioocs|n|o|+oc|+scncn|um+co||cntc+t|+-
vcss+oscm|conouto|
V+||+sv+nt+gcnsoocm+ov||o+s|nt|on|c+como+|ntcg|+iocmumun|coc||ocmcmo||+soc
+|t+ocns|o+occ+|og|c+C|O+mbcmcomoos|ncumc||c|tos|stcm+ocoo|scst+oos+b|c
nov+soss|b|||o+ocscmtc|mos|couiooccsc+|+ooso|sos|t|vos|og|cos||n+|mcntco|scu|ongo
tcmooccoc|cnc|+c|c|tosocs|noocmsc|us+oosn+tccno|og|+o+|n|o|m+iount|c+\+nos]
|+tc||+|s|c||om+gnct|cossiousu+|mcntc|c|tosocmct+|soct|+ns|io^m+|o||+oosscm|conouto-
|cscouocm+tc||+|s+|+m+gnct|cosouo|+m+gnct|cos|x|stcmmu|t+sv+nt+gcnsnousoocm+tc||+|s
uccx|b+ms|mu|t+nc+mcntc|o||co+ocsocscm|conouto|csc|c||om+gnct|c+s
|mc||cu|to|og|cooocsc|const|u|oooc|o|m+ucono+socs|nsc|o+gucm+t|+vcsocum+
c+m+o+|c||om+gnct|c+|so|+o+ooso|sos|t|voscxtc|noso|c+m+o+socox|ooCgc+o]^c+m+o+
|c||om+gnct|c+ c o|+||z+o+ no |+no cnu+nto +s ono+s oc s|n sio c|cno|cu|+|cs +o c+mo
m+gnct|cocxtc|no^cxc|t+iococtccioo+sono+socs|nsio|c|t+s+t|+vcso+st+sco|+n+|cs
+ss|mct||c+s(^C|)o|sost+ssob|c+c+m+o+suc||o|ocox|oo\+nos]|m++|tc|n+t|v+|ntc|cs-
s+ntcc+const|uioocv+|vu|+socs|ncmucum+m+gncto|cs|stcnc|+occnocntcocs|ncob-
sc|v+o+cmmo|ccu|+so|gn|c+scscc|+|mcntcsc|cc|on+o+sCgc+o]u+nooco|oc+o+scnt|coo|s
cont+tosm+gnct|cos|oco,]
z.7.z. Nanoestruturas magnetlcas
|osu|t|mos+noso|ntc|csscc|ocstuooocn+nocst|utu|+sm+gnct|c+stcm+umcnt+oocons|oc-
|+vc|mcntccst|mu|+ooc|os|cccntcs+v+nosn+s|ntcscocm+tc||+|sc|+oss|b|||o+ococsc|cm
97
|+b||c+o+scmo||c|cntcs|o|m+scgcomct||+scc|o++|cc|mcntoocnov+stccn|c+socc+|+ctc||-
z+io^|cmoo|ntc|cssc|nt||nsccon+s|o||co+ocsm+gnct|c+s+vc|s+t|||o+ococsc|oouz||cs-
t|utu|+scomo||c|cntcs|o|m+tos|cv+m+|unc|on+||o+ocs+o|c|on+|suc+sto|n+motcnc|+|s+|+
+||c+ocstccno|og|c+s|unc+como+ntcs+sn+nocst|u|+sm+gnct|c+ssioc|uc|+|s+|+o|utu|o
o+|noust||+oc+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oosoc+|t+ocns|o+oc^|gum+so+sgcomct||+st||c+suc
m+|s|ntc|css+mt+ntoooontoocv|st+tccno|og|cocomoc|cnt|cocstioocsc||t+s+scgu||
z.7.!. Nanopartlculas e agregados
^sn+no+|t|cu|+sm+gnct|c+sossucm|o||co+ocsm+gnct|c+sniousu+|su+noocom+|+o+s
com os m+tc||+|s vo|umct||cos ||nc|+|mcntc ocv|oo + c|c|tos oc suc|||c|c;|ntc||+cc |nc|u|noo
ucb|+ocs|mct||+t|+ns|c|cnc|+occ+|g+sc|ntc|+ocsm+gnct|c+s|cucn+s+|t|cu|+sm+gnct|-
c+scx|stcmn+n+tu|cz+m+sc+oss|b|||o+ococ|+b||c+-|+s+|t|c|+|mcntcuc+sto|n+oc|ntc|cssc
+|++c|cnc|+ctccno|og|+mooc|n+s
|+no+|t|cu|+s ossucm t+m+n|os uc v+||+m oc +|guns nm +tc o|mcnsocs subm|c|omct||c+s
cnu+ntoosm+gnctosmo|ccu|+|cssiocst|utu|+smo|ccu|+|csbcmocn|o+succontcm+|guns
+tomosm+gnct|cosOsc|ustc|ssiocst|utu|+s|ntc|mco|+||+smu|tomcnosocn|o+sm+scx|bcm
como|t+mcnto+tom|co|mooscxcm|osocn+no+|t|cu|+sn+tu|+|ssio+sn+no+|t|cu|+soc
m+gnct|t+s(|c
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suc|-|cocsocn+non+no+|t|cu|+s|c||om+gnct|c+s+uto-o|g+n|z+o+sou+||+n,osocn+nooscm
subst|+tos+ocu+oos+|+g|+v+iooco+ooscmcsc+|+sococzcn+socbytc;|n
.
Cgc+o]most|+
g|+c+mcntc+cvo|uioo+ocns|o+ocsuc|c|+|oc+|m+zcn+mcntoco|coo|Cbytcoco+oos
|mbo|++g|+v+iooco+oosut|||z+noomc|oscom+n|sot|o|+c|cno|cu|+|tcn|+s|oo|+n+o+no
mc|c+oo|cccntcmcntc+|ocu|+o|ocns|o+ocsocg|+v+ioc+o+vczm+|o|csocvcsc|umoos
ocs+osocst++|c+
|++|c+oc|mcsnosm+gnct|coscsc|+-scumg|+noc+v+non+|+b||c+ioocm+tc||+|scom+|-
t+scoc|c|v|o+occ+n|sot|o|+c|cno|cu|+|+|+to|n+|+g|+v+iom+gnct|c+c|cno|cu|+|c+o+
vcz m+|s comct|t|v+ |st+ c um+ +|c+ uc cx|gc nio +cn+s csu|s+ cm novos m+tc||+|s como
98

t+mbcmocnovos|occssosucc|m|t+m+|cvc|sioo+m+gnct|z+iocmb+|xosv+|o|csocc+m-
osm+gnct|cos
z.7.4. Arranjos de partlculas e componentes runclonals
^||+n,oso|ocn+oosocn+no+|t|cu|+sm+gnct|c+ssioocg|+noc|ntc|csscc|cnt|coctccno|og|co
|o| cxcm|o mc|os +v+n+oos +|+ g|+v+io oc o+oos oocm sc| |oouz|oos como um +||+n,o
com|cxooc+|t|cu|+sm+gnct|c+scm+||+n,oscs+c|+|socontos^|cmo|stoncst+csc+|+oct+-
m+n|ososc|c|tosunt|cosniosiom+|socs|cz|vc|scoscst+oosunt|cos+ss+m+sc|octcc-
t+oos|stcsc|c|tossiooc|ntc|cssccmcomut+iount|c+cc|ct|on|c+ocs|n^||+n,ossubm|-
c|omct||cos(+tcoczcn+socnm)|c|toscommct+|soct|+ns|io,+sio|nvcst|g+oosccom+|gum+s
+||c+ocstccno|og|c+s+nunc|+o+sOut|+c|+sscocn+no-cst|utu|+ssioos+nt|ontos(+nt|oots)
ucsio|u|oscmum|mccmvczocontos(oots)^|cmo+g|+v+iom+gnct|c++||c+ocso-
tcnc|+|st+mbcm|nc|ucmscnso|cscomut+iount|c+o|sos|t|vosmccn|cosm|c|omct||cosc
subm|c|omct||coscs|nt|on|c+
z.7.. Nanoos
Con|o|mc|nt|oouz|oon+scio.,,n+noososm+gnct|coscmcsc+|+n+nomct||c+|cs|c-
scnt+mum+tccno|og|+comotcnc|+|+|++|m+zcn+mcntom+gnct|cooco+oos|st+tccno|og|+
cnvo|vcomov|mcntooc+|cocsocoom|n|om+gnct|co(conto|noucsc+|+ou+s|cg|ocscom
m+gnct|z+ocsoost+s)+o|ongoocumn+noo^m+n|u|+ioo++|cococoom|n|osco+c|+
+ss+gcmocco||cntcsc|ct||c+scomo|+||z+ioocs|n|st+nov+tccno|og|+|cv+|++oocscnvo|-
v|mcntoocum+mcmo||+un|vc|s+|mu|tom+|s|+|o+oouc+mcmo||+|^|s(|+noom^cccss
|cmo|y)ocscm|conouto|cscom+v+nt+gcmocsc|niovo|+tc|scnioossu||+|tcsmccn|c+s
comooso|scos||g|oosm+gnct|cosCgc+o]most|+umo|+g|+m+occomoosb|tsoc|n|o|m+io
oocmsc|c||+ooscm+n|u|+ooscmcst|utu|+socn+noosm+gnct|cos|mCgc+o]t+mbcmsc
oocvc|umcsucm+o+tccno|og|+|oost+c|+|||+|+ut|||z+|osn+noosm+gnct|coscomo
omc|ooc+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oosut|||z+noo+s+|cocsocoom|n|oucoocmsc|c||+o+so|
u|sosocco||cntccm+n|u|+o+s+t|+vcsocco||cntcscomo|+||z+ioocs|n
99
z.7.6. |llmes magnetlcos e multlcamadas
Os |mcs c mu|t|c+m+o+s t+mbcm oocm sc| c|+ss|c+oos como n+no-cst|utu|+s o|s um+ o+s
o|mcnsocsocstcss|stcm+soocsc|o+o|ocmo+so|mcnsocs+tom|c+soom+tc||+||cv|oosu+
|mo|tnc|+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+os|mcscmu|t|c+m+o+sm+gnct|c+sno|m+|mcntcsiot|+t+-
ooscomoum++|tcsc+|+o+cmcstuoosocn+nom+gnct|smocm+gnct|smoocsuc|||c|c^|cm
o|sto os |mcs c mu|t|c+m+o+s tcm s|oo ut|||z+oos +|+ ocscnvo|vc| n+nocst|utu|+s com mu|t+s
+||c+ocstccno|og|c+soo++tccno|og|+ocg|+v+iom+gnct|c+oco+oosut|||z+mu|t|c+m+o+s
t+ntocomomc|oocg|+v+iocomot+mbcmosscnso|csoc|c|tu|+ccsc||t+us+mn+nocst|utu|+s
const|u|o+s++|t||ocmu|t|c+m+o+s^tu+|mcntcosmc|osocg|+v+iom+gnct|c+ut|||z+mm+tc-
||+|sm+gnct|cosscm|ou|osucossucmcoc|c|v|o+oco+o|ocmocm|||+|csocOcOsc+bcotcs
oc|c|tu|+m+gnct|c+ut|||z+mcst|utu|+sv+|vu|+socs|ncomost+socum+mu|t|c+m+o+oco||c-
|cntcsm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosCgc+o]most|+oc|o|m+csucm+t|c+umc+bcotcoc|c|tu|+;csc||t+
ut|||z+oonoso|scos||g|oosooscomut+oo|csmooc|nos
O||mc||om+tc||+|ut|||z+oocomomc|ooc+|m+zcn+mcntooc|n|o|m+ocs|nvcnt+ooo||ou|-
scncm+s,s|o|umom+gnct|co^tco|n|c|oo+occ+o+oc+,|oosoc+o|o|+mut|||z+ooscm
g|+v+ocstc|c|on|c+scoct|+nsm|ssocsoc|+o|o^t+m+gnct|c+|o||nvcnt+o+cm+,,,|o|ut|||z+-
o+cm+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oos+|+comut+oo|cs++|t||oc+,,+c|cccocuoso|scos||g|oos
ooscomut+oo|csmooc|nos^||mc||+t+oc+|m+zcn+mcntooco+oosossu|+um+ocns|o+oc
oc|n|o|m+ocsocooo.|b;o|
.
cmcom+|+iocomos.||b;o|
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oos||soos+nos+,,oc
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||g|ooso+|||)+nunc|ouocns|o+ococo,b;o|
.
ut|||z+noo+tccno|og|+ocg|+v+ioc|cno|cu-
|+|c|cvcuccm.oo,os||sconvcnc|on+|stc|ioc++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcntooc.c|+bytcs
|m.oo;+||t+c|||+nouum||oc,,o|cg+o+soco|mct|ocom+c|+bytcocc++c|o+ococ
+|m+zcn+mcntout|||z+noo+tccno|og|+ocg|+v+ioc|cno|cu|+|Cgc+o]||ust|++o||c|cn+cnt|c
osoo|st|osoc+|m+zcn+mcntooc|n|o|m+ocs^tccno|og|+c|cno|cu|+|soscto|nouoss|vc|
ocv|oo +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc um+ mu|t|c+m+o+ onoc o mc|o oc g|+v+io (scm|ou|o) cst+ cm
cont+cto +tom|co com um mc|o m+gnct|co m+c|o |ct+||cs oocm sc| cncont|+oos cm|tt;;
www||t+c||gstcom;|oo;|csc+|c|;|cco|o|ng_|c+o;|;|nocx|tm|
!00

z.7.7. keexo nal
^m+|o|cx+nsion++||c+ioocm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosnos+nos|cccntcs|o|n++|c+ocg|+v+io
m+gnct|c+|o|cxcm|o+smcmo||+soos||mc||oscomut+oo|csc|+m|c|t+soct+mbo|csm+g-
nct|cosg||+ntcs|ostc||o|mcntcc|csoc|+m|ug+|+osnuc|cosoc|c|||tcu+noocstcscomc+|+m
+sc|su|+nt+oosc|oso|sos|t|vosscm|conouto|cs|ouvcg|+nococscnvo|v|mcnton+smcmo||+s
ut|||z+noobo||+sm+gnct|c+s||n+|mcntcoso|scosm+gnct|cos||g|oosoucx|vc|s+ss+|+m+oo-
m|n+|+tccno|og|+oc+|m+zcn+mcnto^sc+|+ctc||st|c+soosmc|osm+gnct|cos+|+g|+v+iosio
+niovo|+t|||o+oco|+|oo+ccssoc+g|+nocc++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcnto^tu+|mcntcconsc-
guc-sccom|+|o|scos||g|ooscomc++c|o+ococ.|ytcso||cosucs|gn|c+mmcnosoc,o
ccnt+vosocoo|+|o|Cbytcoco+oos+|m+zcn+oos
|mbo|++g|+v+iom+gnct|c+sc,+um+tccno|og|+ut|||z+o+|+m+|soc|o+noso+v+noo+|noust||+
oc|n|o|m+t|c+cst+cx|g|nooooscsu|s+oo|csumcont|nuo+v+non+o||cioocscobtc|o|sos|t|-
voscomg|+nococns|o+ococg|+v+ioctcmosoc+ccssoc+o+vczmcno|csComo|csu|t+oooos
+v+nosncst++|c++g|+v+iom+gnct|c+oom|n++tu+|mcntcomc|c+ooocg|+v+iooc|m+gcnsc
oc +|m+zcn+mcnto oc o+oos |cg|+v+vc|s ||nc|+|mcntc cm |n|o|m+t|c+ O succsso ocst+ tccno|o-
g|+occo||cocv+||os|+to|cs+v+||co+ococ|o|m+tos(t+sc+|tocs|o||+so|scos||g|oosoucx|vc|s
ctc)b+|xocustonio-vo|+t|||o+occc++c|o+ocu+sc|||m|t+o+ocg|+v+|c|cg|+v+||n|o|m+ocsô
cont|+||oo+smcmo||+s+s|ut|||z+o+snoscn-o||vcsucossucmumtcmoocv|o+cst|m+oocm
+o+nos+smcmo||+sm+gnct|c+sossucmumtcmoocv|o+cst|m+t|oocmccntcn+soc+nos|stc
+|mct|osc|cctcnonumc|oocvczcsucoocmosg|+v+|c|cg|+v+|o+oosus+nooum+ouout|+
tccno|og|+ucnoc+soo+tccno|og|+m+gnct|c+cstcnumc|occons|oc|+oo|nn|to
Osmc|osm+gnct|cosm+|sus+oos+tu+|mcntc+|+g|+v+iosio|c|tosc|+ocos|iooc|mcsnos
m+gnct|cos|c+|+ooso|cv+o|+io+v+cuoousuttc||ng|omctooot|+o|c|on+|+|n|o|m+io
cg|+v+o+nomc|ocmmov|mcnto(o|sco)+t|+vcsocums|n+|c|ct||cov+||+vc|notcmo|oouz|noo
um+m+gnct|z+ioucv+||++o|ongooom+tc||+|ôc||o+oco+g|+v+ioocs|n+|scm|unioo+
||cucnc|+c+c++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcnto(cmb|ts;|n
.
o|cxcm|o)occnocmo+u+||o+ocoo
mc|oOsm+tc||+|s+ocu+oos+|+g|+v+iotcmc+mococ|c|t|vo|
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comv+|o||ntc|mco|+||ocnt|c
osoos|misc|m+ncntcs(oczcn+socm|||+|csocOc)cosoc+|t+c|mc+b|||o+oc(+|gunsOc)||cocvc
sc|suc|cntc+|+m+ntc|+m+gnct|z+io|oouz|o+ou|+ntc+g|+v+ioc+omcsmotcmooss|b|-
||t+|uc+|n|o|m+iosc,+++g+o+scnoo+tu+|mcntco+o|ocmoc,|Oc
Os+v+nostccno|og|cosncst++|c+sio+c+o+o|+m+|s|m|css|on+ntcso+|+cxcm||c+|+|guns
ocstcs+v+noscm.ooe+||t+c||+nunc|ouocns|o+ococo,b;o|
.
ut|||z+noo+tccno|og|+ocg|+-
!0!
v+ioc|cno|cu|+|c|cvcuccm.oo,os||sconvcnc|on+|stc|ioc++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcn-
tooc.c|+bytcs|m|cvc|c||ooc.oo,+cm|cs++m+c||c+o+\cstc|n||g|t+|+nunc|ou+vcno+oc
o|scos||g|oosoc,,|noco|mct|ocom.c|+bytcsocc++c|o+ococ+|m+zcn+mcntout|||z+noo+
tccno|og|+ocg|+v+ioc|cno|cu|+||stos|gn|c+um+ocns|o+ocsuc|c|+|oc+|m+zcn+mcntooc
|ooCb;o|
.
ct+x+oct|+ns|c|cnc|+oc,C|;s||n+|mcntcnosu|t|mosoo|s+nosg+n|ou|o|++|oc|+
ocucsc|+oss|vc||+b||c+|um+mcmo||+|^|occ|c|totunc|m+gnct|coucvcn|+subst|tu||+s
mcmo||+socscm|conouto|cs+tu+|mcntcut|||z+o+scom+g|+nocv+nt+gcmocsc|nio-vo|+t||
^v+nos tio |m|css|on+ntcs u+nto csscs so sio |c+||z+vc|s ocv|oo + |nvcst|mcntos cont|nuos c
m+c|os n+s +|c+s oc csu|s+ tco||c+ c csu|s+ cxc||mcnt+| cm m+gnct|smo c m+tc||+|s m+g-
nct|cos Os cs|o|os oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto ncst+ +|c+ tcm oco|||oo cm o|vc|sos +|scs
t+nton+s+c+ocm|+scomonos|+bo|+to||os|noust||+|s|+|+c|t+|+cn+s+|gunscxcm|os|cccntcs
cm+,,,|o|+nunc|+oo+|o|m+ioocumconso|c|oocu+t|og|+nocscm|cs+s,+oncs+s-||C
|u,|tsu||t+c||cos||b+-cu,oob,ct|voc|+co|oc+|nomc|c+oocmto|nooo+no.oo+o|scos||-
g|oosm+gnct|cosus+nootccno|og|+convcnc|on+|comocns|o+ocso+o|ocmoc.oC|;|n
.
^|cm
ocm+ntc|+csu|s+cmscus|o||os|+bo|+to||os+su+t|ocm|cs+s+nunc|+|+mt+mbcmuc
n+nc|+||+mg|uosoccsu|s+cmun|vc|s|o+ocs,+oncs+scomcc|c+oc|,.b|||ocs;+noO
ucos,+oncscsocc|o||+m|+zc|coucos+mc||c+noszc|+m|++,+nosu+nooc||+|+mt|cs
g|+nocsccnt|osoccsu|s+cmg|+v+iom+gnct|c+-C+|ncg|c|c||on|n|vc|s|ty|n|vc|s|o+oco+
C+|||o|n|+cm+n||cgo|n|vc|s|o+ococ||nncsot+cm||nnc+o||scm+|s|cccntcmcntcn+|n|-
vc|s|o+ococt+n|o|o|stcsccnt|os|o|+mc||+ooscx+t+mcntc+|+|+zc|||cntc+o+v+noucos,+-
oncscsconscgu||+mnon+|oos+nos;oc|n|c|ooos+nossou+noo+ss+|+m+oom|n+|omc|-
c+oomuno|+|oco|sos|t|vosocg|+v+iom+gnct|c+oco+oos|+|u|o+|o|c||+ooumconso|c|o
scmc||+ntc+o+mc||c+noc+o,+oncs|nu+nto|ssog|+nocscm|cs+s+mc||c+n+scont|nu+|+m+
ocscnvo|vc|scus|o||os|og|+m+sn++|c+obtcnoo|csu|t+oossu||ccnocntcs
2.8. Materiais para iluminao
z.8.!. lntroduo
|+|+tooososovos+|uztcmomcsmos|gn|c+oo||+cst+|cscntccmnossoo|+-+-o|+sc,+como
s|m|csmcntc|uzooo|+n+tu|+|como|uz+|t|c|+|cmt+|c|+s||v+o+snos|oc+|soct|+b+||oou
cmt|+nso|tcs^|uzn+tu|+|oss|b|||t+o|unc|on+mcntooos|c|og|osb|o|og|coscnu+ntouc+
!0z

|uz+|t|c|+|v|+b|||z++s+t|v|o+ocsocum+soc|co+oc|noust||+|Com+o|son|b|||o+oc+|cos+ccs-
s|vc|socum+cno|mcg+m+oct|osoc|uz+|t|c|+|cx|oo||+m+s+t|v|o+ocssoc|+|scoc|+zc|no-
tu|n+sObsc|v+oo|cscxt|+tc||cst|csvccmo|+oonotu|noo+c||+comom++scomccnt|osu|b+-
nosb||||+ntcs||g+ooso|v|+s|m+|scsooo|tcoc||+n+|ng|+tc||+ou^|cm+n|+consomcm-sc
+c+o++nom+|soc|ob|||ocsoc|\|occnc|g|+c|ct||c+com|m+o+souc|c|cscnt+cc|c+oc
+o/o+|oouiooccnc|g|+occ+o+mocstcs+|scs|oontoocv|st+ocs|stcm+soc||um|n+io
+o+t+t|vos|ontcsoc|uzcc|cntcssio|ntcg|+o+s+|u|tctu|+oc|co|oscconst|uocscomc|-
c|+|sn+su+|s+|uzooo|+c+|ovc|t+o+oc|o|m+cc|cntc+t|+vcsocs|stcm+soccont|o|c|c|+t|v+-
mcntcs|m|cs|cv+noo+um+nov+u+||o+ococv|o+noucsc|c|c|c+um+v|siocon|o|t+vc|
^ |c+||z+io oc um |o,cto oc ||um|n+io com cstc cn|ouc |cuc| + mc||o||+ o+ tccno|og|+ oc
|ontcsoc|uzoob||||oo+s|ontcscscucont|o|cccon|o|m+ioo+congu|+iocscct|+|snc-
ccss|o+ocs|no|v|ou+|scocc+o++||c+io|cstcontocnt|+cm+io+|oso+o+^|u|tctu|+
o+|uzcmum|co|oou|+nt+|noust||+||cst+|oso+t+mbcm|+zcm+|tctccn|c+socg+n|o
occnc|g|+comocc|u|+s|otovo|t+|c+scnc|g|+co||c+ctccnovosm+tc||+|s+mb|cnt+|mcntcouco
+g|css|vos+|++|+b||c+ioooscomoncntcsncccss+||os+t+|st|osocs|stcm+sc||nc|+|mcntc
+|++subst|tu|iooc|m+o+sococsc+|g+c|ct||c+cmv+o|csocmc|cu||o
Oocscnvo|v|mcntotccn|coc+csu|s++|+o+umcntooog|+uoc||um|n+iococcc+c|+c+
|m|+nt+ioocums|stcm+oc||um|n+io|ntcg|+oocomoomcnc|on+oo+ntc||o|mcntcoocm
cont||bu||occ|s|v+mcntc+|++||v|+|+c+|g+oc+g|cssocsso|||o+sc|omc|o+mb|cntc^cconom|+
+nu+|ucotcnc|+|mcntcscoocobtc|+nu+|mcntccons|oc|+nooum|cooc|,o,o;|\|c
cst|m+o+cmcc|c+oc+,ob|||ocsoc|c+|s+|+um+|scomo+||+n+|ng|+tc||+ou+^|cm+n|+
Out|+ |+cct+ oo tcm+ c + ucstio o+ scgu|+n+ + |uz gc|+ scgu|+n+ Cgc+o] ^s +||c+ocs sio
|numc|+s mc||o|cs |+|o|s cm vc|cu|os oc +ssc|o com o|st||bu|io cs+c|+| o+ |ntcns|o+oc |um|-
nos+gc|+o+cont|o|+o+o|scnso|csn+scst|+o+ss|stcm+sot|cos+t|vosocmon|to|+mcnto;+v|so
Cgc+o]+ssoc|+oos+n|vc|sm+|sc|cv+oosoc||um|n+ion+sv|+sounos|ug+|csub||cos+umcnt+m
scns|vc|mcntcosn|vc|socscgu|+n+|uzcsoct|+|cgocscm+|o|os|cstconto|+z-sc+|nt|oou-
iooc|ontcsoc|uz|||+comoos|||s(o|oooscm|sso|csoc|uz)ouosO|||s(|||s|c|toscom
m+tc||+|so|gn|cos)
^ |uz t+mbcm c |mo|t+ntc cm mu|tos |occssos oc |oouio +ss|m como ct++s cm |occo|-
mcntostccn|cosb|o|og|coscmco|cos|+|nt||nc+o+tccno|og|+o+|c|+iocnt|c||um|n+io(uso
oc|m+o+s)c|occssos,+sc+oot+m|occo|mcntos+mb|cnt+|mcntc+m|g+vc|sucscut|||z+m
ocum+u+nt|o+ocm|n|m+oc+gu+cuco|scns+mcom|ct+mcntcso|vcntcso|gn|cos|++|n-
!0!
o+n+tccno|og|+|noust||+|+|++||o+comsuc|||c|csout|++|c+oc+||c+iooco|vc|s+s|m+o+s
nou|t|+v|o|ct+cno|n||+vc|mc||o+|+scc+gcmcu|+oco||mc|osco|+scvc|n|zcs+|++con|o|-
m+iooc|+st|cos+|+||mcz+ct+mbcm+|+++t|v+ioocsuc|||c|csoccomoncntcs
z.8.z. llumlnao com dlodos emlssores de luz LLUs
^tccno|og|+o+||um|n+io+tu+|c+nt|g+cu|t|++ss+o+Oocsc|o|c|ooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+o+s|m-
+o+s |nc+nocsccntcs o| cxcm|o c |ncom+t|vc| com um+ coc+ cm uc o tcm+ cc|cnc|+
cnc|gct|c+cst+notooo+s||o||o+ocsoosgovc|nos|ioc+to+uc,+++|t||oc.o+o+|tc
o+s|m+o+sucut|||z+mos+tu+|mcntc(+s|nc+nocsccntcs)comc+|io+sc|b+n|o+socg|+nocs
mc|c+ooscomooomc|c+oo+ust|+||+noOut|osmc|c+oosscgu||iocom+|o|b|io|m.o+|nio
sc|+m+|soss|vc|sccom|+|um+|m+o+|nc+nocsccntcnos|st+oos|n|oosuccomc+|ioscu
|occssooc|cmoioocst+s|m+o+soomc|c+oocm.o+.
|+to cm ncn|um+ +|c+ tccno|og|c+ c tio c|+|+ + tcnocnc|+ |utu|+ ||um|n+io cc|cntc c
+mb|cnt+|mcntc+m|g+vc|ocvcsc||c|t+como|oooscm|sso|csoc|uz-|||s
Os |||s sio cst|utu|+s scm|conouto|+s uc +o sc|cm submct|o+s + um+ o||c|cn+ oc otcnc|+|
c|ct||cogc|+mo|t+oo|csn+sc|+m+o+sb+no+socv+|cnc|+cocconouiooom+tc||+||stcso|-
t+oo|csoocmcntiosc|ccomb|n+|cm|t|noo|uzcomo|csu|t+oo
Oso|sos|t|vos|||,+cstionomc|c+oo|+v+||+socc+o+s|n|c|+|mcntcut|||z+ooscomo|no|c+oo-
|cscmo|sos|t|vosc|ct|on|cosossu|+mb||||o||m|t+oocm+|s|mo|t+ntcco|cs||m|t+o+s(vc|oc
vc|mc||o|+|+n,+c+m+|c|o)|+occ+o+ocso+ocscobc|t+ocnovosm+tc||+|socu|mu|so+nov+
tccno|og|+uc+ssou+scocscnvo|vc||+|o+mcntcOb||||oc+v|o+mco|++umcnt+|+mcons|oc-
|+vc|mcntcccomcstcs+s+||c+ocsCom+ocscobc|t+oo|||+zu|ocon,untoocco|cs||m+||+s
|o|com|ct+ooccom|ssoousooc|||s+|+||um|n+ioto|nou-scoss|vc|
Como+|uzoo|||ccm|t|o+++|t||ocumo|sos|t|vooccst+ooso||oo+ocont|+||oooucoco||c
n+s|m+o+sconvcnc|on+|sonoc+|uzccm|t|o+ocum|+mcntoouocum|+sm+ocg+sc||ou-
scotc|mo||um|n+iooocst+ooso||oo+|+sc|c|c||||uzgc|+o+o||||s
Os |||s ut|||z+m scm|conouto|cs |no|gn|cos como m+tc||+|s +t|vos |m +|+|c|o +o ocscnvo|v|-
mcntooos|||sb+scocscm|conouto|cs|no|gn|cossu|g|ut+mbcm+oss|b|||o+ococscut|||z+|
scm|conouto|cso|gn|coscomom+tc||+|s+t|vos^cstcso+mosonomcocO|||sO||nc||ooc
!04

|unc|on+mcntooc+mboscscmc||+ntc|ocnt+ntoosv+|o|csocmc||to(u+nt|o+occonvcn|cntc-
mcntcocn|o++|+u+nt|c+|ouiobo+ssio+so|vc|s+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sooo|sos|t|vo)oos|||s
o|gn|cos(O|||s)siom+|s|ntc|css+ntcsOusc,+osO|||s|oouzcmum+|uzocmc||o|u+||-
o+occ+sc|scct|v+s+ont+m+|+o|sos|t|vosm+|scc|cntcscm+|sb+|+tos
Os|||scO|||s||iococx|st||noun|vc|soo+||um|n+ioo|s+tcnocm+ocm+no+so|st|nt+s
|nu+nto uc os |||s |oouzcm um+ ||um|n+io |c|+t|v+mcntc o||cc|on+| m+|s |ntc|css+ntc
+|++mb|cntcscxtc|nososO|||s|oouzcmum+||um|n+ioo||us+m+|s+|o||+o++|++m-
b|cntcs|ntc|nos
||mo|t+ntccn|+t|z+|uc+scm|cs+s|+b||c+ntcsoc|um|n+||+socv+mmost|+||ntc|cssccm|n-
vcst||n++|c+o|socvcmc|ccbc|+|mo|tnc|+ocstcso|sos|t|vosccntcnoc|ucno|utu|onio
|+vc|+m+|s|um|n+||+sconvcnc|on+|sOmot|vocs|m|csos|||scO|||snioncccss|t+mocstc
+|tc|+to|ccc|t+|o|m+o+c|o+|um|n+||+uccoco||cc|on+|+|uzooo|sos|t|voc|c|too|
|cntcsou|mcsot|coscmbut|oosnoo|sos|t|vo^|cmo|ssoomc|c+oocc|+|oscgunoo|n|o|m+-
ocso+^||||X(^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+o+|noust||+o+||um|n+io)omc|c+oob|+s||c||ooc||um|n+-
iococ|.om|||ocsoc|m+o+s
|mtc|mosoccu|v+|cnc|+obsc|v+mosuccmo|+soc|o,c+tccno|og|+,+c|m|tctc||||s
uc+|cscnt+mv|o+mco|+occc|c+oc|ovczcsm+|o|oouc+o+s|m+o+s|nc+nocsccntcsc
ocevczcs+o+suo|csccntcscom+ct+s(b+scocmc|cu||oco|t+ntom++|+omc|o+m-
b|cntc) |m tc|mos oc consumo oc cnc|g|+ os |||s sio +. vczcs m+|s cconom|cos oo uc +s
|m+o+s|nc+nocsccntcsc|vczcsm+|soouc+suo|csccntcscom+ct+s|m+mbososc+sos
com otcnc|+s |um|nos+s |||+o|+o+s oc c|o mcnos o oob|o cm |c|+io s tccno|og|+s conco|-
|cntcs|+|o,]Com|c|+io+osO|||s+tu+|mcntc+su+v|o+mco|+c|cg+++,om|||o|+sCom
cst+v|o+mco|+cstcsm+tc||+|ssio|o|tcsc+no|o+tos+csscnc|+|mcntcu+|uc|t|ooc+||c+io
tccno|og|c+uccm|t+|uz||nc|+|mcntc||um|n+io^c|ct|on|c+o|gn|c+c|csccub+st+ntcnos
u|t|mosc|nco+nos+t|+|noo++tcniooc|nvcst|mcntosc+o+vczm+|o|csocv|oos+||c+ocs
|om|sso|+sucsc|iooss|vc|sut|||z+noocst+tccno|og|+^cxcct+t|v+c|+ocucocucno
mc|c+oooce,om|||ocsocoo|+|cscm.oo,|||+c|cscc|cx|os|v+mcntc+|+cc|c+oc,eb|||ocs
oc oo|+|cs cm .o.o |m ^|co;] cncont|+mos um+ cst|m+t|v+ +|no+ m+|s |om|sso|+ cstuoos
tccn|cos|cvccmucomc|c+oog|ob+|o+||ct|on|c+O|gn|c++t|ng||+um+c|||+oc|,.ob|-
||ocscm.oo,coc|,.,ob|||ocscm.o+.
!0
z.8.!. Materlals para llumlnao com LLUs
|+|numc|+s+ssoc|+ocsoss|vc|socc|cmcntosu|m|cosuc|csu|t+mcmcst|utu|+sscm|conouto-
|+scm|sso|+soc|uzn+|cg|iou|t|+v|o|ct+v|s|vc|c|n||+vc|mc||+û|ocst+c+|cmos+cn+s+uc|cs
scm|conouto|csuc|csu|t+mcmcm|ssion+|cg|iooov|s|vc|(com||mcntosocono++|ox|m+o+-
mcntccnt|c|ooc;oonm)|st+s+ssoc|+ocsgc|+|mcntcsiocnt|cc|cmcntosocg|uoso||c|cntcso+
t+bc|+c||oo|c+ucviooc|(mct+|s+|c+||nos)+V|||s+b|oouc||g+ocsu|m|c+scnt|cc|cmcntos
siot+|sucobcocccm|cg|+oooctctoucn+o+m+|s|c|cscnt+ooucum+congu|+ioc|ct|o-
n|c+ucm|n|m|z+oc|o|m+ot|m++cnc|g|+oosc|cmcntoscnvo|v|oosn+||g+io|c+congu|+io
c|ct|on|c+uc|cv++c+m+o+sc|ct|on|c+scom|ct+soco|so+||g+iou|m|c+^t+bc|+|+most|+
+sco|cso|son|vc|s|oouz|o+so||||s|c|toscom+|gunsoosm+tc||+|s|no|gn|cosm+|s+ocu+oos
+|+cst++||c+io|otcmosuctoooocscct|ov|s|vc|ccontcm|+oo
Os |||s o|gn|cos b+sc|+m-sc no uso oc mo|ccu|+s o|gn|c+s scm|conouto|+s cm uc o g+
oc cnc|g|+s c o|t+nto o com||mcnto oc ono+ cm uc + |uz sc|+ cm|t|o+ c|o o|sos|t|vo cst+
+ssoc|+oo+og|+uocconn+mcntoucosc|ct|ons||+c+mcntc||g+oosocstcst|osocmo|ccu|+s
(c|ct|ons)scntcm|cnt|c+smo|ccu|+succomusc|+mo|n|c|oo+||sto||+oosO|||socst+-
c+moso+nt|+ccno(C
+|
|
+o
)|oe,]oo||+cct||cno(C
.
|
.
)
n
coo|||||o|(C
|
|
|
|)
n
u|ocoo+oo
com|ooo|o|e,]^nosm+|st+|ocos||mc||os|csu|t+oosoccm|sso|cso|gn|coscc|cntcsoc|uz
comc+|+m+su|g||comooo||-+|+-|cn||cnov|n||cno(||V)|u|,o]oo||t|o|cno(C
|
|
|
)
n
cscu
oc||v+oooo||-(,|-ct||cnoo|ox|t|o|cno)o||-(cst||cnosu||on+to)(||O|)|cmsooco||mc|os
oocmsc||c|tososO|||s|++||c+ocsocuc|+toso|g+nomct+||coscomo+s-||o|ox|u|no||n+
+|um|n|o+ns;]cococno||mc|oscon,ug+oos|+t+mbcm+c|+sscocmo|ccu|+sooso||uo|c-
noscomooo||-s||ob|uo|cno|obs,]
^|oso+oos|occssosocmc||o||+oosO|||scons|stcb+s|c+mcntccm+||mo|+|oss|stcm+s
oc|n,ciooco|t+oo|csnoc|omo|o|o(m+tc||+|o|gn|cocm|sso|oc|uz)+ss|mcomoot|m|z+|+
|o||+mo|ccu|+ooc|omo|o|o|+n+noomiooctccn|c+soccngcn|+||+mo|ccu|+|t|+b+||+noo
++|t||ocv+||+ocso+smo|ccu|+suc,+cncont|+m+||c+ioucoocmsc|con|cc|o+sconsu|-
t+noo-scv+stosb+ncosoc+tcntcs^+|t||ocstcontooccuco||m|tc
!06

1abela z.!. Materlals semlcondutores usados na rabrlcao de LLUs emltlndo
nas dlversas cores do espectro vlslvel.
Cor
Comprlmento de
onda (nm)
Materlals semlcondutores
|n|:+vc:mc||o . 0
^:scncto oc g+||o (+^s)
^:scncto oc g+||o c +|um|n|o (^|+^s)
Vc:mc||o 10 0
^:scncto oc g+||o + +|um|n|o (^|+^s)
^:scncto |os|+to oc g+||o (+^s|)
|os|cto oc |no|o. g+||o c +|um|n|o (^|+|n|)
|os|cto oc g+||o ||| (+|)
|+:+n,+ 90 10
|os|cto +:scncto oc g+||o (+^s|)
|os|cto oc g+||o ||| (+|)
^m+:c|o 0 90
|os|cto +:scncto oc g+||o (+^s|)
|os|cto oc g+||o ||| (+|)
Vc:oc 00 0
||t:cto oc g+||o c |no|o (|n+|) ; ||t:cto oc g+||o |||
(+|)
|os|cto oc g+||o ||| (+|)
|os|cto oc g+||o c +|um|n|o (^|+|)
^zu| 40 00
:c|cncto oc z|nco (zn:c)
||t:cto oc g+||o c |no|o (|n+|)
C+:bcto oc s|||c|o (:|C) como subst:+to
V|o|ct+ 400 40 ||t:cto oc g+||o c |no|o (|n+|)
U|t:+v|o|ct+ 400
||t:cto oc bo:o (8|) (=.1 nm)
||t:cto oc +|um|n|o (^||) (=.10 nm)
||t:cto oc g+||o c +|um|n|o (^|+|)
||t:cto oc |no|o. g+||o c +|um|n|o (^|+|n|)
|||utu|o
|m+nov+|ontcoc|uzscm|conouto|+tcms|ooocscnvo|v|o+uccnvo|vc+cobc|tu|+ocum|||
cm|sso|no+zu|comontosunt|cosscm|conouto|csuccm|tcm|uzb|+nc++osc|cmcxc|t+oos
c|+|uz+zu|cm|t|o+c|o||||st+tccn|c+|oouzum+|uzucntcc+m+|c|+o+scmc||+ntcuc-
|+|oouz|o+o||m+o+s|nc+nocsccntcs||vo,]
|ontos unt|cos sio n+noc||st+|s scm|conouto|cs uc ossucm |o||co+ocs ot|c+s un|c+s
|+so.]^su+co|occm|ssiooocsc|s|nton|z+o+ocsoc++|tc+zu|oov|s|vc|+tco|n||+vc|mc-
!07
||ous+noo-scummcsmom+tc||+|scm|conouto|v+||+noo-sc+cn+sot+m+n|ooon+noc||st+|
|sto c|m|tc +os |||s |ccobc|tos com ontos unt|cos c||+| |+t|c+mcntc u+|uc| co| oo o|+-
g|+m+C||(+o|io|ntc|n+c|on+|occsc+|+co|o||mct||c+)oss|b|||t+noo+obtcnioocumnumc|o
m+|o|ocoocsocco|oocnoov||+gc|+||uzb|+nc+ocm+|o|u|cz+co|o||mct||c+ooucos
o|tos|||sb|+ncos
2.9. Materiais para mostradores (displays)
z.9.!. lntroduo
|csocos+nos.o+tcon+|oosccu|oXXotubooc|+|osc+too|cos(|C)oom|nou+|noust||+oc
o|s|+ysôcm+no+o|o|t+b|||o+oc|og|css|v+mcntc|cvoubusc+ocout|+stccno|og|+scomo
os||s|+ysocC||st+|||u|oo(|C|)ucooc||+msuc|+|os|Ccmtc|mosocu+||o+oco+|m+-
gcmt+m+n|occonsumooccnc|g|+Cgc+o]
|sucm+t|c+mcntcumo|s|+yoctc|+|+n+(||)cons|stcocum|mcnoocumm+tc||+|c|ct|o-
ot|cocom||m|oocnt|cou+s|+c+socv|o|oocmooo+ucom+tc||+|+t|vo|csono++ums|n+|
c|ct||coc|+cm|ssiooc|uzouc|+moou|+ioocum+||um|n+ioostc||o|^s|+c+socv|o|osio
m+|c+o+so|||n|+scco|un+socconouto|csc|ct||cos|o|m+nooum+m+||+ucocncosc|cmcn-
toso+|m+gcmc|+m+oosoc|xc|s|o|sc|cm|cvcscococs|gncom+ctoos|C||+|o+mcntcsc
zc|+m |cscntcs cm o|sos|t|vos como |c|og|os o|g|t+|s tc|c|oncs cc|u|+|cs c comut+oo|cs o|-
t+tc|s |+zocs oc o|ocm cconom|c+ |o|+|+m + tccno|og|+ busc+| t+m+n|os c+o+ vcz m+|o|cs oc
o|s|+yst|+zcnooos|C|+|+omc|c+oo+ntcsc+t|vooos|Ccomocomut+oo|csocmcs+c
++|c||osoctc|cv|sio
|x|stcmt|cst|osgc|+|soc||o|son|vc|snomc|c+oo|C|o|s|+ysc|ct|o|um|ncsccntcsco|s-
|+ysoc|+sm+Cgc+o]|cstccomcoocsccu|oout|+stccno|og|+soco|s|+yo|sut+m+su|c-
m+c|+como|+sm+cm|ssioocc+mo|||O|||sc+c|c|ct|on|coCu|o,]uccomcnt+|cmos
+scgu||^|cmoos|C|out|+stccno|og|+s|nc|ucmo|s|+yso|+|nc|soc|+sm+(|||s)nosu+|s
g+scs|on|z+oossio|csons+vc|sc|+cm|ssiooc|uzo|s|+ysoccm|ssioocc+moum+tccno|og|+
+c||c|o+o+oos|Ccom+tccno|og|+oosscm|conouto|cso|s|+ysc|ct|o|um|ncsccntcs(|||s)
onoc+|uzc|oouz|o+o|c+m+o+soc|os|o|os+nou|c|+o+cnt|cc|ct|ooosoo+scss+stccno|o-
g|+ssioc++zcsoccx|b||g|+nocsu+nt|o+ocsoc|n|o|m+io|sos+v+n+oosoco|s|+yscomo
!08

cm V oc +|t+ ocn|io ou mon|to|cs oc comut+oo|cs oocm contc| ccntcn+s oc m|||+|cs oc
|xc|s|+nocnt+nto+|no+umv+stomc|c+oo+|+|C|socb+|xotco|oc|n|o|m+iocomocm
c+|cu|+oo|+stc|momct|oscutcns|||osoomcst|cos|+|o,]
|s+noo m|||ocs oc csc||os m|c|osco|cos + tccno|og|+ ||| ooc gc|+| |m+gcns b||||+ntcs oc
g|+noco|tc|o,ct+o+scm+tc,,t||||ocsocco|cs||s|+ysoc|+sm+sgc|+m|m+gcnsoccxcc|cn-
tcu+||o+occmtc|+socg|+noct+m+n|o||s|+ysoccm|ssioocc+mooocm|oouz|||m+gcns
oc+|t+|cso|uiococu+||o+occom+|+vc|+os||ocu+nooumvo|umcbcmmcno||nu+nto
ucos|||so|gn|cosucsiocomostoso|o||mc|oscm|sso|csoc|uzoocmcm|t||su+|o-
||+|um|nos|o+occ+ss|mc|m|t||+|couioo+cscssu|+ooo|s|+ycooconsumooccnc|g|+os
|+b||c+ntcsoc+c|c|ct|on|cocstiotcnt+nooocscnvo|vc|o|s|+yscom|o||co+ocsscmc||+ntcs
so+tccno|og|+|m|css+cm+c|
|cm+no+so|o|s|+ysocmc||o|u+||o+occont|nu+|io+o|||g||+cvo|uioo+tccno|og|+Cgc+o]
|ss+cvo|uiocont|nu+|cuc|c|+nov+s+bo|o+gcnsc|oc|+s|nov+oo|+sn+|o|m+oc+|cscnt+|+
|n|o|m+ioCu|o,]
^cs+|ooso|t+mcso+|c|oc|oo|c|ooe,]cons|oc|+ocscconom|c+sccscc|c|o+ocsocuso
c +||c+io oocm cont||bu|| +|+ uc cm |mo|t+ntcs scgmcntos o+ |noust||+ c|ct|on|c+ |ot+s
+|tc|n+t|v+s oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co sc,+m cm|ccno|o+s |cssc scnt|oo um cxcm|o +
mc|ccc|ocst+uccoo+|noust||+oco|s|+ysucnioobcoccc+om+nt|+o+m|n|+tu||z+iocxo-
ncnc|+|oos|ooutosn+|s|c|os]
cnoocomo||m|tc||s|co+u||ouccc|cct|vc|+oo||o|um+no+|couiooccustostcvcocsc|
busc+o+noscnt|oooostoc|+|oouiocmg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocscm|occssos+utom+t|z+oos
uccont||bu|sscm+|++o|m|nu|ioocc|o+s|||c|o+ssou+sc|ocos|t+oocmcno|mcs|m|-
n+socv|o|o(o|mcnsocst||c+ssuc||o|cs+oo|smct|os)usu+|mcntc|oouz|o+scmsubun|o+ocs
|noust||+|s|oc+||z+o+s|ns|tuc|nco|o|+o+s+o|occsso|oout|voocmooo+c||m|n+|custosoc
t|+nso|tcCgc+o]Com|ssoscto|noun+|mcntcoss|vc|+oso|s|+ysoctc|+|+n+suc|+|on|-
c|ooosc|ct|on|coso|t+tc|sccomct||c|omc|c+ooo+stc|+scmost|+oo|csocg|+noco|tc
|m+|gumontoo|cmousoocg|+nocs+|nc|socv|o|oscto|n+|+mcnoscconom|cooouco
m+nusc|oocg|+nocs|o|osocsubst|+toscx|vc|s
^|cccntctcnocnc|+oc+umcntooo|cooos|||c|ob|utoc|oc|csc|mcntoo+ocm+no+|c|os]t+m-
bcmcont||bu|+|++cont|nu+o++n+||scocoss|vc|s+|tc|n+t|v+stccno|og|c+ssc,+nousoocnovos
m+tc||+|ssc,+cm|oost+s|+o|c+|mcntc|nov+oo|+soc+|u|tctu|+soccomoncntcsco|sos|t|vos|
!09
ncsscccn+||ouc|cccntcmcntcousoocm+tc||+|so|gn|cos|oto+t|vosc+|nco|o|+ioocco|+ntcs
o|gn|cos|+wo,]tcms|oocons|oc|+oosn+const|uioocnovost|osoccc|u|+sso|+|cs|c|os+]
||cm|oosc|+ncccss|o+ococ|couz||custosocmooo+cn||cnt+|+comct|ioo+cnc|g|+t|+o|c|on+|
cb+|+t+|o|ncc|o+c|+s|cocsc|ct||c+s|cgu|+|csos|+b||c+ntcsoco|sos|t|vos|otovo|t+|cos|o|+mos
||mc||os+cx|o|+|css+v+||+ntc+t|+vcso+ocos|io+v+cuooccomoncntcssob|c|mcscx|vc|s
^cs+|occst+|+c|ct|on|c+|m|css++|no+cmscus||mo|o|os+socm+no+ssob|ccc|cnc|+m|n|-
m+(|o,csuc||o|+.o/)|cuc|cm+suc|+ioococs+oscomoo+umcntoootcmoocv|o+oos
o|t+oo|csm|no||t+||osoucto|n++scscc|c+ocssob|cu|cz+ct+x+to|c|+vc|ococ|c|tosm+|s
||go|os+suc+s|cv+|cntcs+|++m+|o||+o+s+||c+ocscmc||cu|tos|ntcg|+oos
|m+nos|cccntcs+|noust||+oco|s|+ysvcmc|csccnoo+cc|c+oc.+,vczcsm+|suc|noust||+oc
scm|conouto|cscmu|+noo+t+x+occ|csc|mcntoocsscscto|cmscuso|+s|n|c|+|sCgc+o]|mcc|-
toscnt|oooc|csc|mcntoooscto|nosu|t|mosv|ntc+nos|cctc+cx+nsioo+c|ct|on|c+o|gn|c+
comoumtoooCgc+o]
z.9.z. Semlcondutores organlcos como materlals optoeletrnlcos
Osscm|conouto|cso|gn|costcms|oo+|vooc|ntcnsocsc|ut|n|oc|cnt|coou|+ntcosu|t|mos,o
+nos|o|oo]Const|tu|ooscsscnc|+|mcntco|+tomosocc+|bono||o|ogcn|ocox|gcn|ocsscsm+-
tc||+|s+|cscnt+v+mc++c|o+ococ|o|m+|suc|cst|utu|+scom|cx+s+cs+|o|ssocsscsm+tc||+|s
|o|+m|n|c|+|mcntccons|oc|+ooscomoob,ctoocmc|+cu||os|o+ocum+vcz|ccon|cc|o++||+g|||-
o+oco+s||g+ocsu|m|c+scnvo|v|o+sncss+scst|utu|+s
ôsoucoso|cmcomostoso|gn|cossc,+n+|o|m+oco||mc|osou|mcsnosobt|oosc|+
cv+o|+ioocmo|ccu|+scucn+s|o|+mcncont|+noon|c|osoc+||c+iocomb+scn+succss|-
v+ocscobc|t+ocsu+s|o||co+ocscscc|+|st+|scomo|otoconout|v|o+oc(+|no+nos+nos,o)c
c|cv+o+conout|v|o+occ|ct||c+(+on+|oos+nos;o)|o,c+c|ct|on|c+o|gn|c+sc|+z|cscntccm
csc+|+c|csccntcnomunoocomc|c|+|+t|+vcsoousoo|vc|s|c+oooccomostosco||mc|oso|-
gn|coscomoscnso|csm+tc||+|s+t|voscmmost|+oo|cs(o|s|+ys)cct|uct+s|ocnt|c+oo|+so|
|+o|o||cucnc|+(||||s)
||mo|t+ntc|||s+|uc+s|cg|+s+|++obtcniooccst|utu|+so|gn|c+scom|cx+sooco||c|||
subst+nc|+|mcntco+uc|+susu+|sn+m|c|oc|ct|on|c+b+sc+o+cmc||st+|sscm|conouto|cs|+|+s|s-
tcm+scom|ntc|+ocs|coom|n+ntcmcntc||+c+s+s|cg|+so++utomont+gcmum|occssocm
!!0

uc scm + |ntc|vcnio |um+n+ o||ct+ mo|ccu|+s (ou +|tc oc mo|ccu|+s) csont+nc+mcntc sc
o|g+n|z+mcm+g|cg+ooso|ocn+oosoocm|cv+|+cst|utu|+scomo||c|cntcsn|vc|soc||c|+|u|+
o|g+n|z+c|on+|Cgc+o]
|mbo|+m+|scv|ocntcscmcxcm|ossc|cc|on+ooso+u|m|c+oub|o|og|+o+o+s+scono|ocs+m-
b|cnt+|s +ocu+o+s +utomont+gcm ooc oco||c| n+ csc+|+ mo|ccu|+| ou oc g+|+x|+s c ,+ |o|+m
|ocnt|c+oosmu|tosn|c|os+|+|+b||c+iooccst|utu|+sccomoncntcs+utomont+oosn+n+no
cn+m|c|ocsc+|+|cs|ntc|v+|osoct+m+n|ocmuc+utomont+gcm+|cccsc|cscc|+|mcntc|m-
o|t+ntcsio+csc+|+mo|ccu|+|+n+nocsc+|+(co|o|ocscn+nocst|utu|+s)c+o|mcnsiomcso-+|+
m+c|osco|c+ (ob,ctos com o|mcnsio oc m|c|omct|os + ccnt|mct|os |m c+o+ c+so +s |cg|+s oc
|o|m+ioo+scst|utu|+ssios|m||+|csm+snio|ocnt|c+s\||o.]
|++|c+oco|s|+yscnu+nto+tccno|og|+ooso|ooosc|ct|o|um|ncsccntcso|gn|cos(O|||svc|
+o|+ntc)sc+|cscnt+comom+ou|+tcnooconscgu|ooocu+|+|gunsn|c|oscscc|cosum++|c+
oc|om|sso|c|csc|mcntoo|z|csc|to+oc+sooo+c|c|ct|on|coum+|nov+ioo|s|ut|v+uc
oocv||+|cv+|+um+|o|uno+muo+n+nosmooosococ|+ioo+m|o|+|m|css+|ono;]|o|
su+vczocscnvo|v|mcntos|cccntcsmost|+m+|no+uco|cno|mcntooccc|u|+sso|+|cso|gn|c+s
cst+scnoocont|nu+mcntcc|cv+oo++t+m+|cs|cco|ocs+b||noo+oss|b|||o+ocoosu|g|mcntocn-
mocs|stcm+s|otovo|t+|coscomc|c|+|mcntccomct|t|vosocm+|s+|t+cc|cnc|+cb+|xocusto
z.9.!. Ulodos organlcos emlssores de luz OLLUs
^c|ct|on|c+o|gn|c+oocc|+|+mcntcnio+cn+sscbcncc|+|oos|og|cssoss|mu|t+nc+mcntc
+|c+n+oosn+|noust||+u|m|c+cn+ocscm|conouto|csm+st+mbcmcont||bu||ocm+nc||+s|nc|-
g|c++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooocon,untooc+mb+sO|ccon|cc|mcntooocno|mcotcnc|+|oc
mc|c+oo+|+o|sos|t|voso|gn|costcm|cv+oo|o|m+iocmo|vc|sos+|scsocconso|c|oscnt|c
|nst|tu|ocs+c+ocm|c+scg|+nocsccucn+scm|cs+scomoob,ct|vooccst|utu|+|oocscnvo|-
v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|sc+||c+ocscomoO|||s+|+o|s|+yscmtc|c|oncscc|u|+|csc|ct|o-
n|coso|t+tc|sctc|cv|so|cscmummc|c+oocst|m+oocmcc|c+oc|,.,b|||ocscm.o++ouc
|c|cscnt+umc|csc|mcntoocm+|soc,oo/sob|coobsc|v+oocm.oo,||+oe]
|o,c cm tc|mos oos ||nc||os b+s|cos oc |unc|on+mcnto oc um O||| os ||nc|+|s |ob|cm+s
tccn|cos|o|+m|cso|v|oos(mu|tocmbo|+|og|cssocont|nuc+sc||c|tocmtc|mosocnov+s|o-
ost+soc+|u|tctu|+cconst|uiooco|sos|t|voscomococ+soo+busc+ocs|stcm+sm+|scc|cn-
tcsb+sc+ooscm|ctc|o,unioocvo|umc|to,])Om+|s|mo|t+ntcocs+o+|++conso||o+io
!!!
o+c|ct|on|c+o|gn|c+comoum+tccno|og|+m+ou|+cst+n+ucstioo+|oouiocmm+ss+|cou-
z|noocustosc+umcnt+nooo|cno|mcntoscmcom|omctc|+u+||o+ocooso|sos|t|voscmtc|-
mosococscmcn|octcmoocv|o+|nu+nto+ocos|ioo|sub||m+ioouc||c|xcsmo|ccu-
|+|cs|unc|on+|+zo+vc|mcntcbcm+|+oc+soocmo|ccu|+scucn+sum+tccn|c+cscc|+|mcntc
|om|sso|+t+mbcm+|+o||mc|oscucc|m|tcmc||o|cont|o|csob|c+st||||+socos|t+o+s
c+o+|m|cssioo||ct+o|,+tooct|nt+occ||cu|tosc|ct|on|cossob|csubst|+tos|+st|cosCgc+o]
|cnt|c+s||nc|+|so|cu|o+ocs+|no+cncont|+o+s+|++umcnt+|+vc|oc|o+ococ|m|cssiocst+
o|+toocuc+|++|c+n+|ob||||o+ocu+oocobtc|o|cno|mcntount|com|n|mo+zon+oc
|ccomb|n+iocnt|coso|t+oo|csos|t|voscncg+t|vosocvcsc|m+nt|o+om+|s|ox|mooss|vc|
oo ccnt|o oo o|sos|t|vo o uc |cuc| o co||cto +||n|+mcnto oc t||||+s u+noo o+ |m|+nt+io
occ||cu|tosm+|scom|cxos||ob|cm+stccn|cos+ssoc|+oos+ocont|o|cs|mu|tncoo++|tu|+o+s
b+||c||+sco+mob|||o+oco|t+oo|csoss|vc|mcntc+|no+ocm+no+|io|nov+ocss|gn|c+t|v+sn+
+|u|tctu|+ooso|sos|t|vos
z.9.4. apel eletrnlco
|m+tccno|og|+|nov+oo|+ucvcmt|+ns|t+nooocm+nc||+mu|to|+|o+cnt|c+|+scconcc|tu+|co
usoc|oconsum|oo|n+|c+ooso|s|+ysb+sc+oosno+c|c|ct|on|co|stcm+sucuscmm+tc-
||+|socb+|xocsocc|cv+o+|cs|stcnc|++mb|cnt+|ccx|o|cm+s|o||co+ocscscc|+|socconou-
t|v|o+occcx|b|||o+ocmccn|c+oc+|gunsm+tc||+|s|+st|coso|c|cccmc+|+ctc||st|c+s+t|+t|v+scm
|c|+iostccno|og|+s,+cst+bc|cc|o+s+|+++|c+ocmost|+oo|cs^s|o||co+ocsccu||+|csoos
|+st|cosocu+||o+ocot|c+comooo||-mct||mct+c|||+to(|||^)+b|cm+oss|b|||o+ococtcc-
n|c+s|nov+oo|+scomo+||tog|++b+sc+o+cmmo|ocscocn|iooc+o|ocs+t|+vcsocso|uocs
o|sc|s+so|c+n+|socm|c|ou|o|c+Cgc+o]Com|ssoumb+|xocustooc|oouiooocsc|+t|n-
g|oomcsmou+nooo+|o|m+iooco|s|+ysoc|+|g+so|mcnsocs|ogo+]||s|+yscx|vc|soocm
v||+|cvo|uc|on+|oocs|gnoctc|c|oncscc|u|+|cscout|oso|sos|t|voso|t+tc|s+omcsmotcmo
cmuc||v|osou,o|n+|so|+||osoocmv||+sc|||oosooso||ct+mcntccmum+convcn|cntcm|o|+
c|ct|on|c+cu,+v|su+||z+iouco|scns+o|com|cto+tccno|og|+o+|m|cns+cm+c||n|o|]
z.9.. Crlstals llquldos
|mbo|+osc||st+|s||u|oos(C|)tcn|+ms|ooocsc||tosc|+||mc||+vcz+|no+nosccu|oX|Xu+noo
|||co||c||c|n|tzc|cstuo+v+oco|cstc|o|+cn+sn+scguno+mct+ocoosccu|o+ss+oocucos||-
!!z

mc||os o|sos|t|vos b+sc+oos n+s |o||co+ocs c|ct|o-ot|c+s ocsscs m+tc||+|s |o|+m ocscnvo|v|oos
|mbo|+ + |mcns+ m+|o||+ o+s mo|ccu|+s uc |o|m+m c||st+|s ||u|oos sc,+m o|gn|c+s |+ t+mbcm
c||st+|s||u|oos|no|gn|coscomooc|o|ctoocz|nco(znC|
.
)|umoos|numc|oscxcm|ossob|c+
v+st|oiooccomostosuc+u|m|c+o|gn|c+nos+|cscnt+sio|numc|+s+smo|ccu|+socstct|o
ucoocm|o|m+|c||st+|s||u|oosComocxcm|ooocmosc|t+|+|-(|-|ctox|bcnz|||ocno)-|-bu-
t||+n|||n+ (|||^) c s+bocs (mo|ccu|+s +n||||c+s) oc um+ |o|m+ gc|+| |c s+|s oc +c|oos c+|box|||cos
comoob|t+|t+|+toocot+ss|o(|C
|
|
,
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e
)|ost|+oo|csb+scocc||st+|s||u|oos(|C|s)|+|o+mcntc
cncont|+|+m+c|ocomc|c|+|tcnoos|oo|+b||c+ooso|cm|cs+ssco|+o+sn+|u|o+||^c|+io
||s|c+mcntccucnoscc|ct||c+mcntcs|m|cs+|oouioocsscso|s|+ysc|+|c|t+comb+sccmtcc-
n|c+socm+nu|+tu|+uccnvo|v|+mg|+nococm+no+oct|+b+||om+nu+|^mco|o+ucos+scctos
occustooc|+b||c+io+ss+|+m+sc||+to|c+o+vczm+|s|mo|t+ntcCo|c|+oou|+|w+ncC||n+sc
to|n+|+m|oc+|sm+|sv+nt+,osos+|+|osco+|++t|v|o+oc|oout|v+cmcx+nsio|c|o;]
ôn+|oos+nossoso|+iocont|o|+v+,o/oomc|c+oomuno|+|^|+zio+|+|ssoscocvc||n-
c|+|mcntc+o|+toocuc+scom+n||+s,+oncs+sscconccnt|+|+m|n|c|+|mcntcnomc|c+oooc
c|ct|on|c+occonsumoocm+|sb+|xov+|o|+g|cg+ooc+s|m+s+mc||c+n+socm+nc||+c||onc+
||ccnc|+|+m+tccno|og|++|+cm|cs+scst|+ngc||+s|ntc|css+o+scm|oouz||o|s|+ysocb+|xotco|
oc|n|o|m+iocomo|c|og|osocu|soc+|cu|+oo|+scb||nucoos^+|t||ocssccomcomoocs-
to+s|m+s,+oncs+sg+|g+|+m|+|o+mcntc+csc+o+o+tccno|og|+como|s|+ysm+|s+v+n+oos
scnooocscnvo|v|oosou|+ntcos+nossos|o|css+coc+ou+stcnocnc|+scomc+v+m+convc|g||
muo+nooo|com|ctooccn+||otccno|og|co||mc||oos+v+nosn+s|noust||+soccomut+io
cocscm|conouto|cscst+v+to|n+noov|+vc|+|oouiooccomut+oo|cso|t+tc|stc|cv|socsoc
bo|so+|cmo+Voc+|t+ocn|iococnovoso|sos|t|vos|noust||+|scocusocsso+||mscgunoo
|ug+|mcsmo+ntcsoosu|g|mcntoo+|ntc|nct|ouvc+c|ccioocuc|+vc||+|ug+|+|+ouso
oco|s|+yssost|c+ooscomb+sccm|ntc||+ccs+utom+t|z+o+s+|+mu|t+so+s|ntc|+ocscsso+|s
cocncgoc|os|+|o,]
|ocomcooos+nos,osos|oouto|cs,+oncscscomc+|+m+scto|n+|os||oc|csocmc|c+oo
cmo|sos|t|voscomb+scn+stccno|og|+soc|||+cm+,,,o|+iot|n|+,./oomc|c+oomun-
o|+|oc|C|es/oco|s|+ysoc|+sm+c|;/oomc|c+oooco|sos|t|vosc|ct|o|um|ncsccntcs|+
tcnt+t|v+ocsccont|+o|+css+tcnocnc|+ccomo+o|oo+ôm|n|st|+ioC||nton|||]umg|u-
ooc|+b||c+ntcs+mc||c+nosoc|||o|mouoôv+ncco||s|+yConso|t|umum+tcnt+t|v+oc
o|g+n|z+io|o||zont+|+|++csu|s+|c-comct|t|v+vo|t+o+||nc|+|mcntc+|++mc||o||+oo
g|+uoc|cso|uioo+s|m+gcnsoos||o|+|tcoccomct|oo|csucsccncont|+v+mcmum+
s|tu+iomu|too|||c||nomc|c+oomuno|+|cco+|un,;]
!!!
^|mos|iooct+|||+soc|otcio+nt|-oum|ngnio|o|ocmu|t+v+||++|++comb+||o+|noust||+
+mc||c+n+oc||sm+s+ocont|+||o|mo|toucmg|+vcconscucnc|+s+|++|noust||+|oc+|oc
comut+oo|cscoco||csonocntcmc|c+oooct|+b+||ooc+|t+tccno|og|+O|con+|ooscom-
ut+oo|csm+oc|n|^sub|uoc|mco|+toto|n+noo-osmcnoscomct|t|vos+omcnoscnu+n-
toos|o|ncccoo|csocmon|to|csnioc|+msubst|tu|oos^|ongo|+zooc|c|ton+||o|++|t|o+
+|+ocxtc||o|o+sun|o+ocsoc|oouiot+ntooc|+b||c+ntcs+mc||c+nosu+nto,+oncscscom
oconscucntc+umcntoooocscm|cgonoscto|o|s+smco|o+s+nt|-oum|ngniosc+||c+v+m
+o|s|+ysmont+oosnocxtc||o|^|guns+nosoco|su+ntoo|c+|t+mcntoocComc|c|o+mc||-
c+non+|mcntc|ntc|vc|o+s|tu+io,+|+v|+scto|n+oo|||cvc|s|vc||+|o,]
||og|css|v+mcntco|xt|cmoO||cntcscto|nouo|oc+|ocm+|o||oouioo+tccno|og|+oc|||m
.oo;u+noo+vcno+ocVsb+sc+o+scm|C|c|+||mc||+vczsuc|ou+ocmon|to|cst|o|C
+|w+nscto|nouom+|o||oouto|muno|+|oc||suc|+noo+Co|c|+oou|co|+ioCgc+o]
||s|cv+|+m+tccno|og|+ooso|s|+ys+umnovo+t+m+|cmuccc|c+ocum+ouz|+octccno|o-
g|+s||nc|+|ssiocm|cg+o+soc+co|oocomouson+|ooo|sos|t|voocc+|cu|+oo|+socbo|so+
mon|to|csocV|C|c+tccno|og|+uc+go|+oom|n+oscto|c++zoco|c|ccc||m+gcnscmco|cs
oc+|t+u+||o+oc||c+cmcont|+stcc||v|coco|sto|ocs|o|su+vczO|||sccons|oc|+o++tccno-
|og|+oc||m+|s|om|sso|+Cgc+o]o|oss|b|||t+|+const|uioocnovos+|nc|scxt|cm+mcntc
nosb||||+ntcscocb+|xocsocc|cntcsoboontoocv|st+occonsumooccnc|g|+c+ss|vc|soc
usosobcono|ocsoc||um|n+ion+tu|+|o|css+sv+nt+gcnscom+|+t|v+s+tccno|og|+ocO|||s
sc|+zmu|to+t|+cntccscc|+|mcntc+|+oc+sooc++|c||oso|t+tc|s|+|]
|+b+||oocn+tu|cz+|uno+mcnt+|+go|+|c|tonoscnt|ooococscnvo|vc|+s|ox|m+sgc|+ocso+
tccno|og|+ oc o|s|+y cnvo|vc o uso oc subst|+tos cx|vc|s uc |c|cscnt+||+m um+ muo+n+ oc
+|+o|gm+u+nto+os|oc+|soc|oouio|ssccumoos+|gumcntosus+oosno|cscntco|mo-
v|mcntos|nst|tuc|on+|so|g+n|z+ooscm+|scscomoo|c|no|n|oo|c|os]c+^|cm+n|+Cu|o,]
onocct++s|mo|t+ntcsocss+snov+stccno|og|+stcms|ooocscnvo|v|o+snoscnt|oooc|ocnt|-
c+ioocn|c|osucos+mt|+zc|ocvo|t++css+s|cg|ocsum+|+t|+m+|ss|gn|c+t|v+o+|oouio
ooso|s|+ysocumnovo+t+m+|tccno|og|coCgc+o]
!!4

z.9.6. keexo. a lmportancla dos materlals para o desenvolvlmento a
tecnologla de dlsplays
Os o|s|+ys oc tc|+ |+n+ |o|m+m um+ c|+ssc oc tccno|og|+s oc o|s|+ys +v+n+oos uc v|c|+m +
subst|tu||os|Cc|+sv+nt+gcnscom+|+t|v+scmtc|mosoc|coconsumooccnc|g|+u+||o+-
oco+|cso|uiocotcnc|+|oc|ntcg|+iocms|stcm+sm+|scom|cxos|x|stcmv+||+stccno|og|+s
comct|nooo|um+||+iooomc|c+oocmbusc+oc+omcnosumn|c|ocscc|co|u|+ntcos
+nosso||oc|+oosc|os|+b||c+ntcs,+oncscs|C|scto|n+|+m+tccno|og|+oom|n+ntccscc|+|-
mcntcn+tccno|og|+m+|s+v+n+o+ocm+t||z+t|v+(^||C|s)cmucumt|+ns|sto|cst+||g+oo+
c+o+|xc|^c|csccntc|cscn+occomoncntcsoco||gcm,+oncs+nomc|c+oo+mc||c+notc|-
m|nouo|sc|ob,ctooco|sut+cm+ocs+nt|oum|ngoos+nos,os
|m.oo;+ocm+no+g|ob+|o|m+tc||+|sc|ct|on|cos|c|cscntouummc|c+oooccc|c+ocse+b|-
||ocsoc|,(+bc|+.)|+tc||+|s+|+||sscconst|tu||+mn+m+|o||+t|+(.,s/)ocsscmc|c+oo
||cos]scgu|ooocc|to(.;,/)c|omc|c+ooocm+tc||+|sscm|conouto|cscomcscc|+|+tcnio
o+o++oscgmcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+cc|u|+sso|+|cs
1abela z.z. O mercado global por materlals eletrnlcos teve em z007 um cresclmento de !0,8+ relatlvo
ao ano anterlor. A lntegrao dos dlrerentes setores raz com que a demanda por materlals eletrnlcos
seja dependente da prosperldade das lndustrlas a jusante como manuratura de componentes, empaco-
tamento, palnels e dlsplays, baterlas solares, etc [Lle08].
Itens 200s 200 2001(e) 2008(f) 2009(f) 200s-2009
CACk
|Ccm|conouc|o| 1c!0 .1! .!0 .o . c4 111
|+c|+g|ng 1..0 1411 1.o 1o.0 1o cc4 c4
|C| 110c4 1!!. 14o! 1oo4 1oo! 10 c
||| 1.c ...4o .oc! .!! !!1 1
o||+|Cc|| oc1 o! 00 c1 c!oc 10.
ot+| o4oc . co10 o4 10.4 1.4
AnnuaI Crowtb kate ** 20,8 10,8 11,1 1, **
|n|t|||||on||`
O+umcntooo|coooct|o|cocm.oo;,unt+mcntccom+c|csccntc|cgu|+mcnt+ioocn+tu-
|cz++mb|cnt+|cstio+ont+noo+|+um|o|tcc|csc|mcntoo+ocm+no+oomc|c+oooc|ooutos
|otovo|t+|coscso|+|cs|ct+soc|couiooousoocc|umbo|o|+mcst+bc|cc|o+s+omcsmotcmo
cmuc|cssocsoc|cosc|+zcmscnt||sob|cm+tc||+s||m+scomoou|occob|cccmcscc|+|
!!
|cs|n+cox|cout|osoc||v+oosocct|o|coocss+|o|m+n+|+b||c+ioocs|stcm+s|ntcg|+oosoc-
s|gns|nov+oo|csocvcmsc|busc+oos+|+|couioocsscsm+tc||+|s||cos]
^|goccu||+|+omc|c+oooco|s|+ysco|+toocucmu|tocmbo|+osm+|o|csconsum|oo|csoc
||cstc,+mn+|u|o+cn+^mc||c+oo|o|tc+|ox|m+o+mcntc,;/ooso|sos|t|vossio+tu+|-
mcntc|oouz|oosno|xt|cmoO||cntc||nc|+|mcntcno|+ioO|+iosco|g+n|zounos+nosso
comg|+nocs|nvcst|mcntosocb+sc+|++cx+nsioo+c++c|o+ococ|oouiocum+|n||+cst|u-
tu|+ocg|+noccnvc|g+ou|+comm+|soc+oocm|cs+s|o|ncccoo|+scnvo|vcnoom+|soc+ooooo
cm|cg+oos|ostc||o|mcntcCo|c|+coco|s+|w+ncnt|+|+mcstcscto|c|+vc^^|cm+n|+tcm
otcnc|+|+|++|oouioocC|coosm+tc||+|scsscnc|+|s+|++|c+|+ioocO|||s|+|]
|cc|toucos|C|so+|ox|m+gc|+iotc|ioocscmcn|os|gn|c+t|v+mcntcmc||o|ucu+|-
uc|ooso|s|+ys+ntc||o|cscuc+smc||o||+s+o|c|on+|socvc|iosc|ccnt|+o+scmum+m+nu|+tu-
|+m+|scc|cntccn+|couiooccustos|o|cxcm|oumo|s|+yocC||cuc|um+v+||co+ocm+|o|
ocm+tc||+|sucumcu|v+|cntcoc|+sm+|o|ncccoo|csn+|noust||+u|m|c+ocvcmsc|c++zcs
oc su||| |tcns como g+scs |noust||+|s cscc|+|mcntc g+scs c|ct|on|cos g+scs |+|os |ooutos u|-
m|coscmso|uioc+|t+u|cz+o|+||z+oo|cs|+st|cosb+scocmct||mct+c|||+to|t|osocco|cs
C|c+m+o+soc+||n|+mcntocc+m+o+scs++oo|+s|oto|cs|stcscum+||st+c|csccntcocout|os
m+tc||+|sccomoncntcs|co,]|o,cosm+tc||+|s|c|cscnt+meo/oocustooc|+b||c+ioocum
||||+o|]con|o|mc||ust|+oocmCgc+o]
^ |couio oc custos c csscnc|+| o|uc + +ooio o+ tccno|og|+ |C| c cxt|cm+mcntc scns|vc| +
|cos+|+c+o+|couiooc+/no|co+svcno+sc|csccmcmcc|c+oc./|ss+o|m|nu|iooc
|cosocvcsc|conco||cntccom+|couiooccustosscm+|gcnsoc|uc|osocvcmsc||csc|v+o+s
|st|+tcg|+soc|couiooccustos|nc|ucm+umcntooccsc+|+oossubst|+tos|couiooccustosoc
m+tc||+|scmc||o||+oo|cno|mcnto^mco|o+ucun|o+ocs+|+|+b||c+iooco|s|+ysocm+|o|
t+m+n|osc|+zcmncccss+||+s+s|+nt+s|noust||+|sco||csonocntcssio|otu|+o+scomooc+gc-
|+io.gc|+ioctcCgc+o]^s|o||+socv|o|osioco|t+o+s+ntcso+|nsc|ioooC|m+soco|s
ocuc+m+|o|+|tco+ocos|ioo+so||c|cntcsc+m+o+socm+tc||+|ssioocos|t+o+s|ncccss+-
||+um+|+nt+oc+omcnos;gc|+io+|+|+b||c+|tc|+soc|C|com|oou|.|m+un|o+ococ
egc|+ioooc|occss+||m|n+socv|o|ooc+,mo|+smcnu+ntocsscsv+|o|cs+ss+m+sc|
+s;mo|..m+|+oc+soocum+|+nt+oc;gc|+io|co,]
O +umcnto o+ +|c+ oo subst|+to c ||nc+| com + |ccc|t+ cnu+nto os custos com cu|+mcntos
c|csccm+,o/+c+o+gc|+io|+sgc|+ocs|utu|+so+tccno|og|+oco|s|+ys|+ocsccons|oc|+|
+ oss|vc| cx|stcnc|+ oc um ||m|tc |+t|co +|+ o t+m+n|o oos subst|+tos ocv|oo +o c|csc|mcnto
!!6

cx|os|vooct+m+n|oso+s|+nt+s|noust||+|s(uc,+tcm+|c+cu|v+|cntcocv+||osc+mosoc
|utcbo|)c+oscustos+ssoc|+oos+ot|+nso|tc|yco;]
^conc|usiogc|+|cocuc+tccno|og|+oco|s|+ys|c|+zcmsu+||sto||+oc|c|oococscnvo|v|mcnto
o+|noust||+ocscm|conouto|cscomoumtooomost|+nooucos+|scsucsoubc|+m+|ovc|t+|
+ssu+sv+nt+gcnscom+|+t|v+scmn|c|oscscc|costc|m|n+|+mo||m|+nt+|c+oc|+soc|oou-
io|obust+sosuc|cntc+|+scm+ntc|cmcomct|t|v+scmum+|noust||+scm|ccmcvo|uio
2.10. Concluso
|m|c|+io+|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscons|oc|+noo+s+tu+|scon,untu|+sn+c|on+|c|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|ccomum+v|siocst|+tcg|c+oc|+tc||+|s+|+^||c+ocs||ct|on|c+s|+gnct|c+sc|oton|c+s
c|cg+-scsconc|usocs+|cscnt+o+s+scgu||ucocvcmsc||csu|t+oooo|omcntocsu|s+c+os
|occssosocobtcnioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosco||c|+tos
^s +ocs cst|+tcg|c+s |oost+s v|s+m cont||bu|| +|+ m+tc||+|s +v+n+oos com +||c+-
ocscmcnso|cs||sos|t|vos|cmo||+s||um|n+ioc|ost|+oo|csc|c|tos||o||t+||os
+|++|+v+nc+|oscto||noust||+|b|+s||c||ocg+|+nt||cc|t+|noccnocnc|++o+|sn+|o-
ouiococscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutoscomb+scstccno|og|c+s+ns+|s+ocst+mbcm
tcmcomoob,ct|vocont||bu||comostom+oo|csococc|siooo+|sno|ntu|tooc|o-
movc|+|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscom|ococmoo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|osccm
+ocsuccons|oc|+mt+mbcm+sncccss|o+ocsoc|n||+-cst|utu|+|scomo|+bo|+to||osc
cu|+mcntoscsioc|+s
ûmcnt+|ocmooo||o||t+||oo|nvcst|mcnton+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nosu+||-
c+oos+|+++|c+ocm|c|oc|ct|on|c+c|ct|on|c+m+gnct|smoc|oton|c+comoumtooo
|sto+ss+t+mbcmc|+ucstioocum+v+|o||z+ioo+sc+||c||+stccn|co-c|cnt|c+soc
|o|m++cst|mu|+|ocng+,+mcntoo+uc|cscsu|s+oo|csucoc|+to|oouzcmC+s-
s|mcomocst|mu|+|o|ntc|csscoc,ovcnsc|+sc+||c||+stccn|co-c|cnt|c+s
C||+|mcc+n|smosoc+t|+io|nccnt|voc|nouiooocst+bc|cc|mcntono||+s||oc|+bo-
|+to||osoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntooccm|cs+scst|+ngc||+soo|+moocm+tc||+|s
c|ct|on|coscocm|c|oc|ct|on|c+cmgc|+|+ss|mcomocst+bc|ccc|mcc+n|smosuc|+-
vo|c+m + c||+io oc c+oc|+s oc |o|ncccoo|cs oc |nsumos c su||mcntos s |noust||+s
c|ct|on|c+scom+tu+iono|+|s
!!7
|st+bc|ccc|mcc+n|smosoc+o|o+oconso|c|ooccm|cs+sun|vc|s|o+occ|nst|tutosoc
csu|s+n+c|on+|scm+ocscooc|+t|v+sn+csu|s+|c-comct|t|v+cmm+tc||+|sc|c-
t|on|cosccmm|c|oc|ct|on|c+cmgc|+|
|c+||z+|cstuoos+|+vc||c+|+oss|b|||o+ococ|m|+nt+|no|+|sccnt|osoccxcc|cnc|+
cm||cm+|c+socm+tc||+|s+|++c|ct|on|c+(sc,+mc|csscm|conouto|cs|no|gn|cos
cc|cntcmcntc|um|ncsccntcs|so|+ntcscom+|t+const+ntco|c|ct||c+scm|conouto|cso|-
gn|cosoun+notubosocc+|bono)vo|t+oos+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocmost|+oo|csc
s|stcm+scc|cntcsoc||um|n+io|c+||z+|cstuoost+mbcm+|+vc||c+|comocst+bc|c-
cc||nccnt|vosc||+iooccm|cs+sn+c|on+|scomb+sctccno|og|c+ncsscsm+tc||+|suc
oss+mscto|n+|comct|t|v+scmnovosn|c|os+|no+cm|o|m+ionomc|c+oo|ntc|n+-
c|on+|(comos|stcm+s|otovo|t+|coso|gn|cos)
|omcnt+||+b||c+ioocn+nocst|utu|+sm+gnct|c+s|c+||z+|cstuoos+|+vc||c+|+os-
s|b|||o+ococ|m|+nt+|no|+|sumccnt|on+c|on+|occxcc|cnc|+cmn+nocst|utu|+sm+g-
nct|c+succontccomcsu|s+oo|cs|ccon|cc|o+mcntc+tu+ntcs(cstc,+mc|cs+tu+noo
onoccst|vc|cm)cucsc,+mc++zcsocto|n+|os|o,ctos|c+||o+oc
|nov+|cmm+gnctosc|m+ncntcsn+noc||st+||noscomtcmc|+tu|+socCu||c+c|m+oc
|oo
o
Ccm+gnct|z+iocsontnc+m+|o|csoouc+e|^;m
|cscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|sm+gnct|cosmo|csuc+|cscntcmb+|x+sc|o+s(+oo|\;m
,
)cm
||cucnc|+s+c|m+oc||z
|nov+|cmm+tc||+|sm+gnctoc+|o||cos+|++||c+ocscm|c|||gc|+io
|omcnt+|||cmm+tc||+|sscm|conouto|csm+gnct|costcmc|+tu|++mb|cntc+|++||-
c+ocscms|nt|on|c+|st+cum+c|+ssccscc|+|ocm+tc||+|so|soss|b|||t++concxioo|-
|ct+cnt|cs|stcm+sm+gnct|cosocb+|x+o|mcns|on+||o+occ+s|o||co+ocsscm|conouto-
|+soomc|ocom+||c+ocscmo|sos|t|vosocmcmo||+c|occss+mcntooc|n|o|m+io
|omcnt+||cococ||cmn+no+|t|cu|+s|c||om+gnct|c+s|cscnvo|v|mcntoocsuc|-
|cocs oc n+no+|t|cu|+s |c||om+gnct|c+s +uto o|g+n|z+o+s ou +||+n,os oc n+noos cm
subst|+tos+ocu+oos+|+g|+v+iooco+ooscmcsc+|+sococzcn+soc|ytcs;|n
.
|o-
mcnt+|g|uosoc||cm|mcsnoscomv|st+s+to|n+|+g|+v+iom+gnct|c+c|cn-
o|cu|+|c+o+vczm+|scomct|t|v+
|omcnt+|||cmtccn|c+scxc||mcnt+|ssost|c+o+sucsc,+mscns|vc|sn+csc+|+n+-
nomct||c+t+nto+|+mco||ostcmosoc|cvc|sioo+m+gnct|z+iocomo+|++com-
+n|+|como+m+gnct|z+iocvo|u|notcmoouctc|+|m||c+ocscmmcmo||+soc
+|t+||cucnc|+ocg|+v+io;|c|tu|+
||omovc|+v|s|t+occsu|s+oo|cs+c+ocm|cosscm|cs+sucocscnvo|vcm+t|v|o+ocs
||g+o+sut|||z+ioocm+tc||+|sm+gnct|cos+ss|mcomo+v|s|t+occsso+s||g+o+s+cst+s
cm|cs+s+os|+bo|+to||os+c+ocm|coscoc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+
!!8

C||+|mcc+n|smoscscc|cos+|++g|cg+|v+|o|scxo|t+ocsocm|nc||osm+gnct|cos
|c+||z+o+sc|o||+s|||st+cum++ioucooc|+s|gn|c+|cm|csu|t+oos|mco|+toso|s
o||+s||cxo|t+m|nc||osm+gnct|coscmcst+oob|utouccom|occss+mcntos|c|+t|v+-
mcntcs|m|csooc||+m+g|cg+|v+|o|+ut+occxo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+
|c+||z+|cstuoos+|+vc||c+|+oss|b|||o+ococ|m|+nt+|no|+|socumccnt|on+c|on+|
occxcc|cnc|+cm|oton|c+com|+c|||o+ocsocm|c|o-cn+no|+b||c+iouccontccom
csu|s+oo|cs(||s|cosu|m|coscngcn|c||os)|ccon|cc|o+mcntc+tu+ntcs(cstc,+mc|cs
+tu+nooonoccst|vc|cm)cucsc,+mc++zcsocto|n+|os|o,ctos|c+||o+oc|stcccnt|o
ocvccont+|comumscto|oco|c+oo+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocscnso|cs|oton|coscout|o
oco|c+oo+oocscnvo|v|mcntooccc|u|+s|otovo|t+|c+socnt|cout|os
||n+|mcntccomosugcstiooct|+b+||os|utu|os(cu|gcntcs')|oon|o+|c+||z+ioocumcstu-
oo|oscct|vo|o|unooocoo|tun|o+ocscxc|us|v+mcntcn++|c+ocscnso|csut|||z+nooo|vc|s+s
+bo|o+gcns(u|m|c+m+gnct|c+c|ct|on|c+|oton|c+ctc)
!!9
kerernclas
^b|o;] ^8||||. |+no:+m+ |conom|co c |cscm,cn|o :cto:|+| ioo; ioo;. ^ssoc|+io 8:+s||c|:+ o+
|noust:|+ ||ct:|c+ c ||ct:on|c+ , is
^,+,,] ^,+y+n. | |. |-C C|+:||c:. +no ^ ||nz|c:. C+:bon n+notubcs |:om m+c:omo|ccu|cs to
n+notcc|no|ogy ||^:. +,,, ,o(i,) , +|+,,-+|ioo
^|co;] ^|C|||U|. | :cm|conouto:cs O:gn|cos 1ccno|og|+ oo |utu:o |ot+ 1ccn|c+ 8:+s|||+ C|| ioo;
^|coo] ^|c:s. 8. ct +|. Cont+|n|ng t|c ||n|tc :|zc |cct |n Co,,c: ||ncs :cm|conoucto:
|ntc:n+t|on+|. iooo(,;++;iooo)
^||oo] :u,c:cont|nuum |n O,t|c+| Co|c:cncc 1omog:+,|y. cm !c su,c:cont|nuum |+sc: sou:cc.
|o | ^||+no :,:|ngc: Vc:|+g. 8c:||m. iooo
^||] ^|||+ncc. |:. |||ty :c+:s o| ||c:o,:occsso: 1cc|no|ogy ôv+nccmcnts +,o, to io+,. |n |:^
v||tc |+,c: , +-+i
^||o,] ^||+n. ^. ^ ||sto:y +no Ovc:v|cw o| t|c |ntc:n+t|on+| 1cc|no|ogy |o+om+, |o:
:cm|conoucto:s (|1|:) ioo,. |n |O| :o||o :t+tc ||g|t|ng (::|) |:og:+m ||+nn|ng vo:|s|o,
iooo. |1|: O:|+noo. ||o:|o+. U:^
^||o;] ^||+n. ^. Ovc:+|| |o+om+, 1cc|no|ogy C|+:+ctc:|st|cs. |n ioo; |1|: |ub||c Con|c:cncc ioo;.
|1|: |+|u|+:|. |+,+n
^no,o] ^||||:O|. |C. |U||||. |:. 1O8|^:. Cv |nvcst|g+t|ons o| ,o:ous s|||con |o: v+,o:
scns|ng :cnso:s +no ^ctu+to:s. î+-i,. , s,,-,,,. +,,o
^:ooi] ^:ocn. v |. !c |ntc:n+t|on+| 1cc|no|ogy |o+om+, |o: :cm|conoucto:s |c:s,cct|vcs
+no c|+||cngcs |o: t|c ncxt +, yc+:s Cu::cnt O,|n|on |n :o||o :t+tc +no |+tc:|+|s :c|cncc. iooi
o , ,;+,;;
^sso;] ^ssunio. |C|. :cm|conouto:cs O:gn|cos |:o,ost+ ,+:+ um+ cst:+tcg|+ b:+s||c|:+ ioo;.
Ccnt:o oc cstio c |stuoos |st:+tcg|cos 8:+s|||+ , +-;o
8+:o,] 8+:c|o. C. ||+t-|+nc| ||s,|+ys. |n ||g|-1cc| |:otcct|on|sm !c |::+t|on+||ty o| ^nt|oum,|ng
|+ws ioo,. ^|| |:css v+s||ngton. |C
8c:o;] 8|||. ||^1 |^||| ||:||^:: || 1|| U| ^ gu|oc to U| c+,+b|||ty ioos;, ioo;. |c,+:tmcnt
|o: 8us|ncss |ntc:,:|sc 8 |cgu|+to:y |c|o:m
!z0

8,+o,] ^ 8,+:||cv. | 8:ocng. +no ^ : 8,+:||cv. ||oton|c c:yst+| b:cs 8oston ||uwc: ^c+ocm|c
|ub||s|c:s. ioo,
8|+,s] 8|+nc|+:o | |. :ccn+w+y ^ |. 8u:nctt | +no |+::|son | +,,s 1wo-o|mcns|on+| bcno scns|ng
w|t| + s|ng|c. mu|t|,|c-co:c o,t|c+| b:c |:oc :||| ,|s, ,|s
8o+oo] 8O^|||O. | ct +| |Oi mon|to:|ng +t :oom tcm,c:+tu:c by + ,o:ous s|||con g+s scnso:
|+tc:|+|s :c|cncc +no |ng|ncc:|ng. 8o,-;o. ,i+o-i+|. iooo
8o|o;] 8o|:. |1. ct +|. !c ||g|-| :o|ut|on |||| :,cct:um. ioo;
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1cco+] ^ 1cc|no|ogy 8oost |o: U: |+nu|+ctu:c:s o| ||+t |+nc| ||s,|+ys ioo+. ^||||C^| ||:||^:
CO|:O|1|U|
!ooo] !om,son. :| +no : |+:t|+s+:+t|y. |oo:cs |+w t|c |utu:c o| :| m|c:oc|cct:on|cs |+tc:|+|s
1oo+y. iooo ,(o) , io-i,
1:co,] 1|||8|^:. |-|. 1|||||| ||^1 |^|||: C|cm|c+| +no |ng|ncc:|ng |cws. ioo, s,(io) , io-i,
1:co,+] 1||||:. |-1. !c |ot| +nn|vc:s+:y o| |oo:cs |+w c+n t|c t:cno cont|nuc |C|.
ioo,(|cccmbc: ) , i|-i,
1:co;] 1:cvct|+n. 1. ct +|. Cont:o||co m+n|,u|+t|on o| +toms |n |nsu|+t|ng su:|+ccs w|t| t|c v|:tu+|
+tom|c |o:cc m|c:osco,c ||ys|c+| |cv|cw |cttc:s. ioo; ,s(i)
1:co;+] 1:cvct|+n. 1 Qu+ntum Com,ut|ng - :cs. no. o: bot| ioo; c|tco ioo, ++;o+;ioo,].
^v+||+b|c |:om |tt,;;www:stsc|cncccom;|omc;+:t|c|cs;tcc|no|ogy;u+ntum-com,ut|ng-ycs-
no-o:-bot|_,||o,|tm|
1:ooo] 1:ou|||c:. :. |:om +io to ,i nm C|O: tcc|no|ogy ocvc|o,mcnt o| O|C +no ||1 to :cscuc
o,t|c+| ||t|og:+,|y C | ||ys|uc. iooo ; , ss;s,,
V+no;] v+n |:|c|. v|. |+c|ng t|c c|+||cngc o| ocs|gn|ng |o: Cu;|ow-| :c||+b|||ty ||c:oc|cct:on|cs
|c||+b|||ty ioo; |; , +,o,+,;|
Vo|] V||. ||oton|csi+ 1cc|no|ogy ||+t|o:m. ||oton|cs |o: t|c i+st Ccntu:y. |tt,;;wcb+,vo|nct-bu||ooc;
Vc|o;] Vc|oso. ^. ct +|. ôv+ncco C|O: ocv|cc tcc|no|og|cs |o: |,nm nooc +no bc|ow :c|cncc +no
1cc|no|ogy o| ôv+ncco |+tc:|+|s. ioo; s , i+|i+s
v+nos] v+ng. ||. z z|+o. +no ^ |||tun. :,|nt:on|cs |o: n+noc|cct:on|cs +no n+nosystcms !|n
:o||o |||ms. ioos ,+; , +s|-+,o
v+t,o] v^1^|^8|. v. O|^|^. 1. C|O|. |. :^1O. : O:g+n|c v+,o: scns|t|v|ty |n + ,o:ous s|||con
ocv|cc :cnso:s +no ^ctu+to:s. 8,,. ,+,|-+,;. +,,o
!z7
v||oi] v||tcs|ocs. | +no | 8onc|cv+. 8cyono mo|ccu|cs :c||-+sscmb|y o| mcsosco,|c +no
m+c:osco,|c com,oncnts ||^:. iooi ,,(s) , |;o,-|;;|
vogoo] U voggon. O,t|c+| ,:o,c:t|cs o| scm|conoucto: u+ntum oots. (:,:|ngc: 1:+cts |n |ooc:n
||ys|cs. Vo| +,o. +,,o)
vonoo] vong. | +no | |w+|. On t|c sc+||ng |ssucs +no ||g|-, :c,|+ccmcnt o| u|t:+t||n g+tc
o|c|cct:|cs |o: n+nosc+|c |O: t:+ns|sto:s ||c:oc|cct:on|c |ng|ncc:|ng s,. iooo s, , +so;+,o|
:u,;] :U. |z. v||. C| :tuoy o| |:| ,|otooctccto: |+b:|c+tco on ,o:ous s|||con :cnso:s +no
^ctu+to:s. ^,,. ,i,,-i,;. +,,,
:uo|] :u. ^. ^ :tuoy o| C+:bon |+notubcs +no !c|: ^,,||c+t|ons |n 1:+ns|sto:s ioo|
z+n,;] z^|OO||. :. 8|O|||U||. |. ^|v||. | V+,o: scns|t|v|ty o| t||n ,o:ous s|||con |+yc:s
:cnso:s +no ^ctu+to:s. 8 n|,. ,+os-+;|. +,,;
zc|os] zc|tzo. | (ioos) ioo; |ntc:n+t|on+| 1cc|no|ogy |o+om+, |O:||1 sc+||ng c|+||cngcs :o||o
:t+tc 1cc|no|ogy |cb:u+:y. ioos
!z8

!z9
Materiais avanados para o setor espacial
3. Materiais avanados para o setor espacial
1
3.1. Apresentao
^cs+|oc|oguctcscx|st||cm|+mu|tossccu|os+||+|s+c|+|coco||csonocntc|||c|to|s+c|+|
tcmoc|+|mcntcoucom+|soc,o+nosOm+|co|n|c|+|ncstccontcxto|o|+co|oc+iocmo|b|t+
o+c||+cm|ocoutub|ooc+,,;oos+tc||tcutn|||c|ossov|ct|cos|stcs+tc||tc|omcuoc-
n|t|v+mcntc+||n|+ocVon|+|m+nucsc+|+++tmos|c|+cstcocc+nog+sosoucnoscnvo|vc
oocs+o
Os+|scso+c||+conso+ntcsu+s+s||+ocsccontcxtoso||t|coscconom|cossoc|+|sc|cnt|co-
tccno|og|coscm|||t+|csconccbc|+mo||c|cntcsob,ct|vos|c|+t|vos+ocs+oO||+s||busc++t|ng||
ncst+ occ+o+ o mcsmo +t+m+| +|c+n+oo o| sov|ct|cos c no|tc-+mc||c+nos nos +nos +,,o ou
sc,+co|oc+|cmo|b|t+o|scus|o||osmc|oscm|cg+noovc|cu|osn+c|on+|s|+n+oosoctc|||-
to||on+c|on+|s+tc||tcs+|+co|ct+oco+oosscnso||+mcnto|cmotocout|osnstooosconccb|oos
ocscnvo|v|oosc|oouz|ooso||noust||+sb|+s||c||+s
Oss|stcm+scs+c|+|ssio|oouz|oosc|osc||um+no+|++ccss+|cmocs+oc|+c|m+nccc|cm
cxccut+noot+|c|+sutc|s+osnossos|oos|tosComos|stcm+s||s|cosc|cssioconst|u|ooscm|c-
g+noom+tc||+|sucsiocmsu+g|+nocm+|o||+comunss+c|on+vcsOut|osm+tc||+|so|cmoc-
||v+mo+uc|cscm|cg+ooscm+c|on+ut|c+o|ossu||cmc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|+|s
|osscus||mc||os,o+nosoccx|stcnc|++National Aeronautics and Space Administration(|+s+)
|oouz|u cc|c+ oc e|oo +tcntcs o uc |c|cscnt+ um+ mco|+ oc um+ +tcntc + c+o+ t|cs o|+s
cgunoo |+tc| c Cu|to (.oo;) + m+|o||+ ocss+s +tcntcs c |c|+t|v+ +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc novos
m+tc||+|s^ss|moscto|+c|ocs+c|+|+|cscnt+-sccomoumscto||o||co+|++gc|+iooc|no-
v+ocscmm+tc||+|s
1 |stc c+,|tu|o |o| c|+bo:+oo ,c|+ cu|,c com,ost+ ,o: |+u:|c|o |+z|n| 8:+noio (coo:ocn+oo: c :c|+to:). |c|son Vc|ss|o (:cv|so:).
^nton|o |o:gc ^bo+||+. C+:|os oc |ou:+ |cto. |:+nc|sco C:|stovio |ou:cno oc |c|o. |o:gc Otubo. ||:+bc| Cc:uc|:+ |czcnoc
(co-:c|+to:cs)
!!0

|stc +|t|go tcm como ob,ct|vo +|cscnt+| |oost+s uc oss+m |mu|s|on+| |o,ctos c +t|v|o+-
ocsoccsu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcnto|nov+ioc|oouioocm+tc||+|scs|stcm+s+|+onossocto|
|s+c|+||+|++t|ng||cstcob,ct|vouccvo|t+oo+|++noss+|c+||o+octo|n+-scut||con|ccc|um
oucoo+||sto||+o|g+n|z+ioob,ct|voscc+|+ctc||st|c+soo||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||o
^s+t|v|o+ocscs+c|+|st|vc|+m|n|c|ono||+s||no+nooc+,,,|m+,e+|o|+m|n|c|+oosost|+b+-
||osucoc|+mo||gcm+o|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s(|nc)ocnt|oo+cst|utu|+
o|g+n|z+c|on+|oo||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+(|C)|m+,e||o||+n+ooocmb||iooo
+tu+||nst|tutooc^c|on+ut|c+c|s+o(|^|)subo|o|n+oo+o+tu+||c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+ ^c|ocs+c|+| (|C^) o|gio o+ cst|utu|+ oo Com+noo o+ ^c|on+ut|c+ (Com+c|) c
||n|stc||oo+|c|cs+(||)
|m+,e,|o|c||+oooCcnt|ooc|+n+mcntoo+|+||c||+oo|n|c|no(C|||)no||oC|+nocoo|o|tc
o+noo|n|c|o+o|+n+mcntooc|oguctcsocsono+gcmcmtc|||to||on+c|on+||m+,so|o|c||+o++
||ssio|s+c|+|Com|ct+||+s||c||+(||C|)ccmcum||mcnto+cst+||ssio|o|o+oo|n|c|o+o
ocscnvo|v|mcntoooCcnt|ooc|+n+mcntooc^|cnt+|+(C|^)no|+|+n|io|m+tcno|mcnto
||C|o|C+t|+vcsoo|nccou|csons+vc|c|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocs+tc||tcsco|C^+t|+-
vcsooC|^c|^||cscct|v+mcntccou|ncumb|ooococscnvo|v|mcntoooCcnt|ooc|+n+mcn-
tocooVc|cu|o|+n+oo|oc+tc||tcs(V|-+)
|m+,,||o|c||+o++^gcnc|+|s+c|+|||+s||c||+(^||)u+||o|+t||bu|o++m|ssiooccoo|ocn+io
ootcm+scgu|noo-sco|+n+mcntooo|stcm+|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntooc^t|v|o+ocs|s+-
c|+|s(|||^|)o+|o||t|c+|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto(|||^|)cn+cxccuiooo||og|+m+|+-
c|on+|(||^|)|csoccntio+s+t|v|o+ocscs+c|+|sb|+s||c||+stcmscgu|oooso|t+mcso+|||^|c
oo||^|com|cv|socsc||oo|c+socob,ct|vosmct+sco||ct||zcs
^^||coo|gioccnt|+|oo|||^|^s+t|v|o+ocsoo||^|cstiob+sc+o+sn+busc+oc+utonom|+
occ++c|t+ioccomct|t|v|o+oc|noust||+|oc|o|m++|omovc|s|gn|c+t|vos|cto|nossoc|co+-
ocuccmtcscccm|c+||o+ocsustcnt+tooocssccs|o|o
Os ||nc|+|s tcm+s |c|+c|on+oos +utonom|+ sio o +ccsso +o cs+o o oom|n|o oc tccno|og|+s
c||t|c+s+c++c|t+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nosc+|n||+cst|utu|+oc|+b||c+io|ntcg|+iotcstcs|+n-
+mcntocom+nooccont|o|c
!!!
|m tc|mos oc c++c|t+io c comct|t|v|o+oc |noust||+| os ||nc|+|s +ssuntos sio + +|t|c|+io
|noust||+|+no|m+||z+io+u+||o+oc+|nov+io+cooc|+io|noust||+-+c+ocm|+c+cxo|t+io
oos|ooutoscs+c|+|s
||n+|mcntcos|cto|nossoc|co+occnvo|vcmtcm+scomoco|ct+oco+oosmctco|o|og|+scn-
so||+mcnto |cmoto c|cnc|+ c tccno|og|+ cs+c|+|s c tc|ccomun|c+ocs ^s ||nc|+|s +||c+ocs
v|s+o+s c|os |cto|nos soc|+|s sio +g||cu|tu|+ |+nc,+mcnto u|b+no |+nc,+mcnto c |otcio
+mb|cnt+|occ+nog|++tc|c-couc+iotc|c-,ust|+tc|c-mco|c|n+cont|o|coot|+|cgo+c|con+-
vcg+iococ|cs+n+c|on+|
Oscto|cs+c|+|tcmcomoc+|+ctc||st|c+scnvo|vc|s|stcm+soc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oooc+|t+u+-
||o+occ+|t+mcntc|ntcns|voscmtccno|og|+c|nov+io|sscss|stcm+stcmb+|x+csc+|+oc|o-
ouio |ongos |+zos oc m+tu|+io |m||c+noo gcstio com|cx+ mu|t|o|sc|||n+||co+oc mu|-
t|n+c|on+||o+occmu|t|-|nst|tuc|on+||o+ocOscto|cs+c|+|ccst|+tcg|co+|++consccuiooos
ob,ct|vosn+c|on+|s|+t+-scocumscto||o|tcmcntc|cgu|+oo+t|+vcsoc|cg|mcsoccont|o|cc
oct|+t+oos|ntc|n+c|on+|s
^b+|x+csc+|+oc|oouioooss|stcm+scs+c|+|stcmcomoconscucnc|+o||ct+umb+|xoconsu-
moocm+tc||+|scumb+|xot|+nsbo|o+mcntocconom|cocsoc|+||o|cmcstccumc|c|to++|cntc
o|s+stccno|og|+scs+c|+|stcmumotcnc|+||nt+ng|vc|occst|mu|o+out|osscto|cso++t|v|o+oc
|um+n+ Os scto|cs m+|s |ox|mos uc t|+o|c|on+|mcntc tcm sc bcncc|+oo ocstc otcnc|+| oc
spin-osioo+c|on+ut|cocoococ|cs+
Os s|stcm+s cs+c|+|s uc sio ob,ctos ocstc +|t|go sio +uc|cs uc cm +tcno|mcnto +o ||^|
busc+m+sscgu|+|o+ccsso+ocs+ocos|cto|nossoc|co+oc|sscss|stcm+ssio|oguctcsoc
sono+gcmvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcscs+tc||tcs+|+o|vc|s+s+||c+ocsOsm+tc||+|scm-
|cg+ooscms|stcm+scs+c|+|ssioocn+tu|cz+o|vc|s|c+o+um+vczucc|cssc|vcmcnt|cou-
t|+s s |unocs oc cst|utu|+ |ou|sio |otcio tc|m|c+ scnso||+mcnto c cont|o|c oo st+tus
ocsscss|stcm+s
^s |oost+s |ocnt|c+o+s ncstc cstuoo oc m+tc||+|s tcm +||n|+mcnto com +s o||t|c+s |o-
g|+m+sco||ct||zcsooscto|cs+c|+|||+s|o|+m|o|mu|+o+stcnooo|b+sc+busc+oc+utono-
m|++umcntoo+c++c|t+ioccomct|t|v|o+oc|noust||+|c|cto|nossoc|co+ocb|+s||c||+|ss+s
|oost+s o|b|t+m um+ o||ct||z ||m+||+ uc v|s+ c||+| um+ cm|cs+ |ntcg|+oo|+ +|+ s|stcm+s
cs+c|+|sc++zoc|cun||cconso||o+|o|vc|s+stccno|og|+s+m+ou|cc|o+scmun|vc|s|o+ocsc|ns-
!!z

t|tutosoccsu|s+ssob|o|m+oc|ooutos|nov+oo|csucoss+msc|ut|||z+oosno+|scno
cxtc||o|cgucm-sc+s|oost+s
1) |t|||z+|tooososmc|oso|son|vc|s+|+|ccuc|+|+scomctcnc|+s|cuc||o+s+|++|o-
ouio oc ||g+s oc t|tn|o no ||+s|| c +|+ cst|mu|+| +o mcnos um+ |noust||+ n+c|on+| +
+ou||||css+scomctcnc|+s
.) ô|+| +s ||n|+s oc csu|s+ sob|c m+tc||+|s comos|tos +v+n+oos o|s oc|+s ooc|io
|csu|t+| |nov+ocs c +tcntcs +|+ +umcnt+| + +utonom|+ cm m+tc||+|s cst|+tcg|cos oo
||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||o
!) ô|+||n|c|+t|v+soccsu|s+scocscnvo|v|mcntosoccomb|n+ocsocmct+|sb|+s|c-
|o|+oo|+scm+t||zcso||mc||c+soc|o|m++obtc|so|uocs||b||o+s|nov+oo|+socm+-
tc||+|s+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s
4) |omcnt+|+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|soc+|t+ocns|o+occnc|gct|c+
|nov+oo|csoc|o|m++mc||o|+|osscusocscmcn|osb+|x+|osscuscustosoc|oouio
c|couz||+occnocnc|+oc|nsumos|mo|t+oos
) ô|c|on+|scst|+tcg|+smont+o+s+|+osm+tc||+|so+c+oc|+cnc|gct|c+so|+|c+mb|cnt+|
|omcntoscmcsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sucsc,+mmcnos+|ct+oosc|+s
|+o|+ocsso|+|cscc|osc|c|ostc|m|cosn+tu|+|so+tc|mos|c|+tc||cst|c
3.2. Caractersticas do setor espacial
|||c|cntcs +|scs ocu+m o||c|cntcs +t+m+|cs n+ mooc|n+ conu|st+ cs+c|+| |+z-sc ncccss+||o
cntcnoc|mos+os|iooo||+s||ncstccontcxtoo|scst+os|iocuc+c+b+octc|m|n+noou+|s
s|stcm+scs+c|+|socvc|cmos|oouz||+mco|oc|ongo|+zooc|o|m+ucocss+|oouioos-
s+moscxt|+||+|utu|+ocm+no+ocm+tc||+|scst|+tcg|cos+|+oscto|cs+c|+|
1abela z-!. Lscala dos palses na moderna conqulsta espaclal
Nlvel
alcanado
Objetlvo correspondente alses ou grupos multlnaclonals
10
|csc|o+t||u|+o+cm|+|tc||obosou|c|mos |cn|um
|+scc|m+ncntcn+|u+comv|s|t++osob,ctos
|ox|mosno|stcm+o|+|
|cn|um
c
|csc|o+n+|u+com|cscn+o|b|t+|cont|nu+ |st+oos|n|ooso+^mc||c+
!!!
C++c|o+oc|noccnocntcoccnv|+|+st|on+ut+s+o
cs+o
|uss|+cC||n+
o
C++c|o+ococt|c|n+|+st|on+ut+scconouz||
m|ssocsc|cnt|c+s
|u|o+c|+io
C++c|o+oc|noccnocntcoc|+n+|s+tc||tcscm
o|b|t+o+c||+
|no|+c|s|+c|
4
|x|stcnc|+ocum+^gcnc|+|s+c|+||+c|on+|com
s+tc||tcs|o||os
^|gcnt|n+ûst|+||+||+s||C+n+o+Co|c|+oou|
||i||gc||+|+u|stio+|w+nc|c|n|+
!
|x|stcnc|+ocum+^gcnc|+|s+c|+||+c|on+|scm
s+tc||tcs|o||os
^|||c+oou|^|+b|++uo|t+^|gc||+|+ng|+ocs|
C|||cCo|c|+oo|o|tc|nooncs|+|+|+s|+|c|u
+||no|+cu|u|+
.
|x|stcnc|+oc^c+ocm|+ocC|cnc|+sc|o|m+iooc
|ccu|sos|um+nos|c|+c|on+oos+ocs+o
^|mcn|+|c|+|usC|ng+u|+Co|omb|+C|o+c|+
Cco|g|+||b+no|cx|co|ov+zc|no|+c|v|+c
Vcnczuc|+
1
|x|stcnc|+ocobsc|v+to||os|+nct+||osc;ouc|ubcs
oc+st|onom|+
^|bn|+^zc|b+|o,io|+||c|n|c||zc|o||v|+
|osn|+||unc|CongoCost+||c+Cub+|u+oo|
|g|to|m||+oos^|+bcs|n|oos|t|o|+|||||n+s
C+n+|+m+|c+|o|on|+|+z+u|stio|uw+|t||b|+
|+ccoon|+|+o+g+sc+||+||ocos|o|o+v|+
|ontcncg|o|+m|b|+Omi+t+||cub||c+
|om|n|c+n+|||+|||+n|++o,|u|stioun|s|+
u||mcn|stio||ugu+||zbcu|stioV|ctnic
z|mb+bwc
Fonte: |tt,;;www|uoson+com;s,+cc:+cc|tm
^+bc|+.-+most|+os+|scs||oc|cso+conu|st+cs+c|+|cmum+csc+|+comoczn|vc|s|cst+cs-
c+|+o||+s||++|cccnon|vc||comoum+|sucossu|um+^gcnc|+|s+c|+|cs+tc||tcs|o||os
|st+os|ioocnot+um|c|+t|vo+m+ou|cc|mcntoocnoss+s+t|v|o+ocscs+c|+|s|+ccos|iooc
out|os+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto
|n+tu|+|nosucst|on+|mossob|c+s|+zocsuc|cv+mossc|cs|um+nos+ocs+o^s|csost+s
m+|s|ox|m+s+onosson|vc|tccno|og|conoscns|n+mucoss+tc||tcs|o|c|+mv+||os|csu|t+oos|n-
tc|css+ntcs+|+cm|cgocomc|c|+|c|cnt|cooum|||t+|^mco|o+ucnovoscm+|sscns|vc|sscnso-
|cssioco|oc+oosnomc|c+oo+umcnt+o|cucoc+||c+ocsoss|vc|s+|+csscss|stcm+scs+c|+|s
^s+||c+ocsm+|scon|cc|o+ssioco|ct+oco+oosmctco|o|og|+scnso||+mcnto|cmotoc|cnc|+c
tccno|og|+cs+c|+|stc|ccomun|c+ocscont|o|coct|+|cgo+c|cocn+vcg+io|o|t+ntosioos|cto|-
nossoc|co+ocosmot|vosm+|s|mo|t+ntcs+|+ucnosoco|ucmosconu|st+cs+c|+|
|m|unioocsscs|cto|nosmu|tosoosu+|sniosiocv|ocntcs+og|+nocub||cocucos+|scs
|ocu|+m |nvcst|| cm tccno|og|+s +||c+vc|s cm |oguctcs s+tc||tcs c out|os s|stcm+s cs+c|+|s oc
!!4

|o|m+uccom|ccu|sos|o||osoucom+|t|||+oososs+mtc|ncccss|o+ocsn+c|on+|ssu||o+s
o|t+|ss|stcm+s
Oscto|cs+c|+|ossu|+|gum+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sucoto|n+ms|ngu|+|nocontcxtooosocm+|sscto-
|cso++t|v|o+oc|um+n+|nt|ccss+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socst+c+m-sc+sscgu|ntcs
Alto valor agregado - Os s|stcm+s cs+c|+|s cnvo|vcm mu|t+s vczcs m+tc||+|s cscc|+|s
c sob|ctuoo + m+n||cst+io o+ m+|s sost|c+o+ |ntc||gcnc|+ |um+n+ io ||utos |ong+-
mcntcm+tu|+oos++|toscustosoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntooonoc|csu|t+|osscus
+|tosv+|o|cs+g|cg+oos|oc+soocs+tc||tcs+o|ocmocg|+nocz+ocssc|no|c+oo|ccst|-
m+o+comoscnoo,om||oo|+|cso|u||og|+m+oc|oouto
lntenslvldade em tecnologla e lnovao-|o|scocst|n+|cm++||c+ocssost|c+o+suc|c-
mctcm||ontc||+oocon|cc|mcnto|um+nooss|stcm+scs+c|+|s+|cscnt+mc|cv+o+|nco|-
o|+iooctccno|og|+s|nov+oo|+smu|t+svczcscmn|vc|oc|otot|o|o|m+|mcntctcm+|to
otcnc|+|+|+gc|+|s|n-os|noust||+|scmmu|t+sout|+s+|c+so++t|v|o+occconom|c+
8alxa escala de produo-Oss|stcm+scs+c|+|ssio|oouz|ooscmcucnosnumc|os
cnio|+|osioun|cos|oc+soo|cxcm|oooobsc|v+to||ocs+c|+||ubb|cum+s|ngu-
|+||o+occmtc|mosoc|oouio|noust||+|m+socv+|o||nt+ng|vc|u+nto|mo|tnc|+
u+||o+occu+nt|o+ococscus|csu|t+oosc|cnt|cos|oc+sot+mbcmoonossoV|-+
oou+|+cn+st|cs|otot|osocvoo|o|+m|+b||c+oos+tc|o,c
Longos prazos de maturao-Oc|c|oocv|o+ocums|stcm+cs+c|+|c+|t|cu|+|mcntc
|ongo|+s|+scsocconccioccscc|c+ioc|ct|v+cnt|+o+cmoc|+io+ss+noo
c|+s |+scs oc csu|s+ ocscnvo|v|mcnto c |oouio no|m+|mcntc occo||cm mu|tos
+nos ô |ongo ocssc |occsso mu|t+s tccno|og|+s sio |nco|o|+o+s +o s|stcm+ |oou-
z|oocmu|t+sout|+sconco||cm+|+oscu+c||c|o+mcntoocnt|ooomcsmo|+zo
Cesto complexa-|c|+su+s|ngu|+||o+ococto||s+c|+|co|oc+cno|mcsocs+os+|+
+scsso+sucscoco|c+msu+gcstiocm+scomoo|g+n|z+iono|m+||z+io|ccu|sos
|um+noscscc|+||z+ooscsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto|n||+cst|utu|+oc|+ocsn+nc|+-
mcnto|+nc,+mcntoccont|o|c|cuc|cm+tcniocscc|+|c+o|oo||t|co|+|++umcn-
t+| + com|cx|o+oc o scto| c +|t+mcntc |cgu|+oo o+oo o cnvo|v|mcnto oc tccno|og|+s
scns|vc|socc+|+tc|ou+|(c|v||cm|||t+|)
Multldlsclpllnarldade, multlnaclonalldade e multl-lnstltuclonalldade-Oss|stcm+scs-
+c|+|ssooocmcx|st||c|+convc|gcnc|+occon|cc|mcntosmu|t|o|sc|||n+|csosu+|s
|+|+mcntcsiocncont|+ooscmumun|co|oc+|^ss|m+|++||u|ioo+s+t|v|o+ocscs+-
c|+|scno|m+|ucoco||+m+|cc||+scnt|cv+||+s|nst|tu|ocsocnt|oocummcsmo+|s
oucooc|+ocs|ntc|n+c|on+|scomosioosc+sosoo||+s||com+C||n+(s+tc||tcs)ccom
+|c|n|+(|+n+oo|cs)
!!
Lstrateglco para com os objetlvosnaclonals-|o|cnvo|vc|umcno|mcotcnc|+|occs-
t|mu|o cconom|co c um+ ||go|os+ |cgu|+io |ntc|n+c|on+| +|+ cont|o|c oc tccno|og|+s
scns|vc|soscto|cs+c|+|to|n+-sccst|+tcg|co+|++consccuiooosob,ct|voscst+bc|c-
c|oosc|oscst+oosn+c|on+|s^cxt|+o|+ioootcm++|++s|c|+ocs|ntc|n+c|on+|sc
occo||cnc|+obv|++|t|cu|+|mcntcsctcm+scs+c|+|scnuc|c+|cscnt|+|cmcm|ntc|+io
|st+c+|+ctc||st|c+cx||c+o|+tooccx|st||cmo||t|c+sn+c|on+|scscc|c+soc+o|o+o
cto||s+c|+|
Lxlstncla de lnstrumentos de controlc - O cto| |s+c|+| c +|t+mcntc |cgu|+oo cm
|unio o+ scns|b|||o+oc o+s +||c+ocs uc oocm occo||c| oc su+s tccno|og|+s Como
|oguctcsocsono+gcmcvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcsoocmt|+nsmut+|-sccmm|ssc|s
|cg|mcs |n|o|m+|s como o ||ss||c cc|no|ogy Cont|o| |cg|mc (|C|) c |nst|umcntos
|o|m+|scomoo|+t+oooc|io-||o|||c|+io|uc|c+|(||)sio+||c+oos+|+cont|o|+|
+stccno|og|+scnvo|v|o+sc+s|c|+ocs|ntc|n+c|on+|sComb+scncsscs|cg|mcsct|+t+oos
cmb+|gos tccno|og|cos sio |mostos c|+s n+ocs ocscnvo|v|o+s s cmc|gcntcs cnvo|-
vcnootooososm+tc||+|scomoncntcscs|stcm+scs+c|+|s
Alta qualldade -^ss|mcomooco||cnoscto|+c|on+ut|co+t|v|o+ocsoccc|t|c+iov|-
s+mg+|+nt||+scgu|+n+c|ntcg||o+ocooss|stcm+s|+n+oosco+scsso+sucosoc-
|+mcucc|m+ncccmn+suc|||c|ctc||cst|c|ss+s+t|v|o+ocscnvo|vcm+ocn|iooc
|cu|s|tosoccc|t|c+iono|m+s+o|ocs|n||+cst|utu|+|+bo|+to||+|oc|+n+mcntococ
mon|to|+mcntooc|o|m+++sscgu|+|+u+||o+ocoos|ooutoscsc|v|oscs+c|+|s|o
c+sooosm+tc||+|scss+u+||o+octcm|n|c|on+c+|+ctc||z+iooc|nsumosoc|o|m+uc
+ssu+s|o||co+ocssc,+mvc||c+o+scmct+soctc|m|n+o+soss+msc|+t|ng|o+scom
s+t|s|+iooos|cu|s|toscst+bc|cc|oos
3.3. Organizao do setor espacial brasileiro
^s +t|v|o+ocs cs+c|+|s no ||+s|| cstio o|g+n|z+o+s com b+sc no |stcm+ |+c|on+| oc |cscnvo|v|-
mcntooc^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s(|no+c)|stcs|stcm+|o||nst|tu|ooc|o|cc|cton
o
+,,,oc+ooc,u-
||ooc+,,escnooconst|tu|ooo|t|cscomoncntcsumo|gioccnt|+|+^gcnc|+|s+c|+|||+s||c|-
|+(^||)|csons+vc|c|+coo|ocn+iogc|+|oo|stcm+o|giosscto||+|s|csons+vc|sc|+coo|oc-
n+ioscto||+|ccxccuioo+s+ocscont|o+sno||og|+m+|+c|on+|oc^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s(||^|)
co|giosccnt|o+ocs+|t|c|+ntcs|csons+vc|sc|+cxccuiooc+ocscscc|c+soo||^||o|-
m+||z+o+s+t|+vcsocconvcn|osoc+|t|c|+io
^^||o|gioccnt|+|oo|no+ccum++ut+|u|+|coc|+|ocn+tu|cz+c|v||c||+o+o|mc|oo+
|c|n
o
ss,|oc+ooc|cvc|c||ooc+,,|+|+coo|ocn+|c|omovc|oocscnvo|v|mcntooc+t|v|o+-
!!6

ocscs+c|+|soc|ntc|csscn+c|on+|Oso|giosscto||+|soo|no+csioo|c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+^c|ocs+c|+|(|C^)c|tcnccntccst|utu|+ooCom+c|c||n|stc||oo+|c|cs+(||)
co|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc|csu|s+s|s+c|+|s(|nc)c|tcnccntccst|utu|+oo|C+t|+vcsocsu+
ubscc|ct+||+ocCont|o|co+s|n|o+ocsoc|csu|s+(C||)
û|t|m++tu+||z+ioo+|||^||o||c+||z+o++t|+vcsoo|cc|cton
o
+,,.cmsococzcmb|ooc
+,,||st+o||t|c+tcmcomoob,ct|vogc|+||omovc|+c++c|o+ocoo|+|s+|+scgunoocon-
vcn|cnc|+cc||tc||os|o||osut|||z+|os|ccu|sosc+stccn|c+scs+c|+|sn+so|uiooc|ob|cm+s
n+c|on+|s c cm bcnc||c|o o+ soc|co+oc b|+s||c||+ |cstc ob,ct|vo gc|+| su|gcm os scgu|ntcs t|cs
ob,ct|voscscc|cos
1) cst+bc|cc|mcntono+|soccomctcnc|+tccn|co-c|cnt|c+n++|c+cs+c|+|uc||cos-
s|b|||tc+tu+|com|c+|+utonom|+
.) |omoioooocscnvo|v|mcntoocs|stcm+scs+c|+|sbcmcomoocmc|ostccn|c+sc|n-
||+cst|utu|+ocso|oco||csonocntcsucvcn|+m|o|c|+|+o||+s||+o|son|b|||o+ococ
sc|v|osc|n|o|m+ocsocsu+ncccss|o+ocou|ntc|csscc
!) +ocu+io oo scto| |oout|vo b|+s||c||o +|+ +|t|c|+| c +ou|||| comct|t|v|o+oc cm
mc|c+oosocbcnscsc|v|oscs+c|+|s
3.4. Uma indstria espacial para o Brasil reinventando a Embraer
^|m|cs+||+s||c||+oc^c|on+ut|c+^(|mb|+c|)|o|c||+o+cm+,e,+|+|oouz||um+ccntcn+
oc+v|ocs|+noc||+ntc+tcnocnoo+um+cncomcno+oocntio||n|stc||oo+^c|on+ut|c+Oooc|
occom|+oo|st+oob|+s||c||o|o|us+ooncss+oc+s|io+|+gc|+|um+ocm+no+uc,ust|c+sscoo
ontoocv|st+cconom|co+|oouiosc||+o+ocssc+v|io
^gcncsco+|mb|+c||o|um|o,cto|n|c|+oocm+,e,nocntio|nst|tutooc|csu|s+sc|cscnvo|v|-
mcnto(|||)oocntioCcnt|occn|coo+^c|on+ut|c+(C^)|cssc|o,ctoum+v|iob|moto|tu|-
boc||cc|obusto|o|conccb|oococscnvo|v|oo+|+oc|+|cm|st+socs|c+|+o+sno|ntc||o|oo
|+|sV|su+||z+v+-sct+mbcm+oss|b|||o+ococcxo|t+io|cs|otot|os|o|+mconst|u|oos+|+
ocmonst|+|+v|+b|||o+octccn|c+oo|o,cto|o|cmo|u+scum+nonio|ouvcum+so|uio|n-
oust||+|+|++|oouioo++c|on+vc
|o|o,ctooo+v|io|+noc||+ntcoCô|g+n|z+ioconccb|o++|+|o|m+||ccu|sos|um+nos
|c+||z+| csu|s+s c ocscnvo|vc| so|uocs tccno|og|c+s oc |ntc|cssc oo cto| ^c|on+ut|co ||+s|-
!!7
|c||otcvcuc|+zc|o+c|oc|noust||+|cn|um+|noust||++c|on+ut|c+n+c|on+|cnio|+v|+
mu|t+soocsn+coc++|||scou-sc++ssum||o|o,cto|ouvcucm+|cscnt+ssc+sugcstio
ocvcnoc|o|o,cto+|+um+|noust||+cst|+ngc||+|c||zmcntccst+nio|o|+cst|+tcg|+csco|||o+
c|osgcsto|cso+coc+
|ioccnunc+|o|m|ssioooC^|+b||c+|s|stcm+s+c|ocs+c|+|scu+c||nst|tuc|on+|scm|c
|o|ooccx|o|+|ocscnvo|vc|tccno|og|+sccst|mu|+|+|noust||+n+c|on+|+c++c|t+|-sc+|+|o-
ouz||t+|ss|stcm+s^ntcsoo+v|io|+noc||+ntcoo|sout|osg|+nocs|o,ctos|o|+mocscnvo|v|oos
noCcnt|om+snio|o|+m+o|+ntcococmonst|+oo|csocconcc|tosc|otot|os++c|on+vcm|st+
c|+m+o+ocConvc|t||+noco|c||cotc|o|c|,+-||o|
||+t|c+mcntc ou+s occ+o+s |o|+m ncccss+||+s ocsoc + c||+io oo |nst|tuto ccno|og|co oc ^c|o-
n+ut|c+(|^)+|+uc|osscconccb|o+um+so|uio|noust||+|+c|on+ut|c+ocn|t|v+no||+s|||ssc
ccn+||o|o,cb+st+ntccon|cc|ooniosc|cct|unocto||s+c|+|
O|C^vcmocscnvo|vcnooo|vc|sost|osoc|oguctcsocsono+gcm|+m+|socu+t|oocc+o+s
coVc|cu|o|+n+oo|oc+tc||tcs(V|-+)|+m+|socou+socc+o+s|mtoooscsscsc+soso||+|t+
ocum+so|uio|noust||+|o|c+|t+mcntov|u-scn+|mos|iooc|+t|c+|o+c|oc|ntcg|+oo|
ooos os comoncntcs subs|stcm+s c s|stcm+s |o|+m conccb|oos |o,ct+oos tcst+oos c |oou-
z|oosouno|o||o|Côusobcncomcno+oo|c+|t+mcnton+s|noust||+s|o,cniocx|stc
um+cm|cs+ucsc|csons+b|||zcc|ost|+b+||osocmont+|too+s+s+|tcs|oouz|o+scc|t|c+|
s|stcm+sc|ntcg|+|s|stcm+scom|ctos+|+ut|||z+ioostc||o|
Ost|+b+||osoo|nccoms+tc||tcsnio+|cscnt+mccn+||osmu|too|st|ntosoosuc,+|o|+m+u|
ocsc||tos+|+o|C^|iocx|stcm|noust||+s|ntcg|+oo|+socs+tc||tcsno||+s||Comcss+c+|cnc|+
vc-sco|nst|tuton+cont|ngcnc|+oc|oouz||+|tcs in-housecont|+t+||noust||+s+|+m+nu|+tu|+|
comoncntcsc|+zc|c|c|o||oo+c|oc|ntcg|+oo||m+conscucnc|+o||ct+ocsscccn+||oc
uco|nctcmucossu|||ccu|sos|um+nos|nst+|+ocs|+bo|+to||+|sc|n||+cst|utu|+succm
||mc||+|nstnc|+ooc||+mcst+||oc+||z+o+scm|noust||+s^cs+|ocsc|cms|stcm+soc+|t|ss|mo
v+|o|+g|cg+ooo+o|ocmoc|,,om||o|u||og|+m+s+tc||tcs+|no+niosio|oouz|oosno||+s||
cmu+nt|o+ocsuc|cntc+|+cnco|+,+||n|c|+t|v+s|noust||+|s||v+o+s
^contccc uc cst+mos v|vcnoo um momcnto +|t|cu|+|mcntc cscc|+| n+ ||sto||+ oo ||og|+m+
|s+c|+|||+s||c||ocmoss+tc||tcscmo|b|t+|+m+|socum+occ+o+combomocscmcn|ocxcc-
ocnoo+scxcct+t|v+soc|o,ctoOs|cto|nossoc|co+occscc|+|mcntcnouct+ngc++||c+ocs
ocscnso||+mcnto|cmotocst+bc|cccm+o|ocs|nco|tosoccxcc|cnc|+|no|son|vc|scmv+||osou-
!!8

t|os+|scscons|oc|+oostccno|og|c+mcntcm+|s+v+n+oos|o|+m|ctom+ooscomv|go|ost|+b+-
||osoc|cconst|uioo+o||c|ovc|oc|ntcg|+io(||)ncccss+||++|+|ntcg|+iocmont+gcm
cm^|cnt+|+ooVc|cu|o|+n+oo|oc+tc||tcs||osscgucmt+mbcmost|+b+||osocmc||o||+oos
s|stcm+succomocmcstcvc|cu|o+umcnt+noo+su+con+b|||o+oc
|+soucto|n+mostcmosv|v|oosun|cosnocto|cuctcstcmun|+mos|cccntcmcntc+con-
c|usio o+ cc|t|c+io oo ||mc||o s|stcm+ cs+c|+| com|cto oo ||+s|| scgunoo no|m+s oc |cco-
n|cc|mcnto |ntc|n+c|on+| |+t+-sc oo |oguctc oc sono+gcm V|-,o ocscnvo|v|oo no ||+s|| com
+|t|c|+ioo+^|cm+n|+
Os|otot|osoo+v|io|+noc||+ntc|o|+mocscnvo|v|oosscmuc|cu|s|tosoccc|t|c+iogu|+s-
scmo|o,ctomcsmoo|uct+|s|cu|s|tosniocx|st|+mcoc+|+v|+no|m+s+|++v|ocsc-
ucnos(|^|-.,)c+|++v|ocsg|+nocsoct|+nso|tc(|^|-.,)Osb|+s||c||os|+v|+m|nov+oocx|o-
|+nooumn|c|ocomc|c|+|+|+ou+||cg|+soccc|t|c+ioniot|n|+m+|no+s|oocst+bc|cc|o+s
^cn+sn+occ+o+oc+,;o+os|ntcns+sncgoc|+ocstccn|c+so||t|c+sco||om+t|c+scucos
no|tc-+mc||c+nosocc|o||+mc||+|um+cxtcnsiocscc|+|ocsu+s|cg|+soccc|t|c+ioo|^|-.,
+||c+vc|++v|ocsoot+m+n|ooo|+noc||+ntc|o|css+cc|t|c+ioucc|m|t|u+cnt|+o+oo+v|io
nomc|c+ooo+uc|c+|s+m||+nooosuccssocomc|c|+|oomooc|oc+conso||o+ioo+|mb|+c|
comoum+nov+|noust||++c|on+ut|c+
^cc|t|c+ioooV|-,os|gn|c+o|ccon|cc|mcntooc|+|c|o|st+oob|+s||c||oo|mc|ooo|ns-
t|tutooc|omcntocCoo|ocn+io|noust||+|(|||)ocuccstc|oguctcocsono+gcmcum|oouto
ocu+||o+ocuc+tcnoc+osm+|s||go|osos|cu|s|toscst+bc|cc|oos+|+umcngcn|oocsu+c|+ssc
|stc|ccon|cc|mcnto+||+oo,+cons+g|+o+comctcnc|+ocnosso+|scmcc|t|c+io+c|on+u-
t|c+cumcxcc|cntct|un|o+|+uco|oguctcocsono+gcmV|-,ooss+sc|cxo|t+oocomo,+
cst+scnoo+|++^|cm+n|+^+m||+iooomc|c+oocmocco||cnc|+ocss+cc|t|c+iooocv||
+tc|bo+s|cc|cussocs+|++s|noust||+s+ssoc|+o+s+oscto|cs+c|+|b|+s||c||o
|x|stcum+|o|m+|+c|on+|+|+sc+v+||+|+m+tu||o+ococtccno|og|+scc|m|t||um+com+|+io
cnt|cc|+s^|+s+ocscnvo|vcu+|+cstcscx+tos|oos|tosum+csc+|++ucc|+mouocTechno-
logy Readiness Levels(||vc|soc|+tu||o+occcno|og|c+)|+t+-scocum+scucnc|+ocnovccst+-
g|os+ss|m|ocnt|c+oos
1) |||nc||osb+s|cosobsc|v+oosc|c|+t+oos
.) Concc|totccno|og|coc;ou+||c+io|o|mu|+oo(+)
!) |unioc||t|c+ou|ov+-oc-concc|toocmonst|+o+
!!9
4) Comoncntcc;ou+||c+ioocscnvo|v|oo(+)
) Comoncntcv+||o+oocm+mb|cntcoc|+c|on+|
o) |stcm+c;oucomoncntcc||t|coocmonst|+oo
) ||otot|oocmonst|+oocm+mb|cntcoc|+c|on+|
c) |stcm+|c+|com|ctocu+||c+oocmtcstcsc
) |stcm+|c+|+|ov+oocmm|ssocsoc|+c|on+|s
|x|stcum|occssooct+||+ooo|oct|+socst+scucnc|+ocnovccst+g|osôs||mc||oscst+g|os
costum+-sc+ssoc|+|un|vc|s|o+ocscomo|ug+|cst||cosococo||cnc|+|+|+cst+g|os|ntc|mco|+||os
os|ug+|cst||cosocvcmsc||nst|tutosoc|csu|s+sc|cscnvo|v|mcnto(||)|++|+cst+g|osm+|s
m+ou|osos|oc+|sm+|s+|o||+oossio|noust||+s
|ct+||cs+|tccstctcm+c|cv+nt+oo+u|+|+c|m|t||u+||c+|oV|-+comoums|stcm++tu-
+|mcntccmn|vc|;um|otot|oocmonst|+oocm+mb|cntcoc|+c|on+|oV|-,ocomoum
s|stcm++tu+|mcntccmn|vc|sums|stcm+|c+|com|ctocu+||c+oocmtcstcscnossoss+tc-
||tcs ocscnvo|v|oos c co|oc+oos cm o|b|t+ como s|stcm+s +tu+|mcntc cm n|vc| , s|stcm+s |c+|s
+|ov+ooscmm|ssocsoc|+c|on+|s|ss+su+||c+ocssc|vcm+|+ocmonst|+|+m+tu||o+ocoo
||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||om+tu||o+occst+uc|cc|+m++omcnosum+|noust||+cscc|+||z+o++
o+|-||csuo|tc
^|cmoos|oguctcsocsono+gcmV|-,oooVc|cu|o|+n+oo|oc+tc||tcsV|-+cocs+tc||tcsou-
t|os|ooutoscstioscnooconccb|ooscocscnvo|v|oos+|+octo||s+c|+|comouscm+|cc||os
|ntc|n+c|on+|s|x|stcms|n+|socucomc|c+oooccucnoss+tc||tcscmo|b|t+b+|x+ooc|++uc-
cc|-scn+s|ox|m+socc+o+sc||+nooocm+no+,ust+mcntc+|+on|c|ooc|+n+oo|csuccst+mos
ocscnvo|vcnoo|o|t+ntoto|n+-sccst|+tcg|couccstc,+mos|c+|+oos+|++|ovc|t+|+soo|tu-
n|o+ocsucsu|g||cm+|++|oouiocm|noust||+n+c|on+|ocsscss|stcm+scs+c|+|s
|st+o|scussio|cst+-scocsuo|tc+|cscnt+ioo+|oost+||oc|oo|cscntc+|t|go|ssos|gn|-
c+ucout|+s|oost+socco||cmoc|+ouconco||cm+|+oscusuccsso^c++c|o+ocmob|||z+-
oo|+ocst+|oost+cuc,ust|c++su++|cscnt+iocm||mc||o|ug+|^|og|c+ut|||z+o+c+oc
ucnioocvc|+|+vc||oouioouconsumoocm+tc||+|soocto||s+c|+|scmucsc,+mc||+o+s
|+zocs+|+|sto+|noust||+||z+iooc|oguctcsocsono+gcmvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcss+tc||-
tcs+|+o|vc|s+s+||c+ocscout|oss|stcm+scs+c|+|s
^|oost+cc||+|um+cm|cs+|ntcg|+oo|++|+s|stcm+scs+c|+|sc++zoc|cun||cconso||o+|o|vc|-
s+stccno|og|+s+m+ou|cc|o+scmun|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+ssob|o|m+oc|ooutos|nov+-
!40

oo|csucoss+msc|ut|||z+oosno|+|scnocxtc||o||st+cm|cs+ocvcsc|um+soc|co+oc+non|m+
com|o|tc+|t|c|+iocst+t+|oc|o|m++|cccbc||n|c|+|mcntcsubs|o|osoo|st+oo||+s||c||oucos-
s+m+sscgu|+|+su+cont|nu|o+occnu+ntomc|c+oosocs|stcm+scs+c|+|ssc,+mconu|st+oos+u|c
nocxtc||o||m+vczconso||o+o++cm|cs+ooc|+tc|+ssu+s+ocsncgoc|+o+scmmc|c+ooc+noo
m+nt|ooocont|o|c+c|on+||oc|ogovc|noc+oiocst+t+|o|um+golden sharescmc||+n+o+
|mb|+c|+|+g+|+nt||os|ntc|csscsm+|o|csoo|st+oonosocst|noso+cm|cs+
3.5. Materiais avanados para atendimento ao PNAE
|x|stcmg|+nocsocs+osn++|t|cu|+iooosg|+nocs+to|cs|nst|tuc|on+|s+|++||n|+mcntoo+so-
||t|c+sub||c+sooscto|cs+c|+|c+|+on+nc|+mcntoo+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscscc|+-
||z+oos+|+|o,ctosoccsu|s+scocscnvo|v|mcntocmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|++||c+ocscs-
+c|+|s|ouct+ngc+|t|cu|+io+s|nst|tu|ocscxt|cm+sno+m|ocscct|o+sc|+c|on+oosio
o|um|+oo+^ssoc|+io^c|ocs+c|+|||+s||c||+(^^|)uccnvo|vc|o|csso|csccsu|s+oo|cs
oocto|co|out|o|+oo+^ssoc|+ioo+s|noust||+s^c|ocs+c|+|soo||+s||(^|^|)uccnvo|vc
oscntcs|oout|vos|ouct+ngc+on+nc|+mcntoo+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos+o|scussio
ocvcncccss+||+mcntccnvo|vc|too+s+soss|b|||o+ocsub||c+sc||v+o+s+|cmooConsc||o|+-
c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntoC|cnt|cocccno|og|co(C||)c+Coo|ocn+iooc^c||c|o+mcnto
oc|csso+|oc||vc|uc||o|(C+cs)
cnooo|b+scosob,ct|voscscc|coso+|||^|o||^||cccbcucm.oo,+su+u|t|m+|cv|sio
v+||o++|+oocccn|o.oo,-.o+||ot|c|+s|cccntcsoiocont+uccstiocm+no+mcntot|+b+||os
+|+m+|sum+|oo+o+oc+tu+||z+iooo||^|sob||oc|+n+o+^||^csc|+n+cuccstc+|t|-
gooss+cont||bu||os|t|v+mcntcn+s+n+||scsocb+tcsc+|t|cu|+ocsuc||io|csu|t+|ocss+nov+
|cv|siooo||og|+m+
|+|scscc|c+mcntccstc+|t|gotcmo|ob,ct|vo+|cscnt+|c|nco|oost+sucoss+m|omo-
vc|+ocsn++|c+ocm+tc||+|scm+o|o+octo||s+c|+||+|+uc|ssooss+oco||c|css+s|o-
ost+socvcmtc|um+||n|+mcntocom+so||t|c+s|og|+m+sco||ct||zcsscto||+|s|+zioc|+u+|
csscsc|cmcntosno|tc+oo|cs|o|+mo|sostos|n|c|+|mcntcncst+o|scussio
^s|ox|m+sc|ncoscocsocstc+|t|gosiooco|c+o+s+|cscnt+ioo+s|oost+s|ocnt|c+o+s
C+o+sciocont+comt|cs+|tcs^||mc||+coco|c+o+ocsc||ioooccn+||ocmucotcm+
!4!
sc|oc+||z+^scguno+coco|c+o++gcno+oc|||c|+c|on+o++otcm+||n+|mcntc+tc|cc||+c
oco|c+o++|cscnt+ioo+|oost+ootcm+s|ntct|z+noo+o|scussioo+s+|tcs+ntc||o|cs
3.6. Materiais metlicos de alta resistncia mecnica e trmica
!.6.!. Cenarlo
Osmoto|cs-|oguctcsoccombust|vc|so||oossiocm|cg+oosn+s||mc||+s|+scsocvoocmmu|-
toss|stcm+scs+c|+|s|oc+sooo Space Shuttleccoc+sot+mbcmoos|oguctcscmoc|+io
no||+s|||sscsmoto|csoc|+mcomsu+scst|utu|+ssu,c|t+s++|t+stcnsocsc+|t+stcmc|+tu|+s
|ss+stcnsocstcmo||gcmn+s|cssocsctcmc|+tu|+s|ntc|n+suc|cc|s+msc||cs|st|o+sc|o
cnvc|ocoomoto|
^|t+stcmc|+tu|+st+mbcmtcmum+o||gcmcxtc|n+c|o|cnomcnooo+ucc|mcnto+c|oo|nm|co
|sto+contccctoo+vczucocnvc|occxtc|noocum++c|on+vcscocs|oc+com+|t+vc|oc|o+occm
mc|o++|suc|cntcmcntcocnso|oc+sooos|oguctcscomvc|oc|o+ocssuc|son|c+sn+sb+|x+sc+-
m+o+so++tmos|c|+ccoc+soocs|stcm+suc|ccnt|+m++tmos|c|+comvc|oc|o+ocs||c|son|c+s
|m|csumocst|utu|+socs|stcm+scs+c|+|s|cc|+m+mocm|cgoocm+tc||+|s+|t+mcntc|cs|stcntcs
+tcnsocsctcmc|+tu|+sc|cv+o+sOsm+tc||+|smct+||cossioos||mc||osc+no|o+tos+su|||cm
css+sncccss|o+ocs|m||mc||+||n|+tcmosos+os|mscguno++s||g+soct|tn|o
Os+osocu|t|+-+|t+|cs|stcnc|+sioocg|+noc|mo|tnc|+cm+|c+scst|+tcg|c+sO||+s||cn||cntou
umocs+otccno|og|co+|+oom|n+|oc|c|ooc|oouioct|+t+mcntooo+o,oo|cmocc+o+s
+ss+o+s+oot+|o|const|u||no|o,ctoooV|-+omoto|oo|oguctcocsono+gcmono+|V
comos+os,oo|c|,|o
Con|o|mcocmonst|+moscxcm|osoc+||c+ocsos+osocu|t|+-+|t+|cs|stcnc|+tcmg|+noc|c-
|cvnc|+cm|o,ctos+c|ocs+c|+|sscnooo|t+ntom+tc||+|scst|+tcg|cos|o|cmc|csoocmsc|
ut|||z+oost+mbcmcmm+u|n+scs+o+sm+u|n+s+g||co|+s+utomovc|s|+t+|o|m+sct|o|||c|+s
v+sosoc|cssiocmus|n+snuc|c+|cscout|osnscst|utu|+|sscvc|os+umcnt+nooootcnc|+|oc
+||c+ioocsscsm+tc||+|s
!4z

Os+osmaragingocsc|t+mt+mbcm|ntc|csscsooontoocv|st++c+ocm|coum+vczuc+t|+ns-
|o|m+iom+|tcns|t|c+ncsscsm+tc||+|scoucocon|cc|o+cont|+st+noocomocon|cc|mcntoo|so-
n|vc|+|+os+osconvcnc|on+|sComoo|scut|oocx|stcmoss|b|||o+ocsoc|nov+|sob|cos+os|o-
ouz|oosno||+s|||+s+soss|b|||o+ocs+|cccmsc|+|no+m+|s|ntc|css+ntcs+|++s||g+soct|tn|o
Ot|tn|ocumoosmct+|sm+|s|mo|t+ntcs+|++s+||c+ocscs+c|+|scm|+zioocsu+s|o||c-
o+ocs|nt|cc|+socst+c+m-sc+c|cv+o+|c|+iocnt|c|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+ccso|o||o++|t+|c-
s|stcnc|++tcmc|+tu|+sc|cv+o+sc+c|cv+o+|cs|stcnc|+co||osio^|cmo|sso||g+soct|tn|o+|c-
scnt+mbo+b|ocom+t|b|||o+oc|ccomcno+noo-+s+|++||c+ocsn++|c+ocmco|c|n++|t|cu|+|-
mcntccmo|toco|+|st+t|+nsvc|s+||o+ocgc|+ocm+no++o|c|on+|cmc|c+oo+|+css+s||g+s
u+noon+occ+o+oc+,eo|o|+mocscnvo|v|oosos||mc||os+v|ocssuc|son|cos+|+oc|+io
cm+|t|tuocsc|cv+o+s||g+soct|tn|oto|n+|+m-sccomunscm+||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s|o|cstco
c+sooo+v|io|-;+Blackbirdocscnvo|v|oo+|+m|ssocsoc|ccon|cc|mcntocst|+tcg|con++|t++t-
mos|c|+|o|+oo+|c+nccocs|stcm+st|+o|c|on+|sococ|cs+cm|cg+noom|ssc|sCc|c+oc,,/o+
cst|utu|+ocstc+v|ioc|c|t+comt|tn|oc++zocsuo|t+|tcmc|+tu|+so+o|ocmoc,oog|+us
ccnt|g|+oosn++|t|tuococvoo
^|oouiooct|tn|oc|c+||z+o+|o,cc|o|occsso||o||+t|+vcso+|couiooo|C|
|
c|om+gncs|oou
c|oc+|c|oOm+gncs|oco|c|c||ooo||+zocstc|moo|nm|c+s||ntc|css+ntcobsc|v+|ucomcsmo
|occssooc|oouiooot|tn|omct+||cot+mbcmsc|cst+oou|n|omct+||cocom+subst|tu|iooo
|C|
|
c|o||
|
m+nt|o+s+smcsm+scono|ocsoc|couiout|||z+o+s+|+ot|tn|occomcons|oc|+ocs
tc|moo|nm|c+scscc|c+scomoo|cxcm|o+s|c|+t|v+scnc|g|+||v|coc|c+io
|m|+ziooc+||c+ocscomo+socsc||t+sncstc+|t|go||g+soct|tn|o+ss+|+m+sc|cons|oc|+o+s
comom+tc||+|scst|+tcg|coscoocscnvo|v|mcntoocsscsm+tc||+|so||noust||+sn+c|on+|s+ssou+
sc|mct+oos+|scsm+|socscnvo|v|oosoo|+nct+
^com+n|+nooocst+oo-o+-+|tccsu|s+oo|csb|+s||c||ossco|+oosnoC^cmio|oscoosC+m-
osocscnvo|vc|+m++|t||oc+,e,csu|s+sc|o,ctosnoscnt|ooocoom|n+|+tccno|og|+oc
|oouiooct|tn|o^||v|siooc|+tc||+|soocntio|||ocscnvo|vcucomsuccssocomo|csu|t+oo
ocstct|+b+||o+un|c+us|n+||oto+|++obtcniooct|tn|omct+||con+^mc||c+|+t|n+
ûs|n+|o||n+ugu|+o+cm+,es|o|n|c|ooos+nos+,;ocss+us|n+,+|oouz|+um+ccntcn+ocu|-
|og|+m+soccson,+oct|tn|omct+||coo|co|||o+|os+nosscgu|ntcs+|oouio|o|+m||+o+
cost|+b+||os|o|+mcncc||+oosscnoo+tccno|og|+oc|oouiocons|oc|+o+oom|n+o+|m+,;;
!4!
|o|ocos|t+ooumco|oooc+tcntcoc|occsso|oout|vo,unto+o|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc||o||c-
o+oc|noust||+|(||||)
|+ssou-scum+occ+o++|+ucoCûocssct|+ns|c|||+stccno|og|+socscnvo|v|o+sn+|oouio
oct|tn|o+|+um+subs|o|+||+o+cntioCom+n||+V+|coo||o|occ(CV||)^|oouioc|+
CV|||o||n|c|+o+cm+,sscm+nt+|uz|+n+s|ox|m|o+ocsoc|c|o|o||zontc^|||o|+m|oou-
z|o+ssotonc|+o+socstcm+tc||+||n|c||zmcntccmoucos+nos+Com+n||+tcvco|cu|o+ocs-
n+ncc||+sc|co||cntouosscusob,ct|vosocscont|nu+noocstc|o,cto|m+,,|+CV||ocvo|vcu
tooososcu|+mcntosoo|o,cto+oC^cocsoccntion+o+m+|s|o||c+||z+oo+|++|oouio
oct|tn|ono|+|sO||+s||ucooc||+sc|umg|+noc|oouto|ccxo|t+oo|ocstcm+tc||+|cst|+-
tcg|co|cg|co|uocsoccntiocono|iooc|mo|t+oo|
^+tcntcocos|t+o+c|oC^,unto+o|n|cocum|occsso|nco|tocmuc+sct++soc|cou-
iococst||+iooco||cmcmummcsmocu|+mcnto|stc|csu|t+oo|o||ccon|cc|ooc|+outo|g+
+oCcnt|ooo||cm|oCovc|n+oo|oo|st+ooocio|+u|ocm+,so|st+mcsm+tccno|og|+oocsc|
cm|cg+o++|++|couioocout|osc|o|ctosmct+||coscocmct+|s|c+t|voscomooz||con|ou|-
n|on|ob|ocm+gncs|o^|cmocsscsocsoob|+mcntoso|o,ctoocscnvo|v|oonoC^|o|c|ou+u-
mcnton+cxc||cnc|+comtccno|og|+s|c|+c|on+o+s+ov+cuo+|++m+nu|+tu|+oc||g+s|c+t|v+sc
|cnoocmct+|so+nooo||gcm+m+|sum+cm|cs+b|+s||c||+oco|c+o++cstctcm++||ct|omct+|
^|cmo+s+||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|sot|tn|occm|cg+oo|o,ccmc|cmcntosoc+|u|tctu|+o+ooo
cxcc|cntc+c+b+mcntoucomct+|+|cscnt++mbcmcut|||z+oocm+||c+ocsot|c+scomocm
+|m+ocsococu|oscm+utoc+scmcu|+mcntoscso|t|voscomo|+uctcsoctcn|soc+|to
ocscmcn|o c cm |m|+ntcs o|toco|cos |ss+s +||c+ocs cm o||c|cntcs scto|cs ocsc|cvcm um
otcnc|+|+n|m+oo|ocmc|c+oo+|+csscsm+tc||+|s
!.6.z. Agenda de 8U para aos e llgas de tltanlo
^cs+|oc+|c+n+|+|tos||m|tcsoccsco+mcntococ|cs|stcnc|+o+o,oo|nio+t|ngc+tcn+c|-
o+oc+|c+n+o+o|+|guns+osucoocmsc|cnou|cc|ooso||cc||t+io|css+c|scct|v+
c|uno+mcnt+|ooom|n|otccno|og|cooos+os|nox|o+vc|scnou|cc|vc|so||cc||t+iocomoo
+,-,||cos+osmaraging|ncont|+m-sc+|no+ncss+c+tcgo||+os+oscomcnou|cc|mcntosccun-
o+||ocomoo||-,-|-.o||-,-|-,o|+so^|+|+oc^c||ct+oo+|t+mcntc|ccomcno+oos+|+
+||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s
!44

Cons|oc|+oos como +os cscc|+|s os +os +|+ +|t+s tcmc|+tu|+s oc t|+b+||o cstio ||m|t+oos +
++oo
o
Cocv|ootcmc|+tu|+oc|usiooo|c||o||csncccss|t+mocc|cmcntosoc||g++c|m+oc,/
(cm+|gunsc+sosc|cg+noo+cc|c+oc,o/)+|+cv|t+|+co||osiomc||o|+|cg+|+nt||+|ntcg||o+oc
oomct+||stc|tcmc|mo|t+ntc+|++umcnt+|ov+|o|+g|cg+oooos+osn+c|on+|s
Os+osoocmsc|o|v|o|ooscmu+t|oc+tcgo||+s+os|nox|o+vc|s+ustcn|t|coscom+|totco|oc
n|uc|ccst|utu|+|c|||t|c+|nox|o+vc|sm+|tcns|t|cosc+os|nox|o+vc|s+ss|vc|soccnou|cc|mcnto
o||cc||t+io|oocmsc||nc|u|o+sncstc|tcm+ssuc|||g+sb+scoc|c||ocomc|cv+ootco|oc
c|cmcntosoc||g+como+||g++eC|.,||e|o|mtc|mosoc||csc|+-scucmc||o||+stccno|o-
g|c+snotco|oc||g+c|occss+mcntooss+mmc||o|+|+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socsscs+os
|moosocscnvo|v|mcntosocg|+noc|m+cton+occ+o+oc+,eo|o|ooos+osmaraging(con-
t|+io oo tc|mo tccn|co cm |ng|cs martensite aging) io +os m+|tcns|t|cos oc b+|xo tco| oc
c+|bono+|t+mcntc||g+ooscmuc++|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+c+|c+n+o+o|cnvc||cc|mcnto
cnionocst+oom+|tcns|t|cocomonos+osconvcnc|on+|sôcont|+||oocmu|tos+osoc+|t+
|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+os+osmaraging+|cscnt+mouc+o|sto|ioo|mcns|on+|nost|+t+mcn-
tostc|m|cosbo+so|o+b|||o+ocbo+comb|n+iooc|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+ctcn+c|o+ocouc|+-
c|||t++su+ut|||z+io
^cvo|uioc|ono|og|c+ocstcs+osco+o+c|os+osmaraging.oo.,o,ooc,,ocmucosnu-
mc|oss|gn|c+m||m|tcsoccsco+mcntocm|s|io+oscom||m|tcsoctcnsiooccsco+mcntov+-
||+noocnt|c+o,oc.|oo||+Os+osmaragingcxc||mcnt+|sob,ct|v+mtcnsiooccsco+mcnto
cxt|cm+mcntc+|t+cnt|c.soo+,|oo||+(c|+sscs,,o|ooc|,o)io+oscom+|totco|occ|c-
mcntosoc||g+comoon|uc|ocob+|tocomo||bocn|ocb+|xotco|occ+|bonoOc+|bononcss+s
||g+sc|mu|cz+ocvcnoosu++|t|c|+iosc|m+nt|o++m+|sb+|x+oss|vc|
Os+osmaragingsiooc|uno+mcnt+||ntc|csscnosscto|csnuc|c+|c+c|ocs+c|+|cm|+zioo+c|c-
v+o+ |cs|stcnc|+ mccn|c+ +||+o+ + um+ cxcc|cntc tcn+c|o+oc c+|+ctc||st|c+s +|t+mcntc ocsc,+vc|s
||nc|+|mcntc+|++|couiooccsoc+umcntoocscgu|+n+^|cmo|ssoos+osmaraging+|c-
scnt+m bo+ so|o+b|||o+oc |o||co+oc |uno+mcnt+| n+ |oouio oc comoncntcs |+|+ g+|+nt||
|o||co+ocss+t|s|+to||+scsscs+os|cuc|cm|occssoscscc|+|soc|usiococ|c|usio(VIMESRou
VAR)+|+cv|t+|m|c|osscg|cg+iooccc|tosc|cmcntosoc||g+ou|+ntc+so||o|c+iooo||ngotc
O||+s||ossu||n||+cst|utu|+oc|+c|on+|m+souc+cxc||cnc|+n+|oouiooos+osmaraging
||nc|+|mcntcnos+osocgc|+ocs|cccntcs(,,o|ooc|,o)|occxt|cm+|mo|tnc|++|+o||+-
!4
s||ucsc,+m|c|tos|nvcst|mcntosncsscsm+tc||+|s+|+ucscto|cscomoonuc|c+|co+c|ocs+c|+|
||v|cm-sco+occnocnc|+oc|mo|t+io
^cs+|oo|nsuccsso|noust||+|+scsu|s+scomt|tn|oniocsmo|ccc|+mno+|sn+su|t|m+sou+s
occ+o+s|+b+||os|cccntcscnvo|vcmoocscnvo|v|mcntooo|occssooc|+b||c+iooc||g+sg+m+-
t|tn|o-+|um|n|ocoo|mct+|u|g|+ooo+|+ut|||z+iocomob+||c||+tc|m|c+cmsubcst|utu|+soc
s|stcm+soc|otciotc|m|c+oc|oguctcsocsono+gcmvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcscoc|+t+-
|o|m+so|b|t+|soc|ccnt|+o++tmos|c||c+Os|cu|s|tosm+|socm+no+ntcssioosocum+|ccnt|+o+
+tmos|c||c+ sob cono|ocs octc||o|+o+s suo|t+noo tcmc|+tu|+s suc||o|cs + s,oC o| |ongos
c||ooosoctcmo
^ct++oct|+t+mcntostc|m|cosc|uno+mcnt+|+|+o+,ustco+m|c|ocst|utu|+oosm+tc||+|scom
+s|o||co+ocsn+|sv|s+noocon,ug+||cs|stcnc|+++|t+stcmc|+tu|+scouct|||o+oc^c|ct|v+os-
s|b|||o+ococ+||c+iooosnovosm+tc||+|sobt|ooscmsubcst|utu|+socs|stcm+scs+c|+|sooc|+
sc|+v+||+o+o|mc|oo+ut|||z+ioocsscsm+tc||+|scmcns+|osmccn|cos+ucntc
|+ncccss|o+ococsc|osscgu||com|nvcst|mcntoscm|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscsu|s+s
c|n||+cst|utu|+|+bo|+to||+|oco|c+o++oocscnvo|v|mcntooc||g+soct|tn|o|nov+oo|+s+|++||-
c+ocscs+c|+|s
!.6.!. roposta
^|cmoc+oso+c|+sscmaragingcocout|ost|oscmocscnvo|v|mcnto+|++||c+ocs+|t+mcntc
ocm+no+ntcscm|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+ccm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+sto|n+-scncccss+||o|nvcst||cmtcc-
no|og|+s+ssoc|+o+s|oouiooc||g+soct|tn|o^|oost+cut|||z+|tooososmc|oso|son|vc|s
+|+|ccuc|+|+scomctcnc|+s|cuc||o+s+|++|oouiooc||g+soct|tn|ono||+s||ccst|mu|+|
+omcnosum+|noust||+n+c|on+|++ou||||css+scomctcnc|+s
^|noust||+n+c|on+|c+no|o+t+++|t|c|+|ocst+cst|+tcg|+ocvc|c|c|cnc|+|mcntcsc|oco|c+o+
|oouioocm+tc||+|smct+||coscocvco|||g||scusob,ct|vos+ummc|c+oo+m|ooc+||c+ocs
|nc|u|noocxo|t+ocscmb+scscomct|t|v+s|+|+|ssoc|+ocvc|+|cccbc|oogovc|no|nccnt|vosc
cncomcno+s|n|c|+|s+|+v|+b|||z+|++bso|ioo+stccno|og|+socscnvo|v|o+s+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos
|um+noscscc|+||z+oos+c||+ioo+|n||+cst|utu|+|cuc||o+co||nc||oo+|oouioccomc|-
c|+||z+ioocsscsm+tc||+|s
!46

3.7. Materiais compsitos aeroespaciais avanados
!.7.!. Cenarlo
ôn+vcg+|c|o+|um++c|on+vc|ntc|+gccomcstcmc|o||s|co|oouz|noo|o|+succnt|cout|+s
co|s+sv|+b|||z+moscu|o||ovooc|++tmos|c|+|cst+|ntc|+iosu|gcmcs|o|osocn+tu|cz+
+c|oo|nm|c+c|ou|s|v+osu+|socvcmsc||cs|st|oosc|+cst|utu|+o++c|on+vc^|cmo|sso+
cst|utu|+ocvcsuo|t+|o|o||ocsoo++c|on+vcc+s+cc|c|+ocsucsob|cc|++g||cmcmc+so
ocm+nob|+s
^cst|utu|+ocum++c|on+vcocvcsc||cvcmcc+n|c+mcntc|cs|stcntccsuc|cntcmcntc||g|o++|+
uc + su+ gcomct||+ nio sc +|tc|c s|gn|c+t|v+mcntc sob +io oos cs|o|os +c|oo|nm|cos ^|cm
o|sso+cst|utu|+ocvc|cs|st||+cs|o|osc|c||cosocb+|x++m||tuocc||cucnc|+ucoocm|cv+|
|+o|g+oosm+tc||+|suc+const|tucmcco||osio|most+c|omc|ocmuc++c|on+vcoc|c
|m++c|on+vcucvo+cm+|t+vc|oc|o+occxc||mcnt+um|cnomcno+o|c|on+|um+ucc|mcnto
|ovoc+ooc|o+||+sc+m+o+s|n|c||o|cso++tmos|c|+cstc+ucc|mcntoc|cscccomou+o|+oo
oonumc|ooc|+c|oovoo|+sc+m+o+ssuc||o|csonoco+|cm+|s|+|c|c|tocstc|cnomcnooc-
c|cscccm|mo|tnc|+m+snioooc+bso|ut+mcntcsc|ncg||gcnc|+oo|m|csumou+ntom+|s
vc|oz|o|oocs|oc+mcntoo++c|on+vcm+|sc|+sc+uccc|mconscucnc|+ocssc+ucc|mcntoos
m+tc||+|so+scst|utu|+soocmtc|osscusocscmcn|osmccn|coscom|omct|oos
Os|o,ct|st+soc+c|on+vcsscm|cbusc+|+m|ocnt|c+|m+tc||+|socconst|uiooc|o|m+++t|ng||
osob,ct|vos,+ocsc||tos|cvcz+||g|ocz|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+co||osioc|+o|g+cnt|cout|os^s+c-
|on+vcsoocto||s+c|+|siovc|ozcss|gn|c+nooucosc|c|tostc|m|cosoco||gcm|ou|s|v+c+c-
|oo|nm|c+ocvcmsc||cv+ooscmcons|oc|+io|m|+zioo|ssoosm+tc||+|scm|cg+oosn+const|u-
ioo+scst|utu|+soc|oguctcscvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocvcm+tcnoc|+|cu|s|tosb+st+ntc|cst||tos
Osm+tc||+|scomos|tossion+tu|+|ssubst|tutosoosm+tc||+|smct+||coscm+||c+ocsuc|cuc|-
|+m+|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+ctc|m|c++|cmoc|cs|stcnc|++b|+io|sscsm+tc||+|ssiom+|s|cvcs
uc os mct+|s to|n+noo-sc +|no+ m+|s +ocu+oos + +||c+ocs +c|ocs+c|+|s |o|cm o +|to custo
+ssoc|+oo+csscsm+tc||+|sc+b+|x+o|son|b|||o+ococ|csnomc|c+oo+|++|scscmc|gcntcs+|n-
o+|cst||ngcm+ssu+s+||c+ocs+comoncntcscscc|cosnoss|stcm+scs+c|+|s+|t|cu|+|mcntc
n+uc|csucocm+nocm|otciotc|m|c++out|oscomoncntcscst|utu|+|s
!47
Osm+tc||+|scomos|tos+|cscnt+mmu|t+soss|b|||o+ocsoc|nov+iot+|scomo
|nov+ocsnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|+s|c|o|+oo|+scoc|cs|n+sucsc|v||ioocm+t||zcs
+|+css+sb|+s
|nov+ocs n+ sc|cio c comb|n+io oc b|+s c |cs|n+s oc |o|m+ + |o|m+| con,untos
mccn|c+ctc|m|c+mcntccom+t|vc|sccomb+|x+scns|b|||o+ocv+||+iooc+|mc-
t|os+mb|cnt+|s
+|cmoc|nov+iono|o||o|occsso|oout|vocomb|n+noo|ccu|soscono|ocscsc-
ucnc|+s oc +ssos oc |oouio m+|s v+nt+,osos o| cxcm|o oo onto oc v|st+ oc
custocococm+no+cnc|gct|c+
|o||+s||+|no+niosio|oouz|oos|nsumosocc+|bonoocu+||o+oc+c|ocs+c|+|ôccnocnc|+
oc|mo|t+io|c,uo|c++noss+comct|t|v|o+oc|noust||+|n+|oouioocs|stcm+scs+c|+|scm
tc|mosoc|+zoccusto
!.7.z. Agenda de 8U
O|occssooc|oouiooccomos|tosocc+|bonocons|stcn+,unioocb|+sc|cs|n+cm|c-
|o|m+s scgu|o+ oc ocns|c+io ^ ocns|c+io c o |csu|t+oo oc c|c|os scgu|oos oc |m|cgn+io
c+|bon|z+iocg|+t|z+ioO+com+n|+mcntooo|occssoococns|c+iooocsc||c|too||c-
t+mcntc+t|+vcsoomon|to|+mcntoo+m+ss+cscc|c+oocomoncntcou|no||ct+mcntc+t|+vcs
o+mco|o+oc|cs|st|v|o+occ|ct||c+Ocomoncntcooct+mbcmsc|v|su+||z+ooo|tomog|++
comut+oo||z+o+
|csu|s+s|cccntcscmm+tc||+|so+c|+sscc+|bono-c+|bonov|s+mc||+|c++c|t+iotccn|c++|+
|+b||c+iooccomos|tos+b|+t|vosoc+|toocscmcn|o+||c+oosn+|oouiooccomoncntcs
+|+tubc||+soc|oguctcsut|||z+nooo|occssoocbob|n+gcm|nc||n+o+oct+soc|c|o|o|m-
|cgn+o+scom|cs|n+|cno||c+|stc|occssomost|ou-scv|+vc|+|++con|cciooccomoncn-
tcsoctubc||+s+||c+oos+os|oguctcscvc|cu|osocsono+gcmocscnvo|v|oosno|^|^|cmo|sso
om+tc||+|+|cscnt+cxcc|cntc|cs|stcnc|++b|+io|+s|+o|og|++s|c+||z+o+sn+sc+scu|+o+s
nio|o|+mobsc|v+oosoc|c|tosn+cst|utu|+t+|scomot||nc+scoc|+m|n+iocnt|c+sc+m+o+s
oc|c|o|ooocomos|to
Out|+||n|+occsu|s+tcmcomoob,ct|vocst+bc|ccc|um|otoco|ooccont|o|cocu+||o+occ
c+|+ctc||z+iooo|occss+mcntoocg+|g+nt+soctubc||+oc|oguctcm+nu|+tu|+o+scmcomos|-
!48

tosc+|bono-c+|bonoc|otcocstc|m|c+stc|mo-cst|utu|+|s|c-|||+o|+t|v+so|tomog|++comu-
t+oo||z+o+^|cmo|sso+csu|s+v|s++v+||+|+cc|cnc|+oo|occssoc|+com+|+iooosv+|o|cs
tco||coso+socns|c+ocscomosv+|o|csobt|ooscxc||mcnt+|mcntc
^s||nc|+|s+||c+ocso+stccno|og|+socscnvo|v|o+ssioomon|to|+mcntov|+tomog|++com-
ut+oo||z+o+c|cs|st|v|o+occ|ct||c+oo|occssooc|oouiocntcno+-scocns|c+iooccom-
os|tostc|mo-cst|utu|+|s(C;CC;C-|Cc|C;|C)c|otcocstc|m|c+s+b|+t|v+sbcmcomoocon-
t|o|cocu+||o+ocno|cccb|mcntoocm+tc||+|s
| mu|to |mo|t+ntc uc o cto| |s+c|+| o|son|+ o+ c++c|o+oc +|+ c+|+ctc||z+| m+tc||+|s uc
oc|cmcm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+s|+|+|ssosio|c+||z+ooscns+|osmccn|cosoct|+iocxioc|s+||+-
mcntoccom|cssiocmtcmc|+tu|+ssuc||o|cs++ooo
o
COsc+no|o+tossiom+tc||+|scomo-
s|tostc|mo-cst|utu|+|sb+scocc+|bonocc+|bctoocs|||c|out|||z+ooscms|stcm+socb||no+gcm
tc|m|c+ocvc|cu|os|+n+oo|cs|nc|u|noog+|g+nt+soctubc||+sccscuoostc|m|cos+|+s|stcm+soc
|ccnt|+o++tmos|c||c+
|iocx|stcno||+s||ncn|um|+bo|+to||oucossu+|n||+cst|utu|++|+c+|+ctc||z+iooc|o||c-
o+ocsmccn|c+s++|t+stcmc|+tu|+socsscsm+tc||+|sO+ccsso|n|o|m+iosob|ccsscscns+|os
n+||tc|+tu|+|ntc|n+c|on+|c|cst||to^mont+gcmocum|+bo|+to||ocomcstcob,ct|voc|m|t||+
+v+||+|oocscnvo|v|mcntooo|occssooc|+b||c+io+u+||c+ion+|oom+tc||+|obt|ooc+|o|-
m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscomctcntcs+|+cst+t+|c|+
^|cmo+c+|+ctc||z+iooosm+tc||+|ssc|+ncccss+||+++ocu+iooo|nst|umcnt+|+|+|c+||z+io
ocsscscns+|osbcmcomo+ocn|ioo+sno|m+stccn|c+s+sc|cmut|||z+o+sCom|ssocsc|+-scuc
sc,+m|cst+oossc|v|os|c|cv+ntcs|noust||+n+c|on+|uccc+|cntcocssct|oocc++c|o+oc
Vc|cu|os|+n+oo|cstcmut|||z+oocomos|tosc+|bono-c+|bonocom+|uniooc|so|+ntctc|m|co
O c+|bono c um cxcc|cntc m+tc||+| |c||+t+||o |nt|ct+nto cstc m+tc||+| +|cscnt+ scns|b|||o+oc
ox|o+iocmtcmc|+tu|+ssuc||o|cs+;.,||o|t+ntooocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+cc|cntc|o-
tcio+nt|-ox|o+t|v+cc|uc|+|+|++sc|cioocssccomos|to+|+ut|||z+iocm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+s
c+tmos|c|+ox|o+ntc
|+|+ot|m|z+|+s|o||co+ocsoc|so|+iotc|m|c+||nc|+|mcntccm+mb|cntcoc|ccnt|+o++tmos|c-
||c+cncccss+||+oot+|ocomos|toc+|bono-c+|bonoocum+|otcio+nt|-ox|o+ntc|+|+obtc|cstc
|csu|t+ooom+tc||+|ct|+t+oocombo|o(ouc+|bctoocbo|o)c;oucoms|||c|o(c+|bctoocs|||c|o)
!49
Vc|cu|oscs+c|+|sut|||z+mc+o+vczm+|sm+tc||+|scc|m|coscmcscc|+|oc+|bctoocs|||c|o(|C)
ouc+|bono|cvcst|oocom|C|stcm+tc||+|tcm+c++c|o+ococsuo|t+|m+|o|cstcmc|+tu|+s
ococ|+ioccmcnos+b|+t|voucoc+|bono-c+|bono+tu+|mcntcut|||z+oon+sg+|g+nt+soc|o-
guctcn+c|on+|sOusoocstcm+tc||+|oss|b|||t+ummcno|ocsg+stco+sg+|g+nt+soosmoto|cso
uc|o|c|+um+|nsc|iom+|s|cc|s+oos+tc||tcn+o|b|t+ocsc,+o++|m+tc||+|+|no+oocsc|
ut|||z+oocmtu|bo||c+to|cs+c|on+ut|cosoccucnoo|tct+|scomo+soosvc|cu|os+c|cosnio-
t||u|+oos(V^|)oucm||c|osoc+c|on+vcs^tu+|mcntccsscm+tc||+|c|oouz|ooo|oucos
+|scscnt|cosu+|sscocst+c+mos|st+oos|n|oos+^|cm+n|+c+||+n+
^s |o||co+ocs +b|+t|v+s tc|m|c+s c m|c|ocst|utu|+|s oos m+tc||+|s comos|tos cs+c|+|s oocm
sc|+v+||+o+scomocm|cgooc|+sm+s^|cmo|sso|+sm+soocmsc|cm|cg+oos+|+moo|-
c+|+s|o||co+ocssuc|c|+|socc|+stomc|oscoc||g+smct+||c+sscgunoo|oos|tosocn|oos
Ousoo+toc|+oc|+sm+oc|+noocomg+scs|c+t|voscm|cg|mcsuc|son|conov+cuo+|cscn-
t+-sccomo+|tc|n+t|v+b+st+ntc+t|+t|v++|+o|occssooc+b|+ioocm+tc||+|scomos|tostc|mo-
cst|utu|+|s o|s s|mu|+ cm +|tc +s cono|ocs cnt+||c+s c +c|otc|moo|nm|c+s oo +mb|cntc oc
tcstcsocg+|g+nt+soctubc||+s
|m+out|+||n|+occsu|s+cons|stccmcstuo+|+moo|c+iosuc|c|+|ooc|+stomc|o||||
(ct||cno-|o||cno-o|cno-monomc|o)us+oocomo|otciotc|m|c+cmmoto|cs-|oguctcut|||z+n-
oo-sctccn|c+soc+||c+iooc|+sm+O+umcntoo+cnc|g|+ocsuc|||c|c|+z-scncccss+||oo|uc
+cs+|oco||||tc||o||co+ocs+ocu+o+ssu++||c+iocomo|cvcst|mcntoocmoto|-|oguc-
tco|sc|+o|+|su+|ntc|+ioou+ocsio+olinerc;ou|oc|cntcso||ooniocs+t|s|+to||+
^sou+s||n|+soccsu|s+c+|+ctc||z+iooccomos|toscmoo|c+iooc|o||co+ocssuc|-
c|+|so||+sm+|ccomcno+m+mont+gcmoc|+iocc+|+ctc||z+iono|^|ocum+toc|+oc
|+sm+ suc|son|c+ +|+ |ccob||mcntos oc m+tc||+|s cc|m|cos sob|c c+s mct+||c+s c m+tc||+|s
tc|mo-cst|utu|+|sut|||z+ooscms|stcm+soc|otciotc|m|c+
|x|stcm|cs|n+snomc|c+oon+c|on+|ucniosc|cst+m++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s^ss|mout|+
||n|+occsu|s+tcmo|ob,ct|vo+obtcniocc+|+ctc||z+iooc|cs|n+s|cno||c+sbo|+o+s+|+
+||c+iocmcomos|tos+b|+t|vos^|cs|n+obt|o+oocsc|+v+||+o+t+mbcmmco|+ntcmo|o+gcm
occomos|tosocb|+socc+|bonocb|+socs|||c++|+usotc|mo-cst|utu|+|
Comos|tostc|mo-cst|utu|+|socm+t||zocc+|bonomoo|c+o+scom|Cc|c|o|+ooscomb|+s
oc c+|bono |c|cscnt+m |o,c o cst+oo-o+-+|tc cm s|stcm+s oc |otcio tc|m|c+ +b|+t|v+ |nt|c-
!0

t+nto+o|son|b|||o+ococm+tc||+s-||m+scomooso||mc|osocs|||c|o(o||ss||+nosco||ss||ox+-
nos)ut|||z+oosno|occss+mcntoc|c,uo|c+o+c|+s|cst||ocsoc+u|s|io|most+sc|os+|scs
ucm+nu|+tu|+mcss+scscc|+||o+ocsu|m|c+s+|cmoc+|cscnt+|c|cv+oocusto(suc||o|+|,
+ooo;|g)|o|t+ntobusc+-scv|+b|||z+|cmcsu|s+sum+|ot+ocs|ntcscocum|ccu|so|ocum
monomc|ooco||mc|oocs|||con+|io|+|oouioocsscsm+tc||+|sno||+s||coucos+|scsoo
munoooctcmcss+tccno|og|+O|oouto+sc|obt|ooccst|+tcg|cocv|s++tcnoc|cscc|c+ocs
+|+usocm|otcocstc|m|c+s+b|+t|v+socusono||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||o
||n+|mcntcout|+||n|+occsu|s+cm+no+mcntov|s+|oouz||cnvc|ocsmoto|csocg|+noco|-
mcnsiocm|cg+noom+tc||+|scomos|tosc|o|occssoocbob|n+gcm|+mcnt+||st+tccno|og|+
,+vcmscnoout|||z+o+n+|+b||c+iooou+|tocst+g|oooV|-+Oocs+ocoom|n+|o|occssoc
ocscnvo|vc|o|c||+mcnt+|+|+|oouioocmoto|csocm+|o|o|tccon|o|mccst+|cv|sto+|+
os|+n+oo|csoo||og|+m+C|uzc||ooou||cstc+scctoo+ovcntooc|+bo|+to||ooccst|utu|+s
|cvcss|tu+oono|+|ucccno|og|coocio|oscoosC+moscum+|n|c|+t|v+con,unt+oco|vc|sos
+to|csoc|omcntoc|cnt|coc|noust||+|ucvcm+ocncont|oo+sncccss|o+ocs|ocnt|c+o+s|nt|c
csscs+to|cscncont|+m-sco|+nco|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto|conom|cococ|+|(||||)+
||n+nc|+oo|+oc|stuoosc||o,ctos(||nc)+|uno+iooc^m+|o|csu|s+oo|st+ooocio|+u-
|o(|+cs)+|m|cs+||+s||c||+oc^c|on+ut|c+(|mb|+c|)o|nst|tutoccno|og|cooc^c|on+ut|c+
(|^)co|nst|tutooc|csu|s+sccno|og|c+s(||)
!.7.!. roposta
|x|stcmo|vc|sos+scctostccno|og|coso||ct+mcntc|c|+c|on+oos+comos|tos+v+n+oosoc+||-
c+io+c|ocs+c|+||nt|ccsscs+scctosocst+c+mososscgu|ntcsocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc-
||+|socscnvo|v|mcntooc|cvcst|mcntoscscc|+|sconst|uiooccm+|+soc|+sm++n+||sctc|mo-
mccn|c+ocm+tc||+|s|o,ctoc|+b||c+iooccomoncntcsmont+gcmc|ntcg|+io
^|cmoos+scctostccno|og|coscx|stcmmu|t+s||n|+soccsu|s+ucmc|cccmsc|+o|+o+sc-
|oso|giosoc|omcntoscoss|vc|ocm+nc||++|t|cu|+o+|nt|cc|+socst+c+mos+sscgu|ntcs
||b|+occ+|bonooc+|tomoou|o+|+uson+|oouiooccomos|tosocc+|bonocm
gc|+|+|+u+|suc|+||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|sct|+nsvc|s+|s
|+nom+tc||+|s+|+comos|tos+|+uson+|oouiooccomos|tosocc+|bonocom
|o||co+ocscscc|+|s
|o||mc|ostc|mo-||g|ooscom+|tocontcuooocc+|bonot|oo||+|||+cct||cno+|+uso
n+|oouiooccomos|tosocc+|bono
!!
|o||mc|os oc s|||con+s c scus oc||v+oos +|+ uso n+ |oouio oc comos|tos tc|mo-
cst|utu|+|st|oc+|bono;c+|bctoocs|||c|o
|oscc|m|cos+|++|t+stcmc|+tu|+st|obo|ctocc+|bctooc|+|n|o+|+|oouio
ocm+tc||+|scm|cg+ooscms|stcm+soc|otciotc|m|c+c
|cs|n+so||mc||c+s+uto-|c+|+vc|s(sc||-|c+||ng)+|+cm|cgo|n|c|+|mcntcn+|nous-
t||++c|on+ut|c+comcvo|uio+|+octo||s+c|+|
^|oost+c+o|+|+s||n|+soccsu|s+sob|cm+tc||+|scomos|tos+v+n+oos|ocnt|c+o+sncstc
+|t|goo|soc|+sooc|io|csu|t+||nov+ocsc+tcntcs+|++umcnt+|++utonom|+cmm+tc||+|s
cst|+tcg|cosoo||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||o|couz|noo+noss+occnocnc|+oocxtc||o|
|u|tos |csu|t+oos cconom|cos ooc|io +ov|| ocst+ cst|+tcg|+ O otcnc|+| oc spin-off ocsscs |c-
su|t+oos+|+out|+s+|c+s|noust||+|sccc|t+mcntcmu|tog|+noccomo+tcst++||sto||+ocout|os
m+tc||+|s+c|ocs+c|+|s,+cons+g|+oos
3.8. Materiais compsitos hbridos bra-metal
!.8.!. Cenarlo
|nt|cosm+tc||+|scomos|tos+v+n+ooscx|stcum+c|+sscucscocst+c+c|+ssu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
cscc|+|scc|og|+nocotcnc|+|oc|nov+iooscomos|tos||b||oosb|+-mct+|(C||)|stcocst+-
ucc|c|to+u|cmsciocscc|c+o|sotcm+|cvc|+-scb+st+ntc|om|sso|c|+su+nov|o+oc
|oscnt|ooocobtc|m+tc||+|suc+tcnocsscm+|cu|s|toscst|utu|+|soocto|^c|ocs+c|+|cs-
u|s+oo|cs|ocu|+|+m|oouz||novosm+tc||+|s||b||oosuc|nco|o|+sscm+su+||o+ocsocoo|s
oum+|scomoncntcs|no|v|ou+|mcntccons|oc|+oos|o|occ+o+sotcm+ocm+tc||+|scomos|tos
ocm+t||zcsmct+||c+s(C||)|o||nvcst|g+oocx+ustionos+|scsocm+|o|ocscnvo|v|mcnto+c-
|ocs+c|+|^|ntcnioc|+o|cxcm|ocmbut||b|+soc+ocmm+t||zcsoc+|um|n|ooc|o|m++
obtc|+|cs|stcnc|+cst|utu|+|oo||mc||oc+|cvcz+c|cs|stcnc|+co||osioooscgunoo
Otcm+C|||o|cons|oc|+oocst|+tcg|coct|+t+oooc|o|m+s|g||os+|o|mu|tos+noso+ccssooc
csu|s+oo|cscst|+ngc||os+cong|cssosuct|+t+v+mocstc+ssunto|o||o|b|oocm+|scstccno-
|og|c+mcntcm+|scvo|u|oos||n+|mcntcos|csu|t+ooso+scsu|s+sniosc|cvc|+|+m+n|m+oo|csc
!z

otcm++|ccccst+|scnoo+b+noon+ooComcxcciooc+|gum+stcnt+t|v+st|m|o+scstc+ssunto
,+m+|s|o||nvcst|g+oocom+|gum+|o|uno|o+ocno||+s||
|osu|t|mos,o+nosum++|tc|n+t|v++cst++bo|o+gcm|cvc|ou-sc|om|sso|+^||n|+occsu|s+
ocs|gn+o+oc|||(|+m|n+oos||b|+-|ct+|)su|g|ucm+,;sn+|n|vc|s|o+ococ|c||tn+|o|+no+
cnvo|vcnoocstuoosccns+|osoc|+m|n+oosmct+||cos|c|o|+ooscomb|+s|sscs|+m|n+oosoc-
nom|n+oosoccomos|tos||b||oosb|+-mct+|+|cscnt+mum+cst|utu|+oot|os+nou|c|cuc
cons|stccm+|tc|n+||m|n+soc+|um|n|ocomc+m+o+soc|c-|m|cgn+oosoccomos|toso||mc-
||cosocb|+soc|c|o|o(+|+m|o+v|o|oouc+|bono)com|cs|n+cox|obtcnoo-scm+tc||+|scom
o|vc|s+scomb|n+ocs
Oscomostos||b||oos+ssoc|+m+sc+|+ctc||st|c+smccn|c+sooscomos|toso||mc||coscom+s
|o||co+ocsoosmct+|sComo|csu|t+oo+ssu+s||nc|+|sc+|+ctc||st|c+ssiom+|o||cs|stcnc|+
|+o|g+t|+iocom|cssioc+o|m+ctocm+|o|to|c|nc|++oo+no+|cmo+|couiooccso
coccustoscomm+nutcnio
|os|||+to|c|nc|++o+nosc|+vo|cc|o+c|++o|ioocb|+s+os+ocs|vos^sc+|g+sn+sc+m+o+s
ocmct+|scvcntu+|mcntct||nc+o+ssiot|+nsm|t|o+s+|++sb|+s+t|+vcsoos+ocs|vosocsc+||cg+n-
oo+sc+m+o+socmct+|s|sscc|c|tooc||g+ioouun|ioo+sb|+s|oouzum+o|m|nu|ion+vc|oc|-
o+ococ|o+g+ioo+st||nc+sncss+sc+m+o+s+umcnt+noo+to|c|nc|+o+scst|utu|+s+oo+no
|o+c|ocntcoo|oc|ng;,;o+^|o|+^||||ncscm+,ss|ob|cm+soc|+o|g+++|ccc|+mcto|n+|+m-
sc++|cntcsocv|oo+ocnvc||cc|mcntoo++c|on+vc^|cscn++cumu|+o+oct||nc+soc|+o|g+cm
mu|tos|cb|tcsc|+m+o+oco+nosmu|t||osc+usou+c|o+ocumtc|oo+|usc|+gcmsuc||o|cm
vooCom|sso+|cs|stcnc|+|+o|g+c|+mou++tcniooog|+nocub||coto|nou-scum+ssuntooc
m+|o||mo|tnc|+cvc|o+cst|mu|+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocumm+tc||+|o+c|+ssc|||c|+m+oo
^|^||comb|+s|c|o|+oo|+soc+|+m|o+
ôcsv+nt+gcmoo^|^||c+tcnsio|cs|ou+|n+sc+m+o+socmct+|+os+cu|+ocv|oo+oso||c|cn-
tcscocc|cntcsoccx+nsiotc|m|c+oosm+tc||+|scomoncntcs^|cmo|sso+sb|+soc+|+m|o+
|o|ncccmouc+|cs|stcnc|+|cs|ou+|+|+um|+m|n+oot|ocross-ply+|cscnt+m+bso|ioocum|-
o+occsioscns|vc|socg|+o+io+mb|cnt+|
Comoum+cvo|uiooos|ooutosoc^|^||non+|oos+nos+,soccomcooos+nos+,,o|o|
ocscnvo|v|o+um+nov+vc|siooc|||comb|+socv|o|ono|ug+|o+sb|+soc+|+m|o+Om+tc-
!!
||+|coucon|cc|oocomoC|^||+b|cv|+tu|+ocGlass Reinforced Aluminumou+|um|n|o|c|o|+-
oocomb|+ocv|o|o
^+||c+ioooC|^||cmcst|utu|+soc+c|on+vcsocmo|ou+|guns+nos+|+++|ccc|v|stouc+
|couiooccustosoc|+c|on+|socv|oo|couiooccsosomcntcnioc|+um+|gumcntosuc|cn-
tcmcntc|o|tc+|+cont|+o|-sc+oscustosoc|oouiooom+tc||+||ocnt+ntonov+stccn|c+s
oc|oouiocm|cg+noooconcc|tooccnt|+n+mcntos|gn|c+|+mum+mc||o||++|+oC|^||
|stoc|m|t|u+|oouioocg|+nocs+|nc|s|couiooonumc|ooc+|tcscconscucntcmcntc
|couioooscustosoc|+b||c+io
|m,u||ooc+,,;|o||n|c|+ooumg|+noc|o,cto+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|coooC|^||sub-
s|o|+oocom,|m|||ocsoccu|osc|o||n|stc||oo+|conom|+o+^|cm+n|+O|o,cto|o||n|c|+oo
c|+Structural Laminates Industriesctcvc+|+cu|o+ococ|ngcn|+||+^c|ocs+c|+|oCcnt|o^c|ocs-
+c|+|^|cmio(|||)c+cm|cs+to||-|o||c|como+|t|c|+ntcsO|o,cto|n|c|+|mcntccon|cc|oo
como CO (GLARE Technologie Ontwikkeling) c ostc||o|mcntc como C|| (GLARE Research Pro-
gram)|o||n|c|+oocm|+nc||ooc.oo,|u|+ntcoc||oooocv|gcnc|+oo|o,cto+o|son|b|||o+oco+
tccno|og|+ooC|^|||o|com|ov+o+c+cc|t++|++||c+ion+|nonovo+v|io^||bus^,so
O ^||bus ^,so |ccnc|cu um cs+o no scgmcnto oc g|+nocs +c|on+vcs n+ |+m|||+ ^||bus
c |omovcu um+ |o|tc conco||cnc|+ com o +v|io |oc|ng ;|; no|tc-+mc||c+no |stc s+|to
||cntcoo^||bus^-,sonot+m+n|oo++c|on+vcccconom|+sooocsc|oss|vc|com+|n-
t|oouioocnov+stccno|og|+scmm+tc||+|scomooC|^||^|cmo|sso+|couiooccso
no^||busc|++ooioooC|^||c|m|t|u+umcnt+|+su+c+|g++g+ccomct|t|v|o+ocno
ncgoc|ooot|+nso|tc+c|co
Oocscnvo|v|mcntoooC|^|||o|b+sc+oon++|t+c+|g+octcnsiooc|utu|+o+sb|+socv|o|oOs
|csu|t+oosoccns+|osocscgmcntooc|usc|+gcmcomC|^||submct|oo+c+|g+sc|c||c+soc|+o|g+
oc|cssu||z+iocv|ocnc|+|+muccstcm+tc||+|cm+|sou|+oou|oc|cs|stcntcoouc+s||g+soc
+|um|n|ot|+o|c|on+|mcntccm|cg+o+sncss+scst|utu|+sComcstc|csu|t+oooC|^||most|+-sc
+ocu+oo+|+out|+s+||c+ocs+|cmoos|cvcst|mcntosoc|usc|+gcmoc+v|ocs
|m+,,,oC|^||comcou+sc||+b||c+oous+noo+concciooccmcno+scom+n+||o+ococ
|oouio oc g|+nocs +|nc|s com b+|xo custo oc|+c|on+| O ||mc||o comoncntc cm C|^||
voouno+v|ioC+|+xyC,-ô+United States Air Force(|^|)cmoutub|ooc+,,,^s||mc||+s
+||c+ocsc|v|socsscm+tc||+||o|+m|c|t+snocom+|t|mcntoocc+|g+oo+v|io|oc|ng;;;cn+
c+vc|n+oc|cssiooo|omb+|o|c||c+|,ct+.,
!4

O comos|to ||b||oo C|^|| +|cscnt+ nio somcntc cxcc|cntcs |o||co+ocs cm |+o|g+ como
t+mbcm out|+s |o||co+ocs |ntc|css+ntcs oc |cs|stcnc|+ +o |m+cto c +o c|s+||+mcnto |cs|ou+|
|cs|stcnc|++o|ogoc|cs|stcnc|+co||osiou+noocom+|+oocom||g+soc+|um|n|omono||t|co
Os|occssosoc|nsciooscns+|osnio-ocst|ut|vosc+stccn|c+soc|c+|ossios|m|cscs|m||+-
|cssut|||z+o+scmcst|utu|+st|+o|c|on+|s|oouz|o+scm||g+soc+|um|n|o|+|o|+mtcst+o+scom
succsso o| cxcm|o + |nscio c|+ tccn|c+ oc u|t|+-som c o |c+|o oc cst|utu|+s o| x+io
mccn|c+oc|cb|tcs
|mbo|+os|||comooC|^||+|cscntcmumcustom+|sc|cv+oou+noocom+|+oo+ooc||g+s
oc+|um|n|o(cc|c+oc,++ovczcsm+|o|)+o|m|nu|iooc+o+.,/o+m+ss+cscc|c+c+scxcc-
|cntcs|o||co+ocscm|+o|g++o|m+ctocco||osio|cuncm-sc+|++umcnt+|+v|o+ut||oom+-
tc||+||occss+ooo|m|nu|noooscustosocm+nutcnio|ss+s|o||co+ocsto|n+|+mo|||um+
+|tc|n+t|v+ +|+ |oouio oc suc|||c|cs oc |usc|+gcns c oc out|+s cst|utu|+s +c|on+ut|c+s como
o|t+soc|nscioc+vc|n+soc|cssiosuo|tcscnt|cout|oscomoncntcs
!.8.z. Agenda de 8U para composltos blbrldos bra-metal
|mbo|+ o||g|n+|mcntc ocscnvo|v|oos tcnoo +||c+ocs +c|on+ut|c+s como mct+ m+tc||+|s ocss+
c|+sscoocmcncont|+|g|+noc+||c+iocms|stcm+scs+c|+|sComoscoocobsc|v+|otcm+c
|cccntcccomot+|su|gccomocs+oscoo|tun|o+ocs|mbo|+osm+tc||+|s+tu+|mcntc|oou-
z|ooscstc,+m|otcg|ooso|+tcntcscx|stcumc+mocno|mcocout|+scomb|n+ocs+sc|cm
cx|o|+o+sc|oscsu|s+oo|cs
|csu|s+scomb|+socc+|bonoucossucmm+|o|||g|ocz+|++mcsm+|+ziooccsouc+s-
b|+soc+|+m|o+cocv|o|onio|o|+mcons|oc|+o+s+|no+ocv|oom+|o|conout|v|o+occ|ct||c+oo
c+|bonooucooc|couz||s|gn|c+t|v+mcntc+|cs|stcnc|+co||osioocsscm+tc||+|to|n+noo-o
|nv|+vc|+|++||c+ocsoc|ongo|+zo|o|cmcst+oss|b|||o+occst++bc|t++|++||c+ocscs+-
c|+|sonoccs+b|oouc|+to|cscomo|cs|stcnc|+|+o|g+cco||osiosiomcnos|mo|t+ntcs^|cm
o|ssocst++||c+iooocc||m|n+|++tu+|ncccss|o+ococmct+||z+iooccomoncntcscst|utu|+|s
nio-mct+||cos+|++umcnt+|+scgu|+n+oc|oguctcsocsono+gcmcvc|cu|os|+n+oo|csocs+tc||-
tcsou|+ntcovooc|++tmos|c|+cmcono|ocsmctco|o|og|c+s+ovc|s+s
|otcnc|+|mcntccomb|n+ocsocout|osmct+|scomout|+sb|+sooc|io|oouz|||csu|t+oos|ntc-
|css+ntcs+|++||c+ocsnocto||s+c|+||stcm+scs+c|+|scomo|oguctcsocsono+gcmcvc|cu|os
|+n+oo|csocv|oo+omcno|c|c|oocv|o+siomcnosocm+no+ntcsu+nto|cs|stcnc|+co||osioc
!
|+o|g+cmbo|+m+|socm+no+ntcsu+nto+o+ucc|mcnto+c|oo|nm|co^ss|mcomb|n+ocscnvo|-
vcnoot|tn|ocb|+socc+|bonoo|cxcm|o+|cscnt+m-sccomo|o|tcsc+no|o+t+s|oouiooc
m+tc||+|suc+tcno+m+o|vc|sos|cu|s|tosc+|cscntcmcxccc|on+|ocscmcn|ou+nto|cs|stcn-
c|+tc|m|c+^+gcno+oc||o|t+ntocncont|+-sc+bc|t++csu|s+sc|nov+ocs
!.8.!. roposta
^||sto||+o+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+^c|ocs+c|+|c|oo|g+cmcxcm|osoctccno|og|+sucu||+m
oocto||s+c|+|+|+o^c|on+ut|cocv|cc-vc|s+û|tcmosum++bo|o+gcmuc||ut|cou||-
mc||onocto|+c|on+ut|com+sucooc|+|cnoc|o|v|ocnoosnocto||s+c|+|^|oc|+c+sso-
c|+|+sbo+s|o||co+ocsmccn|c+sctc|m|c+soc+|gunsmct+|s+|o||co+ocss|m||+|csoc+|guns
comos|tos(m+t||zcso||mc||c+scb|+s|c|o|+oo|+s)|o|m+noonovosm+tc||+|s||b||ooscms+n-
ou|c|cscom|o||co+ocs+||mo|+o+s
^|oost+c+o|+||n|c|+t|v+soccsu|s+scocscnvo|v|mcntosoccomb|n+ocsocmct+|sb|+s
|c|o|+oo|+scm+t||zcso||mc||c+soc|o|m++obtc|so|uocs||b||o+s|nov+oo|+socm+tc||+|s+|+
+||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s
|ov+scomb|n+ocsocb|+scmct+|s+|no+nioocscnvo|v|o+sooc|ioo+||uz+m+tc||+|s|ntc|cs-
s+ntcsc+tcntc+vc|s|stctcm++b|c-sccomumcno|mc|cucocoo|tun|o+ocs+sc|cmcx|o|+-
o+sucmc|cg+|||mc||o+umnovoc|om|sso|m+tc||+|tc|+os|ocs||v||cg|+o+soccomc-
t|t|v|o+ocncstctcm+
3.9. Materiais de alta densidade energtica
!.9.!. Cenarlo
||vc|sos m+tc||+|s sio cm|cg+oos n+ const|uio oc um moto|-|oguctc oc combust|vc| so||oo
Como,+o|scut|oon+sscocs+ntc||o|csocnvc|ocmoto|c|c|tocm+oo+c|+sscmaraging,oo|
^tubc||+c|c|t+cmcomos|toocb|+occ+|bonocmm+t||zoc|cs|n+|cno||c+^mob|||o+oco+
tubc||+c|ov|o+o|c|+stomc|os|c|toscom+ocbo||+c|+|nt|cocnvc|ocmoto|co|oc-
|cntccncont|+mos|so|+ntcsclinersO|oc|cntccum+m|stu|+oc|cs|n+o||but+o|cn|c+ooc
!6

+|um|n|occ|c|o|+tooc+mon|o^|otciotc|m|c+c|ov|o+cmontosc||t|coso||cs|n+ss|||c+
bo||+c|+n|t||||c+comos|tosc+|bono-c+|bonocout|osm+tc||+|s
|oto|cs-|oguctcsoccombust|vc|so||ooc||u|oocm|cg+mcomo|oc|cntcsm+tc||+|soc+|t+
ocns|o+occnc|gct|c+|stocm+tc||+|sc++zcsoc||bc|+|g|+nocsu+nt|o+ocsoccnc|g|+o|un|o+-
ococvo|umc|cm+nc||+s|m||+|cm|cg+-sc+|oc|+oc|mu|socscc|coousc,++|o||co+oc
ocgc|+|m+|o||mu|soo|un|o+ococvo|umc|sscsmcsmosconcc|tos+||c+m-sc+m+tc||+|s|-
|otccn|cosc+cx|os|vosn++|c+ococ|cs+|oouz|nooum+t|+nsvc|s+||o+ocncstctcm+
|ooc-sc ocn|| um |oc|cntc como scnoo um cx|os|vo oc+g|+ntc ut|||z+oo +|+ |ou|sio
comostoo|um+substnc|+oum|stu|+ocsubstnc|+s(ox|o+ntcc|couto|)uc+t|+vcsoc|o-
ccssosu|m|coscont|o|+oos(|c+ocscxotc|m|c+s)|o|m+mg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocsocg+scscom+|-
t+stcmc|+tu|+sccmtcmos|c|+t|v+mcntccu|tos|oouz|noocmuxoOscomoncntcst||cos
ocum|oc|cntcso||oosio|cs|n+o||but+o|cn|c+||u|o+||o|ox||+o+||||c|c|o|+tooc+mon|o
ooc+|um|n|o|+st|c+ntcsc+t+||s+oo|cscout|osm+tc||+|s
|csu|s+s|cccntcssob|ccsscsm+tc||+|stcmcnvo|v|oo+c+|+ctc||z+ioo|+n+||scc+|o||mct||c+oc
novoscomoncntcsoc|oc|cntcsso||ooscomos|toscomscusv+|o|csocc+|o|occombustioc
cnt+||+oc|o|m+io|nt|ccsscscomoncntcscncont|+moso|c-o||mc|o||||o|oc|cntc
so||oo|Co+c+t+||s+oo|csocuc|m+m+t||zcscnc|gct|c+scomoC^|o||^||Oco|||^||O
|nt|coscombust|vc|s||u|oosscnoo+tu+|mcntc|nvcst|g+ooscncont|+m-scosocc|+ssc||c|go||-
c+b+scoco|mct||||o|+z|n++ss|mct||c+ctct|ox|ooocn|t|ogcn|ocosnio-||c|go||coscomo+s
comb|n+ocsocuc|oscnccox|gcn|o||u|oococ+|+n+c+c|oon|t||co|umcg+ntc
!.9.z. Agenda de 8U
|csu|s+s|cccntcs|c|+t|v+s+o||mc|oscnvo|vcmoocscnvo|v|mcntoc|+b||c+iooc|oc|cntcs
so||oos+|+|oguctcs|otcocstc|m|c+s||g|o+sccx|vc|st|+t+mcntoocsuc|||c|ccom|+sm+
cstuoosoc+ocsiocnt|ccomoncntcscn+|mcntc+n+||scccont|o|cocu+||o+oc
Oc+||cg+mcntoocummoto|-|oguctcoccombust|vc|so||oocum|occssocom|cxouccnvo|vc
o|vc|s+sct++st+|scomo|c+|+ioocm+tc||+s-||m+sm+cc|+ioc+||cg+mcnto|o||+mcntc
o|tocu|+|cs|||+mcntoocsmont+gcm|n|b|ioootoocoo|unoooo|oc|cntcmont+gcmn+|
ccns+|ocmb+ncooc|ov+soucmvoo|c+|
!7
^||g+iooo|oc|cntc+oc+scooo|oguctc(cnvc|ocmoto|)c|c|t+o|umm+tc||+|c|+m+oo
binder||uno+mcnt+|ucc|c|o|nc+um++oc|cnc|+un||o|mcscmv+z|oscucc|ct+mbcmtcn|+
cnc|g|++como|+uc|m+oo|oc|cntc|csu|s+s|cccntcsno|+|sbusc+ms|ntct|z+|umnovo
bindercnc|gct|co+|+|oc|cntct|ocasting
|ovosbinders+|cmocum+|toocscmcn|ocnc|gct|coocvcm+|cscnt+|b+|x+vu|nc|+b|||o+oc
uc|m+v||tu+|mcntcscm|um++c|couiooc||sconousou+noocom+|+ooscomout|osm+-
tc||+|s comos|tos cm uso +tu+|mcntc |o c+so cscc|co oc |oc|cntcs o cont|o|c oc |um++
|oouz|o+n+uc|m+cumontoocg|+noc|mo|tnc|++|t|cu|+|mcntc+|+++|c+ococ|cs+Os
m+tc||+|scnc|gct|cosus+oossiono|m+|mcntco||mc|oscomg|uos+z|oosucoocmuc|m+|
scmox|o+ntcsc|oouz||umg+scnc|g|c+mcntc||coO|mu|socscc|coocsscs|oc|cntcs+u-
mcnt+cons|oc|+vc|mcntccomousoocsscsm+tc||+|s|ou|s|vos|nov+oo|cs
O|C^vcmt|+b+||+noocomumnovobindercnc|gct|coucc+comb|n+ioooglycidyl azide
polymer(GAP)comb|s-+z|oomct||ox|t+no(|^|O)uc|csu|t+cmum|ooutoocv|scos|o+oc|oc-
+|+|++|+b||c+iooc|oc|cntccomos|tocmmooocasting|css+|t+-scucsct|+t+ocumbin-
der|nov+oo|uc+t|+|g|+noc|ntc|cssco+sn+ocsm+|socscnvo|v|o+s
|+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sc|ct|o||otccn|coscncccss+||ocntcnoc|osmcc+n|smosoc
+ocsioo+|ntc||+ccmct+|;sc|+gcmv|t|c+|sscsm+tc||+|soocmsc|us+ooscomoc+|g+soc+g|+n-
tcs ou octon+ntcs t+nto +|+ s|stcm+s oc |gn|io como cm s|stcm+s oc ocst|u|io oc moto|cs-
|oguctcs+|oc|cntcso||oout|||z+oosnoV|-+ccm|oguctcsocsono+gcmOocs+oncst+cs-
u|s+cons|stccmoom|n+|tccn|c+socsc|+gcmocb+|xocustoc+|t+mcntcc|ct|v+smcsmo+os
cxos|iooosm+tc||+|s++mb|cntcscom+|t+sc+|g+so|nm|c+sctc|m|c+s
|m+sccto|mo|t+ntccm|nvcst|g+iocot|+t+mcntoocsuc|||c|cs+|++ocsiooco||mc|os
cm+tc||+|soc|otciotc|m|c+|cstcg|uooctcm+socst+c+-sco,+tc+mcntococscng|+xcoc
suc|||c|cs++||c+ioocprimersc+ocs|vosc+co|+gcm
Out|otcm+|mo|t+ntc,+|c|+t+ooncstc+|t|gon+sciooccomos|tosc+moo|c+iosuc|c|+|
occomos|toso||mc||coso||+sm+gc|+ooo|m|c|o-ono+sc|+o|o-||cucnc|+(||)|stctcm+
cvoc+tccno|og|+soc|+sm+sgc|+oos++|t||oco|vc|sosg+scscscuscu|+mcntos+ssoc|+oos
t+|scomo|c+to|un|o+ocsgc|+oo|+sbomb+stu|bo-mo|ccu|+|cscscct|omct|osocm+ss+m+g-
nct|onscout|os|ccu|sosoc|n||+cst|utu|+|+bo|+to||+|^ss|m+stccno|og|+soc|+sm+|cvc|+m-sc
|mo|t+ntcs+|+comos|toscst|utu|+|scm+tc||+|scnc|gct|cos
!8

Out|ostcm+soccsu|s+|+t|c+ooscomosuo|tc+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|scnc|-
gct|coscnvo|vcmnovosmctooosoc|nscioccns+|osnio-ocst|ut|voscomo+uc|csuccm|c-
g+mu|t|+-som|+tc||+|s+bso|vcoo|csoccnc|g|+sono|+to|n+m-sc|mo|t+ntcsoc|o|m++|cou-
z||+c+|g++cust|c+|most+c|omoto|-|oguctc+s|stcm+scmb+|c+ooscms+tc||tcsoun+b+|+oc
cont|o|c+ss|mcomo|gn|to|cs+c|on+ooso||+sc|oc|o|m+++m||+|+scgu|+n+oos|stcm+oc
+|t|o+oosmoto|cs-|oguctcs+combust|vc|so||oo
||mo|t+ntcocst+c+|uc+|++o|+|+csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntooctcm+s|c|+t|vos+m+tc||+|s
oc+|t+ocns|o+occnc|gct|c+g|+nocs|nvcst|mcntosocvcmsc||c|toscmcu|+mcntos|+bo|+to-
||+|scscc|+||z+oosocu|m|c+cngcn|+||+u|m|c+cngcn|+||+ocm+tc||+|sccngcn|+||+mccn|c+
|nt|ccsscscu|+mcntosc|t+m-scosscgu|ntcsm|stu|+oo|csc+|+no|+s|cns+sbamburies+uto-
c|+vcsv|scos|mct|os|comct|os|c+to|csu|m|cosoot|o||^cm+|+sc||m+t|c+so|n+momct|os
gon|omct|osmco|oo|csocconout|v|o+octc|m|c+cc|ct||c+c|om+tog|+|os(g+soso||u|oococ
co|un+)cscct|o|otomct|ooc|n||+vc|mc||ocomm|c|osco|coot|co+n+||s+oo|cstc|m|cosoos
t|os|^|^C^||Cm|c|omc|og|+|os+|+sc|o|n+momct|osun|vc|s+|sou|omct|os|c||+-
tomct|oscout|oscu|+mcntos
|sscs cu|+mcntos +|cm oc c|m|t||cm + |c+||z+io oc +n+||scs ||s|c+s c mccn|c+s oc m+tc||+|s
com +s su+s |cscct|v+s +v+||+ocs |ou|s|v+s c tc|m|c+s gc|+m c|cmcntos +|+ + |c+||z+io oc
+n+||scsu|m|c+s|nc|u|noos|ntcscso|gn|c+s+n+||scsg|+nu|omct||c+sc+n+||scscscct|omct||c+s
ocsscsm+tc||+|s
!.9.!. roposta
Os m+tc||+|s oc +|t+ ocns|o+oc cnc|gct|c+ |nc|ucm os |oc|cntcs so||oos c ||u|oos oc moto|cs-
|oguctcsos||otccn|cosos|gn|to|cscosbinderscnc|gct|cos^||st+ocm+tc||+|succ|tcnccm
+css+c|+ssccmu|tocxtcns+cv+||+o+|ccomumtooosc|cscnvo|vcm+|gumt|ooco||mc|o
o|gn|co^c+oc|+oc+||c+ocsocsscsm+tc||+|sc|gu+|mcntccxtcns+co|vc|s|c+o+oc|o|m+uc
ot|+nsbo|o+mcntooc+ocstom+o+ssob|ccstctcm++|+out|+s+|c+scconom|c+sct|oocomo
|o|tcccc|to+|t|cu|+|mcntc+|+++|c+ococ|cs+
^|oost+c|omcnt+|+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|soc+|t+ocns|o+occnc|-
gct|c+|nov+oo|csoc|o|m++mc||o|+|osscusocscmcn|osb+|x+|osscuscustosoc|oouioc
|couz||+occnocnc|+n+c|on+|oc|nsumos|mo|t+oos
!9
^ |oost+ |cssuoc +ocs s|mu|tnc+s cm v+||os ccn+||os n+s un|vc|s|o+ocs nos |nst|tutos oc
||cn+s|noust||+soc|o|m++cst|mu|+|v||tuos+mcntctoo++c+oc|+ocm+tu||o+octccno|og|c+
o+C|cnc|+|nov+io^ss|mooc|-sc-++cc|c|+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|socss+c|+s-
sc|couz|nooosscustcmos+|+mc|c+ooc||m|n+noooccnocnc|+stccno|og|c+soc|o|ncccoo-
|cscst|+ngc||osc+umcnt+noo+comct|t|v|o+oco+s|noust||+sn+c|on+|soocto||s+c|+|
3.10. Materiais da cadeia de energia solar para aplicaes espaciais
!.!0.!. Cenarlo
O ||+s|| c cc|t+mcntc um oos +|scs oc m+|o| |nso|+io oo |+nct+ |tu+oo cnt|c os +|+|c|os ,
|o|tc c ,| u| tcm o scu ccnt|o gcomct||co n+ |cg|io t|o|c+| o+ c||+ |o|t+nto |+z scnt|oo o
+|gumcnto oc +|ovc|t+|mos +o m+x|mo cst+ |ontc cnc|gct|c+ n+tu|+|mcntc o|son|vc| ou|+ntc
toooo+no
Osmcc+n|smoscx|stcntcs+|++|ovc|t+mcntoo+cnc|g|+so|+|+|+o|vc|sosnsn+suc|||c|coo
|+nct+sioosmcsmosucoocmsc|cm|cg+oos+|+|o|nccc|cnc|g|++|++c|on+vcsn+vcg+n-
oon++|t++tmos|c|+ou+|+s+tc||tcscmo|b|t+|+cx|stcmvc|cu|os+c|cosnio-t||u|+oosoc|+noo
cmg|+nocs+|t|tuocsuccm|cg+mcc|u|+sso|+|cscomoc+to|csoccnc|g|+|ioo||c|cntcmcntc
oss+tc||tcsc+|o||+|st+io|s+c|+||ntc|n+c|on+|(International Space Station |)ncccss|t+m
occnc|g|++|+o|unc|on+mcntooctooososscuss|stcm+s
Com cstc |+c|oc|n|o cm +|ovc|t+mcnto o+ t|+nsvc|s+||o+oc o+s cst|+tcg|+s oc m+tc||+|s +|+ os
cto|csoc|nc|g|+c^mb|cnt+||+zscnt|oo|+zc|cs|o|ocon,untocm|+vo|ocss+oioo|sc|+
cscmouv|o+|gu+|mcntcv+nt+,os++|+octo||s+c|+|Osm+tc||+|scm|cg+oosn+c+oc|+o+
|oouiocnc|gct|c+oco||gcm|otovo|t+|c++|+osscto|cs+ont+oossioosmcsmosucooc|io
bcncc|+|octo||s+c|+||x|stcm+cn+s+|gum+so||c|cn+suc||ioocm+no+|csu|s+s+o|c|o-
n+|sucsc|iocomcnt+o+s+scgu||
O+mb|cntccs+c|+|coom|n+ooo||+o|+ocscosm|c+sucsio|t|+o+sc|++tmos|c|+|+su-
c|||c|c o+ c||+ css+s |+o|+ocs c|cg+m +mcn|z+o+s ^s |+o|+ocs cosm|c+s sio ||nc|+|mcntc
+|t|cu|+soc+|t+cnc|g|+,o/sio|otonsu+sc+o/sio+|t|cu|+s+||+(ncut|onsc|otons)c+s
!60

|cst+ntcssio+|t|cu|+sbct+(c|ct|ons)cnoocomo||nc|+|o||gcmoo|css+s+|t|cu|+ssio+b-
so|v|o+sc|+smo|ccu|+so++tmos|c|+|oouz|noocomo|csu|t+ooo|vc|s+s|c+ocs||s|co-u|m|c+s
ousio+||s|on+o+snosc|ntu|ocsocV+n^||cnooc+mom+gnct|co+o|coo|o+c||+
Cc|u|+sso|+|csco|oc+o+scms+tc||tcsniooocmcont+|com+|otcioucosmcmb|oso+b|o-
s|c|+ tc||cst|c ossucm |ss+s cc|u|+s cstio tot+|mcntc cxost+s +bc-sc uc os |+|os cosm|cos
ossucmcnc|g|+suc|cntc+|++|tc|+|ocst+ooocc|cmcntosocc||cu|tosc|ct|on|cos|ntcg|+oos
|oss|vc|s|csu|t+oosocss+|ntc|+iosio+co||uiooco+oosocmcmo||+co|unc|on+mcntoc|-
|+t|co oc un|o+ocs oc |occss+mcnto ccnt|+| (C||) oc comut+oo|cs oc bo|oo ^nt|g+mcntc +
|cocu+iocom|+|oscosm|cos||m|t+v+-sc+c||cu|tosc|ct|on|cos+bo|ooocs+tc||tcsouoc+c|o-
n+vcsuczcsscmvooscmg|+noc+|t|tuoc|o,ccom+|couioo+o|mcnsioooscomoncntcs
c|ct|on|coscx|stc|cocu+ioocuccsscsc|c|tososs+mm+n||cst+|-sc|gu+|mcntcsob|c+su-
c|||c|ctc||cst|c
|o|t+ntoc|mo|t+ntcucm+tc||+|sus+oos+|+convc|siooccnc|g|+so|+|cmcnc|g|+c|ct||c+cm
o|b|t+o+c||+ossu+m+|gum+|otciocont|+|+|oscosm|cosc+ss|mnio|o|t+|scomoncntcs
ooc|iotc|oocscmcn|oocg|+o+oonum++|t+t+x+c+v|o+oos+tc||tc|couz|o+o|+st|c+mcntc
+|+oucoso|+s|nv|+b|||z+noooscucm|cgocomo|ontccnc|gct|c+nocs+o
O+mb|cntccs+c|+|t+mbcm+|cscnt+|o|tcsg|+o|cntcstc|m|cos^m+|o||+ooss+tc||tcscn+vcs
cs+c|+|soc|+n+c+m+o++tmos|c||c+c|+m+o+tc|mos|c|+ucsccstcnococ+.o+e,ou||omc-
t|osoc+|t|tuoc|mum+un|c+o|b|t+cmto|noo+c||+(uc|cv+cnt|cnovcnt+m|nutos+tcv+||+s
|o|+soccnocnooo++|t|tuoc)ncstc+mb|cntcs+tc||tcscxc||mcnt+mv+||+ocsoctcmc|+tu|+
o+o|ocmocccmg|+usccnt|g|+oosocv|oo+o|+toocuc+t|+,cto||+oos+tc||tc+ss+c|oconc
ocsomb|+o+c||+cc|o|+oo||um|n+ooc|oo||c||zmcntcov+cuocs+c|+|o|cu|t+|occssos
oct|+nsm|ssioocc+|o|o|convcciom+sosout|osmcc+n|smosoct|+ns|c|cnc|+cnc|gct|c+(|+-
o|+iocconouio)cstio|cscntcs
|m|+zioocss+o|scussioosm+tc||+|sconvc|so|csc+bso|vcoo|csoccnc|g|+so|+|ocvcmsc||cs|s-
tcntcs+c|oucstc|m|cosc|+o|g+tc|m|c+,+uc+n+vcg+ioo|b|t+||oouzc+|g+sc|c||c+so|
v+||+io oc tcmc|+tu|+ +bc-sc o| cxcm|o uc csscs c|c|os |oouzcm |ntcns|o+ocs oc c+|g+
suc|cntcmcntc|o|tcs+|+|nouz||v|b|+ocsn+scst|utu|+socs+tc||tcsoucooct|+ns|o|m+|um
|occssooc|+o|g+tc|m|c+cm|+o|g+mccn|c+
!6!
!.!0.z. Agenda de 8U
O+mb|cntccs+c|+||c|cscnt+t+ntoumocs+ocomoum+oo|tun|o+oc+|+oscsu|s+oo|cs
ocm+tc||+|s^|cmoov+cuoco+|+o|+io|on|z+ntcocc+|g+tc|m+|v+||+vc|osm+tc||+|scxostos
+cstc+mb|cntcoocmcncont|+|ox|gcn|o+tom|co|+sm+m|c|o-mctco||tosc+tcsob|+soc||xo
cs+c|+||s+b|ooo|cxcm|oucoox|gcn|o+tom|co|cscntcno+mb|cntccs+c|+|ocs+tc||tcs
oco|b|t+b+|x+oocsc|+oso|v|ooo|m+tc||+|sus+oosn+const|uioocsscss+tc||tcscom+|tc|+-
ioocsu+s|o||co+ocs^ss|mtcstcsoc|ong+ou|+io|cc|s+mcst+|n++gcno+occ+|+ctc||z+-
ioocsscsm+tc||+|s
O|nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oos(||^v)oo|C^+t|+vcsooscu|+bo|+to||ooc|+o|+io|on|z+n-
tc(|||)tcmcono|ocs+|+ocum+m+nc||+s|stcm+t|c+|nvcst|g+|osc|c|tosoc|+o|+ocscosm|c+s
sob|cm+tc||+|scc||cu|tosc|ct|on|cos|o|out|o|+ooo||||ossu||n||+cst|utu|+comoo|+bo-
|+to||ooc|ntcg|+ioccstcs(||)comcono|ocsoc|nvcst|g+|osc|c|tostc|m|cosc|c||cossob|c
comoncntcsocs+tc||tcs|ss+s|nst+|+ocs|+bo|+to||+|scout|+succx|st+mouucvcn|+m+sc|
const|u|o+sno|+|ssiocsscnc|+|s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+cst|+tcg|+|oost+
!.!0.!. roposta
|u|+mcntosuccnt|cmcmo|b|t+tc||cst|csiosu,c|tos+|+o|+ocso|+|t|cu|+s|on|z+ntcsc+
g|+o|cntcstc|m|cos+|scu|+mcntosocvcmsc||o,ct+oosoc|o|m++m+ntc|cmumocscmc-
n|oocnt|oococtc|m|n+o+scscc|c+ocsc+tc|cmumc|c|oocv|o+|+zo+vc|ooontoocv|s-
t+cconom|co|nt|ccsscscu|+mcntosoocmcst+|cc|u|+sso|+|cscout|osm+tc||+|so+c+oc|+
cnc|gct|c+|otovo|t+|c+
^|oost+c+o|c|on+|scst|+tcg|+smont+o+s+|+osm+tc||+|so+c+oc|+cnc|gct|c+so|+|c+m-
b|cnt+||omcntoscmcsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sucsc,+mmcnos+|ct+oosc|+s|+-
o|+ocsso|+|cscc|osc|c|ostc|m|cosn+tu|+|so+tc|mos|c|+tc||cst|cO|csu|t+oocsc|+ooocst+
cst|+tcg|+c+m||+|+|+|x+oc|ooutos+sc|cmo|c|cc|oosc|+|noust||+n+c|on+|n++|c+cnc|gct|c+
so|+|oc|o|m+uc+|gunsocsscs|ooutososs+msc||nco|o|+oos+s|stcm+scs+c|+|sb|+s||c||os
cucscoss++|ovc|t+|oo|tun|o+ocsoccxo|t+io
!6z

3.11. Concluses
ôcnt|+|ocs+o||+|cmo+||n|+ocVon|+|m+ns|gn|c+umocs+oucoucos+|scsoo|+-
nct+csco||cmcn||cnt+|O||+s||vcmc|scgu|noocstcocs+o|+m+|socc|nucnt++nos|++t|n-
g|mos|csu|t+oosucnosco|oc+mcm+t+m+||ntc|mco|+||on+conu|st+cs+c|+||o|cmcsscs
|csu|t+ooscstio+ucmocnoss+s|ctcnsocsco+cst+tu|+|oo|c|on+|+|csu|t+oosocn+tu|cz+
cconom|c+cgcoo||t|c+,++|c+n+ooso|nosso+|s
|o uc concc|nc + m+tc||+|s +|+ cm|cgo cs+c|+| os |csu|t+oos oc || ,+ obt|oos |cc|+m+m
u|gcntcmcntc+c||+ioocum+cm|cs+|ntcg|+oo|+ocs|stcm+scs+c|+|s|st+c+|oost+||oc|
ocstc+|t|go|ssos|gn|c+uc+sc|ncoocm+|s|oost+s+u|+|cscnt+o+socco||cmoc|+oucon-
co||cm+|+oscusuccsso
^c++c|o+ocmob|||z+oo|+ocst+|oost+cuc,ust|c++su++|cscnt+iocm||mc||o|ug+|
^|og|c+ut|||z+o+c+ocucnioocvc|+|+vc||oouioouconsumoocm+tc||+|soocto||s+-
c|+|scmucsc,+mc||+o+s|+zocs+|+|sto+|noust||+||z+iooc|oguctcsocsono+gcmvc|cu|os
|+n+oo|csocs+tc||tcss+tc||tcs+|+o|vc|s+s+||c+ocscout|oss|stcm+scs+c|+|s^|oost+
cc||+|um+cm|cs+|ntcg|+oo|+c++zoc|cun||cconso||o+|o|vc|s+stccno|og|+s+m+ou|cc|o+s
cm un|vc|s|o+ocs c |nst|tutos oc csu|s+s sob |o|m+ oc |ooutos |nov+oo|cs uc oss+m sc|
ut|||z+oosno|+|scnocxtc||o||st+ocvcsc|um+soc|co+oc+non|m+com|o|tc+|t|c|+iocs-
t+t+|oc|o|m++|cccbc||n|c|+|mcntcsubs|o|osoo|st+oo||+s||c||oucoss+m+sscgu|+|+su+
cont|nu|o+occnu+ntomc|c+oosocs|stcm+scs+c|+|ssc,+mconu|st+oos|m+vczconso||o+-
o++cm|cs+ooc|+tc|+ssu+s+ocsncgoc|+o+scmmc|c+ooc+noom+nt|o++oiocst+t+|
o| um+ golden share scmc||+n+ o+ |mb|+c| +|+ g+|+nt|| os |ntc|csscs m+|o|cs oo |st+oo
nosocst|noso+cm|cs+
Osstakeholdersoo||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+s||c||o+|t|c|csoo|||^|ocvcm+|t|cu|+|-scc+g|cg+|
tooososmc|os|no|v|ou+|sc|nst|tuc|on+|soss|vc|s+|++m||+|++utonom|+n+c|on+|n+csu|s+
ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+ioccont||bu||+|+oob,ct|von+||st|cooc|oouioocm+tc||+|scs|s-
tcm+scs+c|+|sc|+|noust||+n+c|on+|Ostcm+sm+|s|c|cv+ntcs|ocnt|c+oosc|+ssu+sc++c|o+-
ocsmob|||z+oo|+ssio+|cscnt+oos+scgu||comosugcstocsoc+ocscst|+tcg|c+sucooc|iosc|
+oot+o+scmo||c|cntcsn|vc|socc|so||osocnoss+|cub||c+
!6!
!.!!.!. Materlals metallcos de alta reslstncla mecanlca e termlca
^|oost+cut|||z+|tooososmc|oso|son|vc|s+|+|ccuc|+|+scomctcnc|+s|cuc||o+s+|++
|oouiooc||g+soct|tn|ono||+s||ccst|mu|+|+omcnosum+|noust||+n+c|on+|++ou||||css+s
comctcnc|+s^|noust||+n+c|on+|c+no|o+t+++|t|c|+|ocst+cst|+tcg|+ocvc|c|c|cnc|+|mcntc
sc|oco|c+o+|oouioocm+tc||+|smct+||coscocvco|||g||+su+|oost++ummc|c+oo+m|o
oc+||c+ocs|nc|u|noocxo|t+ocscmb+scscomct|t|v+s|+|+|ssoc|+ocvc|+|cccbc||nccnt|vos
ccncomcno+s|n|c|+|soogovc|nob|+s||c||o+|+v|+b|||z+|++bso|ioo+stccno|og|+socscnvo|v|o+s
+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos+c||+ioo+|n||+cst|utu|+|cuc||o+co||nc||oo+|oouio
!.!!.z. Materlals composltos avanados
^|oost+c+o|+|+s||n|+soccsu|s+|ocnt|c+o+sncstc+|t|goo|soc|+sooc|io|csu|t+||no-
v+ocsc+tcntcs+|++umcnt+|++utonom|+cmm+tc||+|scst|+tcg|cosoo||og|+m+|s+c|+|||+-
s||c||o|u|tos|csu|t+ooscconom|cosooc|io+ov||ocst+cst|+tcg|+Ootcnc|+|oc spin-o ocsscs
|csu|t+oos+|+out|+s+|c+s|noust||+|sccc|t+mcntcmu|tog|+noccomo+tcst++||sto||+ocout|os
m+tc||+|s+c|ocs+c|+|s,+cons+g|+oos
!.!!.!. Composltos blbrldos bra-metal
^|oost+cons|stccm+o|+||n|c|+t|v+soccsu|s+scocscnvo|v|mcntosoccomb|n+ocsocmc-
t+|s b|+s |c|o|+oo|+s c m+t||zcs o||mc||c+s oc |o|m+ + obtc| so|uocs ||b||o+s |nov+oo|+s oc
m+tc||+|s+|++||c+ocs+c|ocs+c|+|s|ov+scomb|n+ocsocb|+scmct+|s+|no+nioocscnvo|-
v|o+sooc|ioo+||uz+m+tc||+|s|ntc|css+ntcsc+tcntc+vc|s|stctcm++b|c-sccomumcno|mc
|cucocoo|tun|o+ocs+sc|cmcx|o|+o+sucmc|cg+|||mc||o+umnovoc|om|sso|m+tc||+|
tc|+os|ocs||v||cg|+o+soccomct|t|v|o+ocncstctcm+
!.!!.4. Materlals de alta densldade energetlca
^|oost+c|omcnt+|+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|soc+|t+ocns|o+occnc|-
gct|c+|nov+oo|csoc|o|m++mc||o|+|osscusocscmcn|osb+|x+|osscuscustosoc|oouioc
|couz||+occnocnc|+oc|nsumos|mo|t+oos||+|cssuocum++ios|mu|tnc+cmv+||osccn+-
||osn+sun|vc|s|o+ocsnos|nst|tutosoc||cn+s|noust||+soc|o|m++cst|mu|+|v||tuos+mcntc
!64

too++c+oc|+ocm+tu||o+octccno|og|c+o+c|cnc|+|nov+io^ss|mooc|-sc-++cc|c|+|oocscn-
vo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|socst+c|+ssc|couz|nooosscustcmos+|+mc|c+ooc||m|n+noo
occnocnc|+stccno|og|c+soocxtc||o|c+umcnt+noo+comct|t|v|o+oco+s|noust||+sooscto|
!.!!.. Materlals absorvedores de energla solar
^|oost+c+o|c|on+|scst|+tcg|+smont+o+s+|+osm+tc||+|so+c+oc|+cnc|gct|c+so|+|c+m-
b|cnt+||omcntoscmcsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sucsc,+mmcnos+|ct+oosc|+s|+-
o|+ocscnc|gct|c+scc|osc|c|ostc|m|cosn+tu|+|scncont|+ooscmo|b|t+sno|ntc||o|o+tc|mos|c-
|+tc||cst|cO|csu|t+oocsc|+ooocst+cst|+tcg|+c+m||+|+|+|x+oc|ooutos+sc|cmo|c|cc|oos
c|+|noust||+n+c|on+|n++|c+cnc|gct|c+so|+|oc|o|m+uc+|gunsocsscs|ooutososs+msc||n-
co|o|+oos+s|stcm+scs+c|+|sb|+s||c||oscucscoss++|ovc|t+|oo|tun|o+ocsoccxo|t+io
!6
kerernclas
^^8 |+g|n+ |nst|tuc|on+| o+ ^ssoc|+io ^c:ocs,+c|+| 8:+s||c|:+ :io |osc oos C+m,os ||s,on|vc| cm
|tt,;;www+c:ocs,+c|+|o:gb:;. +ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
^||C|^ |:|^C|^| 8|^:|||||^ |:og:+m+ |+c|on+| oc ^t|v|o+ocs |s,+c|+|s ||^| ioo,-io+| 8:+s|||+
||n|stc:|o o+ C|cnc|+ c 1ccno|og|+ ^gcnc|+ |s,+c|+| 8:+s||c|:+. ioo,
^|^8 |+g|n+ |nst|tuc|on+| o+ ^ssoc|+io o+s |noust:|+s ^c:ocs,+c|+|s oo 8:+s|| :io |osc oos C+m,os
||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;www+|+bo:gb:;,o:tugucs;. +ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
^::OC|^Ô |^: |||U:1||^: ^||O|:|^C|^|: 8|^:|||||^: :cto: ^c:ocs,+c|+| 8:+s||c|:o
O,o:tun|o+ocs c |cs+os ,+:+ su+ Com,ct|t|v|o+oc |o:um oc Com,ct|t|v|o+oc oo :cto:
^c:ocs,+c|+| 8:+s|||+ ||n|stc:|o oo |cscnvo|v|mcnto. |noust:|+ c Comc:c|o |xtc:|o:. iooi
8|^||Ô. |+u:|c|o |+z|n| |ngcn|+:|+ ^c:ocs,+c|+| |ccxos no |ooc: |+c|on+| ||o oc |+nc|:o
|sco|+ oc Com+noo c |st+oo-|+|o: o+ ^c:on+ut|c+ (|C||^|). +,,, (monog:++)
8|^:|| Cong:csso |+c|on+| |c| n
o
ss,|. oc +o oc |cvc:c|:o oc +,,|. C:|+ + ^gcnc|+ |s,+c|+| 8:+s||c|:+ -
^|8 |cg|s|+io |coc:+|. +,,|
8|^:|| |:cs|ocnc|+ o+ |c,ub||c+ |cc:cto n
o
oso,,. oc io oc ,+nc|:o oc +,;+. C:|+ + Com|ssio 8:+s||c|:+
oc ^t|v|o+ocs |s,+c|+|s - CO8^| |cg|s|+io |coc:+|. +,;+
o
+,,i. oc s oc oczcmb:o oc +,,|. ^,:ov+ + +tu+||z+io o+
|o||t|c+ oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto o+s ^t|v|o+ocs |s,+c|+|s - |||^| |cg|s|+io |coc:+|. +,,|
o
+,,,. oc +o oc ,u||o oc +,,o. |nst|tu| o :|stcm+ |+c|on+|
oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto o+s ^t|v|o+ocs |s,+c|+|s - :|||^| |cg|s|+io |coc:+|. +,,o
C||1|O || |:1Ô | |:1U|O: |:1|^1||CO: |stuoo |:os,cct|vo oc |+tc:|+|s |c|+to:|os oc
:|tu+io |+sc | |c|+to:|o |+:c|+| 1ccno|og|+s :cns|vc|s (1cm+ V) |+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos ,+:+
1ccno|og|+s :cns|vc|s 8:+s|||+ Ccnt:o oc cstio c |stuoos |st:+tcg|cos. ioo;
C||1|O || |:1Ô | |:1U|O: |:1|^1||CO: |stuoo |:os,cct|vo oc |+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos |+sc
i;, |c:s,cct|v+s ,+:+ îo 1o,|cos 1ccno|og|cos |:|o:|t+:|os cm C81 oc |+tc:|+|s ^v+n+oos
8:+s|||+ Ccnt:o oc cstio c |stuoos |st:+tcg|cos. ioos
|C1^ |+g|n+ |nst|tuc|on+| oo |c,+:t+mcnto oc C|cnc|+ c 1ccno|og|+ ^c:ocs,+c|+| :io |osc oos
C+m,os ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwct+b:; ^ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
|^||:| :| tc:+ |+bo:+to:|o oc cst:utu:+s |cvcs cm +v|+io |ot|c|+ ,ost+o+ cm i oc m+:o oc ioo,
||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;bvs|+,cs,b:;n+m|o|+;not|c|+;i;s,i;s,-tc:+-|+bo:+to:|o-cst:utu:+s-|cvcs;.
+ccsso cm m+:o oc io+o
|||||QU|:. V ^ | 1|tn|o no 8:+s|| :io |+u|o ^ssoc|+io 8:+s||c|:+ oc |ct+|u:g|+ c |+tc:|+|s - ^8|.
ioos (||v:o ||g|t+|)
|U|:O| C|1: v|os v|o |n t|c |cw :,+cc |+cc ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;www|uoson+com;
s,+cc:+cc|tm ^ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
|||| |+g|n+ |nst|tuc|on+| oo |nst|tuto |+c|on+| oc ^t|v|o+ocs |s,+c|+|s :io |osc oos C+m,os ||s,on|vc|
cm |tt,;;www|n,cb:; ^ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
|^||||:. |o|n C 1cc|no|ogy |c+o|ncss |cvc|s ^ v||tc |+,c: v+s||ngton. | C |^:^
|c+ou+:tc:s +,,, ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;www|n+s+gov;o cc;cooc;t:|;t:|,o| ^ccsso cm
|cvc:c|:o oc io+o
||||:1|||O |^ C|||C|^ | 1|C|O|O|^ ||+no oc îo ioo;-io+o 8:+s|||+ ||n|stc:|o o+ C|cnc|+ c
1ccno|og|+. ioo;
||||:1|||O |^ ||||:^ | ||||:1|||O |^ C|||C|^ | 1|C|O|O|^ Concc,io |st:+tcg|c+
C|cnc|+. 1ccno|og|+ c |nov+io oc |ntc:cssc o+ |c|cs+ |+c|on+| 8:+s|||+ ||n|stc:|o o+ |c|cs+ c
||n|stc:|o o+ C|cnc|+ c 1ccno|og|+. ioo,
||||:1|||O |O ||:||VO|V||||1O. |||U:1||^ | CO|||C|O |X1|||O| |o||t|c+ oc
|cscnvo|v|mcnto |:oout|vo ||| 8:+s|||+ ||n|stc:|o oo |cscnvo|v|mcnto. |noust:|+ c Comc:c|o
|xtc:|o:. ioos
|^1||. | | c CU|1O. | ^ ôv+ncco m+tc:|+|s |o: s,+cc +,,||c+t|ons. |+s+ |+ng|cy |csc+:c| Ccntc:.
^ct+ ^st:on+ut|c+ o+(++-+i)(|cc ioo;). , ++i+-++i,
|Û:C|||8^C|. | : :o|+: Cc|| ^::+y |cs|gn |+noboo|. V+n |ost:+no |c|n|o|o. |cw :o:|. +,so
|^v^|. : |ct+|-|+t:|x Com,os|tcs |o: :,+cc ^,,||c+t|ons |O| ,,(|)(ioo+). , +|-+; ||s,on|vc| cm
|tt,;;wwwtmso:g;,ubs;,ou:n+|s;|O|;o+o|;|+w+|-o+o||tm|. +ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
:||V^. | ^ |:occss+mcnto c C+:+ctc:|z+io oc Com,os|tos ||b:|oos ||b:+;mct+| 1csc oc |outo:+oo
|nst|tuto 1ccno|og|co oc ^c:on+ut|c+. :io |osc oos C+m,os. iooo
U||O| O| CO|C||||| :C|||1|:1: UC: :+tc|||tc |+t+b+sc ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwucsus+o:g;
nuc|c+:_wc+,ons_+no_g|ob+|_sccu:|ty;s,+cc_wc+,ons;tcc|n|c+|_|ssucs;ucs-s+tc|||tc-o+t+b+sc
|tm| ^ccsso cm |cvc:c|:o oc io+o
!67
Slglas e abrevlaturas
^^| ^ssoc|+io^c|ocs+c|+|||+s||c||+ |||| |nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc|csu|s+s|s+c|+|s
^|| ^gcnc|+|s+c|+|||+s||c||+ |||| |nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc||o||co+oc|noust||+|
^|^|
^ssoc|+ioo+s|noust||+s^c|ocs+c|+|soo
||+s||
|||
|nst|tutooc|csu|s+sc|cscnvo|v|mcnto
(cxt|nto)
||||
|+nco|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto
|conom|cococ|+|
|| |nst|tutooc|csu|s+sccno|og|c+s
C|| Comos|to||b|+-|ct+| ||| |+bo|+to||ooc|+o|+io|on|z+ntcoo||^v
C|^ Ccnt|ooc|+n+mcntooc^|cnt+|+ |C ||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+
C|||
Ccnt|ooc|+n+mcntoo+|+||c||+oo
|n|c|no
|| ||n|stc||oo+|c|cs+
CO|^|| Com+nooo+^c|on+ut|c+ ||C| ||ssio|s+c|+|Com|ct+||+s||c||+
C^ Ccnt|occn|co^c|ocs+c|+| |C| Missile Technology Control Regime
C| C|cnc|+tccno|og|+c|nov+io |^^
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
C^||
Coo|ocn+iooc^c||c|o+mcntooc
|csso+|oc||vc|uc||o|
|||| |o||but+o|cno||u|oo||o|ox||+oo
CC|| Ccnt|oocCcstioc|stuoos|st|+tcg|cos ||^| ||og|+m+|+c|on+|oc^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s
C|| Comos|tosoc|+t||zcs|ct+||c+s |||^|
|o||t|c+|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntooc
^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s
C||
Consc||o|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto
C|cnt|cocccno|og|co
|| |csu|s+c|cscnvo|v|mcnto
C|| Central Processing Unit || |+o|o-||cucnc|+
CV|| Com+n||+V+|coo||o|occ C||
ubscc|ct+||+ocCont|o|co+s|n|o+ocsoc
|csu|s+oo|C
|C^
|c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+
^c|ocs+c|+|
|^| Special Federal Aviation Regulations
||| Ccnt|o^c|ocs+c|+|^|cmio |||^|
|stcm+|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntooc
^t|v|o+ocs|s+c|+|s
||||^|| |m|cs+||+s||c||+oc^c|on+ut|c+^ || o||c|ovc|oc|ntcg|+ioooV|
|^|||
|uno+iooc^m+|o|csu|s+oo|st+oo
ocio|+u|o
|| |+t+oooc|io-||o|||c|+io
|^| Federal Aviation Regulations | c|mooc|c|c|cnc|+
||||| ||n+nc|+oo|+oc|stuoosc||o,ctos |^| United States Air Force
C|^|| Glass Reinforced Aluminum V^| Vc|cu|o^c|co|io-||u|+oo
|^| |nst|tutooc^c|on+ut|c+c|s+ooo|C^ V| Vc|cu|o|+n+oo|oc+tc||tcs
||^v |nst|tutooc|stuoos^v+n+oosoo|C^ V Vc|cu|oocono+gcm
|||
|nst|tutooc|omcntocCoo|ocn+io
|noust||+|oo|C^
V| Vc|cu|oocono+gcmcomBooster
|^
|nst|tutoccno|og|cooc^c|on+ut|c+oo
|C^
|| |+bo|+to||ooc|ntcg|+ioccstcsoo||||
||| |+m|n+oos||b|+-|ct+|
!68

!69
Materiais avanados para energia
4. Materiais avanados para energia
1
4.1. Apresentao
|c+co|oocomoWorld Energy Outlook,ub||c+ioo+^gcnc|+|ntc|n+c|on+|oc|nc|g|+|cvc-sco
+umcntoo+ocm+no+muno|+|occnc|g|+cmcc|c+oc,,/noc||ooocnt|c.oo,c.o,o||o,cocs
o+^gcnc|+|ntc|n+c|on+|oc|nc|g|+|no|c+mucoscombust|vc|s|ossc|sc|m+ncccmoom|n+ntcs
como+s|ontcs||m+||+soccnc|g|+noccn+||ooc|c|c|cnc|+ooc||ooo.oo;-.o,ocont||bu|noo
comcc|c+oct|csu+|tosoo+c|csc|mooccnc|g|+ncstcc||ooo|mtc|mos+bso|utosoc+|vio
su|||++m+|o|+|cc|+o+ocm+no+cnc|gct|c+scgu|ooc|og+sn+tu|+|cct|o|coôcm+no+o|
c+|viocg+sn+tu|+|sc|+|mu|s|on+o+c|oc|csc|mcntooossc|v|osoccnc|g|+c|ct||c+nos+|scs
cmocscnvo|v|mcnto|mtc|mosg|ob+|socvc|iosc|+o|c|on+oos|sooC\ocotcnc|+|nst+|+o+
+tc.o,o+|++tcnoc|+oc|csc|mcntoo+ocm+no+|occn+||ooc|c|c|cnc|+obsc|v+-scumc|csc|-
mcntos|gn|c+t|voo+snov+s|ontcs|cnov+vc|soccnc|g|+(so|+|co||c+m+|csono+sb|ocnc|g|+)
+m||+noo++|t|c|+iooc.,/o+gc|+iooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+obsc|v+o+cm.oo;+|+cc|c+oc
se/cm.o,o|mbo|++gc|+io||o|c|ct||c+co||csono++um+cnc|g|+|cnov+vc|cmtcmosg|o-
b+|s|cvc-scuc++|t|c|+ioo+||o|oc|ct||c|o+ocsc|couz||+oc+e/+|++|/nomcsmoc||-
oooO||+s|||+z+|tcoog|uooc+|scscmuc+cnc|g|+c|ct||c+cm+c|+mcntc|ovcn|cntcoc
us|n+socgc|+io||o|+u||c++su+|sco||csonocm+cc|c+oc;,/o+otcnc|+|nst+|+o+no+|sc
gc|+m+|ox|m+o+mcntc,,/o+cnc|g|+c|ct||c+consum|o+ô|c|on+|mcntcootcnc|+|||o|c|c-
t||co+|ovc|t+oono||+s||coc+cn+s,o/oootcnc|+|tco||cocx|stcntc|st+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s|no|-
c+mucno||+s||+gc|+io||o|c|ct||c+|coom|n+|+n+s|ox|m+socc+o+sg+|+nt|nooum+m+t||z
c|ct||c+csscnc|+|mcntc|cnov+vc|
Oconsumomuno|+|occnc|g|+||m+||+tcm+umcnt+oo+no++no+|c+n+noocc|c+oc+,\+no
+tu+|mcntc|stcc|csc|mcntoco||csonoc+um+umcntooc+|ox|m+o+mcntcc|nucnt+vczcs
cm|c|+io+osn|vc|s|c-|noust||+|scnu+ntoucncstcmcsmo|ntc|v+|ooctcmo+ou|+io
muno|+|c|csccucc|c+occ|ncovczcsô|son|b|||o+ococcnc|g|+|oo|c|onouumg|+nococ-
scnvo|v|mcnto|um+nocmtoooo|+nct+cousooccnc|g|+cst+o||ct+mcntc|c|+c|on+oocom
|no|ccscconom|coscocu+||o+ococv|o+|cv|ocntcuccx|stcum+|c|+iocnt|co|oouto|ntc|-
1 |stc c+,|tu|o |o| c|+bo:+oo ,c|+ cu|,c com,ost+ ,o: |osc C+:|os 8:css|+n| (coo:ocn+oo:). |+b|o Co:+| |onscc+ (:c|+to:). |ou+:oo
1o::cs :c::+ (:cv|so:). |||t+ U:+no C |:+,no||c|. |stcv+m V|to:|o :,|n+cc. |+t|m+ |+:|+ :cuc|:+ oc C+:v+||o. |:+nc|sco |osc Co:-
:c+ 8:+g+. |umbc:to ||c||+. |+|guo| V |+m+n+t|+n. ||c+:oo |cnocs |c+| |cto. V+noc:|c| :c:g|o 8c:g+m+sc|| (co-:cv|so:cs)
!70

nob|utococonsumooccnc|g|+nomunooCc|+|mcntc+|scscomc|cv+ooconsumocnc|gct|co
co||csonocmsm+|o|cscconom|+smuno|+|scomo+|cscnt+oon+||g,-+
Consumo de energia (kW / capita)

P
I
B

/

c
a
p
i
t
a

(
m
i
l

E
U
A

d
l
a
r
e
s
)
Japo
EUA
Canad
Reino Unido
Alemanha
Frana
Itlia
Espanha
Coria
Russia
Mdia Mundial
Argentina
Brasil
China
0
0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
2 4 6 8 10 12
Iigura 4-1: Dependncia do produto interno bruto com o consumo de energia per capita. Fonte: dados adaptados
do relatrio da Agncia Internacional de Energia (2006).
|o|out|o|+oo+sm+|o|cscm|ssocsocCO
.
umoosm+|s|mo|t+ntcsg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+t+m-
bcm cstio conccnt|+o+s nos +|scs com m+|o| consumo cnc|gct|co c conscucntcmcntc tcm
um+|c|+ioo||ct+comosm+|o|csv+|o|csoc|oouto|ntc|nob|utocomomost|+oon+||g,-.
|cstccontcxtocobsc|v+ooucomc|c+oo+|+cnc|g|+s|cnov+vc|stcmsccx+no|oo|+|o+mcn-
tccvcmtom+noo+|tcs|gn|c+t|v+o+scnc|g|+sconvcnc|on+|sb+sc+o+scmuc|m+occombust|-
vc|s|ossc|sc||o|oc|ct||c|o+oc|st|m+-scucomc|c+oomuno|+|+|+cnc|g|+s|cnov+vc|ssc,+cc|c+
oc||,|+b|||ocs,+cm.ooscomumc|csc|mcntomco|ocst|m+oooc,/+o+no
!7!
Emisso Anual CO
2
(mil ton)

P
I
B

(
b
i
l
h
o

E
U
A

d
l
a
r
e
s
)
EUA
Unio Europia
Brasil
China
10
1
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
Iigura 4-2: |c|+io cnt:c o ,:oouto |ntc:no b:uto c +s cm|sscs +nu+|s oc CO
.
|ontc ||8 |unoo |onct+:|o
|ntc:n+c|on+| (.00) c |m|sscs oc CO. - C+:bon ||ox|oc |n|o:m+t|on ^n+|ys|s Ccntc: (|O|. |U^.
.00)
Comoc|csc|mcnto+cc|c|+oooos+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto+ocm+no+o||ontcsoccnc|g|+c|n-
||+cst|utu|+tcm+t|ng|oonovos||m|tcsO+umcntoo+ocm+no+som+oo+oc|csccntc+c|oo||on-
tcs|cnov+vc|scc|cntcscomcm|ssocsocg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+|couz|o+scscgu|+n+oc|o|ncc|mcn-
tocnc|gct|coocv|oo+um+o|st||bu|ioocs|gu+|oos|ccu|sosn+tu|+|s+o|coo|oog|oboto|n+m
+gc|+iooccnc|g|+umoosm+|s|mo|t+ntcsocs+osuc+soc|co+ocmooc|n+cn||cnt+^cs+|
ocumcsgot+mcntoo+s|csc|v+soccombust|vc|sniosc|cons|oc|+ooum||sco|m|ncntc+cx+ustio
ooscombust|vc|s|ossc|smcsmoucg|+o+t|v+|m||c+|+n+muo+n+oc+|+o|gm+ssob|cousoo+
cnc|g|++|gunsoc|cs,+v|vcnc|+oosn+subst|tu|ioo+|cn|+c|oc+|vioostc||o|mcntcc|o+umcn-
toooscombust|vc|s||u|ooscm+|s|cccntcmcntcc|ousoc|csccntcoog+sn+tu|+||nt|ct+ntoscos
!7z

ocs+os+tu+|s|c|+c|on+ooscnc|g|+sio+n+||s+oos+m+|o||cocu+ioc+|oouiooccnc|g|+oc
m+nc||+m+|s||m+c+mb|cnt+|mcntc+m|g+vc|+|++tcnoc|+o+umcntoooconsumocnc|gct|co|o
mooc|oocgc|+iooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+|coom|n+ntcoso+nosc+us+oosc|+uc|m+occombust|vc|s
|ossc|ssiomu|to+m|osc|m||c+mcmcustoss|gn|c+t|vos+|++soc|co+ocmu|t+svczcsocscons|-
oc|+oosnoscstuoosocv|+b|||o+ococnov+stccno|og|+s|m.o,oc|cv|stoc|csc|mcntoocconsumo
ucco||csonoc+ooob|oo+ocm+no+oc.ooescnooucos+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcntoc+|t+nc-
+oosc|o||+s|||uss|+|no|+cC||n+sc|io|csons+vc|so|cc|c+oceo/ocstcc|csc|mcnto|ctoo+
|o|m++s|ontcsoc|oouiooccnc|g|+busc+o+socvcmsc|cc|cntcscconom|c+sco|son|vc|sO
ocs+occncont|+||ot+scc|cntcsoc|oouz||+|m+zcn+|t|+nso|t+|cus+|cnc|g|++|+mc||o|+|+
u+||o+ococv|o+scm+mc++|omc|o+mb|cntccoc||m+ouc+us+|tcnsocsgcoo||t|c+s
|+tc||+|s c cnc|g|+ tcm um+ |c|+io oc |cc||oc|o+oc m+tc||+|s |oouzcm cnc|g|+ ou c|m|tcm
uc c|+ sc,+ t|+ns|o|m+o+ cm |o|m+s ut|||z+vc|s c +bunonc|+ oc cnc|g|+ tcm to|n+oo oss|vc| +
|oouioocum++m|+cv+||+o+co|cioocm+tc||+|s^|c|+ioocm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+ooc
sc|v|su+||z+o+comoumcont|nuo|+tc||+|scxt|+|ooso+n+tu|cz+oocmsc|ocombust|vc|oc|c-
+to|cs+|+|oouiooccnc|g|++t|+vcsoc|c+ocsu|m|c+sounuc|c+|csosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
+|ovc|t+m+cnc|g|+o|son|vc|c+t|+ns|o|m+m+|+ut|||z+iocomoo|cxcm|oos|||c|o|oto-
vo|t+|coc+s+so+stu|b|n+sco||c+s+o|st||bu|ioc+|m+zcn+mcntooccnc|g|+t+mbcmsio|c|tos
o|m+tc||+|scmosb+tc||+s||o|ogcn|ocb|ocombust|vc|cn+|mcntcosm+tc||+|sc|m|tcmo
usoo+cnc|g|+|oouz|o+comonos|+mcntosoc|m+o+scn+s+soctu|b|n+s+,+to|o|t+nto
m+tc||+|stcmum+|c|+iomutu+co||ct+comcnc|g|+ocsoc+|oouio+tcscuuson+|c|nvcs-
t|mcntosn++|c+ocm+tc||+|ssioc|uc|+|s+|+ucsc,+msuc|+oosos|ob|cm+scnvo|v|ooscom
+|oouiooccnc|g|+
|stc oocumcnto +|cscnt+ conc|s+mcntc um |cv+nt+mcnto sob|c +s c|scct|v+s +cc|c+ o+ cs-
u|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto(||)ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+cnc|g|+||c|o|c|+bo|+oocomoob-
,ct|vooc|o|nccc|o+ooscst|+tcg|cossob|cm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosus+ooscmtccno|og|+socgc|+io
occnc|g|+c|ct||c+v|s+noocmb+s+|+|mo|tnc|+oc|nvcst|mcntosnosto|cossc|cc|on+oosio
ocsc||t+s+s||nc|+|sncccss|o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|++sscgu|ntcstccno|og|+s
ocgc|+iooccnc|g|+(+)||oouiooc||ocombust|vc|s(.)||ct||c|o+oco|+|(,)|nc|g|+|uc|c+|
(|)|nc|g|+|o||c+(,)||oouioc^|m+zcn+mcntooc||o|ogcn|oc(e)Cc|u|+s+Combust|vc|C+o+
um+ocst+stccno|og|+sc+n+||s+o+csio+ont+o+s+s||nc|+|s||m|t+ocscoss|vc|s+|tc|n+t|v+s
|c|+t|v+s+osm+tc||+|sus+oosio+|cscnt+o+s|n|o|m+ocssob|cocst+g|oococscnvo|v|mcnto
no||+s||cnomunoocu+nooc+b|vc|sio|oost+s+ocscst|+tcg|c+sc+gcno+soccsu|s+c
ocscnvo|v|mcntov|s+noo|uno+mcnt+|o||cc|on+mcntos|utu|osoc||+|+++|c+ocm+tc||+|s
+|+cnc|g|+no||+s||
!7!
4.2. Produo de biocombustveis
|mumccn+||ooc|oouiosustcnt+vc|occnc|g|+um+oiocomg|+nocotcnc|+|ccm|+|-
ooc|csc|mcntoc+|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s||u|oos++|t||o+b|om+ss+Oocs+ogc|+|oc
||coocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+s+|+|oouz||combust|vc|socb+|xocustocconom|coc
cnc|gct|com|n|m|z+nooousooc|ccu|soscsc+ssoscomotc||++|+vc|c+gu+^tu+|mcntcoconsu-
momuno|+|ocb|ocombust|vc|sconst|tu|./ooscombust|vc|s+|+t|+nso|tcccsc|+-scum+u-
mcntoocc|ncovczcs+tc.o.o|nt|ct+ntocx|stcum+sc||cocucstocs+sc|cmcons|oc|+o+s+|+
ucosb|ocombust|vc|ssc,+mtot+|mcntcsustcnt+vc|s^|cmoc+scctossoc|+|sousoocg|+nocs
u+nt|o+ocsoc+gu+c+cm|ssioocg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+|csu|t+ntco+|oouioccombustiooos
b|ocombust|vc|s|oouz|oos++|t||ocb|om+ss+sugc|cucno|ongo|+zo+s|ot+soc|oouio
occnc|g|+++|t||o+b|om+ss+ocvc|iocons|oc|+|+|oouioocc|ct||c|o+occ||o|ogcn|o|||c-
|cntcsm+tc||+s-||m+sb|o|og|c+soub|om+ss+socvc|iosc|convc|t|o+scmb|ocombust|vc|suc
sc|iot|+ns|o|m+ooscm|ooutos+|+ncgoc|osc+||c+ocsiocons|oc|+ooscomob|ocombus-
t|vc|s||nc|+|mcntco+|coo|cob|oo|csc|ucsio|oouz|ooso|mc|ooc|occssosocconvc|-
siob|ou|m|c+tc|mou|m|c+oub|o|og|cos|stcs|occssosocconvc|sioo+b|om+ss+cnvo|vcm
ct++sucocm+no+mv+||+s|o||co+ocsoosm+tc||+|scm|cg+oos
||ocombust|vc|stcms|oous+ooscmcscc|+|ocst+ucno||+s||ocsoc+occ+o+oc+,;ocst|mu|+-
ooscoc+c|+c||scooct|o|co|+|soc,o/o+|oouio+tu+|ocb|ocombust|vc|scocct+no|
|oouz|ooo||c|mcnt+io|os|occssosoc|oouioccstoc+gcmoob|oct+no|++io+c|o+
c t||bo|og|c+ ocstc +|coo| |cuc|cm o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |otcto|cs oc suc|||c|cs ^tu+|mcntc
sio+||c+o+s|cs|n+s+b+scoccox|ccstc|csv|n|||cosucniosiocons|oc|+o+ss+t|s|+to||+so|s
ocustoocm+nutcniooccu|+mcntos|c+to|csctubu|+ocs+|no+cc|cv+ooOb|oo|csc|ct|-
|c+mcntc|oouz|ooc|+|c+iooco|cosvcgct+|sougo|ou|+s+n|m+|scom+|coo|comomct+no|
ouct+no|ucn+|cscn+occ+t+||s+oo|csgc|+mmono-+|u||-cstc|cscg||cc||n++u+|ocvcsc|
|cmov|o+Og|+uocu|cz+oob|oo|csc|c|uno+mcnt+|n+obtcnioocc|cv+o+cc|cnc|+ocsu+
combustio^s|cs|n+soct|oc+|on|c+tcmsc+|cscnt+oocomoum+so|uiov|+vc|n+u||c+io
oob|oo|csc|Comoo|occssoocobtcnioocstcsb|ocombust|vc|stcmc+|+tc|tc|mou|m|com+-
tc||+|su|m|c+mcntcm+|s|cs|stcntcsc|c||+t+||os+|++ucccoo|cs|c+to|csctubu|+ioocvcmsc|
ocscnvo|v|oosv|s+noot+mbcm+umcnt+|+cc|cnc|+oo|occssooc|oouio
|os|occssostc|mou|m|cosoccombustio+cc|cnc|+o+stccno|og|+socgc|+iooccnc|g|+c|c-
t||c+cst+n+|+|x+oc.o-.,/ccons|oc|+-scuc|occssosocg+sc|c+iosiom+|s|om|sso|cs+|+
scobtc|m+|o|cscc|cnc|+s|os|occssosocg+sc|c+iom+tc||+|sc+|bon+ccos(b|om+ss+so||o+
ou||u|o+)|c+gcmcom+|ox|gcn|oouv+o|o+gu++|+|oouz||g+socs|ntcsc(syngas)co|o-
!74

outog+sosocostc||o|mcntcus+oo+|+gc|+iooccnc|g|+Cc|c+ocso/o+cnc|g|+cont|o+n+
b|om+ss+oocsc|t|+ns|c||o++|++|o|m+g+sos+^g+sc|c+ious+noo+cn+sox|gcn|oc|c|t+|+-
|+mcntcm+ssu+sv+nt+gcnsotcnc|+|socvcm|+zc-|+um++|c++t|v+ococscnvo|v|mcntos|oocm
sc| conscgu|oos mu|tos bcnc||c|os n+ g+sc|c+io com + |cmoio oc |mu|cz+s c cont+m|n+ntcs
o|mc|oooocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+soc|t|+gcmc+t+||scc|+v+oo|cs(scrubbing)
^v+nosn+sscgu|ntcs+|c+so+c|cnc|+ocm+tc||+|soocmcont||bu||s|gn|c+t|v+mcntc+|++tcc-
no|og|+occombustioocb|om+ss+cocvcmconst+|cmum++gcno+cst|+tcg|c+oc||
|c||o|csm+tc||+|s|c||+t+||os+|++|cocsoc|o|nosuc|csu|t+|iocmmc||o||so|+io
tc|m|c+ctcmc|+tu|+sm+|s+|t+socg+scscucntcsuc|omovc|io+umcntoo+cc|-
cnc|+tc|m|c+
||o,ctooc|c+to|cscmctooosoc|occss+mcntooccombust|vc|s+|+|omovc|com-
bustiom+|scom|ct+
^|cmoos|occssosoc|oouiocx|stcmocs+ostccno|og|cos+cc|c+oosb|ocombust|vc|s|c|+-
c|on+ooscomoscuusoc|ct|vocomocombust|vc|o|soct+no|oocc+us+|+co||osioocc+s
mct+||c+sc+|gum+sm|stu|+scombust|vc|soocmgc|+|cucntcso|u|oo|csOut|oontoc|uc|+|
cocscmcn|o+mb|cnt+|um+vczuc+|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|sgc|+g|+nocsu+nt|o+ocs
ocg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+consomcg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocsoc+gu+ctc||++|+vc|coocc+us+|o|u|-
iocm+|gum+s+|c+s|o|t+nto+|oouiosustcnt+vc|cm|+|g+csc+|+ocb|ocombust|vc|s++|-
t||oc|ooutos+g||co|+sc||m|t+o++|oc+||o+ocsucossucmum+sc||coccono|ocs|+vo|+vc|s
ccsc|+-scuc+|oouiosustcnt+vc||utu|+ocb|ocombust|vc|s+o|nvcsocus+|monocu|tu|+s
+g||co|+ssc,+b+sc+o+n+ut|||z+iooc|c,c|tosc|cs|ouosou|+nt+scu|t|v+vc|scmtc||+socb+|x+
u+||o+oc|cstccontcxto+|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s++|t||o+||gnocc|u|oscccons|oc|+o+
oocs+occnt|+|oosb|ocombust|vc|ssustcnt+vc|sucocvc|+c|m|t||+|oouiocm|+|g+csc+|+
occt+no|^b|om+ss+cc|u|os|c+c++|tccst|utu|+|o+s|+nt+sucoocsc|obt|o+oc|cs|ouos
+g||co|+s(b+g+oo+c+n+oc+uc+|)o|cst+|s(sc||+gcm)c||+ocs+|cc|+vc|soc|cs|ouosso||oos
mun|c|+|s(+c|)^cs+|ooscno|mcsbcnc||c|osotcnc|+|sooct+no|cc|u|os|cocoos|og|cssos
,++|c+n+ooscst+tccno|og|++|no+|cc|s+sc|comc|c|+|mcntcv|+b|||z+o+
||occssosc+t+||t|cosoocmsc|mu|to|mo|t+ntcs+|++|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|sno|utu|o
^s|ntcsc||sc|c|-|osc|(|)|c|o|m++v+o|g+sc|c+ioc+t+||t|c+cb|oc+t+||s+oo|cssiocxcm-
|osoc|occssosc+t+||t|cosoc|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s^s|ntcsc|us+c+t+||s+oo|csb+sc
oc|cCoc|u+|c|o|m++v+o|us+t|+o|c|on+|mcntcc+t+||s+oo|csb+scoc||suo|t+ooscm
+|t|cu|+s cc|m|c+s c + g+sc|c+io c+t+||t|c+ tcm us+oo c+t+||s+oo|cs C+|g(CO
,
)
.
|cscnvo|v|-
mcntosn++|c+occ+t+||scoc|ntc|cssc+|++|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s|nc|ucmc+t+||s+oo|cs
m+|ssc|ct|vos(oucono|ocsoc|occssos)+|++s|ntcsc|c+t+||s+oo|csocb+|xocusto+|+g+sc|-
!7
c+io|cs|stcntcsocs+t|v+io+|+|c|o|m++v+o|cc+t+||s+oo|cs+|++|oouioocg+socs|n-
tcsc||cocm||o|ogcn|oOusoocc+t+||s+oo|csn+nocst|utu|+oosn+|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s
v|s++umcnt+|+cc|cnc|+c+sc|ct|v|o+ococ|occssos|noust||+|s|csu|t+noocmum+|ovc|t+mcn-
tom+|scc|cntcocm+tc||+s-||m+scomconsumomcno|occnc|g|+c+|oouioocu+nt|o+-
ocsmcno|csoc|cs|ouos|nocsc,+vc|sOsc+t+||s+oo|cst+mbcmoocmt|+zc|v+nt+gcns+o|c|on+|s
|o|c|+|+|couioo+csc+|+o+s|+nt+s|noust||+|scc|m|t||+gc|+iooomcsmo|oouto+t|+vcs
ocumnumc|omcno|occt++soc|oouio
Cons|oc|+noo+||s|co-u|m|c+oos|occssosocobtcnioocb|ocombust|vc|scos|cu|s|toscx|-
g|oosc|+cngcn|+||+oc+||c+ioum++gcno+occsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto(||)n++|c+oc
m+tc||+|scmtcm+scomo|ccob||mcntosocsuc|||c|cscont|+++io+c|o+c++b|+siom+tc||+|s
+|+|t|+gcm||s|c+csc+|+iou|m|c+m+tc||+|s|c||+t+||osc|cs|stcntcs+iou|m|c+cm+tc-
||+|so||mc||cos|cs|stcntcs+so|vcntcsocvc|iocont||bu||ocm+nc||+|mo|t+ntc+|+os|occssos
oc|oouiocusoocb|ocombust|vc|sio+ont+oosousooccc|m|c+sn+nocst|utu|+o+scm
+||c+ocscomo|t|oscomos|tos|cs|stcntcs++b|+sioc|ccob||mcntos|cs|stcntcs++|t+stcm-
c|+tu|+scoco||mc|os+|+|cs|n+scomos|t+soc|cvcst|mcntos|cs|stcntcs+b|+sioc+t+uc
u|m|comcmb|+n+sn+noo|os+sc|cs|n+soct|oc+|on|c+
|nt|ct+ntoc|mo|t+ntccons|oc|+|ucum+g|+noc+|tcooscs|o|oscm||+cc|c+o+|oou-
ioocb|ocombust|vc|scst+n+s+|c+sb|o|og|c+sonoc|occssosb|ou|m|coscb|oc+t+||t|costcm
s|oo|nvcst|g+oos|ntcns+mcntc|mcxcm|ocousooc+|g+sccnz|m+s+|+convc|tc|b|om+ss+
cmb|ocombust|vc||nt|ct+ntomcsmoncstcs|occssossioncccss+||osocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+-
tc||+|sc|occssos+|+scm+ntc|+scono|ocsocc|csc|mcntoo+s+|g+scc+t+||s+oo|cs+|+um+
cc|cntcconvc|sioo+b|om+ss+
|o|stuoo||oscct|vooc|+tc||+|s^v+n+oosooCC|||o|+m|ccomcno+ooscomo||o||t+||oso
ocscnvo|v|mcntooccc|m|c+sco||mc|os+|++umcntoo+cc|cnc|+o+|oouiooob|oo|csc|c
oc|ccob||mcntos|otcto|csocsuc|||c|cscont|+++io+c|o+ct||bo|og|c+oos|occssosoc|o-
ouioccstoc+gcmoob|oct+no|||ntc|css+ntcnot+|uc+|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|s|o||ocn-
t|c+o+ncssccstuoocomoun|coto|coocm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+nou+|o+|scxc|cc||oc|+n+
muno|+||o|t+ntoo|nvcst|mcnton+||+|++|oouiooosb|ocombust|vc|scscc|+|mcntco
b|oct+no|cob|oo|csc|ccst|+tcg|co+|+conso||o+|cst+os|ioucsccongu|+comoum+oo|-
tun|o+ocso||o+ocncgoc|os+|+o||+s||comg|+noc|cc|cussiosoc|+|+mb|cnt+|ccnvo|v|mcnto
ocv+||osscgmcntoso+cconom|+
!76

4.3. Eletricidade solar
|||c|cntcmcntcocout|+s|ontcs+cnc|g|+so|+|cu+sc|||m|t+o+nioo|u|oo|+co|son|vc|cm
tooososcont|ncntcs|m+|o|+oc|+o|+ioso|+|n+c||+gc|++|\+nooccnc|g|+uccu|v+-
|c+|+t|c+mcntcoconsumo+nu+|tot+|oo|+nct+^tu+|mcntc+|oouioso|+|cont||bu|com
+cn+soo,/ooconsumocnc|gct|comuno|+|m+soc|csc|mcnto||oc|+ooc|+^|cm+n|+c|+io
c|m|css|on+ntc(~|o/o|+no)|x|stcmou+s||nc|+|s|ot+s+|+gc|+ioocc|ct||c|o+ocso|+|
so|+|tc|m|c+cso|+||otovo|t+|c+
|+so|+|tc|m|c++|+o|+ioso|+|cconvc|t|o+cmc+|o|uccus+ooo||ct+mcntco|cxcm|ocm
+ucccoo|csoc+gu+ouconccnt|+o++|+oc|+|gc|+oo|cs+v+o|+|+|oouz||c|ct||c|o+oc^c-
c|cnc|+oosconccnt|+oo|csso|+|cscoc+o-+,/coscustosoc|nst+|+iosioc|cv+oos^cnc|g|+so|+|
t+mbcmoocsc|convc|t|o+us+noo-scm+tc||+|stc|moc|ct||cos^so|+||otovo|t+|c+us+scm|con-
outo|cs+|+convc|tc|+|+o|+ioso|+|cmc|ct||c|o+ocucoocsc|us+o+|oc+|mcntcouconcct+o+
|cococo|st||bu|io|st+scc|u|+s|otovo|t+|c+s(C|)vcm+|cscnt+noog+n|osoccc|cnc|+|m|cs-
s|on+ntcs+o|ongoootcmo^s||mc||+sgc|+ocsus+noos|||c|omonoc||st+||not|n|+mcc|cnc|+
oc+o-+,/c+stccno|og|+socC|b+scocCoccC|oc|mcsnosoocm+t|ng||cc|cnc|+soc
.o/c|o/|cscct|v+mcntc^so||c|cntcs|+m|||+socC||nc|ucm|mcsnoscst|utu|+s+mo||+sc
m+tc||+|so||c||st+||nosc+o+um+oc|+scomo||c|cntcsv+nt+gcnscm|c|+io+ocustoccc|cnc|+oc
convc|sio|csmocombomocscmcn|o+c|ct||c|o+ocso|+|tcmcustos|nt|m|o+oo|csmco|+oc
||,o.,|\|ucco||csonoc+cc|c+occ|ncovczcsm+|sucocustoocv+||osb|ocombust|vc|s
|+|+ucC|sc,+mcomct|t|v+scncccss+||o|couz||oscustosoc|oouioo|mc|ooousoocm+-
tc||+|so||c||st+||nosc|mcsnosucoss+msc||occss+ooscm|+|g+csc+|+
^scgu||sio+|cscnt+o+sb|cvcmcntc+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+s||nc|+|stccno|og|+socc|ct||c|o+oc
so|+|cscusm+tc||+|s
Os|||c|ocom+tc||+|m+|sus+oon+tccno|og|+o+sC|scccm|cg+oocmo||c|cntcscst|utu|+s^s
C|socs|||c|oo||c||st+||notcmmcno|custouc+socs|||c|omonoc||st+||noo|cx|g||cm|occsso
oc|c+|+iom+|ss|m|cs|nt|ct+nto+cc|cnc|+cumoucomcno|u+noocom+|+o+s+os|-
||c|omonoc||st+||noOs|||c|oo||c||st+||nooocsc||c+|+ooc|oco|tcocum||ngotcouocos|-
t+noo-scum|mcsob|csubst|+toût|||z+ioocs|||c|o+mo||on+con|ccioocC|tcmmost|+oo
v+nt+gcns|mo|t+ntcsn+s|o||co+ocsc|ct||c+scno|occssooc|+b||c+io|o|+|cscnt+|um+
+bso|ioo+|+o|+ioso|+|n+|+|x+oov|s|vc|(+bso|vc|+o|+ioso|+||ovczcsm+|scc|cntcmcntc
ucs|||c|omonoc||st+||no)coocnoosc||+b||c+ooo|mc|oococos|iosob|co|vc|sost|osoc
subst|+tosocb+|xocusto(como|+st|cosv|o|oscmct+|s)os|||c|o+mo||ocom+tc||+|||nc|+|oc
!77
C|oc|mcsnosCc|u|+st|o||(|ctc|o,unct|onw|t||nt||ns|c!|n|+yc|s)cons|stcmocs|||c|o
+mo||ocs|||c|oo||c||st+||no|st+scc|u|+ssiom+|scc|cntcsucC|socs|||c|o+mo||ocos|occs-
sos+|+|+b||c+iom+|scconom|cos+t|+|nooc+o+vczm+|s+tcnioc,+scnoocomc|c|+||z+o+o|
cm|cs+,+oncs+
^scc|u|+s|otovo|t+|c+soc|mcno(C,|)+|cscnt+motcnc|+|+|+sc+t|ng||oscustoscomct|-
t|vosoc|oouioComband gap+ocu+oocc|cv+oococc|cntcoc+bso|ioot|c++|+|otons
comcnc|g|+s+c|m+oc+,cVsc||+mncccss+||ossomcntc+|gunsm|c|onsocm+tc||+|+|++bso|vc|
g|+noc+|tco+|uz|nc|ocntc|o|st|osocC,|cstioscnoo|oouz|ooscomc|c|+|mcntcnos||^c
n+^|cm+n|+cg|+nocscs|o|oscstioscnooocscno|oos+|++umcnt+|+cc|cnc|+o+convc|sio
so|+|ocst+sC,|(+)Co;Cocc(b)Co;Cu|nc
.
(C|)c;ouCo;Cu(|nC+)c
.
(C|C)^sC,|scon-
s|stcmocv+||+sc+m+o+soco|vc|sosm+tc||+|scom|unocso||c|cntcs^c+m+o+Coc+c+m+o+
t|o,+nc|+c+sc+m+o+socCocC|(ouC|C)sioc+m+o+s+bso|vcoo|+s|st+ssioocos|t+o+s
o|mc|ooctccn|c+sv+||+o+s^C|comc+m+o++bso|vcoo|+ocsu||ctooccob|c-z|nco-cst+n|o
Cu
.
znn
|
(coc|-z|nc-t|n-su|oc-Cz)+|cscnt+g|+nocotcnc|+|+|+sc|+|tcocum+nov+
gc|+ioocm+tc||+|s+|+C|socv|oo+o+|tococc|cntcoc+bso|iooom+tc||+|+bunonc|+cnio-
tox|c|o+ocoosc|cmcntosucconst|tucmcstccomosto
Oscomostos|||-VcomoC+^s|n|cC+btcmumcon,untooc|o||co+ocsucosto|n+mcx-
cc|cntcsm+tc||+|s+|+C|oc+|t+cc|cnc|+Osm+tc||+|sus+oos+|+con|ccc|on+|C|un|-,unio
sioC+^sc|n|^||nc|+|ocsv+nt+gcmoousooccomostos|||-V+|+C|coc|cv+oocusto+|+
|oouiooossubst|+tos
|m comct|oo| |c|cv+ntc o+s C| |no|gn|c+s sio +s C| o|gn|c+s uc ossucm um mcc+n|smo
o|st|ntoococ|+ionou+|+|cs||g+oosc|ct|on-bu|+co(cxc|tons)siogc|+ooscostc||o|mcntc
occomostoscmo|t+oo|csocc+|g+s||v|csn+s|ntc||+ccs^c+m+o++t|v+ocstcss|stcm+socvc
sc| m+nt|o+ cm o|mcnsocs m|n|m+s ocv|oo b+|x+ mob|||o+oc oos o|t+oo|cs oc c+|g+ |ovos
csucm+stcnt+m|cso|vc||ob|cm+s|nt||nsccoso+sC|o|gn|c+s|nc|u|noo++o|ioocco|+ntcs
+|+ c|m|t|| mc||o| +bso|io c convc|sio oo cscct|o so|+| comos|tos o|gn|co-|no|gn|cos c
n+nocomos|tos|m+|gum+sC|scns|b|||z+o+scomco|+ntcs+c+m+o++t|v+cons|stcoc|O
.
n+-
noc||st+||noocos|t+oosob|cum+suc|||c|ct|+ns+|cntccc|ct||c+mcntcconouto|+^sv+nt+gcns
ocstcs|stcm+|nc|ucmusocmu+|uc|cono|iooc|nso|+io|o||mc|oso|gn|cossioc+no|o+tos
cxcc|cntcs+|+usocmC|ocb+|xocusto|stcsm+tc||+|ssioso|uvc|sc|m|t|nooocos|ocsoc
c+m+o+so|v+||+stccn|c+scsob|co|vc|s+ssuc|||c|cs|nc|us|vccx|vc|s|o|out|o|+oootcmo
ocv|o+ut||c+cc|cnc|+(,/cmtcstcsoc|+bo|+to||o)ocvcmsc|mc||o|+oos
!78

cm s|oo csu|s+oos novos mcc+n|smos +|+ +umcnt+| o ||m|tc oc cc|cnc|+ o+s C|s |m oc-
|cscons|stcn+ut|||z+ioocn+noc||st+|socscm|conouto|csucoocm|oouz||m+|socum+|
c|ct|on-bu|+coo||oton|nc|ocntc|stcc|c|toooc|csu|t+|cmumnovot|oocC|m+|sb+|+t+c
m+|scc|cntcuc+sC|so|son|vc|sO|couz|oot+m+n|ooosc||st+|sn+csc+|+n+nomct||c+t+m-
bcmc|+m+oosocontosunt|cos(quantum dots)sugc|cmnovosc|c|tosu+nto-mccn|cosuc
convc|tcmcnc|g|+cmc|ct|onsco||c+mcntccst+sC|soctc|cc||+gc|+ioooc|ioconvc|tc|m+|s
oc|o/o+cnc|g|+o+|uzcmotcnc|+c|ct||c+|mcom+|+ioos+|nc|s|otovo|t+|cos+tu+|stcm
mcnosoc.o/occc|cnc|+c||m|tctco||cooc,o/
|stcm+stc|m|cosso|+|csus+m+|+o|+ioso|+|como|ontcocc+|o|coocmsc|us+oos+|+con-
t|o|coo+mb|cntcgc|+|c|ct||c|o+ocou|oouz||combust|vc|su|m|cos|stcm+stc|m|cosso|+|cs
oc +|t+-tcmc|+tu|+ us+m csc||os cm v+||+s congu|+ocs +|+ conccnt|+| + |+o|+io c oco|s
convc|tc|+cnc|g|+so|+|cmc+|o|Oc+|o|oocsc|convc|t|oocmc|ct||c|o+ocus+nooumgc|+oo|
ouoocsc|us+oo+|++ux|||+||c+ocsu|m|c+s|m+us|n+b+sc+o+ncstcs|stcm+cons|stcoct|cs
+|tcsums|stcm+ot|co+|+co|ct+|cconccnt|+|+|uzum|cccto|ou|c+to|ucconvc|tc+|uz
cmc+|o|cumgc|+oo|ucconvc|tcoc+|o|cmc|ct||c|o+ocouum|c+to|ucconvc|tcoc+|o|cm
otcnc|+u|m|c+|x|stcmv+||ost|osocconccnt|+oo|csso|+|cs|m+vczconccnt|+o++|uzso|+|
v+||os mctooos oocm sc| us+oos +|+ convc|tc| o c+|o| cm cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ ^ un|o+oc o+ con-
vc|sioocg|+nocs|cccto|csccnt|+|sno|m+|mcntcsiotu|b|n+socv+o|Out|osmctooossio+)
gc|+iocsuc|+ucc|mcntooov+o|no|cccto|.)+ucc|mcntooc+|+tmos|c||cono|cccto|
coco|sus+-|o+|+suc|+uccc|ov+o|,)+uccc|+|com||m|oococo|sus+-|onum+tu|b|-
n+ oc g+s ||b||oo t|o so|+|;combust|vc| |m+ +|c+ +|no+ nio cx|o|+o+ c o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc
moto|csocc+|o|(heat engines)cscc|c+mcntc|o,ct+oos+|+|ntcg|+iocomos|stcm+tc|m|co
so|+|Ousoocstcsnovosmoto|csooc||+s|m||c+|subst+nc|+|mcntc+sun|o+ocsocconvc|sio
ocotcnc|++umcnt+|su+cc|cnc|+c|couz||custos
|stcm+s+|+convc|sioo||ct+o+cnc|g|+tc|m|c+cmc|ct||c+ucscb+sc|+mcmo|sos|t|vostc|-
moc|ct||coscconvc|so|cstc|mo-|otovo|t+|cos+b|cmnov+soo|tun|o+ocs+|+gc|+oo|csoco-
tcnc|+mco|+coocm+tccomct||comconvc|sio|otovo|t+|c+o||ct+^tccno|og|+occonvc|sio
tc|moc|ct||c+occnc|g|+b+sc+o+nosc|c|tos|c|t|c|cccbcc|cx|o|++cnc|g|+tc|m|c+oosc|ct|ons
(cbu|+cos)+|+convc|sioo+cnc|g|+so|+|cmc+|o|cc|ct||c|o+ocOsmc||o|csm+tc||+|stc|moc-
|ct||coso|son|vc|scomc|c|+|mcntcsio||g+soc||
.
c
,
com||
.
c
,
(t|o-n)ccomb
.
c
,
(t|o-)|s-
tcs|o|+mocscobc|tosnos+nos+,,o|cscnvo|v|mcntos|cccntcscmm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos
(^g|b
.
bc
.+m
)csuc||ct|cu|+oostcmocmonst|+oo+umcntoss|gn|c+t|voscmcc|cnc|+Ooc-
scnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|stc|moc|ct||cos(t|ocn)n+nocst|utu|+ooscomb+|x+sc|o+s+|+s|-
!79
t+so|c|c|tosoc|cs|stcnc|+occont+tooc|+o|+ioou|ntc|o||usioucoss+m+t|ng||cc|cnc|+s
oc,o/n+|+|x+cnt|c+tcmc|+tu|++mb|cntc+;ooCccons|oc|+oo+|c+n+vc|
|monto|c|cv+ntc+cc|c+o+stccn|c+socgc|+ioocc|ct||c|o+ocso|+|c+n+tu|cz+c|c||c+o+|+-
o|+ioso|+||o|t+ntooocscnvo|v|mcntoocst+stccno|og|+scscm|c+ssoc|+oooss|b|||o+ococ
+|m+zcn+mcntooccnc|g|+|mus|n+sconvcnc|on+|sso|+|-tc|m|c+csc||os+|+bo||cosconccnt|+m
|uzso|+|cmtuboscontcnoou|oosus+oos+|+t|+ns|c|cnc|+occ+|o|como+gu+oom+|ouo|co
Ou|oocus+oo+|+|oouz||v+o|o++gu+uc+||mcnt+um+tu|b|n++|+|oouz||c|ct||c|o+oc
|stcm+s,+o|son|vc|scomc|c|+|mcntcut|||z+mcsc||os|+nosocb+|xocusto+|+conccnt|+||uz
sob|ctuboscontcnoo+gu+|oouz|noo+ss|mv+o|o||ct+mcntc|+tc||+st|oc|umbo-+c|ootcm
s|oous+o+snosu|t|mos+nos+|++|m+zcn+|ct|+nso|t+|cnc|g|+|stct|oocb+tc||+cum+oio
+|++|m+zcn+|cnc|g|+so|+|Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocc|ct|ooosocc|umbono||+s||cncccss+||o+|+
+v+||+|cst+oiooc+|m+zcn+mcnto^+ssoc|+iooccnc|g|+so|+|+|+|oouiooc||o|ogcn|o
+|m+zcn+mcntocostc||o|usocmcc|u|+s+combust|vc|ccons|oc|+o+um+|ot+|mo|t+ntc
|nu+nto +s csu|s+s v|s+noo o +umcnto o+ cc|cnc|+ novos m+tc||+|s c o|m|nu|io oc custos
|og||ocmo|vc|s+s|cg|ocsoomunootcm+oc||oostccno|og|+sso|+|cs|+^mc||c+oou|coo
|o|tc|ouvc+umcntoo+|oouiooccnc|g|+so|+|occc|c+oc.,/cnt|c.ooec.oo;n+|u|o+
o+umcntoncstcc||ooo|o|ocm+|soceo/cnoo||cntcmco|o,;/||og|+m+scomo+California
Solar Initiativeuc|cvc|nvcst|mcntosoc|,,,b|||ocs+|+gc|+|,C\occ|ct||c|o+oc+tc.o+;
o|mc|ooo|nccnt|vooc|nst+|+iooc+|nc|sso|+|cscmtc||+oosoc|cs|ocnc|+sc|co|oscomc|-
c|+|s|no|c+muccst+tccno|og|++|ox|m+-scocum++||c+ioo|sscm|n+o+
u+nto+occn+||on+c|on+|+sv+||+o+stccn|c+sus+o+s+|+obtcnioocm+tc||+|s|otovo|t+|cosn+
csc+|+oc|+bo|+to||ocstioo|son|vc|scm+|gunsccnt|osoccsu|s+cun|vc|s|o+ocsno||+s|||n-
t|ct+ntocst+s|nst|tu|ocst+|vczniocstc,+mcnvo|v|o+snoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sso|+|csc
ooc||+msc||ntcg|+o+scmumocscnvo|v|mcntocoo|ocn+ooc|+|o|m+iooc|cocsoccsu|s+
c ocscnvo|v|mcnto |o momcnto sio ouc+s +s |nst|tu|ocs uc tcm |og|+m+s oc || cm m+-
tc||+|sso|+|cs|+|+ocscnvo|vc|C|sn+csc+|+|+bo|+to||+|sioncccss+||osmc||o||+sc;ou+o+t+io
o+s|nst+|+ocso|son|vc|sno+|s|+|+|oouz||C|cmcsc+|+m+|o|ccsscnc|+|++u|s|ioc|nst+|+-
ioocun|o+ocscscc|c+soc|+b||c+io^|cmococscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|s+bso|vcoo|cs+|+C|t|o
|mc-no+ocscst|+tcg|c+s+|+o+|s|nc|ucm+|oouioocs|||c|og|+uso|+|c+|omoiooc
|nst+|+ocs+|+|oouioc;oumont+gcmocmoou|os|otovo|t+|coscn+|mcntcoos|stcm+|oto-
vo|t+|cocom|cto^mcsm+scucnc|+oc+ocscst|+tcg|c+s|cc|s+sc|tom+o++|+ocscnvo|vc|
tcst+|c|oouz||cmcsc+|+m+|o|osm+tc||+|scomoncntcscs|stcm+s|c|+c|on+ooscomtccno|og|+s
tc|m|co-so|+|^sun|vc|s|o+ocsocvcmscos|c|on+|+|+o|c|ccc|cu|sosvo|t+ooscnc|g|+so|+|io
!80

ncccss+||os|oss|on+|soco||c|cntcs+|c+soocon|cc|mcntocomo+u|m|c+||s|c+b|o|og|+m+tc-
m+t|c+c+scngcn|+||+s|nc|u|nooo||c|cntcscscc|+||z+ocsocnt|oocst+s+|c+s
C+bcocst+c+|ucoc+co|oocom+^gcnc|+|ntc|n+c|on+|oc|nc|g|+mct+oco+|couioooscus-
tosocgc|+iocoms|stcm+s|otovo|t+|cossc|ioocco||cntcs||o||ct+mcntc|c|+c|on+o++m+tc-
||+|s+|occssosoc|+b||c+ioc+cc|cnc|+o+convc|sioso|+|-c|ct||c+
io|oostososscgu|ntcs|tcns+|+um++gcno+oc||cmcnc|g|+so|+||otovo|t+|c+
|n|o+oc oc |oouio oc s|||c|o g|+u so|+| c |oouio n+c|on+| oc cu|+mcntos +|+
concxio+|coc
|cscnvo|v|mcntooccc|u|+|otovo|t+|c+(C|)ocs|||c|o+mo||ocmn|vc|occsu|s+b+s|c+
+||c+o+coc|nst+|+iooc|+nt+s||otos
|csu|s+b+s|c+n+sscgu|ntcs|+m|||+socC|
1) C|oc|mcsnoscomostoso+s|+m|||+s|||-V(C+^s)||-V|(Coc-Co)ccomos-
tosC|C(Cu|nC+n)
.) |ov+sC|b+sc+o+sm+tc||+|so|gn|coso||mc||c+cscns|b|||z+o+so|co|+ntcs
!) C|b+sc+o+scmnov+s+|u|tctu|+sn+csc+|+n+nomct||c+como+scc|u|+socon-
tosunt|cos
^s+ocscst|+tcg|+ssugc||o+s+|+cst++|c+sio
C||+|cm|cs++|+v|+b|||z+|+|+b||c+ioocs|||c|og|+uso|+|
|st+bc|ccc||cocsn+c|on+|soc||commooc|osgc|cnc|+|succ|m|t+mcx|b|||o+oc
n+gcstiooos|ccu|sosn+ncc||osccont|+t+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nosv|s+nooocum||-
mcntoocmct+sbcmcst+bc|cc|o+s
|st+bc|ccc|+|cc||+scoo|ocn+o+sc|+s|cocscmsub+|c+scscc|c+s(cxcm|oC||mc-
no)cnt|ccm|cs+sc|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+
|u|+|cc++c|t+|+s|cocs+|+ocscnvo|vc|tcst+|+v+||+|ccc|t|c+|m+tc||+|stccno|o-
g|+scs|stcm+soccnc|g|+so|+||otovo|t+|c+
|+gc|+io|c||otc|m|c+occnc|g|+c|ct||c+sio|oostososscgu|ntcs|tcns+|+++gcno+oc||
|m|+nt+io oc |+nt+s oc ocmonst|+io oc gc|+io |c||otc|m|c+ oc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+
(Conccnt|+tcoo|+||owc|C|)+|++stccno|og|+socc|||no|os+|+bo||costo||cccn-
t|+|co|scos+|+bo||cos
!8!
|cscnvo|v|mcnto|+b||c+iocc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s|cct|vos|c||+t|voscsc|ct|vos
+|+csc||osc+bso|vcoo|cso+|+o|+ioso|+|
|cscnvo|v|mcnto oc moto|cs oc c+|o| (|c+t cng|ncs) cscc|c+mcntc |o,ct+oos +|+
|ntcg|+iocomos|stcm+tc|m|coso|+|
|stcm+soc+|m+zcn+mcntoocc+|o|+|+ot|m|z+iooc|+c|on+|o+s|+nt+socgc|+io
|oucsc|c|c|cstccno|og|+socb+|x+cmco|+tcmc|+tu|+ssio|oostososscgu|ntcs
|tcns+|+++gcno+oc||
|m|+nt+iooc|o,ctosococmonst|+io+|++v+||+ioocnov+stccno|og|+scnovos
m+tc||+|s
^m||+ioo+c++c|t+iotccno|og|c+o+|noust||+n+c|on+|com+n+||o+ococobtc|-sc
g+n|osoccc|cnc|+cnc|gct|c+c|couocsoccusto
|cvc-scocst+c+|ucoto|coocm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+so|+||o|+ont+oocomoom+|s||o||t+||o
+|+|nvcst|mcntoscomoo|tun|o+ococncgoc|ono|c|+to||ooc|c|scct|v+s+|+îooo|stu-
oo||oscct|vooc|+tc||+|s^v+n+oosooCC|||o||ocnt|c+ooncstc|c|+to||oucoocscnvo|v|-
mcntoo+cnc|g|+so|+|no+|scoc|+s+oocmcst+g|ooccsu|s++||c+o+cnu+ntouco|csto
oomunoocst+cmcst+g|ooc+||c+iosc|ct|v+
4.4. Energia nuclear
|nc|g|+nuc|c+|c+cnc|g|+||bc|+o+num+|c+ionuc|c+|ousc,+n+t|+ns|o|m+ioocnuc|cos+to-
m|cosc|os|occssosocssioou|usio^tccno|og|++tu+|oc+|ovc|t+mcntoo+cnc|g|+nuc|c+|
c|csu|t+ntcoo|occssoocssiooou|n|ous+o++|+gc|+iooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+^cnc|g|+nuc|c-
+|niocm|tcg+scsocc|c|tocstu|+(o|ox|ooocc+|bonomct+no||o|ouo|c+|bonoscout|os)ou
mct+|stox|cosOs+scctos+mb|cnt+|so+|noust||+nuc|c+|cmsu+tot+||o+ocsccom+|+m|+vo-
|+vc|mcntcs+|tc|n+t|v+scx|stcntcs+|++|oouiooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+cmg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocs
|m tc|mos oc custo us|n+s nuc|c+|cs oocm tc| ocscs+s oc|+c|on+|s com+t|vc|s com out|+s
tccno|og|+so|cm+v|o+ut||ocum+us|n+nuc|c+|cmcno|ooucocum+us|n+tc|m|c+convcn-
c|on+|cocustoococscom|ss|on+mcntoccno|mc^cnc|g|+nuc|c+|cb+sc+o+cmtccno|og|+m+-
ou|+ccom|ov+o+cc+tc|cc||+m+|o||ontcoc|oouioocc|ct||c|o+ocnomunoogc|+noo+;/
o+|oouiog|ob+|occ|ct||c|o+occcv|t+noocc|c+oc,o/occm|ssocs+o|c|on+|socCO
.
ooscto|
cnc|gct|coO|o,ctoo||t|comuno|+|v|+cnc|g|+nuc|c+|tcmo||g|n+oo|o,ctos+mb|c|ososO|+-
nom+|sous+oocoo+C||n+uc|ctcnocconst|u||m+|s,ous|n+snuc|c+|cs+tc.o.o^|cv|sio
muno|+|coc+|oo|o,ctosnuc|c+|cs+tc.o,oum+vczucoocb+tcmuno|+|cmto|noocum+
!8z

c|csccntc |noust||+ oc gc|+io nuc|c+| tcm suc|+oo ucstocs t+|s como scgu|+n+ |o|||c|+io
|c,c|tosc+cc|t+ioub||c+|uno|+|mcntc+sm+|soc|oous|n+snuc|c+|cs|nst+|+o+s(,;oC\oc
otcnc|+c|ct||c+)tcm|oouz|oocnc|g|+scm+c|ocntcs|+m+|soc.o+nos|nt|ct+nto+scgu|+n+
oc|c+to|csc+|no+umonto|c|cv+ntcnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|+nt+snuc|c+|cscmcon,untocom
ogc|cnc|+mcntooc|c,c|tosc|cvcniooc|o|||c|+iooc+|m+mcntos
^st+x+s+tu+|socuso+s|csc|v+scom|ov+o+socu|n|om+tc||+||m+oocombust|vc|nuc|c+|
sio+ocu+o+s+|+m+|socs,+nosococ|+io|cvc-sc|css+|t+|uco||+s||o|sococ|csc|v+s
ocu|n|ocu|v+|cntc+e/o+smuno|+|scoom|n+oc|c|ooocombust|vc|nuc|c+||cstccontcxto
o||+s||ocvc||+|m|+nt+||og|+m+scst|+tcg|cost+|scomo
O|og|+m+|Vgc|+iooos|c+to|csnuc|c+|cscomo|ntu|tooc|m|+nt+||c+to|csm+|s
cconom|cosscgu|oscsustcnt+vc|s
O |og|+m+ oo C|c|o oo Combust|vc| ^v+n+oo cu,o ob,ct|vo sc||+ csu|s+| tccno|o-
g|+s+v+n+o+soc|cc|c|+gcmc|c|occss+mcntooocombust|vc|us+ooucsc,+c++zoc
cxt|+||subst+nc|+|mcntc+cnc|g|+o+s|ontcsocu|n|oo|mc|oo+uc|m+sooscomo-
ncntcsocv|o+|ong+oocombust|vc|nuc|c+|us+ooocmooo+niosc+|+|o|uton|o
+|stccno|og|+s|omctcm+|couioo+u+nt|o+ococcombust|vc|us+oo|o|ong+noo
+v|o+ooocos|togco|og|cocoocombust|vc|us+oo
|m|og|+m+n+c|on+|nuc|c+|ooc||+sc|o|v|o|oocmscto|cst+|scomo
|c+to|csocotcnc|++|+|oouiooccnc|g|+
|c+to|cs+|+|oouiooc||o|ogcn|o
|c+to|csoccsu|s+c|oouto|csoc|+o|onuc||ocos
C|c|ooocombust|vc|nuc|c+|
||o||co+ocsgc|+|s+cc|c+oosm+tc||+|snuc|c+|cs|nc|ucm|cs|stcnc|++|+o|+io+co||osiobo+s
|o||co+ocsmccn|c+scm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+scom+t|b|||o+occomocombust|vc|ccomo|c|||-
gc|+ntcc|+c|||o+ococ|+b||c+ioOob,ct|voocsccstcnoc|+v|o+ut||oc|c+to|csnuc|c+|cs+|+
m+|soceo+nos|cuc|um+|c+v+||+iooocomo|t+mcntooosm+tc||+|sus+oos^||nc|+|con-
s|oc|+ion+csco||+ocm+tc||+|s+|+os|c+to|cstc|m|coscum+b+|x++bso|io(scioocc|ouc)
ocncut|ons||vc|s+s||g+socnom|n+o+sz||c+|oyb+scocz||con|o(z|-n-|c-C|-||z|-|bctc)sio
osm+tc||+|scst|utu|+|sm+|scm|cg+oosnosnuc|cosoos|c+to|cstc|m|cos|nt|ct+ntoo+umcnto
o+st+x+socuc|m+(burnup)oos|c+to|csc|cv++c|m+ncnc|+oosm+tc||+|snonuc|cooo|c+to|
c|cv++t+x+soccxos|iom+|sc|cv+o+s|cst+scono|ocs|ob|cm+soc||o|ct+ioc|csc|mcnto
o||||+o|+iococ||+g|||z+ioscto|n+mc||t|coscx|g|noo+v+nosnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc||g+sc+-
!8!
+zcsoc+tcnoc|cst+scx|gcnc|+s|m|c+to|csocncut|ons|+|oos|ob|cm+s+ssoc|+oosucnc|+
c|nc|+mcntosob|+o|+ioo+s||g+smct+||c+stcm|cv+oo+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc+os|c|||t|cos
b+scocC|-|o|o|out|o|+oocstcs+os+|cscnt+m||+g|||z+iosob|+o|+io|st|+tcg|+s+|+sc
suc|+|cstcs|ob|cm+s|nc|ucmcont|o|coc|mu|cz+sccngcn|+||+occonto|nosocg|ioCom+
tcnocnc|+oc+umcntoo+tcmc|+tu|+oc|unc|on+mcntoocstcs|c+to|cs|++ncccss|o+ococ+os
|c|||t|coscommc||o|como|t+mcntoocucnc|+tc|m|c+c+o|sc|sioocn+no+|t|cu|+soc|t||+
out|tn|+n+m+t||zmct+||c+tcms|oocstuo+o+ncstcscnt|oo
|os|occssos|c|+t|vos+oc|c|ooocombust|vc|+ncccss|o+ococm+tc||+|s|cs|stcntcs++mb|cntcs
co||os|vosoo|c|occss+mcntocx|gcm+osc||g+sb+scoct|tn|ocz||con|o|+|+oocscnvo|v|-
mcnto |utu|o oc |c+to|cs oc +|t+ tcmc|+tu|+ sio ncccss+||os o|vc|sos novos m+tc||+|s |nc|u|noo
||g+s|c||+t+||+sb+scoc|b+|o\c|ccc|m|c+sccomos|toscomo|C-b|+oc|Ccom-
os|tosc+|bono-c+|bonoc|ccob||mcntos+v+n+oos|stcsm+tc||+socvcm+tcnoc|+|cu|s|tosoc
cst+b|||o+ocm|c|ocst|utu|+|mccn|c+cu|m|c+cocvcmsc|ocscnvo|v|ooscon,unt+mcntccom
novos|occssosoc|+b||c+iotccn|c+socso|o+gcmmctooosoc|nsciocmon|to|+mcntoon-
||ncOsocscnvo|v|mcntos+|+os|c+to|csoc+|t+tcmc|+tu|+congu|+mumcxtcns|vocon,unto
oc+v+nosn++|c+ocm+tc||+|s
Cons|oc|+noooscto|oc|c+to|csocotcnc|++|+|oouiooccnc|g|+um+|oost+sc||+ocscn-
vo|vc|osconcc|tosocs|stcm+snuc|coc|ct||cosm+|s|om|sso|csocscnvo|vc|umc|c|ooccombus-
t|vc|m+|sv|+vc|cnovoscombust|vc|sOscombust|vc|snuc|c+|cs+tu+|ssioocnom|n+oosoccom-
bust|vc|soc|||gc|+ioscnooosm+|scon|cc|oos+uc|csut|||z+ooscm|c+to|csocotcnc|+oot|o
|\|(Pressurized Water Reactor)com+st|||+soc|O
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g|+nocv+||co+ococcombust|vc|sn+|o|m+ocox|oos||g+smct+||c+sn|t|ctosc+|bctoscm+tc||+|s
comos|tosoccnocnooo+scono|ocscscc|c+socc+o++||c+ioOs|c+to|csoccsu|s+o|
cxcm|out|||z+m||g+smct+||c+soucc|m|c+so|sc|s+scm+|um|n|ocos|c+to|cs|+|oostcm+s||-
g+soc|-z|coc|-|u-z|+|cmocc+|bctoscn|t|ctosoc|c|ucomocombust|vc|sm+|scomuns
Oscombust|vc|s+v+n+oosocvcm+|cscnt+|+|t+|cs|stcnc|+|||+o|+io+|t+|cs|stcnc|+oo|cvcst|-
mcntoco||osioc++c|o+ococsuo|t+|+ocu+o+mcntcosc+||cg+mcntostc|momccn|cos|o-
vcn|cntcsoct|+ns|cntcsoc|+c|on+|scbo+com+t|b|||o+occomosm+tc||+|sucocomocmO
combust|vc|ocvcsc|c++zocsc||cc|c|+ooctc|scus|sotoost|+nsu|n|cos|oouz|oosno|c+to|
uc|m+oosOut|+c+|+ctc||st|c+|mo|t+ntccucocombust|vc|c|m|t+su+ocos|ion+|scgu-
|+(+|m+zcn+mcntocmocos|tos+ccss|vc|so|ccntcn+soc+nos)|xcm|osoccombust|vc|suc
+|cscnt+mcst+c+|+ctc||st|c+siooscombust|vc|socm+t||z|nc|tc|oostos+|+|c+to|cs|\|
+|scombust|vc|scstioscnooconvcnc|on+|mcntcc|+m+oosoccombust|vc|soc |Vgc|+io.|xcm-
!84

||c+nooocvcmsc|ocscnvo|v|o+s+tccno|og|+oc|+b||c+iooc||g+smct+||c+soot|o|
|
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|bc
s|m||+|cscom+su+o|sc|siocmm+t||zmct+||c+ocz||c+|oy|+|+|c|+mcntccncccss+||o+|o|un-
o+|oscstuoostccno|og|coscmcombust|vc|scc|m|coscom+bso|vcoo|csoot|o||n|+;C+oo||-
n|+cou||b|+|uno+mcnt+noo+ss|m+cconom|+cocscmcn|ooos|c+to|csocotcnc|+
|m+o+s|ot+sm+|s|om|sso|+oc|oouiooc||o|ogcn|oco|occssotc|mou|m|cocom++||-
c+ioo+cnc|g|+nuc|c+|us+noo|c+to|csoc+|t+tcmc|+tu|+oot|o|C|O|c+to||C|oc+|t+
tcmc|+tu|+cb+sc+oocmum|c|tou|o|z+ooc|c|||gc|+oo+g+scsc+|cscnt+comoumc+no|-
o+to+|++|ox|m+gc|+iooc|c+to|csnuc|c+|csOcombust|vc|oo|C|cconst|tu|ooocum+
cs|c|+ocg|+tcoc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+|oscu|ntc||o|cx|stcmm|||+|csocm|c|ocs|c|+soc
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scguno+occ+|bctoocs|||c|o^tccno|og|+oc|+b||c+ioocssccombust|vc|sccncont|+ocscnvo|-
v|o+cmcsc+|+scm|-|noust||+|cm+|guns+|scs+bc-scuco|occssoso|-gc|ut|||z+nooso|uocs
ocn|t|+toocu|+n||ococto||occm|cg+oon+|+b||c+ioo+sm|c|ocs|c|+s+tcnocnoo+scscc|-
c+ocstccn|c+sncccss+||+s
Os|+o|o|+|m+cossiosubstnc|+s|+o|o+t|v+suc+ux|||+mmco|cos+tom+|cmocc|socs|mo|t+n-
tcsnost|+t+mcntoscmonco|og|+c+|o|o|og|+ncu|o|og|+cnt|cout|+s+|c+s|nt|cos|+o|o|+|m+-
cosocst+c+m-scos+m+||o-+,,ut|||z+oo+|++tcnu+|oo|csnosossos|ovoc+o+so|mct+st+scs
octumo|cs|ooo-+.,u|t|+u|o+|++n+||s+|+|uniot||co|o|+n+tccncc|o-,,mucoocsc|com-
b|n+oou|m|c+mcntccomo|vc|soscom|cxoso|gn|cos+|++v+||+ocsoco|s|unocs|c+t|c+s
ossc+sccc|cb|+|scnt|cout|+scot+||o.o++|+o|+gnost|cosc+|o|+cosOusooc|+o|o|+|m+cos
no+|stcmc|csc|oocont|nu+mcntccc|c+oc+o/+o+no||cstcms|ooo|st||bu|oos+|+|os|t+|s
cc||n|c+so|toooo+|sc+tcnocm+m+|soct|csm|||ocsoc+c|cntcso|+no
|nt|ct+nto+|oouioocstcs|+o|o|+|m+costcms|oo|c,uo|c+o+o|um+c||scoc+b+stcc|mcn-
tomuno|+|ocv|o++||m|t+ocso+|n||+cst|utu|+oc|oouio|cstccontcxtocx|stcumconscnso
sob|c+||o||o+oco+const|uioocumnovo|c+to|nuc|c+|mu|t||oos|tono+|s+|++tcnoc|+
c|csccntcocm+no+oc|+o|o|+|m+cosc+|+|unc|on+|comoum|+bo|+to||on+c|on+|+|++csu|-
s+ocm+tc||+|sus+noo|ontcocncut|ons|+|+os|c+to|csoc|oouiooc|+o|o|+|m+cos|ooc-
sc |m|+nt+| |og|+m+s oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc combust|vc|s nuc|c+|cs t|o |+c+ com c|cv+o+s
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c|oouto|csoc|+o|onuc||ocosnocstuooo+|c+ionocst+ooso||ooo+||g+|-|ocom+|um|n|o
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++|c+nuc|c+|ocvcmsc||nc|u|ooscmum++gcno+occsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto
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|cscnvo|v|mcntooo|occssoocobtcnioocz||con|omct+||cocsu+s||g+s
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+t|v|o+oc(|+o|+io+||+cbct+)
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g|uooc+ct|n|ocos|cscntcsnocombust|vc|consum|oosc||+m|c|occss+ooscus+oos
cm |c+to|cs uc|m+oo|cs cscc|+|s |couz|noo cno|mcmcntc + u+nt|o+oc oc |cs|ouos
uccx|gcm+|m+zcn+gcmoc|ongo|+zo
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cons|oc|+|+|usionuc|c+||cstcs|occssosoo|s+tomoscucnossc|unocm|o|m+nooumm+|o|
c||bc|+noocno|mcsu+nt|o+ocsoccnc|g|+O|o,cto|ntc|n+c|on+||||(International Termo-
nuclear Experimental Reactor) conccb|oo +|+ ocmonst|+| + v|+b|||o+oc tccno|og|c+ c c|cnt|c+
o+ |oouio oc cnc|g|+ o| |usio const|tu| um+ ct++ |mo|t+ntc +|+ sc ocn|| os m+tc||+|s
ucsc|ioncccss+||os+|+contc|cst+|c+io|c+co|oocomub||c+ocsoo|o,cto|+nc,+-sc+
const|uioocum|otot|oocum+|+nt+||otooc|usiooc+,C\ccmto|nooc.o,o|cst+
tccno|og|+sc|ioncccss+||osm+tc||+|sc++zcsocsuo|t+|+|t+st+x+soc|||+o|+ioo|ncut|onsc
c|cv+o+sc+|g+smccn|c+tc|m|c+cc|ct|om+gnct|c+Os|cu|s|tostcmo||cc|on+oooocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc+os|c|||t|cosocb+|x++t|v+io||g+socv+n+o|ocm+tc||+|scc|m|coscomos|tos|c|o|-
+ooscomb|+soc|Ccosm+tc||+|ssubmct|oos+o|+sm+siocsscnc|+|mcntc||g+s|c||+t+||+s
b+scoctungstcn|o
|o||+s||+csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto(||)n++|c+nuc|c+|sio|c+||z+oosu+scuccxc|us|v+-
mcntcc|+Com|ssio|+c|on+|oc|nc|g|+|uc|c+|o|mc|oocscus|nst|tutoscccnt|osoccsu|s+s
^cm|cs+|||-|noust||+s|uc|c+|csoo||+s||+tu+n+c+oc|+|oout|v+oou|n|oo+m|nc|+io|+-
b||c+iooocombust|vc|nuc|c+|ucgc|+cnc|g|+c|ct||c+n+sus|n+soc^ng|++c.|cv|oog|+noc
+t|v|o+ococcsu|s+c|oouiotccno|og|c++|c+n+o+ou|+ntc+occ+o+ocsocostc||o|ocs+cc|c-
|+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||n++|c+|+um+ncccss|o+ocu|gcntcoc|o|m+ioc|cos|iooc|ccu|-
sos|um+nos+|+sc|csc|v+|ocon|cc|mcnto+ou|||ooc|omovc|osocscnvo|v|mcntos|utu|os
Ooom|n|ocom|ctoooc|c|ooocombust|vc|cmcon,untocomooom|n|otccno|og|coocm+tc-
||+|so+|+m|||+oc||g+scomoo|nconc|z||c+|oyc+os|nox|o+vc|scscc|+|scoocscnvo|v|mcntooc
!86

c|cmcntoscombust|vc|soot|o|+c+|o|+m|ccomcno+oosno|c|+to||ooc|c|scct|v+sooCC||
comoto|cos||o||t+||osoc+|t+|c|cvnc|+|noust||+|cnt|cosm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+
|ms|ntcsc+|+++|c+occnc|g|+nuc|c+|sio|oostososscgu|ntcs|tcns+|+um++gcno+oc||
|om|n+|com|ct+mcntccmcsc+|+|noust||+|oc|c|ooocombust|vc|nuc|c+|+|+su||-
mcntooos|c+to|csocotcnc|+c|oouto|csoc|+o|o|+|m+coscoccsu|s+ocm+tc||+|s
|cscnvo|vc|combust|vc|s+v+n+oos+|+|c+to|cscomCo.O,c||.O,ccombust|vc|s
com+|t+conccnt|+ioocu|n|ocomo|-|o+|+|c+to|cs|oouto|csoc|+o|o|+|m+-
coscoccsu|s+cmm+tc||+|s
|cscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|snuc|c+|cscomo|nconc|z||c+|oy+os|nox|o+vc|scscc|+|sb|+oc
c+|bonocu|n|ocmob|cc|oo
ôcscst|+tcg|+s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+tccno|og|+nuc|c+||nc|ucm
Const|uio oo |c+to| mu|t||oos|to b|+s||c||o +|+ |oouio oc |nsumos oc |+o|o|+|-
m+cosc+|+tcstcsocm+tc||+|s+|++||c+iocm|c+to|csocotcnc|+comc||+iooc
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occ+|bono
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csu|s+sv|s+noooot+|o+|soctccno|og|+oc|+b||c+iooc||g+scscc|+|scoccombus-
t|vc|snuc|c+|cs+v+n+oos
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^cnc|g|+co||c+c||m+c|cnov+vc|scmcm|ssioocu+|suc||cs|ouosou|+ntcsu+oc|+iocscm
+ncccss|o+ococusoocu+|uc|combust|vc|O||nc|+||m+cto+mb|cnt+|ncg+t|voou|+ntc+
|+scoc|+c|on+|o|z|csc|too|u|iov|su+|csono|+|mcont|+stccom+cnc|g|+so|+|ccmsc-
mc||+n++nuc|c+|+cnc|g|+co||c+cum+tccno|og|+m+ou|+Comcc|c+oc+;o\||oouz|oos
cm.oo;oscto|cst+cm|cnoc|csc|mcnto|nt|c.ooec.oo;|ouvcum+umcntoo+|oouio
occnc|g|+co||c+oc+|o/n+^mc||c+oou|oc,o/n+^s|+coc,,/n+|u|o+ccnt|+||st|m+-sc
ucootcnc|+|co||cog|ob+|ooc+t|ng||;.\+nooosu+|scc|c+oc.o/sc||+msuc|cntcs+|+
+tcnoc|+sncccss|o+ocsmuno|+|s|c+co|oocomo Global Wind Energy Council,oc|csc|mcntoo+
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cnc|g|+co||c+cnt|c.ooe-.o+osc|+oc+,/+o+no|nt|ct+ntoo|vc|s+sb+||c||+s|+t|c+s|mcocm
cst+tccno|og|+ocsc|+m|+mcntco|sscm|n+o+
|csmocom+v+noss|gn|c+t|vosn+cngcn|+||+occont|o|c+|+o|cxcm|omc||o|+|oos|-
c|on+mcntooos|oto|csn+o||ciooovcntoos|+to|cs||m|t+ntcsocst+tccno|og|+sio|nc|cntcs
|o||+n+tu|cz+oosvcntos^||nc|+|ocsv+nt+gcmcuc+stu|b|n+sgc|+mcnc|g|+oc+co|oo
com+vc|oc|o+ocoovcntocniooc+co|oocom+ocm+no+|cstccontcxto+occnocnc|+com+
|oc+||z+ioc+|ntc|m|tcnc|+o+gc|+iooccnc|g|++ssoc|+mo||ct+mcntccst+tccno|og|+com+nc-
ccss|o+ococut|||z+iocon,unt+comout|+s|ontcsoccnc|g|+cousotccn|c+soc+|m+zcn+mcnto
|cstc+scctocx|stccs+o+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooctccn|c+scomut+c|on+|s+|+oc|cv|sio
ocvcntoscoconscucntcocs+c|oo+s|+nt+sco||c+scmums|stcm+oct|+nsm|ssio|ntc|||g+oo
|csmotcnooum+|+zioocgc|+io(+|+ziocnc|g|+|oouz|o+;cnc|g|+consum|o+)cnt|c.oc|o
mu|to|+vo|+vc|+o|ongoooc|c|oocv|o+no|m+|mcntcocusto+ssoc|+oostu|b|n+sco||c+s+|no+
nioccomct|t|vococcnocmoc|nccnt|vos+|+scto|n+|cconom|c+mcntc+t|+t|vo
|o||+s||cst|m+t|v+s|c+||z+o+s|cccntcmcntc|no|c+m+cx|stcnc|+ocum|mcnsootcnc|+|co||co
+|no+niocx|o|+oo+o|ongoooscc|c+ocs,m||u||omct|osoccost+c+|c+s|ntc||o|+n+s^tu-
+|mcntc+c++c|o+ococgc|+ioco||c+no+|scoc.,o|\ucco||csonoc+um+||+io|c|+-
t|v+mcntccucn+oootcnc|+|tco||coocgc|+iotot+|cst|m+oocm+|ox|m+o+mcntc+|om||
|\^cc|cnc|+o+cnc|g|+co||c+coccc|c+oc.o/|+|+sc+umcnt+|+cc|cnc|+oo|mct|ooos
|oto|cso+stu|b|n+s|o|+m+umcnt+oos+|+com||mcntosoccc|c+oc++o m|st+so|mcnsocsoc-
m+no+mm+tc||+|scombo+cst+b|||o+ocmccn|c+c+mb|cnt+|Comos|tosocc+|bonotcms|oo
+||c+oosocv|oo+su+o|son|b|||o+oc|ovcn|cntco+|noust||++c|ocs+c|+|
|ocnt+nto+sncccss|o+ocso+stu|b|n+sco||c+ssioo|st|nt+s+s+socvcmsc|||g|o+s+|+sccv|t+|
occxiocxccss|v+c|cs|stcntcs+|+nio||+tu|+|oucst+|su,c|t++|+o|g+Omooc|om+|scomum
octu|b|n+s+c|ogc|+oo|+stcmum|oto|comt|cs+smont+o+scmum|+no+|ox|m+o+mcntc
vc|t|c+|comc|xooc|ot+io|o||zont+|o||cc|on+oo+ovcnto^s+ssiocomost+soc|+st|cos
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ocum+v|io|stcsgc|+oo|cstcmotcnc|+|no|v|ou+|cnt|co;,-.,|\cmooc|oscomm+|o|cs
o|mct|oso+s+s(+.,m)oocmgc|+|+tce|\|o|s|mo|t+ntcsocscnvo|v|mcntostcmoco|||-
oon+stu|b|n+sco||c+sconvcnc|on+|s|m||mc||o|ug+|+stu|b|n+stcms|oo+umcnt+o+scmsu+s
o|mcnsocs c cm scgunoo |+ um+ tcnocnc|+ c|csccntc +|+ |oc+||o+ocs m+||t|m+s (oshore) cm
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!88

^gc|+ioco||c+cmu|to|nucnc|+o+c|+csc+|+ocotcnc|+o+stu|b|n+s^sm+u|n+socotcnc|+
c|cv+o+sioc++zcsoc|oouz||cnc|g|+c|ct||c++customcno|uc+socmcno|otcnc|+^|+zioc
ucocustoo+s|uno+ocso+sv|+soc+ccssom+nutcnioconcxio|coccumg|+nocnumc|ooc
comoncntcso+tu|b|n+sio|noccnocntcsoot+m+n|oo+sm+u|n+sô|c|on+|mcntc+sg|+nocs
tu|b|n+scncont|+m-scnotooocto||csc|cv+o+sc+|ovc|t+mos|ccu|sosco||cosoc|o|m+m+|sc-
c|cntc|m|nst+|+ocsoshore|+um+m+|o|cxos|io+ovcntocm+|o|cs+|c+socoss|vc|ut|||z+io
gc|+|mcntccommcno||m+cto+mb|cnt+||oc+|Os||nc|+|socs+osncstcc+socom|ccnocm+s
cst|utu|+soc|uno+iocsuo|tcscoocsg+stcoosm+tc||+|socv|oo+o+mb|cntcm+||n|o
^s +s o+s tu|b|n+s ocvcm sc| |cs|stcntcs +|+ suo|t+| +s c+|g+s +||c+o+s scm oco||c| ||+tu|+s
ocst+|o|m++|cs|stcnc|+ocvcsc|suc|cntc+|+|cs|st||+c+|g+scxt|cm+sc+|cs|stcnc|+|+o|g+
ocvcsc|suc|cntc+|+suo|t+|+v+||+iotcmo|+|occ+|g++o|ongoo+v|o+ut||^s+socvcm
sc|||g|o+s+|+|cvcn||co||socscom+sto||cscmcono|ocscxt|cm+sccmn|vc|m+|s|oc+|+||g|-
oczocvccv|t+|cmcn+mcntoo+s+|tcssu,c|t+s+tcnsocscom|css|v+s|+|+scm|n|m|z+|oscus-
toso+cnc|g|+gc|+o++const|uioo+s+socvcsc|om+|s|cvcoss|vc||stoocvcsc|conscgu|oo
o|mc|oo+ot|m|z+iooo+||+n,ocst|utu|+|co|mcns|on+|cmcon,untocom+sc|cioocm+tc-
||+|s^|+b||c+iooos|oto|csocvcsc|suc|cntcmcntccons|stcntcccon+vc|+|++sscgu|+|uco
|oouton+|sc,+com+t|vc|como|o,cto|n|c|+|
|+|+sc+t|ng||cstcs|cu|s|tos+s+ssiono|m+|mcntcconst|u|o+scomm+tc||+|s|cvcs|cs|stcntcs
c||g|oosb+scoco||mc|os|c|o|+ooscomb|+sm+oc||+csu+scomb|n+ocsOs|c|o|ossio
t||c+mcntctcc|oosconst|tu|oosocb|+ocv|o|ocont|nu+c;oub|+socc+|bono|stcssiocomb|-
n+ooscmconst|uocs|+m|n+o+scom|cs|n+stc|moscns|vc|scomoo||cstc|v|n||cstc|ccox|cos
comos|tos|csu|t+ntcssiocomumcntcc|+m+oosoc|+st|co|c|o|+oocomv|o|o(glass-reinforced
plastic)c|+st|cos|c|o|+ooscomb|+occ+|bono|+socm+oc||+oucomos|tosm+oc||+-b|+
oc c+|bono sio no|m+|mcntc |m|cgn+o+s com |cs|n+ cox| Comos|tos |c|o|+oos com b|+s
us+oos cm tu|b|n+s co||c+s sio |+m|n+oos comostos oc v+||+s c+m+o+s oc tcc|oos |c|o|+oo|cs
|m|cgn+oosccon|o|m+ooscom|cs|n++ocs|v+|stcs|+m|n+oossiob+st+ntc|cs|stcntcsc||g|oos
u+noo+stcnsocscmscu|+no+x|+|m+smu|tom+|s||+gc|su+noo+stcnsocssio+||c+o+s|o|+
oo|+no||nc|+|o|s+sc+m+o+soocmsc|oc|+m|n+o+s
^s|o||co+ocsno|+no+x|+|sioocn|o+sc|+s|o||co+ocso+sb|+scnu+ntouc|o|+oo
|+no||nc|+|+s|o||co+ocso+m+t||zoc|cs|n+siooctc|m|n+ntcs^scctos|mo|t+ntcsncs-
t+tccno|og|+o|zcm|csc|to+o|o,cto+n+||sccst|utu|+|tcstcsmccn|cosoc|c|tosoc|+b||c+io
c|o,ctocont|+|+o|g+Os||nc|+|socs+os|c|+c|on+oos+||c+iooosm+tc||+|scmut|||z+io
!89
cstio+ssoc|+oos+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocmooc|osc++zcsoc|cvc||+o|g+c|c|oocv|o+c|c|tosoc
oc|c|tosoc|+b||c+ion+|cs|stcnc|+cou|+b|||o+oco+s+so+stu|b|n+sco||c+s
|o|ongo|+zocoss|vc|mc||o|+|osm+tc||+|sus+oosn+stu|b|n+s|u+s|o||co+ocsooscomo-
s|tos|+m|n+oos|c|o|+ooscomb|+ssio+sb+|x+s|cs|stcnc|+st|+ioc+oc|s+||+mcnto|o|+oo|+-
no||nc|+||c|o|osocb|+socc+|bonotcms|oocm|cg+oosn+s+scomob,ct|vooc+umcnt+|
+|cs|stcnc|+t|+ioc||g|ocz+o|ongoo+o||cioo+sb|+scmcom+|+io+osm+tc||+|scontcnoo
v|o|om+sog+n|on+|cs|stcnc|+com|cssiocs|gn|c+t|v+mcntcmcno|Oocscnvo|v|mcntooc
m+tc||+|sucossu+mmc||o|comb|n+iooc|cs|stcnc|+(|nc|u|noobo++ocsio)||g|oczctcn+c|o+oc
oosucoso|son|vc|s+tu+|mcntcsc|ioum+sso|mo|t+ntcOut|o+sccto|c|cv+ntcc+|cc|c|+gcm
c+sustcnt+b|||o+ocoosm+tc||+|sus+oosuc|+vo|cccmousoocb|+scc|u|os|c+sn+tu|+|s+|+|c|o|-
ocb|o||cs|n+s|c|c||vc|scm|c|+io+osm+tc||+|so||mc||cosoc||v+oosooct|o|co
^ |nst+|+io oc tu|b|n+s co||c+s cst+ c|csccnoo |+|o+mcntc c c csc|+oo uc cstc c|csc|mcnto
cont|nuco|v+||os+nos^m+|o|+|tco+|oouiooctu|b|n+sc|oc+||z+o+n+|u|o+cosm+|o-
|csmc|c+oos|nc|ucm+go|++s^mc||c+sc^s|+onocccsc|+ooucoco||++m+|o|cx+nsioo+
c++c|o+ococ|oouioComo+umcntoo+so|mcnsocso+stu|b|n+s+s|o||co+ocsmccn|c+s
cont|nu+mscnoo+s||nc|+|s|o||co+ocscons|oc|+o+sno|o,ctoo+s+sOsm+|o|csocs+os
sc|io+sscgu|+|cons|stcnc|+n+u+||o+ococ|oouiocomo+umcntoo+so|mcnsocscoccsc+|+
o+|oouioc+umcnt+|ocon|cc|mcnto+cc|c+oosoc|c|tossu+sc+us+scsu+|nucnc|+nocom-
o|t+mcnto cst|utu|+| sob|c c+|g+s cst+t|c+s c occnocntcs oo tcmo |o ||+s|| cx|stcm g|uos
occsu|s+n++|c+occnc|g|+co||c+comooCcnt|ooc|nc|g|+|o||c+c+^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oc
|nc|g|+|o||c+ccc|c+oct|cscm|cs+s|oouzcmcu|+mcntos+|+gc|+ioco||c+|nt|ct+nto+s
+t|v|o+ocsscconccnt|+mno|cv+nt+mcntoocotcnc|+|co||coconcxiocom+|cococo|st||bu|io
cnio|+cn|+scn+csu|s+ocm+tc||+|s
|mtc|mosg|ob+|scx|stcm+|gum+s||o||o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoucsc+||c+m+o
ccn+||ob|+s||c||on+mco|o+cmuc+umcnt++comct|t|v|o+oco+gc|+ioco||c+no+|s^|cm
oo|cn+mcntooos|occo|mcntosoc|ocnt|c+ioocs|t|os+|++|nst+|+iooc|+zcno+sco||c+s
v|s+noo|couioo+s|ncc|tcz+scm|c|+iootcnc|+o|son|vc|ocst+c+m-sc+|gunsto|cosuc
|m||c+mcm|couiooocustoo+cnc|g|+gc|+o+t+|scomo
|cn+mcntooosmooc|os+|++c|oo|nm|c+c+c|oc|+st|c|o+oco+s+s
|st|utu|+socsustcnt+io|+b||c+o+scom||g+s|cvcsoc+|t+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+
ûmcntoo+cc|cnc|+oosgc|+oo|cscconvc|so|cs
|stcm+soc+|m+zcn+gcmoccnc|g|+
!90

4.6. Produo e armazenamento de hidrognio
O ||o|ogcn|o (|
.
) c cons|oc|+oo um vcto| cnc|gct|co ||mo c vc|s+t|| uc ooc sc| us+oo +|+
o|vc|s+s+||c+ocscuctcmotcnc|+|+|+sc|um++|tc|n+t|v++oscombust|vc|s|ossc|sO|
.
c
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bustio|oouz+cn+s+gu+cc+|o|scmgc|+|o|ucntcsouCO
.
||coocsc|comb|n+oocomox|-
gcn|oc|ct|ou|m|c+mcntccmcc|u|+s+combust|vc|+|+|oouz||c|ct||c|o+oc|nt|ct+ntoscuuso
+|no+|cuc|o|vc|s+s|nov+ocscocscnvo|v|mcntosn+su+|oouiot|+nso|tcc+|m+zcn+mcnto
^m+nc||+m+|scc|cntcocscus+|o|
.
co|mc|oo+|oouiooccnc|g|+c|ct||c+comcc|u|+s
+combust|vc|+t|ng|noocc|c+oceo/occc|cnc|+ucs|gn|c+mu|tom+|scnc|g|+ut|||z+vc|o|
cnc|g|+||m+||+us+o+oouco|cxcm|onosmoto|cs+g+so||n+(.,/)
O||nc|+|ocs+on+|oouiooo|
.
ccncont|+|um+|ontcc++zocsu|||+sncccss|o+ocsoc
um+cconom|+oo|
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cucniosc,+occnocntcoc|ccu|sos|ossc|sCc|c+ocmct+ocoosu||mcn-
tog|ob+|oo||o|ogcn|oc|o|ncc|o+c|+|c|o|m+oog+sn+tu|+|^|oouiooc||o|ogcn|o++|t||
oos|cs|ouosocb|om+ss+cum++|tc|n+t|v+otcnc|+|mcntcv|+vc||+t|c+oc|c|o|m+oog+sn+tu-
|+|O||o|ogcn|o++|t||o+b|om+ss+oocsc||oouz|ooo|||o||scg+sc|c+io|c|o|m++v+o|
ocb|o-o|cosco||occssoscnz|m+t|cosococcomos|iooc+uc+|cs|nt|ccst+stccno|og|+soc
convc|sioocst+c+m-sc+g+sc|c+ioc+|c|o|m++v+o||oc+sooo||+s||cons|oc|+noo+cno|-
mcc++c|o+oc|nst+|+o+oc|oouioco|st||bu|ioocct+no|oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|c|o|m+oo|cs
ocstc+|coo|+|cccsc|um+cst|+tcg|++ocu+o+^|oc|+||nc|+|cut|||z+|m+|scc|cntcmcntcum
combust|vc||cnov+vc|+|ovc|t+noo-sco+|n||+cst|utu|+oct|+nso|tco|st||bu|ioc|+c|||o+ococ
+|m+zcn+mcnto|nt|ct+nto+|no+sioncccss+||os+v+nosn+scsu|s+scmm+tc||+|s+|+cncon-
t|+|novosc+t+||s+oo|csuc|couz+m+sb+||c||+s+|++|oouiooccnc|g|++umcustomcno|O
|occssoocg+sc|c+ioccom|cxocc+|oncccss|t+noooc+m|oscstuoos+|++const|uiooc
g+sc|c+oo|csm+|s+ocu+ooscoctccno|og|+s+|++c+tu|+ooCO
.
ucsc|+|o|m+oo
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vcmoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosc+t+||s+oo|cs|ocu|+noo|couz||ossub|ooutos|nocsc,+vc|sc
+m+x|m|z+iooo|
.
^subst|tu|iooosmct+|snob|cso|c|cmcntosocmcno|custoccons|oc-
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t+||sc|csu|s+scstioscnoo|c+||z+o+scmo||c|cntcs|nst|tu|ocsb|+s||c||+sn+su+|sc+t+||s+oo|cs
b+sc+ooscmcob|cn|uc|c|omocout|osmct+|ssuo|t+ooscmo||c|cntcsm+tc||+|scc|m|cos
comos|||c++|um|n+z||con|+ccc||+cstioscnoo+v+||+oosOocs+ococscnvo|vc|c+t+||s+oo|cs
uc+|cscntcm+|t+cst+b|||o+octc|m|c+cc|cv+o++t|v|o+oc+|++|c+iooc|c|o|m++v+o|com
+|to|cno|mcntocm||o|ogcn|oc|cs|stcntcs|o|m+ioocc+|bono
!9!
Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocmcmb|+n+s+|+sc+|+iooc|
.
ocCOcCO
.
cumto|coc|+vco+c|cnc|+
oosm+tc||+|s^m|stu|+g+sos+|ovcn|cntcoc|occssoso+g+sc|c+iococ|c|o|m+ocb|om+ss+
contcm||o|ogcn|omonox|ooocc+|bonoo|ox|ooocc+|bonocmct+nocomo||nc|+|scomo-
ncntcsôcos|iooc+|+o|ocmsubst|+toscc|m|cosoumct+||costcms|ooob,ctooccxtcns+s
csu|s+sccum+o+stccno|og|+sm+|s+t|+cntcs+|++|oouiooc||o|ogcn|ou|o
Out|+stccno|og|+soc|oouiooc|
.
cnvo|vcm+sc+|+ioo+smo|ccu|+soc+gu+^+gu+c+bun-
o+ntcno|+nct+cmc||o|o|st||bu|o+ucoscombust|vc|s|ossc|s^sc+|+ioo++gu+ocm+nc||+
|cnov+vc|us+noocnc|g|+oc|ontcscomoco||c+cso|+|cousooo|
.
+|+|oouz||cnc|g|+cons-
t|tu|umc|c|o|cc|+oo||n|m|z+|+sb+||c||+scnc|gct|c+s+|+sc+|+ioc|ccomb|n+ioo++gu+
c+|c+||o||t+||+o+c+t+||sccn+noc|cnc|+||ct|o||s+oo|csoc+|t+otcnc|+,++t|ngcmm+|socso/
oc cc|cnc|+ c out|+s tccn|c+s oc sc+|+io tc|m|c+s |otou|m|c+s c c|ct|ou|m|c+s cstio scnoo
ocscnvo|v|o+scmcsc+|+|+bo|+to||+|^|ot+oo|
.
so|+|us+scm|conouto|cs+|+|oouz||c|ct|onsc
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|O
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s|oocons|oc|+o+s+ocos|ioocn+noontos(nanodots)ocox|oosscm|conouto|csocb+no+cs-
t|c|t+ouocco|+ntcsv|s+nooc+t+iom+|scc|cntcoocscct|oso|+|
|mcon,untocom+|oouiooc||o|ogcn|oc|uno+mcnt+|cons|oc|+|oscu+|m+zcn+mcntoOs
ocs+ostccno|og|coscc|cnt|cossiomu|tosctcms|oocn||cnt+oosocv+||+s|o|m+so||o|ogcn|o
oocsc|+|m+zcn+oos|c+mcntcc|++|tc|+ioocsu+scono|ocsoccst+oo(tcmc|+tu|+|cssio
c |+sc) c u|m|c+mcntc ou ||s|co-u|m|c+mcntc cm v+||os comostos so||oos c ||u|oos (||o|ctos
mct+||cosn+nocst|utu|+socc+|bono+|+n+tosbo|o||o|ctosmct+nomct+no|+mon|+||o|oc+|-
bonctos|cvcs)^|m+zcn+mcntosg+sosoc||u|oocmt+nucssioutc|stcmo|+||+mcntcm+sum+
cconom|+oo|
.
m+ou|+cx|g||+m+nc||+sm+|scc|cntcsccom+ct+soccstoc+gcm
^s|ot+soc+|m+zcn+mcntom+|s|om|sso|+sus+mm+tc||+|sso||oosnosu+|so|
.
sc||g+u|m|-
c+mcntcouc+oso|v|oos|c+mcntccmocns|o+ocsvo|umct||c+sm+|o|csoouco|
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um+c|nct|c+c|cv+o+occ+|g+cocsc+|g+cbo+|cvc|s|b|||o+ocn+|+|x+octcmc|+tu|+cnt|c;o-
+ooC |cstc contcxto os n+nom+tc||+|s +|cscnt+m-sc com g|+noc otcnc|+| o| +|cscnt+|cm
g|+nocs+|c+socsuc|||c|ccscc|c+ucc|m|tcmocscmcn|omu|t||unc|on+|t+|scomob+|x+
cnc|g|+ oc o|ssoc|+io oc mo|ccu|+s oc ||o|ogcn|o n+ suc|||c|c c |+|o+ o||usio oc ||o|ogcn|o
novo|umc|nt|cos||nc|+|sm+tc||+|s+|++|m+zcn+mcntooc|
.
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|
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s|iocc|cv+o+sb+||c||+s+|++t|v+ioo+|c-||o|ogcn+io
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c|||c|cc||bc|+iocmb+|x+stcmc|+tu|+s|+tc||+|sn+noo|osost+mbcmoocmcont||bu||+|+
+v+nosn+cstoc+gcmcmso||oosoc|
.
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g|uosoc||vo|t+oos+|++|ntc|+iooo||o|ogcn|ocmm+tc||+|scn|+t|z+noo-scoc+|+tc|mu|-
t|o|sc|||n+|ocst++|c+oocon|cc|mcnto^+gcno+oc||ocvc|nc|u|||omcnto+|+mc||o||+o+
|n||+cst|utu|+|c|+t|v++otcm++|m+zcn+mcntoc|oouiooc||o|ogcn|o|+c+|cnc|+occu|+-
mcntos+|+c+|+ctc||z+ioo++bso|iococsso|iooc||o|ogcn|ocsscnc|+|s+|++com|ccnsio
oos|cnomcnoscnvo|v|oosno+|m+zcn+mcnto|++|c+oc+|m+zcn+mcnton+|o|m+g+sos+o|n-
vcst|mcntoooc|+sc|mcno|o|s,+cx|stcum+comctcnc|+no+|s+|t|cu|+|mcntccmm+tc||+|s
comos|toscu,+ut|||z+ioccons|oc|+o+v|t+|n+const|uioocc|||no|osoc+|t+|cssio
|+ +|c+ oc |oouio oc |
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|+nt||+cont|nu|o+ocoos|nvcst|mcntoscm||c|omovc|ocnvo|v|mcntooccm|cs+s+mbos
ontos|uno+mcnt+|s+|+os+v+nos|ctcno|oos
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o+cc|cnc|+ooss|stcm+soc+|m+zcn+mcnto
4.7. Clulas a combustvel
O|
.
oocsc|comb|n+oocomox|gcn|on+s|c+ocsc|ct|ou|m|c+socum+cc|u|++combust|vc|
(CC)+|+|oouz||cnc|g|+c|ct||c+ocm+nc||+||m+vc|s+t||c|m|t|noo++||c+iocmo||c|cntcs
usos|nc|u|noo||um|n+io|c|||gc|+iocomun|c+io|occss+mcntooc|n|o|m+ioct|+nso|tc
!9!
|+|++t|ng||cstcotcnc|+|ocumcombust|vc|cc|cntcsustcnt+vc|c+m|g+vc|+omc|o+mb|cntc
sioncccss+||os+m|oocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+ocsoosmc|osoc|oouio+|m+zcn+mcntocuso
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.
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comoumvcto|
cnc|gct|cocc|cntcc+|m+zcn+vc|cmCC+|++||c+ocscst+c|on+||+scocusocsso+|cum|c|to
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s|v+mcntc c us+oo +|+ gc|+| mov|mcnto V+||os|o,ctos oc ocmonst|+io +o |coo| oo |+nct+
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ocscst+c|on+||+sgc|+noocnc|g|++|+|co|osccomun|o+ocs|nt|ct+ntoucstocs|c|+c|on+o+s
comocustocou|+b|||o+oc+|no+|nv|+b|||z+m+comc|c|+||z+ioo+sCCs||og|cssosn+o||ciooc
um+cconom|+oo|
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m+ou|+occnocmoc+v+nosnot+vc|snoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc-
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oocscmcn|osiotcm+sucncccss|t+m+v+nos|c|+c|on+oos+osm+tc||+|scomoncntcs|u+s
tccno|og|+socCCsvcmscnooocscnvo|v|o+scomm+|o|+tcnio+scc|u|+s+combust|vc|+mcm-
b|+n+o||mc||c+(||||C)c+scc|u|+s+combust|vc|ocox|oosso||oos(O|C)ucsc|ioocsc||t+s
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subst|+tosocc+|bono+|+|omovc|+|c+iooc|otonsc|ct|onscox|gcn|ocm+gu+|nt|ct+nto
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!94

cncont|+|c+t+||s+oo|cs+b+scoc|tucsc,+mm+|sto|c|+ntcs+oCOcuc+|cscntcmmc||o|oc-
scmcn|occst+b|||o+ocu+nooscut|||z+||o|ogcn|o|ovcn|cntcoo|occssooc|c|o|m+
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s|ooocstuoooccnz|m+s|||c]-||o|ogcn+scs+su+|s+|cscnt+mcomoccnt|o+t|vo||c|cco-
o|ocn+oos o| ||g+ntcs contcnoo cnxo||c |+|+ o c+tooo +|no+ sio busc+oos c+t+||s+oo|cs m+|s
cc|cntcs+|++|couioooO
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mocmc||o|+|+c|ct|o-ox|o+iooomct+no||nt|ccstcsc+t+||s+oo|csosc+t+||s+oo|cs+b+scoc
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vc||o|cmcx|stcm+|no+oucost|+b+||osn+||tc|+tu|+sob|c+ox|o+ioo||ct+occt+no|cmCCs
^|cmo|sso+ox|o+iocom|ct+ooct+no|+CO
.
cm+|so|||c||uc+oomct+no|ocv|ooo|cu|-
o+ococucb|+o+||g+ioC-Cco+|o|m+ioocCOcomo|ntc|mco|+||oucocs+t|v+oc+t+||s+oo|
oc|+t|n+|oc+soooct+no|osc+t+||s+oo|csn+nocst|utu|+oos+b+scoc|tntcm+|cscnt+oo
osmc||o|cs|csu|t+oosccn|c+socc+|cu|ostco||cossio+ont+o+scomoscnooum+|c||+mcnt+
c|+vc+|+ocsc|cvc|c|cvc|++t|v|o+occ+t+||t|c+ocnovoss|stcm+s
^s mcmb|+n+s |+on
(|u|ont) sio |csu|t+oos o+ co-o||mc||z+io oc um co-monomc|o oc

v|n|| ctc| c|uo|+oo com tct|+uo|ct||cno (||) com ostc||o| su||on+io o+s c+oc|+s |+tc-
|+|scsio+sm+|sus+o+scm||||C^cs+|o+sv+nt+gcns+smcmb|+n+s|+on+|cscnt+m
||m|t+ocsnoucsc|c|c|ctcmc|+tu|+ococ|+ioc+|t+c|mc+b|||o+ococcombust|vc|s
||u|oost+|scomomct+no|cct+no||m+umcntooccc|c+oc,oCn+oc|+io|csu|t+||+cm
umg+n|os|gn|c+t|voococscmcn|oocst+scc|u|+s|css+|o|m++busc+o|mcmb|+n+s|o-
nomc||c+succ|m|t+mo|unc|on+mcntooccc|u|+s+combust|vc|cmtcmc|+tu|+sc|cv+o+s
!9
(~+,o
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C) to|n+ ncccss+||o o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc novos m+tc||+|s o||mc||cos ou + ot|m|z+io
o+s|o||co+ocso+smcmb|+n+s,+cx|stcntcs
||ct|o||toso||mc||cos+|tc|n+t|vos+o|+ontcms|oo|ntcns+mcntc|nvcst|g+oos|m++|tc|n+t|v+
+|++ot|m|z+ioo+smcmb|+n+s|+onc+|nco|o|+ioocum+|+sc|no|gn|c+no|m+|mcntc
ox|ooscom|o||co+ocs||g|osco|c+s|sscsox|oos+tu+mo||ct+mcntcn+um|o|c+ioo+mcm-
b|+n+scmocom|omct|mcntoo+conout|v|o+oc|on|c+cm+|t+stcmc|+tu|+scnoc+socscc|-
cooc|^|C(Cc|u|++combust|vc|ocox|o+ioo||ct+oc+|coo|s)+|nco|o|+ioocox|oos||g|os-
co|cosooccont||bu||n+o|m|nu|ioooc|uz+mcnto(crossover)oocombust|vc|(mct+no|ct+no|)
oo+nooo+|+oc+tooo||ct|o||toso||mc||cos+|tc|n+t|vos+smcmb|+n+suo|+o+stcms|oo|n-
tcns+mcntccstuo+oost+|scomo|V||(polyvinylidene uoride)||||(sulfonated poly-ether ether
ketone)|||(polybenzimidazole)cnt|cout|os
^gc|+iocm|+|g+csc+|+occnc|g|+o|st||bu|o+o|mc|oo+sCCscst+c|on+||+sccons|oc|+o+um+
|mo|t+ntc+||c+ioocst+tccno|og|+|cstcc+so+cc|u|++combust|vc|ocox|oosso||oos(O|C)
oc|+noocont|nu+mcntccmtcmc|+tu|+scnt|ceoo-+oooCc+tccno|og|+m+|s|no|c+o+Ô|C
c|m|tc + m+|s cc|cntc convc|sio oc um combust|vc| u|m|co o||ct+mcntc cm c|ct||c|o+oc c +
un|c+ CC oc cst+oo so||oo c uc ooc sc| |o,ct+o+ +|+ moou|os oc gc|+io oc ocsoc oucos
\+tts+tc|\Oso||c|cnc|+|socst+tccno|og|+,ust|c+mosc|cv+oos|nvcst|mcntosmuno|+|scs-
t|m+ooscmccntcn+socm|||ocsocoo|+|cs+nu+|scmcm|cs+socg|+noco|tcnos|st+oos|n|-
oos|u|o+c|+io
|mcxcm|oco|og|+m+|Côo|c+|t+mcntooc|nc|g|+(|O|)oos||^como|+mcntooc
cc|c+oc+;om|||ocsocoo|+|cs+|+o+nosc+|oc.oo,cuc|cvcousoocs|stcm+sO|Coc-
|+noocomc+|viog+sc|c+oo|stc|og|+m+uccont+com++|t|c|+iooco|vc|s+s|nst|tu|ocs
occsu|s+coccm|cs+stcmmct+sbcmoctc|m|n+o+socotcnc|+ou|+b|||o+occc|cnc|+coc
custo+tc.o.,ucvcmscnoo+t|ng|o+sc|ost|mcs+|t|c|+ntcs|cccntcmcntcoczcn+socs|stc-
m+scmoc|+iocomotcnc|+oc+tc+oo|\tcms|oonot|c|+ooscomocst+uccom|ov+noo
+v|+b|||o+oco+tccno|og|+cmo||c|cntcs+||c+ocs
|+o|c|on+|mcntcn+O|C|onsO
.-
sio+scscc|cst|+nso|t+o+s+t|+vcsocmcmb|+n+scc|m|c+s
+|+|c+g||com|
+
gc|+noo+gu+cc+|o|^s+|t+stcmc|+tu|+sncccss+||+s+|+oss|b|||t+|suc|cn-
tc mob|||o+oc oos |ons O
.-
||m|t+m + ou|+b|||o+oc oos comoncntcs |omovcm |+o|g+ ocv|oo
c|c|+gcmtc|m|c+ccx|gcm|ongostcmos+|++c|on+mcntoc|ntc||uioo+O|C^|couioo+
tcmc|+tu|+ococ|+ioo+O|C+|++|+|x+cnt|c|oo-eooCco||nc|+|ocs+on+csu|s+oc
m+tc||+|scx|g|nooc|ct|o||tosso||ooscomc|cv+o+conout|v|o+oc|on|c+ccst+b|||o+oc+nooos+t|vos
!96

+|+ox|o+iooo|
.
cocout|oscombust|vc|scontcnooc+|bonocc+tooos+t|vos+|+|couiooo
O
.
|stcsm+tc||+|socvcmsc|com+t|vc|s||s|c+cu|m|c+mcntcocm+nc||++sccv|t+||c+ocsoc
|ntc||+cccocsc|csc|v+|+m|c|ocst|utu|+c|ntcg||o+oco+O|C|st|m+t|v+smost|+muccc|c+
oc,o/oocustotot+|ocum+O|Cc+ssoc|+o++osm+tc||+|s|cm+nc||+gc|+|ou+sc+tcgo||+soc
m+tc||+|soc|mo|tnc|+|uno+mcnt+|+|+ocscnvo|v|mcnto|utu|oo+tccno|og|+ocO|Csio
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocc|ct|o||tosso||ooscc|m|cos|xcm|oscc|m|c+sb+scocz||con|+
cc||+++t|t+sb|smutoconouto|cs|oton|cosctc
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocconouto|csm|stos(uccx|bcmt|+nso|tc|on|cocc|ct|on|co)+|+
c|ct|ooos|xcm|osc|ovs||t+sb+scoc|+ntn|o(tc||+s-|+|+s)-mct+|oct|+ns|io(|c
||C||nCo)comos|toscc|m|c+-mct+|ctc
^|cmocstcsm+tc||+|socscnvo|v|mcntosocm+tc||+|s+|+sc|+gcm(v|o|osv|t|o-cc|m|cosc|mcn-
tos)cmct+||cos(||g+sb+scocc|omoc+os|c|||t|cos)+|+|ntc|concxioocvcmsc|cons|oc|+oos
^s c+tcgo||+s oc m+tc||+|s c|t+o+s com|ccnocm v+||os comostos (ou comos|tos) uc oocm
sc|+||c+ooscmout|oso|sos|t|vosocgc|+iooccnc|g|+c|mo|t+ntcso|sos|t|vosc|ct|ou|m|-
coscomoscnso|csoccscc|csu|m|c+scmcmb|+n+ssc+|+oo|+socg+scsucoocmtc|+m|+
ut|||z+iocmo|vc|sosscto|cs|nt|c+s|+m|||+socm+tc||+|s|ocooc|ntcns+scsu|s+socst+c+m-sc
+scc|m|c+sb+scocz||con|+cox|oosm|stosoctc||+s-|+|+scc+bc|css+|t+|uco||+s||ossu|
|csc|v+sm|nc|+|s+|cc|+vc|soos|nsumos+|++|+b||c+ioocstcscomostos
|nt|ct+ntoc|ct|oooscc|ct|o||toscom+|toocscmcn|oniooccnocm+cn+socsu+comos|io
u|m|c+m+st+mbcmocsu+m|c|ocst|utu|+|cstcscnt|oooocscnvo|v|mcntooctccn|c+soc|o-
ccss+mcntococ+n+||scocstcsm+tc||+|sc||mo|o|+|+|+os+v+nos|ctcno|oos|u|toscs|o|os
sioconccnt|+oosnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occssosocs|ntcsccoccon|o|m+ioooscomoncn-
tcsucocvcmossu||c|cv+oo|cno|mcntocc|m|t||+|+b||c+ioocm+tc||+|scom|o||co+ocs
+ocu+o+sccont|o|+o+s|c|ntc|cssco||cto+|++tccno|og|+o+O|Cosmctooosococos|io
oc c+m+o+s oc|g+o+s com bo+ |omogcnc|o+oc c o|os|o+oc cont|o|+o+ sio mu|to |mo|t+ntcs
ccn|c+socb+|xocustosio|c|c||vc|scomo+sb+sc+o+sn+ocos|ioocsuscnsocscc|m|c+s
scmnocnt+ntoocscons|oc|+|+stccn|c+sococos|io||s|c+
|+|+|c|+mcntc+osocscnvo|v|mcntoso+sCCsc|uno+mcnt+|+v+n+|nocon|cc|mcntooosmcc+-
n|smosb+s|coscnvo|v|oosn+s|c+ocsc|ct|ou|m|c+soosc|ct|ooosOso|vc|sos|occssoso+s|c+-
ocsc|ct|oc+t+||t|c+s+|no+niosiotot+|mcntccom|ccno|oosccstuoos|uno+mcnt+|s+cc|c+ocs-
tcsmcc+n|smossio|mo|t+ntcs+|+o+v+notccno|og|co|ctcno|oococvcmconst+|n++gcno+
n+c|on+|oc||ô|son|b|||z+iooctccn|c+s+v+n+o+soc|+b||c+iococc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+-
!97
tc||+|sc|mo|t+ntc+|+sccst+bc|ccc|+c++c|t+ioncccss+||++|+uco+|soss++|no+scto|-
n+|umcomct|oo|ncst+tccno|og|+cocvcsc|cons|oc|+o+como+iocst|+tcg|c++|+cst++|c+
C+bc|css+|t+|+|c|+ioo||ct+o+tccno|og|+o+sCCscomo|vc|s+s|noust||+socg|+noco|tcoo
scto|cnc|gct|con+c|on+|ocst+|o|m+um+oss|b|||o+occonvcn|cntc+|+osn+nc|+mcntossu-
gc||oossio|ccu|sos|ovcn|cntcsoos|unoosscto||+|sc|t|ncntcsc;ouo||ct+mcntc|ov|ooso|
|c|cscnt+ntcsocstcscgmcntoioncccss+||os+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoc|cnt|coctccno|og|cooc
cc|u|+s+combust|vc|t|o||||CcO|C|oss|on+|soco||c|cntcs+|c+soocon|cc|mcntocomo
+u|m|c+||s|c+m+tcm+t|c+c+scngcn|+||+s|+|cont|nu|o+oc+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
cscc|+||z+oosc|omovc|+|nsc|ioocstcs|oss|on+|sn+s+|c+s+c+ocm|c+c|noust||+|sio|un-
o+mcnt+|s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocst+tccno|og|+^csu|s+coocscnvo|v|mcntooccc|u|+s+
combust|vc|t|o||||CcO|Cno||+s||sio|c+||z+ooscsscnc|+|mcntccm|n|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|-
tutosoc|csu|s+sgovc|n+mcnt+|sn+nc|+ooscom|ccu|soso+s+gcnc|+soc|omcntocst+ou+|sc
|coc|+|s^g|+nocm+|o||+o+s|nst|tu|ocscnvo|v|o+scom||ocCCsocscnvo|vc+cn+s+|guns
comoncntcsocst+cc|u|+couc+s|nst|tu|ocssioc|ct|v+mcntcc++c|t+o+s+oc|+|CCs
|m|c|+io|n||+cst|utu|+|noust||+|cx|stcmcc|c+oct|cscm|cs+sn+sccntcsucvcmocscnvo|-
vcnootccno|og|+|o||+c|o|ncccnoocc|u|+s||||Cu+scuccxc|us|v+mcntc+|+|nst|tu|ocs
occsu|s+sco|giosgovc|n+mcnt+|s|oc+soo+scc|u|+sO|C+s|tu+iocm+|sc||t|c+o|snio
cx|stcno+|s|n||+cst|utu|+oc||+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocmoou|osocotcnc|+ocst+cc|u|+
Out|oontoococst+ucc+o|og|+m+ococscnvo|v|mcntooo|Co||o-|
.
ucossu|u+t|o
|cocsoccsu|s+scst+bc|cc|o+snotcm+||o|ogcn|ocCCscucocvcsc|+m||+ooccont|nu+oo
+|+ucscusob,ct|vossc,+m+|c+n+oos
O|c|+to||ooc|c|scct|v+s+|++ioooCC||+|+osm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|++ontouucog|+u
ococscnvo|v|mcntooosm+tc||+|s+|+CCtcmosm+|o|cs|no|ccsoc+|+st+mcntooo+|scm|c|+-
io+o|cstooomunoo|o|cm+|c|cvnc|+|noust||+|oosocscnvo|v|mcntos|c|+t|vos+osm+tc||+|s
+|+CCcstiomu|to|ox|mos+os|ocnt|c+oos+|++stccno|og|+socm+|o||c|cvnc|+obsc|v+o+s
ncstccstuoocomo+cnc|g|+so|+|cnuc|c+|
^s+ocscst|+tcg|c+s|oost+s+|+u|t|++ss+|osocs+osnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+
|oouioc+|m+zcn+mcntooc||o|ogcn|ococcc|u|+s+combust|vc|sioscmc||+ntcsccstio||s-
t+oos+scgu||
|ntcns|c+|+s+ocso+su+t|o|cocsoo||o-|.oo||n|stc||oocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+
cx|stcntcs v|s+noo +t|+|| novos csu|s+oo|cs c |noust||+s |nov+oo|+s +|+ ocscnvo|v|-
mcntooosto|cos+|cscnt+oos
!98

|||o||z+| n+ +|c+ oc |oouio oc ||o|ogcn|o |ccu|sos +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto o+s tcc-
no|og|+soc|c|o|m+occt+no||c|o|m+ocg+sn+tu|+|cc|ct|o||scv|s+nooocm|cgocm
cc|u|+s+combust|vc|
|nccnt|v+| tccno|og|+s oc |oouio oc ||o|ogcn|o + +|t|| o+ g+sc|c+io oc b|om+ss+
comu|cz+com+t|vc|com+stccno|og|+soccc|u|+s+combust|vc|
Coo|ocn+|+t|+vcsoo||o|.+ocs+|++suc|+iooum|t|g+iooocon,untoocb+||c||+s
+|++|nsc|ioo+stccno|og|+soc|oouiooc||o|ogcn|ococcc|u|+s+combust|vc|
^m||+| +s +t|v|o+ocs oc no|m+||z+io oc s|stcm+s oc |oouio t|+nso|tc +|m+zcn+-
gcmcut|||z+iooc||o|ogcn|obcmcomoooss|stcm+socconvc|sio
||oscct+|osn|c|osocmc|c+oo+|+cc|u|+s+combust|vc|oc+|t+tcmc|+tu|++|+uso
noscgmcnto|noust||+|ccmco-gc|+io
|m|cmcnt+|+ocsgc|cnc|+|succ|m|t+mm+|o|cx|b|||o+ococgcstiooos|ccu|sos
n+ncc||os c cont|+t+io oc |ccu|sos |um+nos +|+ +s |cocs v|s+noo o cum||mcnto
o+smct+s
|ncomcno+ oc cc|u|+s + combust|vc| c|o cst+oo ou |+c|||t+| + +u|s|io o| cm|cs+s
||v+o+s+|+|omovc||o,ctosococmonst|+io
4.8. Concluso
|o|+mocsc||tosos||nc|+|socs+os|c|c|cntcscsu|s+ocm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+v|s+noo|o|nccc|
o+oos+|+cmb+s+|um++gcno+cst|+tcg|c+oc|nvcst|mcntoscoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto
^cs+|ocsc|cmo|scut|o+so||c|cntcstccno|og|+soocm-sccncont|+|o|vc|s+s||g+ocscontos
cmcomumnoucsc|c|c|c+osm+tc||+|sg|+uococscnvo|v|mcntocncccss|o+ocsoc|nvcst|mcn-
toOsontosm+|s|c|cv+ntcssioocst+c+oosncst+scio
|u|gcntc+busc+o||ontcsoccnc|g|+||m+scsustcnt+vc|s+|+sc+tcnoc|+c|csccntc
ocm+no+scmc+us+|ocg|+o+io+mb|cnt+||io|+um+tccno|og|+un|c+c++zocsu-
|||+s|o,cocso+ocm+no+occnc|g|+
O ocscnvo|v|mcnto o+ m+|o||+ o+s tccno|og|+s oc gc|+io oc cnc|g|+ o|son|vc|s tcm
um+occnocnc|+o||ct+comoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+scsuc|+|osobst+cu-
|osococscmcn|oou|+b|||o+occcustos
|cccss|o+ococcxccuiooc|o,ctosn+c|on+|scst|+tcg|coscnvo|vcnoocm|cs+sc+||-
c+noo-sctccno|og|+ocscnvo|v|o+no+|s|oss|vc|scxcm|ossio+|oouioocs|||c|ooc
g|+uso|+|+const|uiooc|c+to|nuc|c+|mu|t||oos|toc|o,ctosococmonst|+iooc
cc|u|+s+combust|vc|coccnc|g|+so|+|
!99
|cccss|o+oc oc |omcntos cst|utu|+ntcs +|+ mc||o||+ o+ |n||+cst|utu|+ oc |+bo|+to||os
occsu|s+c+|+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscscc|+||z+oos+|++tu+|n++|c+oc
novosm+tc||+|s+|+cnc|g|+s
^|+st+mcnton+c|on+|noocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+sc|+vccomos|||c|oo|cxcm-
|ouc,+sccncont|+mcm+v+n+oog|+uoc+||c+ionomunoocn+su+|so||+s||
tc||+ cono|ocs oc sc cst+bc|ccc| como |c|c|cnc|+ ocv|oo + cono|ocs |+vo|+vc|s como
c||m+|csc|v+sm|nc|+|scb+scc|cnt|c+
O||o|ogcn|oc|mc|+um+sc||coctccno|og|+socgc|+iooccnc|g|+ocsocsu+|oou-
io(nuc|c+|b|om+ss+so|+|co||c+)busc+noo-sc+|m+zcn+mcntocnc|gct|cocm+|o|c-
c|cnc|+nousoo|mc|ooccc|u|+s+combust|vc||cm+nc||++n+|og++b|+occ+|bono
cm+tc||+|cst|+tcg|coocm+no+oocmo||c|cntcstccno|og|+scomo+nuc|c+|cco||c+
^|gum+s+|c+s+|cscnt+m-scm+|scst+bc|cc|o+scm|c|+io+osm+tc||+|scmusoctcm
ocscnvo|v|mcntos||g+oos++|c+o+b|otccno|og|+(b|ocombust|vc|s)cn++|c+oc|o,cto
c|occssosoc|+b||c+io(cnc|g|+co||c+)
|cst+c+m-sccomo+|c+so+c|cnc|+ocm+tc||+|sucocvcmsc||nc|u|o+scmum++gcno+
oc|nvcst|mcntocm||+|++stccno|og|+soc|oouiooccnc|g|+mctooosoc|o-
ccss+mcnto|nc|u|noo+|+b||c+iooc|mcscocc+m+o+sn+socscnvo|v|mcntooc||g+s
mct+||c+scscc|+|s(|cs|stcntcs+|+o|+ioco||osio+|t+stcmc|+tu|+sctc)ocscnvo|v|-
mcntoocm+tc||+|scc|m|coscst|utu|+|s+|+|cvcst|mcntooc|otcio++mb|cntcsco|-
|os|vosc+|t+stcmc|+tu|+scc|m|c+sc|ct||c+scom|o||co+ocsocconouio|on|c+
c|ct|on|c+cm|st+m+tc||+|s|c||+t+||osc+t+||s+oo|cs|cs|stcntcsocs+t|v+iocomos|tos
cst|utu|+|s|c|o|+ooscomb|+sm+tc||+|s+|+sc+|+io(|t|+gcmcnc||+smo|ccu|+-
|cs)combust|vc|snuc|c+|cscscm|conouto|cs
|+g|+nocsc|scct|v+s|c|+t|v+sut|||z+ioocn+nom+tc||+|s+|+so|uiooco|vc|sos
obst+cu|ostccno|og|cos+|+gc|+iooccnc|g|+
||occssoscm+tc||+|socb+|xocustosio|cuc||oos+|+csscnc|+|mcntctoo+s+stccno-
|og|+s+n+||s+o+scv|ocnc|+noo+|mo|tnc|+oc|nvcst|mcntosn+csu|s+ocm+tc||+|s
+|+|oouiooccnc|g|+
z00

kerernclas
|stuoo|:os,cct|vooc|+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos-|+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+|nc:g|+no8:+s||io+o-ioio.
Ccnt:ooccstioc|stuoos|st:+tcg|cos.8:+s|||+.||ioo,
V:^:un+c|+|+m.||||c|sc|c:.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos)io|
|+|cc|c:c|c|,o(ioo,)|s
|nc:gy1cc|no|ogy|c:s,cct|vcs:ccn+:|os+no:t:+tcg|cstoio,o.||^.iooo
|nc:gy|n|o:m+t|onôm|n|st:+t|on.U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.vo:|o|ct|uc|c+:||cct:|c
|owc:cnc:+t|on.+,so-ioo,(||^.U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.v+s||ngton.|C.ioo;)
|ntc:n+t|on+|^tom|c|nc:gy^gcncy.^nnu+||c,o:t|o:iooo(|^|^.V|cnn+.ûst:|+.iooo)
U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.Occo|:c|cncc.8+s|c|csc+:c||ccos|o::o|+:|nc:gyUt|||z+t|on.|c,o:t
ont|c8+s|c|nc:gy:c|cnccsvo:|s|o,on:o|+:|nc:gyUt|||z+t|on(U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.
v+s||ngton.|C.ioo,.wwwscoocgov;bcs;:c,o:ts;|cs;:|U_:,t,o|)(+ccss+oo|+:oio+o)
vC:+bt:cc.|:|cw|s.||ys1oo+yoo(ioo;),;
|^:ccn.!|:ocnc:+t|on||otovo|t+|csôv+ncco:o|+:|nc:gyConvc:s|on(:,:|ngc:-Vc:|+g.8c:||n.
c:m+ny.ioo|)
|nc:gy|c|cncy+no|cncw+b|c|nc:gy.U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.v+s||ngton.|C:o|+:|nc:gy
1cc|no|og|cs|:og:+m:o|+:^mc:|c+|n|t|+t|vc(ioo;)
C|^:c|c:.|z|+cobson.|co,|ys|cs^tmos(ioo,)
8|+,.|V|,+y+|+|s|m|.||V+suocv+|+o.|8:|+o.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos),i;
8|+ym+n.|vcoc|-|c|ncn.|8:onostco.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos),|,
U:|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.|cncw+b|c|csou:cc|+t+Ccntc:.v|no|nc:gy|csou:cc^t|+so|t|c
Un|tco:t+tcs(U:|O|.|||C.|tt,;;::cocn:c|gov;w|no;,ubs;+t|+s;m+,s|tm|)(+ccss+oo
|+:oio+o)
|ob+|v|no|nc:gyCounc||.|ob+|v|noiooo|c,o:t.(v|C.iooo.wwwgwccnct;|c+om|n;
oocumcnts;|ub||c+t|ons;gwcc-iooo_n+|_o+,o|)(+ccss+oo|+:oio+o)
|8:onostco.|||||o|t.^^|yst:u,.^nn|cv|+tc:|cs,,.,o,(ioo,)
z0!
^||+::c||.^|o,+|.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos),;,
|:t+n|cyv||tt|ng|+m.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos)|++
vC:+bt:cc.|:|:cssc||+us.||:8u||ct|n,,(ioos)|i+
|:|:cssc||+us.vC:+bt:cc.|V8uc|+n+n.|os8+s|c|csc+:c||ccos|o:t|c|yo:ogcn|conomy
(Occo|8+s|c|nc:gy:c|cnccs.|c,+:tmcnto||nc:gy.v+s||ngton.|C.ioo,.wwwscoocgov;
bcs;:c,o:ts;+bst:+cts|tm|r|||)(+ccss+oo|+:oio+o)
!c|yo:ogcn|conomyO,,o:tun|t|cs.Costs.8+::|c:s+no|8||ccos(!c|+t|on+|^c+ocmy|:css.
v+s||ngton.|C.ioo|.|tt,;;boo|sn+,cou;c+t+|og,|,:cco:o_|o=+o,ii)(+ccss+oo|+:oio+o)
||v+c|sm+n+no:C:|ng|+|.^mc:|c+nCc:+m|c:oc|cty8u||ct|ns,(io+o)ii
vC:+bt:cc.|:|:cssc||+us.|V8uc|+n+n.||ys1oo+y,;(ioo|),,
C|c:||ns.^vvc|mc:.|nt||yo:ogcn|nc:gyi,(ioo|)+,s;
z0z

z0!
Materiais avanados para o meio ambiente
5. Materiais avanados para o meio ambiente
1
5.1. Apresentao
Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosooc+|cscnt+|v+nt+gcnscomct|t|v+ss|gn|c+t|v+s
+|++scm|cs+sb|+s||c||+s|ssooco||ccm+|tco|cont+ocum+ocm+no+c|csccntcuc,ust|-
c++|oouiocm|+|g+csc+|+ocsscsm+tc||+|s^tu+|mcntc+ucstio+mb|cnt+|sc+|cscnt+como
um+g|+nocoo|tun|o+oc+|+o+|scoocscnvo|v|mcntooco|vc|sost|osocm+tc||+|scom+||-
c+ocs+mb|cnt+|sscmost|++t|+cntccconom|c+mcntc
O ||+s|| cx|bc ncssc c||ooo oc .o+o + .o.. um+ |mo|t+ntc oo|tun|o+oc +|+ cont||bu|| cm
csc+|+muno|+|n+|cmco|+ioocum+sc||coc|ob|cm+sg|ob+|s-sc,+cmocco||cnc|+occ+us+s
n+tu|+|souo|c|c|tos+nt|oogcn|cos-t+|scomomuo+n+sc||m+t|c+sc|cv+iooon|vc|oom+|
|cscn+oco|u|io+tmos|c||c+cxt|niooccscc|cs+n|m+|scvcgct+|s+c|o|c+iooosocc+nos
ocst|u|ioo+c+m+o+ocozon|oocg|+o+iooosso|osc|uv++c|o+ocst|u|ioochabitatssuc|-
cx|o|+io oc |ccu|sos ||o||cos cont+m|n+ocs o| |ooutos u|m|cos c||gosos cont+m|n+io
m|c|ob|o|og|c+coc||+m+mcntosoc||o|oc+|bonctos+|s|ob|cm+s+omcsmotcmo|cuc|cm
|nvcst|mcntosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoc|oouioocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+socm+tc||+|sct+mbcm
|c|cscnt+mg|+nocsoo|tun|o+ocsoc|nvcst|mcntosc|ogovc|nocc|oscto|cm|cs+||+|
Omc|c+ooocbcns+mb|cnt+|s+ss|mocnom|n+oosos|ooutosuc|csu|t+mo+stccno|og|+soc-
scnvo|v|o+sc|+s|noust||+s+mb|cnt+|sucbusc+m|cmco|+|ou|couz||osc|c|tos+nt|oogcn|cos
c|cscc++|t+st+x+scsc+cc|c|oucomos|cccntcscs|o|osoos+|scsn+m|t|g+iooosg+scsocc|c|-
tocstu|+^+tu+|c||sccconom|c+muno|+|ucco|ocoucm|cccssiomu|tos+|scsvcmsc+|cscn-
t+noocomoum+oo|tun|o+oc|m+|+|++|noust||++mb|cnt+|niosomcntcnoscto|occnc|g|+
|cnov+vc|m+stooososout|osscto|cs+mb|cnt+|snumcs|o|ooct|+ns|io+|++cconom|+vc|oc
|nvcst|mcntoscmc|cnc|+ctccno|og|+ococscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosoocm+,uo+|+
const|tu||no||+s||um+|uc|noust||+|+mb|cnt+|comct|t|voccnt|+|num|occssooccatching-
upnomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|
1 |stcc+,|tu|o|o|c|+bo:+oo,c|+cu|,ccom,ost+,o:V|:g|n|+:+m,+|o1c|xc|:+C|m|nc|||(coo:ocn+oo:+).v+noc:|u|zV+scon-
cc|os(:c|+to:).:||gco:||||(:cv|so:).^n+|+u|+8+x.^ngc|+oc|c||o|c::c|:+|+g+||ics.|w+owoOssco-^s+:c.|cn+to||bc|:o
C|m|nc|||(co-:c|+to:cs)
z04

|stc t|+b+||o +|cscnt+ sugcstocs oc tcm+s |mo|t+ntcs uc |c|cscnt+m oo|tun|o+ocs otcn-
c|+|s+|+c||+ioou+m||+ioocncgoc|osno||+s||cmm+tc||+|soccngcn|+||+com+||c+ocs
+mb|cnt+|sO|cv+nt+mcntooostcm+s|o||c+||z+ooo||n|c|+t|v+ccoo|ocn+ioooCC||o|mc|o
oc+ocs|nouto|+s|c|c||o+sncstcoocumcnto+su+|scont+|+mcom++|t|c|+ioocccntcn+s
occscc|+||st+soo+|s
||ocu|ou-sc to|n+| c|+|+s +s mot|v+ocs m+|s |mo|t+ntcs uc c|m|tcm cons|oc|+| os m+tc||+|s
com+||c+ocs+mb|cnt+|scomoum+g|+nocoo|tun|o+oc+|++|c+||z+iooccstuoosc|cnt|-
cos+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co+|+scobtc|g+n|oscconom|cosc+|++mc||o||+o+s
cono|ocssoc|+|sno||+s||
^|oost+n+|ocstccstuoocon+nc|+mcntooc|og|+m+soccsu|s+cmm+tc||+|scom+||-
c+ocs+mb|cnt+|suc+cc|c|cmoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|ooutosc+conso||o+ioocum+
cu|tu|+|ntcns|v+cmtccno|og|++|+|ooutosocc|+sscmuno|+|ccomct|t|v|o+ocg|ob+|
cnoo cm v|st+ su+s |mo|tnc|+s cst|+tcg|c+ soc|+| c|cnt|c+ c cconom|c+ |ccomcno+-sc + |m-
|+nt+io oc |og|+m+s c +ocs coo|ocn+o+s v|s+noo ocscnvo|vc| m+tc||+|s com +||c+ocs +m-
b|cnt+|scn|+t|z+nooosscgu|ntcsto|cos
|+tc||+|s+|++b+t|mcntocscucst|oocg+scso|ucntcscgc|+oo|csocc|c|tocstu|+
|+tc||+|s+|+|oouiooc+gu+ot+vc|ct|+t+mcntooccucntcs
|+tc||+|s+|+|cc|c|+gcmc|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|cs|ouos
C+o+umoostcm+s+c|m+cocsc||toncstcoocumcntocons|oc|+noo+sscgu|ntcs+bo|o+gcnsocs-
c||ioo+s|tu+io+scctoscconom|cosocs+ostccno|og|coscoc|n||+cst|utu|++ocssugc||o+s
^|cmoostcm+s+c|m+ocstuoomost|ou+|mo|tnc|+c+oo|tun|o+ococsc|nvcst||cmout|os
t|osocm+tc||+|scom+||c+ocsnomc|o+mb|cntct+|scomom+tc||+|s+|+|oouiooccnc|-
g|+s+|tc|n+t|v+sm+tc||+|s+|+con|o|totc|m|cocout|os^s|ccomcno+ocs+|csc|toocm+tc-
||+|s+|+cnc|g|+s+|tc|n+t|v+s|o|+m|nco|o|+o+sno+|t|gocscc|couct|+t+ocstc+ssunto|c-
|cccmocst+ucosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosncccss+||os+|++ut|||z+ioocb|om+ss+b|ocombust|vc|s
cnc|g|+co||c+cc|u|++combust|vc|cnc|g|+so|+|ccnc|g|+nuc|c+|
|st|m+-scucosv+|o|cs+sc|cm+|oc+oos+|++o|o+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|scom+||c+-
ocs+mb|cnt+|stot+||z+mcc|c+oc|,.,b|||ocs+|+tooooc||ooooc.o+o+tc.o..||ntc|cs-
z0
s+ntccom+|+|cstcv+|o|com+cst|m+t|v+oc|nvcst|mcntoc||ncsn++|c+oc|otcio+mb|cnt+|
uccoc|,..,b|||ocso|+nocomomcnc|on+oocmscu++|+nou|nucn+|(|CC.oo,)|ssc
v+|o|+|+os|nvcst|mcntosoogovc|noc||ncs|nco|o|+too+s+s+|c+ss|stcm+sco||t|c+s+mb|cn-
t+|scnio+cn+soocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s|ocnt+ntot+|numc|o+ux|||+co|oc+|+|cscntc
|oost+cmumccn+||oocc|cv+o+v|+b|||o+oc+|cmoc|css+|t+|+cno|mc|mo|tnc|+cconom|c+
soc|+|c|cnt|c+ccst|+tcg|c+ootcm+
^s+ocs|ccomcno+o+s|o|+m+|cscnt+o+soc|o|m+suc|nt+o|sos|+nosoct+||+oosoccnoc-
|ioocc+o++gcntcn+nc|+oo|ou|nvcst|oo||ocnt+nto+s+|c+s|o|+mbcmcst+bc|cc|o+sc|m|-
t|nooooc||nc+mcntooc|oost+sc|ct|v+sucv|scmos|nvcst|mcntosncccss+||oscmcsu|s+s
b+s|c+sn+|o|m+iooccsso+|csu+ncccss+||+|nsc|ion+scm|cs+sno|omcnto|nov+ion+s
cm|cs+sno+o|o+osu|g|mcntooccm|cs+s|nov+oo|+scno|o|t+|cc|mcntoo+s|ontcsocn+n-
c|+mcnto|cstcscnt|oo+ocn|iooostcm+s|mo|t+ntcsv|s+o|c|ccc|subs|o|o+|++c|+bo|+io
oco||t|c+so|+|tco+s|nst|tu|ocsoccns|noccsu|s+o+scnt|o+ocsc+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s
co|+|tco+scm|cs+s
|c+co|oocomo|c|+to||oC|O-|(.oo;)m+|soc,oooocomostossiout|||z+ooscomc|c|+|mcntc
out|+s ccntcn+s sio c||+o+s +nu+|mcntc c + |oouio u|m|c+ g|ob+| c |o,ct+o+ +|+ +umcnt+|
cms,/ou|+ntcos|ox|mos.o+nos^cxos|io+csscscomostos|ovoc+u+scumu+|to
octoo+s+soocn+s|st|m+-scucm+|socoo|sm|||ocsoccsso+snomunoomo||c|io|cm+-
tu|+mcntc+c+o++noo|cont+o+o|u|io+tmos|c||c+^smuo+n+scontcmo|nc+so+b|oo|-
vc|s|o+ocsio+sm+|s|+|o+sn+||sto||+|um+n+Cc|c+oceoo|ccntooosccoss|stcm+s+v+||+oos
cstioocg|+o+oosousiout|||z+oosoc|o|m+|nsustcnt+vc||scc|cstcms|oocxt|nt+scm||tmoccm
vczcsm+|o|oouc+st+x+scncont|+o+scm|cg|st|os|ossc|s
|+o|ocs |nsustcnt+vc|s oc ut|||z+io o+ tc||+ cstio c+us+noo ocg|+o+io oc +|c+s +g||cu|t+vc|s -
+mc++tiog|+vccomo+s+|tc|+ocsc||m+t|c+sc+c|o+o+b|oo|vc|s|o+occ+|ct+m+tcumtc|o
o+ou|+iomuno|+|+t|+vcso+o|u|ioo+c|osioooso|oo+c|o+ocnut||cntcscsc+ssczo+
+gu+s+||n|o+occ|utu|+ooc|c|ob|o|og|co^scgu|+n++||mcnt+|ocoo|stc|oso+ou|+io
muno|+|occnococ|c|t|||z+ntcs||nc|+|mcntcoon|t|ogcn|oOc|csc|mcntoou|+c|on+|ocx-
ccssoocconsumococu|t|vooccc|c+|s+|+|oouioocc+|nc|no|c+muc+ocm+no+o|+||-
mcntosv+|+umcnt+|+|+.,-,,vczcsov+|o|+tu+|+tc.o,o
||vc|s+stccno|og|+stcms|ooocscnvo|v|o+s+|+++||c+io+mb|cnt+|cm|cg+noom+tc||+|so-
||mc||coscc|m|cosmct+||cosccomos|tos|mg|+noc|ntc|cssc|cs|ocn++|c+oosm+tc||+|sn+-
nocst|utu|+oos|st|m+-scucsco+|s+ss+|+ut|||z+||ntcns+mcntc+n+notccno|og|++|++g|c-
z06

g+|v+|o|ssu+sm+tc||+s-||m+sn+tu|+|st|+ns|o|m+noo-+scmm+tc||+|s|unc|on+|sccst|utu|+|s
oo|tun|o+ocscmv+||osscto|cso+cconom|+ooc|iosc|+|o||+o+sc|+|noust||+
^+m||tuocc+o|mcnsiooos|ob|cm+s+mb|cnt+|succ|+m+m+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocso|u-
ocs|ntcns|v+scmtccno|og|+v|+b|||z+m++tu+iocm|cs+||+|nost|cst|os||nc|+|soc||oc|+n+
comct|t|v+custoso||c|cnc|+ioc|ocoocmc|c+oo|st+s|tu+io+b|ccs+ono||+s||+|+um+
+m|+o|vc|s|o+ococc|scm|cs+||+|s|+mco|o+cmuco||+s||,+ossu|m+ss+c||t|c+|mo|t+ntc
cmcon|cc|mcntos+mb|cnt+|scocm+tc||+|s+cx|o|+iooc|+t|+soomc|c+oo+mb|cnt+||ntcns|vo
cmtccno|og|+to|n+-scv|+vc|sc|nouz|o++t|+vcsoc|og|+m+s|ntc|o|sc|||n+|csoccooc|+iocnt|c
|nst|tu|ocscg|uosoccsu|s+b|+s||c||oscsc|omov|o++|ox|m+ioocst+s|nst|tu|ocscomcm-
|cs+scmc|gcntcsn+|oouioccomc|c|+||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+|++||c+ocs+mb|cnt+|s
|c+co|oocomo|c|+to||oCC||-cm+|||(.oo;)+s+||c+ocsocm+tc||+|scmc|gcntcs|coom|-
n+mnoccn+||oocoo|tun|o+ocs+|+omc|c+oo+mb|cnt+|o|scut|ooncstccstuoo^s|cssocs
sioc|csccntcsc|+|cvcnio|couiocont|o|ccm|t|g+iooos|m+ctos+mb|cnt+|scmtoo++
o|vc|s|o+oc |nvcst|g+o+ c|o C|O| |nvcst|mcntos cm csu|s+ ocscnvo|v|mcnto c |oouio oc
m+tc||+|s|o,c+|no+cmc|gcntcscoc+|to||sco+c+o++noscmost|+|iom+|sv|+vc|sc+t|+t|voscm
tc|mosocvo|umc|cto|noc|cnt+b|||o+ocO||+s||o|+ntcoonovo+|+o|gm++mb|cnt+|+|cscn-
t+cono|ocsmu|tocomct|t|v+s+|+||oc|+|cstcnovoscgmcntoo+oocsc+|+otcnc|+|+|++s
so|uocs+mb|cnt+|s+sv+nt+gcnscom+|+t|v+scmb|om+ss+cm|nc|+|s|ccu|so|csocm+tc||+|s
+|++||c+io+mb|cnt+|co|+ntcocummc|c+ooucccmc|gcntccmtooosos+|scs-o|t+ntoo
||+s||ooco+|ums+|to+|++||oc|+n+mcsmocmumscto||ntcns|vocmtccno|og|+
|o| obsc|v+oo o| mc|o o+s ct++s oc |osccio oc o+oos c oc o|n|ocs |omov|o+s c|o CC||
(+su+|ssio|c|cscnt+o+sc|os|c|+to||os||st+oosn+s|c|c|cnc|+s)ucoscto|oc|c|o^mb|cntc
+|cmocsu+ocst+c+o+|mo|tnc|++|no++|cscnt+mu|tosc|mo|t+ntcsocsoob|+mcntoscmv+||os
out|osscgmcntoscconom|coscoocon|cc|mcntoComo|csu|t+ooo|ssom+tc||+|sucsio|mo|-
t+ntcs+|+++|c+oc|c|o^mb|cntct+mbcmsio|c|cv+ntcs+|+out|+s+|c+scv|cc-vc|s+ooosos
t|cstcm+s||nc|+|smost|+oos+scgu||sccnu+o|+mn+c+tcgo||+ocsscsto|cost|+ns-scto||+|so|
+|cscnt+|cm|mo|tnc|+b+st+ntcs|gn|c+t|v+t+mbcmcmout|+s+|c+scomoo|cxcm|o+soc
cnc|g|+oc|cs++g||cu|tu|+ccu+||+|ccu|sosn+tu|+|ss+uoccouc+iot|+nso|tcc|+b|t+io
|+|+ too+s +s |oost+s +|cscnt+o+s sio sugc||o+s +|gum+s mct+s comuns + sc|cm +|c+n+o+s
c|o||+s||+tco+no.o..+|smct+sgc|+|ssio+sscgu|ntcs
c|g|uosoccsu|s++tu+ntcsnotcm+no+|s
z07
c| o|son|vc|s |ccu|sos |um+nos no ||+s|| cm u+nt|o+oc c u+||o+oc suc|cntcs
+|+ c|m|t|| um +ocu+oo ocscnvo|v|mcnto oo +ssunto t+nto c|cnt|c+mcntc como
cconom|c+mcntc
c|o|son|vc|sosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+ont+ooscomo||o||t+||oscmc+o+tcm+
c||cscntcsnomc|c+oocm|cs+scmc|gcntcscuc+||c+mcss+stccno|og|+s
c|o|son|vc|scstuoosc+n+||scsocc|c|oocv|o+oosm+tc||+|s
|+|+sc+|c+n+|t+|smct+scomuns|+t+mbcmumcon,untooc|oost+sucsc+||c+m+tooos
ostcm+s+|cscnt+oos^s+ocsgc|+|s|ccomcno+o+ssio
||n+nc|+| |o,ctos oc csu|s+s b+s|c+ c +||c+o+ (|nc|us|vc com +|t|c|+io oo scto|
cm|cs+||+|)cmocscnvo|v|mcntooosnovosm+tc||+|sc|t|ncntcs+c+o+umoostcm+s
+bo|o+oos
Conso||o+|m+|cos|cgu|+to||osuct|+t+moccsu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+io
ô|+|+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
|omcnt+|+|nov+ion+scm|cs+s
|o|t+|ccc| +s |ontcs oc n+nc|+mcnto |ccmbo|s+vc|s c nio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s ocst|n+oos +
|nst|tu|ocs||v+o+s
5.2. Materiais para abatimento e sequestro de gases poluentes e
geradores de efeito estufa
.z.!. Uescrlo da sltuao
^s o|vc|s+s +t|v|o+ocs |um+n+s tcm gc|+oo +o |ongo o+ ||sto||+ v+||os |ob|cm+s +mb|cn-
t+|sosu+|ssc+g|+v+|+ms|gn|||c+t|v+mcntcn+su|t|m+socc+o+s+|s|ob|cm+s|nc|ucm+
cm|ssio oc o|ucntcs oos so|os o+s +gu+s c o+ +tmos|c|+ com ocst+uc +|+ + cm|ssio oc
g+scscons|oc|+ooscomooss|vc|s|csons+vc|sc|oc|c|tocstu|+c+c|o|||c+iooosocc+nos
Ooom|n|oo+stccno|og|+socm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosuc|omov+m+sc+|+iocoscucst|o
occ+|bonocout|osg+scso|ucntcscncccss+||o+|+|couz||+o|u|io+tmos|c||c+ccon-
t||bu||n++mcn|z+iooct+|sc|c|tos
^|+|t+occont|o|cc+|+||+n+|couioo+cm|ssioocCO
.
cout|osg+scs+|+++tmos|c|+cstio
cont||bu|noo +|+ + oco||cnc|+ oc s|tu+ocs |nocsc,+vc|s como scc+s |o|ong+o+s +umcnto oo
z08

numc|o c |ntcns|o+oc oc ocs+st|cs n+tu|+|s |no|son|b|||o+oc ||o||c+ t|+ns|o|m+ocs oc b|om+s
c|o+ocb|oo|vc|s|o+occm+|o||nc|ocnc|+oc|+o|+ocsso|+|csnoc|v+sOcont|o|cc+|couioo+
cm|ssioocCO
.
C|
|
cout|osg+scso|ucntcs+|+++tmos|c|+cont||bu||++|+o+|s+t|ng||c|csc|-
mcntosustcnt+ooo|to|n+|oss|vc|oc|csc|mcnto|noust||+|scmcom|omctc|+|no+m+|s+||+g||
u+||o+ocoomc|o-+mb|cntc^|noust||+cscc|+|mcntcosscto|css|oc|u|g|cou|m|coc|mcntoc
ct|ou|m|cogc|+mg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocsocg+scso|ucntcscomoCO
.
C|
|
|O
X
cout|os||cvc-
scuccmum|utu|o|ox|mo+c++c|o+ococc||m|n+|ou|couz||+cm|ssioocg+scscomooCO
.
+|+++tmos|c|+octc|m|n+|++sob|cv|vcnc|+ouniooco||c|cntcsscgmcntos|noust||+|s
^|cssio+|+uc+|noust||+muocscu+o|io|oout|vo|ovcmoccom|om|ssosm+no+to||os
+|++|scsoo^ncxo+(|noust||+|mcntcocscnvo|v|oos)cvo|unt+||os+|++|scscomoo||+s||n+s
ncgoc|+ocso+ConvcnioocC||m+o|cnu+nto|+socs|o|otcmucsc|g|ob+|^Con|c-
|cnc|+o+s|+|tcs(CO|+,)o+Convcniou+o|ooc|uo+n+sooC||m+o+s|+ocs|n|o+s(||-
|CCC) nio c|cgou + um +co|oo o| c+us+ oo +|to custo oc cu|to |+zo uc +|guns +|scs cstio
|oonoo(conccnt|+iooc,,omocCO
.
cu|v+|cntc+tc.+oo)m+su+|uc|ucsc,+o+co|oo
ccno|mc+t+|c|+ocm|t|g+ioc+o+t+io
O||+s||+|ovou|cccntcmcntcum+o||t|c+n+c|on+|ocmuo+n+ooc||m+(.oo,)uccont+com
um|unoo(|unoo|+c|on+|oc|uo+n+sooC||m+)cum|og|+m++|no+cmconst|uiom+suc
|cvc +|gum+s mco|o+s m|t|g+oo|+s ||nc|+|mcntc nos scto|cs uc m+|s cm|tcm g+scs oc c|c|to
cstu|+ocsc||tos+c|m+|ss+o||t|c+t|+t+octooososscto|csococm+no+oc|nov+ocsnosu+|s
sc|nc|ucmosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
Cons|oc|+-sccomoocst+c+o+oo|tun|o+occst|+tcg|c+ccconom|c+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc-
||+|s|nov+oo|cscom|unocsocsc+|+iooc|mob|||z+iocscucst|oocsubstnc|+so|ucntcs
||nc|+|mcntccmg+scsm+st+mbcmcmso|osc||u|oos|oocmsc|c|t+o+scomocxcm|osoc
m+tc||+|sncst+c+tcgo||++smcmb|+n+scc|m|c+sn+nocst|utu|+o+smcmb|+n+smu|t||unc|on+|s
cmcmb|+n+s||b||o+s
|nt|costo|coscons|oc|+oos||o||t+||osnocontcxtoocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+s+v+n+oos+|+
+ +|c+ +mb|cnt+| ocst+c+-sc + octccio c o mon|to|+mcnto oc cm|ssocs c |m+ctos cm too+s +s
o|mcnsocsc+b|+ngcnc|+oosccoss|stcm+s^|cg|s|+io+mb|cnt+|m+|s|cst||t|v++||+o+o||t|c+
cocm+no+so+soc|co+ocuc||o||z+m+|cvcniosob|c+|cmco|+ioobcmcst+|o+s|utu|+s
gc|+ocsc+busc+oc|occssos||moscx|gcmnov+stccno|og|+s|st+so|su+vczoccnocmo+
octcciocoomon|to|+mcntoocsubstnc|+scmn|vc|soct|+oscsubt|+oscocscus|m+ctos
sob|coc||m++tmos|c|+|ccu|sos||o||cosb|oo|vc|s|o+ocso|ocsubso|o
z09
^n+notccno|og|+c|m|tc+|+b||c+ioocscnso|csc+o+vczm+|scom+ctosm+|ssc|ct|voscm+|s
scns|vc|s+|++octcciocomon|to|+mcntooco|ucntcso|gn|cosc|no|gn|cosnomc|o+m-
b|cntc^v+nosn+|+b||c+ioocscnso|cs+|++octcciooco|ucntcs|m||c+mo||ct+mcntccm
ummc||o|cont|o|coc|occssos|noust||+|sn+octcciom+|s|ccoccc|cc|s+o+cx|stcnc|+oc
|ob|cm+soccont+m|n+iono+com+n|+mcntocmtcmo|c+|no|og|cssooos|occo|mcn-
tosoct|+t+mcntoc|cmco|+iooco|ucntcsnomon|to|+mcntom+|sc|ct|vooosn|vc|soccon-
t+m|n+ntcscm+||mcntoscout|os|ooutosocconsumo|um+non+c++c|o+octccn|c+occst+-
bc|ccc| no|m+s +mb|cnt+|s m+|s ||g|o+s cnt|c out|+s O ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc scnso|cs +v+n+oos
c|m|t||++octcciocomon|to|+mcntoocsubstnc|+snoc|v+snomc|o-+mb|cntc+|+++ooio
ocmco|o+s|cvcnt|v+s
.z.z. Aspectos econmlcos
Osn|c|osocoo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|ossio+|cscnt+oosc|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n-
+oosuccont||bu+mo||ct+mcntc+|+m|t|g+iooc|ob|cm+soco|u|io+mb|cnt+|t+|scomo
osg+scscons|oc|+oososs|vc|s|csons+vc|sc|oc|c|tocstu|+
|nt|c+soo|tun|o+ocsooc-scmcnc|on+|+obtcnioocmcmb|+n+sv|+mctoooso|-gc||st|m+-
sc uc o mc|c+oo muno|+| +|+ css+ tccno|og|+ c|cs+ cc|c+ oc e/ +o +no c cst+ c um+ oc su+s
+||c+ocsm+|s|om|sso|+s^cn+somc|c+oono|tc+mc||c+noconsum|ucm.oo,cc|c+oc|,;
b|||ocscmmcmb|+n+sscnooucccst|m+ooucomc|c+oo+|+mcmb|+n+s+|+sc+|+iooc
g+scsc|cs++um+t+x+oc+o/+o+no
Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocscnso|cs+v+n+oos+|cscnt+ocst+c+oootcnc|+|comc|c|+||+,+v|st++nc-
ccss|o+ococsscso|sos|t|vos+|+oc|ct|vocont|o|coc|occssosccm|ssocs+|+omc|o+mb|cntc
Omc|c+oomuno|+|ocscnso|cs+v+n+oosccst|m+oocmcc|c+oc|,;b|||ocscm.oo;cons|oc-
|+noo+sv+||+s+||c+ocsocsscso|sos|t|vos|csscmc|c+oocst|m+-scucosn+nosscnso|cs|c-
|cscntcmcc|c+oc|,oeb|||io(cm.oo,)ccstc,+mc|csccnoocc|c+oc,o/+o+no
O |cv+nt+mcnto |c+||z+oo c|o CC|| ,unto + cscc|+||st+s no ||+s|| +ontou uc + |ob+b|||o+oc
ocstc+ssunto|c|cscnt+|um++t|v|o+ococ|ntc|csscocmc|c+oonoc||ooooc.o+o+.o..ccs-
t|m+o+cm+oo/^|c|cvnc|+|noust||+|(cmum+csc+|+oc++,)sugc|cumv+|o|mco|ooc,sc
umc|csc|mcntocont|nuoo+|mo|tnc|+ootcm+.o+.(,e).o+;(,s)c.o..(|o)^|c|cvnc|+
|noust||+|sugc||o+c|o|ooncntcoocstuooc,
z!0

.z.!. Uesaos tecnologlcos e de lnrraestrutura
|st+ |oost+ su|g|u o+s obsc|v+ocs c cont||bu|ocs oc cscc|+||st+s os u+|s +ont+|+m os sc-
gu|ntcsto|cosoc|ntc|cssct|+ns-scto||+|
|cmb|+n+scc|m|c+s+v+n+o+s
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s++|t||oc|cs|ouos|noust||+|s
|+nocomos|tos
|+notccno|og|+n+|oouioocm+tc||+|soco||gcmn+tu|+|
^n+||sccc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|cscct|v+sm+tc||+s-||m+s
||oouiosustcnt+vc|ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
Osscnso|csoocmsc|ocscnvo|v|oosc+||c+ooscons|oc|+noov+||osc|cmcntosoccnt|+o+como
tcmc|+tu|+os|io|cssio|o|+uxon|vc|c|cscn+occ|cmcntosu|m|cosoo+scss+s|+-
b|||o+ocssiooc|mo|tnc|++|++s+||c+ocs+mb|cnt+|s
|+|+cst+|oost++stccno|og|+s+sc|cmoom|n+o+ssio
|+tc||+|s+oso|vcntcs
C+|+ctc||z+iooos|cs|ouos|noust||+|s
|cscnvo|v|mcntoo+smcmb|+n+s
|ctooosoc+n+||sc
^v+||+ioococscmcn|o
^n+||scooc|c|oocv|o+
C+t+||s+oo|cs
|+ncccss|o+ococ|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos+|++tu+|n++|c+ocm+tc||+|s+|++b+t|mcnto
cscucst|oocg+scso|ucntcscgc|+oo|csocc|c|tocstu|+|m+|o|tc|ntc|+iocom+|noust||+c
|mo|t+ntc+|+ucsc,+m|o|m+ooscsu|s+oo|csuct|+b+||cmn+scm|cs+scsc,+mc++zcs
ococscnvo|vc||ooutos|nov+oo|cs
|mum++n+||sc|c||m|n+|sio|ocnt|c+ooscomooss|vc|s+|t|c|+ntcsocst+|oost++|+cxc-
cuiooc|o,ctosoc||+sscgu|ntcs|nst|tu|ocs
|n|vc|s|o+ocs(|||C||||||C+||n||n|c+m||cout|+s|Cs|nc|u|nooosCc|cts)
|nst|tutosoc|csu|s+c
z!!
|m|cs+s oc b+sc tccno|og|c+ o| cxcm|o |ct|ob|+s Ccm|g V+|c c out|os +to|cs
o+|noust||+
.z.4. Aes sugerldas
|+|+cst+|oost+osocs+os|no|c+oos+|++io||o||t+||+sio
^tu+||z+ioo+b+sctccn|co-c|cnt|c+C+cscC||
|ont+gcmoc|n||+cst|utu|+occsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntooosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
C||+iooc|cocsoc|csu|s+
|ncub+iooccm|cs+sc
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocumu+o|oc|ct|vonoso|giosoogovc|no+|+++||c+ioo+s
o||t|c+s
|ccomcno+-sc+|no++|m|+nt+iooc|og|+m+sc+ocscoo|ocn+o+sv|s+nooocscnvo|vc|m+-
tc||+|s+v+n+ooscomomcmb|+n+scc|m|c+sn+nocst|utu|+o+scom+n+||o+ococ|omovc|o
scucst|oocCO
.
cout|osg+scso|ucntcscscnso|csn+nocst|utu|+oos+v+n+oos
|+|+cst+|oost+siosugc||o+s+sscgu|ntcsmct+s+sc|cm+|c+n+o+sc|o||+s||+tco+no.o..
c|g|uosoccsu|s+no+|s
c|o|son|vc|s|ccu|sos|um+nosno+|scmu+nt|o+occu+||o+oc
c|o|son|vc|sosm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscomomcmb|+n+s+oso|vcntcscscnso|csoc
nov+gc|+io
|+|+cst+|oost++s+ocs|ccomcno+o+ssio
cm|cs+||+|)cmocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+smcmb|+n+scc|m|c+s(n+no-cst|utu|+o+sou
nio) +oso|vcntcs +v+n+oos c scnso|cs +mb|cnt+|s Os m+tc||+|s-c|+vcs sio cc|m|c+s
o|os+sc|unc|on+||z+o+s(n+nocst|utu|+o+sounio)||b||oos|no|gn|co-o|gn|cosc|c-
cob||mcntoscc|m|cos+v+n+oos
Conso||o+|m+|cos|cgu|+to||osuct|+t+moc||
z!z

|o|t+|ccc| +s |ontcs oc n+nc|+mcnto |ccmbo|s+vc|s c nio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s ocst|n+oos +
|nst|tu|ocs||v+o+s
|+|+cst+|oost+cst|m+-scum|nvcst|mcnto+|+oc||ooooc.o+o+.o+.oc|,.;om|||ocs+|+
oc||ooooc.o+,+.o+;oc|,,oom|||ocsc+|+os+nosoc.o+;+.o..oc|,eoom|||ocs+|s
|ccu|sos|nc|ucmon+nc|+mcntocsu|s+b+s|c+occ+|+tc|c|cnt|co|o|m+iooccsso+|u+||-
c+oocmtooososn|vc|scsu|s+tccno|og|c+scsu|s+s|nov+oo|+so+scm|cs+sc+o start-up
occm|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c+cons|oc|+noot+nto|ontcsgovc|n+mcnt+|scomo||v+o+s
|+|+cst+|oost++s|nst|tu|ocs|csons+vc|s+|++|nsc|ioo+|oost+nomc|c+oosioos||-
n|stc||os|C|||||^|||C||C|++||
5.3. Materiais para produo de gua potvel e tratamento
de efluentes
.!.!. Uescrlo da sltuao
^so||c|cntcs+t|v|o+ocs|um+n+sgc|+mv+||os|cs|ouosuccont+m|n+mos|cno|s+u||c|os|sscs
cont+m|n+ntcsoocmc+us+|v+||osc|c|tos|c,uo|c|+|s+omc|o-+mb|cntccs+uoc|um+n+cc-
n|costcm|ocnt|c+oouco||+s||oocsc|um+to||mo|t+ntcnosu||mcntoocso|uocs+|+
t+|s|ob|cm+socsocuc|c+||zcosncccss+||os|nvcst|mcntoscmm+tc||+|s+oso|vcntcs+v+n+oos
cc|m|coso||mc||cosc||b||oos^|cmo|ssooocscnvo|v|mcntoocsscsm+tc||+|scont||bu||+o||c-
t+mcntc+|++sustcnt+b|||o+ococv+||osscgmcntos|noust||+|s|mo|t+ntcs
^s o|vc|s+s +t|v|o+ocs |um+n+s como + +g||cu|tu|+ ccu+||+ m|nc|+io |noust||+ c v|o+ u|b+n+
tcmconouz|oo+c|csccntcs|ob|cm+soccont+m|n+iooosmc|os+uososOocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocm+tc||+|s+oso|vcntcs(b+scoc+|g||om|nc|+|sm|nc|+|s|noust||+|scb|om+ss+)c|m|t||++ocs-
cont+m|n+ioocg|+nocsvo|umcsocmc|os+uososcom|cxoscmu|t|comoncntcs
^|g||+ssio+buno+ntcsc+|cscnt+m-sccmumnumc|omu|tog|+nococ|o|m+sc||st+||n+sct+m-
bcm oc |o|m+s o+s su+s +|t|cu|+s O ||+s|| ossu| ocos|tos |mo|t+ntcs oc v+||+s +|g||+s cu,o
con|cc|mcnto +|no+ c |cc+||o |o|t+nto cst+ g|+noc ||ucz+ m|nc|+| +c+b+ scnoo sub-ut|||z+o+
ouus+o+cm+||c+ocsouconob|csocb+|xo|cou+nooc|omcnosum++|tco+s+|g||+s
z!!
ooc||+sc|us+o+n+c||+ioocm+tc||+|souoc|nsumosocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+numc|os+s
+||c+ocsOm+c+mcntoc+c+|+ctc||z+ioo+s||nc|+|s,+z|o+scon|cccnoo+su+n+nocst|u-
tu|+sioc|+vcs+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+|ntcns+c+oc|+|oout|v+ucv+|ocsoc+cxt|+io
c|occss+mcnto+tc+t|+ns|o|m+iocm+|g||+smoo|c+o+sccmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+v+||os
novos|ooutoscomct|t|vos
Ost|+b+||os|c+||z+oos+ont+mcomoo|tun|o+occconom|c+ccst|+tcg|c+oocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocm+tc||+|s|nov+oo|cs(cc|m|coso||mc||cos||b||ooscout|os)com|unocsocsc+|+iooc
|mob|||z+iocscucst|oocsubstnc|+so|ucntcscm||u|oosocmooo+c|m|t||+obtcniooc
+gu+ot+vc|cot|+t+mcntooccucntcs
.!.z. Aspectos econmlcos
^s+|c+suc|cvc|+mocoo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|ossio
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosuccont||bu+mo||ct+mcntc+|+m|t|g+iooc
|ob|cm+soco|u|io+mb|cnt+|t+|scomo+|c+scont+m|n+o+sg+scs|csons+vc|sc|o
c|c|tocstu|+mct+|stox|cosc||u|oos|nc|u|noo+gu+ctc
|+|uc|noust||+|b|+s||c||osu||oo|ocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+soccont|o|co+cm|ssiooc
o|ucntcs
^s|noust||+socvc|iocmumcu|to|ntc|v+|ooctcmosc+ocu+|s|cg|s|+ocs+mb|cnt+|s(b|+s|-
|c||+c|ntc|n+c|on+|)|cmooo+c|m|t||t+|+ocu+iooocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+oso|vcn-
tcsn+nocst|utu|+oost|+|+obcnc||c|o+o|c|on+|oc|omcnt+|o+|uc|noust||+|b|+s||c||osu||oo|
ocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+soccont|o|co+cm|ssiooco|ucntcs
|st|m+-sc uc o mc|c+oo no|tc +mc||c+no oc +oso|vcntcs |no|gn|cos sc,+ oc |, .. b|||ocs cm
.oo,^scx+nsocso+s+||c+ocsoosm+|cos|cgu|+to||os+mb|cnt+|scmtoooomunooc+smc-
||o||+soos+o|ocsocv|o+o+sou|+ocscmv+||os+|scscstio+umcnt+noooc|o|m+s|gn|c+t|-
v++socm+no+s+|+osusosoc+oso|vcntcs|css+|o|m+cstccummc|c+oocm||+nc+cx+nsio
c|c|cscnt+g|+nocoo|tun|o+oc+|+|nvcst|mcnto
t|m+o+cm+oo/^|c|cvnc|+|noust||+|(cmum+csc+|+oc++,)sugc|cumv+|o|mco|ooc|oc
z!4

umc|csc|mcntocont|nuoo+|mo|tnc|+ootcm+.o+.(,,).o+;(|+)c.o..(|,)^|c|cvnc|+
|noust||+|sugc||o+c|o|ooncntcc,
.!.!. Uesaos tecnologlcos e de lnrraestrutura
|st+|oost+contcmc|cmcntosv|s+noooocscnvo|v|mcntoocumbcmocmc|c+oooc|mo|tn-
c|+cst|+tcg|c++|+o+|s|st+|oost+su|g|uo+sobsc|v+ocsccont||bu|ocsoccscc|+||st+soc
toooo+|sosu+|s+ont+|+mosscgu|ntcsto|cosoc|ntc|cssct|+ns-scto||+|
|+tc||+|s+oso|vcntcs+|+ocscont+m|n+ioocmc|os+uosos
||oouiosustcnt+vc|ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
|+t||zcsoco||gcmn+tu|+|ous|ntct|c+oocmsc||unc|on+||z+o+so|mc|oocg|uosu|m|coscs-
cc|cos|ssooss|b|||t++|+b||c+ioocm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+ooscomg|+nocc++c|o+ococc+|-
|cg+mcntocsc|ct|v|o+occm|c|+io+v+||+scscc|cso|gn|c+sc|no|gn|c+s|cscntcscmmc|os
+uososccucntcs
|+|++ccntu+|oocscmcn|onouco|z|csc|to+oso|ioocmct+|so|sso|v|ooscmmc|os+uo-
sosc|om|sso|ousooccc|m|c+so|os+sComocxcm|osocsscsm+tc||+|soocmsc|c|t+oosos
+|g||om|nc|+|sn+tu|+|scs|ntct|cosox|oosou|os|+mc|+|cszco||t+sv|t|occ|m|c+scosv|o|osoc
c|cv+o++|c+suc|c|+|
|+|+cst+|oost++stccno|og|+s+sc|cmoom|n+o+ssio
|cmb|+n+s
|ctooosoc+n+||sc
^v+||+ioococscmcn|o
^n+||scooc|c|oocv|o+
C+t+||s+oo|cs
|+ ncccss|o+oc oc |o|m+io oc |ccu|sos |um+nos +|+ +tu+| n+ +|c+ oc m+tc||+|s +oso|vcntcs
z!
|m+|o|tc|ntc|+iocom+|noust||+c|mo|t+ntc+|+ucsc,+m|o|m+ooscsu|s+oo|csuct|+-
b+||cmn+scm|cs+scsc,+mc++zcsococscnvo|vc||ooutos|nov+oo|cs
|n|vc|s|o+ocs(|||C||||||C+||n||n|c+mcout|+s|Cs|nc|u|nooosCc|cts)
|nst|tutosoc|csu|s+c
|m|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c+o|cxcm|o|ct|ob|+sV+|ccout|os+to|cso+|noust||+
+|+gc|+||nov+ocsctccno|og|+s
.!.4. Aes sugerldas
|+|+cst+|oost+osocs+os|no|c+oossio
|ncub+iooccm|cs+sc
|cscnvo|v|mcnto oc um u+o|o c|ct|vo nos o|gios oo govc|no +|+ + +||c+io o+s
o||t|c+s
c|o|son|vc|smcmb|+n+scm+tc||+|s+oso|vcntcsuc|omov+m+ocscont+m|n+io
oc||u|ooscomcn|+scn++gu+cot|+t+mcntooccucntcs
z!6

|ccomcno+-sc+|m|cmcnt+iooc|og|+m+sc+ocscoo|ocn+o+sv|s+nooocscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|s
cc|m|coso||mc||cosc||b||ooscout|oscom|unocsocsc+|+iooc|mob|||z+iocscucst|o
occ|cmcntosccomostosc+us+oo|csoco|u|ioo++gu+
cm|cs+||+|)cmocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos+oso|vcntcs(n+no-cst|utu|+oosounio)Os
m+tc||+|s-c|+vcssiocc|m|c+s|unc|on+||z+o+s(n+nocst|utu|+o+sounio)||b||oos|no|-
gn|co-o|gn|cos|ccob||mcntoscc|m|cos+v+n+oosm+tc||+|scc|m|coso|osos+|g|-
|om|nc|+|s|unc|on+||z+oosm|nc|+|s|noust||+|s|unc|on+||z+ooscb|om+ss+s
|o|t+|ccc| +s |ontcs oc n+nc|+mcntos |ccmbo|s+vc|s c nio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s ocst|n+oos +
|nst|tu|ocs||v+o+s
|+|+cst+|oost+cst|m+-scum|nvcst|mcnto+|+oc||ooooc.o+o+.o+.oc|,+,,m|||ocs+|+
oc||ooooc.o+,+.o+;oc|,.,om|||ocsc+|+os+nosoc.o+;+.o..oc|,,oom|||ocs+|s|c-
cu|sos|nc|ucmon+nc|+mcntocsu|s+b+s|c+occ+|+tc|c|cnt|co|o|m+iooccsso+|u+||-
c+oocmtooososn|vc|scsu|s+tccno|og|c+scsu|s+s|nov+oo|+so+scm|cs+sc+ostart-up
|+|+cst+|oost++s|nst|tu|ocs|csons+vc|s+|++|nsc|ioo+|oost+nomc|c+oosioosm|-
n|stc||os|C||^|||C||C|||
5.4. Materiais para reciclagem e reaproveitamento de resduos
.4.!. Uescrlo da sltuao
Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sb+scoc|cs|ouos|noust||+|scncccss+||o+|+|otcgc|+u+||-
o+ocooso|oo++gu+co++tmos|c|+c+omcsmotcmoc|m|t||oocscnvo|v|mcntooc+t|v|o+-
z!7
ocscconom|c+s|mo|t+ntcs|stcocscnvo|v|mcntoc|m|t||++|couioooconsumoocm+tc||+|s
cont||bu||++|+o|m|nu||o|m+cto+mb|cnt+|c+us+ooc|osocos|tosoc|c,c|tosc|o|c|+|+o
t|+t+mcntom+|s+ocu+ooocg|+nocvo|umcoc|c,c|tos|noust||+|s
|cs|ouoso+|oouio+g|occu+||+cm|nc|+|||cucntcmcntcscto|n+m|ob|cm+s+mb|cnt+|ss
vczcsg|+vcs|o|out|o|+oomu|tosoc|csoocmsc||ontcsocm+tc||+|soot+oosoc|o||co+ocs
mu|toocsc,+vc|s|mc+socxcm|+|coo+c+sc+oc+||ozscnoouc|m+o+cum+|ontcoccnc|g|+
c+ssu+sc|nz+ssio||c+scms|||c++t|v+uccum|mo|t+ntc|nsumo+|+c|mcntoscscc|+|s
|m|ntcnso+|ovc|t+mcntooc|cs|ouosoctooosost|os+|ong+nooosc|c|osocv|o+ocmu|tos|o-
outosc+umcnt+noo+gc|+ioocv+|o|ocnt|oocsu+sc+oc|+s|oout|v+s+omcsmotcmocmuc
sc+||v|+m+s|cssocs+mb|cnt+|sc+us+o+sc|o||xo|m+conscucnc|+cxt|cm+mcntc|mo|t+ntcc
+|couion+ocm+no+oc|c|t|||z+ntcs+umcnt+noo+sustcnt+b|||o+ococc+oc|+s|oouto|+s
O||+s||ncccss|t+ocm+tc||+|s+mb|cnt+|mcntc+ocu+oos+|+c|m|t||o+tcno|mcntosustcnt+oo
o+cno|mcocm+no+o|m+tc||+|socconst|uioOocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+mb|cnt+|mcn-
tc co||ctos v|s+ +t|ng|| v+||os ob,ct|vos como |couz|| + cm|ssio oc CO
.
+|+ + +tmos|c|+ ut|||z+|
m+tc||+|s +buno+ntcs c oc c|cv+o+ o|son|b|||o+oc cm tooo o +|s |omovc| con|o|to +mb|cnt+|
+osmo|+oo|cscusu+||os+g|cg+||unocs+osm+tc||+|sut|||z+ooscmconst|uio+umcnt+|+ou|+-
b|||o+oco+sconst|uocs|couz||oscustoso+sconst|uocs|nt|oouz||bcnc||c|ostccno|og|cos+|+
too+s+sc+m+o+ssoc|+|s|css+|o|m++o|son|b|||z+ioocsscsm+tc||+|sooc|+s|mu|t+nc+mcntc
+tcnoc||o|tcsocm+no+so|m+tc||+|s+|o||+oos+|+mo|+o|+socb+|xocustocco|||c|oscom
|unocssoc|+|scomocsco|+sc|os|t+|sc+omcsmotcmo|ovc|o+|scomnovosm+tc||+|suc
+g|cg+m|unocscscc|+|s
^t|+ns|io+|+um+cconom|+vc|oc(sustcnt+vc|)|cuc|ousoc|csccntcocm+tc||+s-||m+soc
|ontcs|cnov+vc|s|cc|c|+o+souocm+tc||+s-||m+sobt|o+soc|cs|ouos|ssocont||bu|o||ct+mcntc
+|++|couioo+conccnt|+iooco|ucntcsnosso|osn++gu+cn++tmos|c|++omcsmotcmo
cmucmost|+v+nt+gcnscconom|c+sc|csccntcs
ubstnc|+stox|c+scnoc|v+s+osc||um+no|cc|s+msc||mob|||z+o+scmm+tc||+|s+|o||+oosoc
mooo+cv|t+|+cont+m|n+iooosso|os+u||c|osco++tmos|c|+Ocnc+su|+mcntoc+|mob|||-
z+iooc|cs|ouos+|t+mcntctox|cos|+o|o+t|vosouoc||scob|o|og|coocvcsc||c|tocomousooc
m+tc||+|s uc +|cscntcm c|cv+o+s |cs|stcnc|+s u|m|c+ tc|m|c+ c mccn|c+ |csu|t+noo cm com-
|ov+o+scon+b|||o+occou|+b|||o+oc
z!8

|+tc||+|s+ocu+oos+|+cnc+su|+mcntoc|mob|||z+ioocsubstnc|+stox|c+scnoc|v+ssionc-
ccss+||os+|++mcn|z+|c|c|toso+o|u|iooosso|oscc|m|t||+m+nutcnioo+u+||o+ocoosso-
|os+u||c|osco++tmos|c|++|+o|vc|sosusos(|um+no+n|m+|+g||co|+)
Osob,ct|voscst|+tcg|cossio
c|o|son|vc|sm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosucoss+msc|ut|||z+oosn+|mob|||z+ioccnc+su-
|+mcntoocsubstnc|+stox|c+st+ntoo|gn|c+scomo|no|gn|c+sctctcnoo|cscntco
con|cc|mcntosob|coc|c|oocv|o+ocsscsm+tc||+|s
|om|n+|+stccno|og|+soc|+b||c+ioocnovosm+tc||+|s++|t||oc|cs|ouos|noust||+|s
oo+g|oncgoc|oco+|oouiom|nc|+|c
|om|n+|+stccno|og|+socsc+|+ioccnc+su|+mcntooc|cs|ouos
.4.z. Aspectos econmlcos
Ousooc|cs|ouos|noust||+|sn+|+b||c+ioocm+tc||+|so|m|nu||+os|m+ctos+mb|cnt+|scccono-
m|cosncg+t|vosocco||cntcso+o|sos|iooos|cs|ouos^|cmo|ssooocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc-
||+|s++|t||oc|cs|ouosc|m|t||+o+umcntooc+t|v|o+ocscconom|c+s|mo|t+ntcscom+|c+ncc
soc|+|s|gn|c+t|vo
Omc|c+ooocm+tc||+|sobt|oos++|t||oc|cc|c|+gcmc|mcnso|o|cxcm|ocst|m+-sccmcc|c+
oc|,e,ob|||ocsomc|c+oomuno|+|+ssoc|+oo+mct+|ssccuno+||oscm.oos^cn+somc|c+oo
||g+oo+|cs|ouosocm+tc||+|sc|ct|on|cosc|cg++|,+;b|||ocscm.oo,û+nt|o+ococ|+st|cos
|cc|c|+oosnomunoocm.oo,ccst|m+o+cmm+|soc+,m|||ocsoctonc|+o+s
Osm+tc||+|sobt|oos++|t||oc|cs|ouos+|cscnt+mc|cv+oootcnc|+|cconom|co+|+v+||osscg-
mcntosOmc|c+oono|tc+mc||c+no+|+m+tc||+|svc|ocsut|||z+ooscmconst|uioc|v|||o|cc|c+
oc|,.+b|||ocscm.ooeCons|oc|+noo+cn+sosco|||c|os+^gcnc|+oc||otcio^mb|cnt+|oos
|st+oos|n|ooscst|m+ucc|cssc,+m|csons+vc|so|,,/ooconsumotot+|occnc|g|+o+uc|c+|s
+./ooconsumooc+gu+es/ooconsumoocc|ct||c|o+occ+|no+o|,s/o+cm|ssiotot+|ocCO
.
Obsc|v+-sc|o,cno+|socst+bc|cc|mcntooco|vc|s+scm|cs+suc+tu+mo||ct+mcntcno|+mo
ocut|||z+iooc|cs|ouos|noust||+|s+|++|oouioocm+tc||+|s|ssosc+ss+o|cxcm|ocom
+t|v|o+ocs||g+o+s|noust||+s|oc|u|g|c+
z!9
t|m+o+cm+oo/^|c|cvnc|+|noust||+|(cmum+csc+|+oc++,)sugc|cumv+|o|mco|ooc|oc
umc|csc|mcntocont|nuoo+|mo|tnc|+ootcm+.o+.(,;).o+;(,,)c.o..(||)^|c|cvnc|+
|noust||+|sugc||o+c|o|ooncntcc,
.4.!. Uesaos tecnologlcos e de lnrraestrutura
|st+|oost+contcmc|cmcntosoccst|+tcg|+comcn|ouct|+ns-scto||+|+|+|||st+|oost+
su|g|uo+sobsc|v+ocsccont||bu|ocsoccscc|+||st+soctoooo+|sosu+|s+ont+|+mossc-
gu|ntcsto|cosoc|ntc|cssct|+ns-scto||+|
|+tc||+|s+|+cnc+su|+mcntoc|mob|||z+ioocsubstnc|+stox|c+s
^|g||+s
|c,c|tosoo+g|oncgoc|oco+|oouiom|nc|+|
|+nocomos|tos
C|c|ooocombust|vc|nuc|c+|
|+tc||+|soccnct|+iob+||st|c+cb||no+gcmnuc|c+|
^n+||sccc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|cscct|v+sm+tc||+s||m+s
|cmb|+n+s+|+cc|u|+s+combust|vc|ocb+|x+tcmc|+tu|+
cnso|cs+v+n+oos
||occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+sm+
||b|+sot|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+o+s
|+tc||+|s|ntc||gcntcs+|+const|uio
^stccno|og|+s+sc|cmoom|n+o+ssio
^n+||sccc+|+ctc||z+ioocnovosm+tc||+|s
^n+||sccc+|+ctc||z+iooc|cs|ouos|noust||+|s
|mu|+iocmon|to|+mcntocomut+c|on+|
ccno|og|+ocscnso|cs
|ovosm+tc||+|s+|+cnc+su|+mcnto
||occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|s++|t||oc|cs|ouos
zz0

|+ncccss|o+ococ|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos+|++tu+|n++|c+ocm+tc||+|sobt|oos++|t||
oc|cs|ouos|m+|o|tc|ntc|+iocom+|noust||+c|mo|t+ntc+|+ucsc,+m|o|m+ooscsu|s+-
oo|csuct|+b+||cmn+scm|cs+scsc,+mc++zcsococscnvo|vc||ooutos|nov+oo|cs
|n|vc|s|o+ocs(|||C||||||C+||n||n|c+mcout|+s|Cs|nc|u|nooosCc|cts)
|nst|tutosoc|csu|s+(C|||cn||cout|os)c
|m|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c++|+csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocomoo|cxcm|o|c-
t|ob|+s|s|m|n+sV+|ccout|os+to|cso+|noust||++|+gc|+||nov+ocsctccno|og|+s
.4.4. Aes sugerldas
|+|+cst+|oost+osocs+os|no|c+oossio
|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
|ncub+iooccm|cs+sc
|cscnvo|v|mcnto oc um u+o|o c|ct|vo nos o|gios oo govc|no +|+ + +||c+io o+s
o||t|c+s
c| o|son|vc|s m+tc||+|s obt|oos + +|t|| oc |cs|ouos |noust||+|s m+tc||+|s uc oss+m
sc|ut|||z+oosn+|mob|||z+ioccnc+su|+mcntoocsubstnc|+stox|c+st+ntoo|gn|c+s
como|no|gn|c+sctc
c||cscntcnomc|c+oocm|cs+scmc|gcntcscuc+||c+mcss+stccno|og|+s
zz!
|ccomcno+-sc+|m|+nt+iooc|og|+m+sc+ocscoo|ocn+o+sv|s+nooocscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|s
b+scoc|cs|ouos|noust||+|s
|ccomcno+-sc+|no+|o|m+||cocsoccm|cs+sc|Cs+|++|ocnt|c+iooc|cs|ouoscscc|cos
|omcnt+noo+t|v|o+ocsoc|||c-comct|t|v+sct+mbcmcomct|t|v+s+|+oscu+|ovc|t+mcn-
to|cstcc+sosugc|c-scnio|omovc|ncn|um+ccnt|+||z+iooccs|o|osco|omcntoocvcsc|
o|sscm|n+oosc,+gcog|+c+mcntcsc,+cons|oc|+noo-scost|osoc|cs|ouos|csscnc|+|+cx|stcnc|+
ocum+b+scoco+oos
||n+nc|+| |o,ctos oc csu|s+s b+s|c+s c +||c+o+s (|nc|us|vc com +|t|c|+io oo scto|
cm|cs+||+|)cmocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosobt|oos++|t||oc|cs|ouos|n-
oust||+|sm+tc||+|sucoss+msc|ut|||z+oosn+|mob|||z+ioccnc+su|+mcntoocsubs-
tnc|+stox|c+st+ntoo|gn|c+scomo|no|gn|c+sctc
Os m+tc||+|s c|+vcs sio m+tc||+|s +|+ const|uio m+tc||+|s cst|utu|+|s c|mcntos +b-
so|vcntcscc|m|c+svc|mc||+s+oobcs|ccob||mcntos|unc|on+|sconc|ctos+v+n+oos
v|o|oscomos|tosm+tc||+|scc|m|coscomo|os|o+occont|o|+o+m+tc||+|scc|m|cos
n+nocst|utu|+ooso||mc|os+v+n+ooscm+tc||+|socb+scm|nc|+|
|o|t+|ccc| +s |ontcs oc n+nc|+mcntos |ccmbo|s+vc|s c nio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s ocst|n+oos +
|nst|tu|ocs||v+o+s
|+|+cst+|oost+cst|m+-scum|nvcst|mcnto+|+oc||ooooc.o+o+.o+.oc|,+,om|||ocs+|+
oc||ooooc.o+,+.o+;oc|,,oom|||ocsc+|+os+nosoc.o+;+.o..oc|,,eom|||ocs+|s
|ccu|sos|nc|ucmon+nc|+mcntocsu|s+b+s|c+occ+|+tc|c|cnt|co|o|m+iooccsso+|u+||-
c+oocmtooososn|vc|scsu|s+tccno|og|c+scsu|s+s|nov+oo|+so+scm|cs+sc+ostart-up
^s|nst|tu|ocs|csons+vc|ssio|C|||C||^||C||||++||
zzz

.4.. Coordenao de polltlcas lndustrlal e de clncla e tecnologla
^coo|ocn+iooco||t|c+scumoosm+|o|csocs+osn+|m|cmcnt+iooc|og|+m+socgovc|no
com+ncccss+||++|cc||+comoscto|||v+oo+|+const|tu||um+|uc|noust||+|+mb|cnt+||ntcn-
s|vocm|nov+ocsc|o|ncccoo|ocbcns+mb|cnt+|s+|+osmc|c+oosn+c|on+|c|ntc|n+c|on+|^s
|oost+s+|cscnt+o+sncstctcxtob|+ncoconst|tucmum+cst|+tcg|++|+ucoocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocm+tc||+|sn+st|cs+|c+stcm+t|c+s+|cmocout|+s+|c+s|gu+|mcntcmcnc|on+o+s(cnc|g|+oc|cs+
+g||cu|tu|+ccu+||+|ccu|sosn+tu|+|ss+uoccouc+iot|+nso|tcc|+b|t+io)m+sniooct+||+-
o+s+u||counocmcm|nvcst|mcntosc|csccntcscm|ooutos+mb|cnt+|scomct|t|vos
|mbo|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosnoso|vc|sostcm+sconst|tu+m|ntc|cssco||cto
oc+||c+iot|+t+oosc|oso|vc|sosm|n|stc||osc|nst|tu|ocs|csons+b|||z+oosncst+|oost+cn-
u+ntoo||t|c+|cc+cm|o|tcmcntccmoo|sc+mosoco||t|c+|noust||+|cocc|cnc|+ctccno|og|+
^|cmo|ssocomoo|nst|umcnto||nc|+||nouto|o+o||t|c+con+nc|+mcntoo|mc|ooou+|
scvc|cu|+msubvcnocsoco|vc|s+sn+tu|cz+sc|ntcns|o+ocs+C+csoC||+||ncco||||
|+zcm |cc+|| cm t|cs m|n|stc||os o ||C O |C c o |||C + |csons+b|||o+oc como ||nc|+|s
|+yc|scmuc+coo|ocn+ioocv+oco||c|cmn|vc|sm+|s+|tosococc|sio
Out|osm|n|stc||ostcm|unioococm+no+cnu+ntoost|cs||mc||osoco|c|t+|stos|gn|c+cs-
t+bc|ccc|mct+soc|ongo|+zo-.o+o;.o..n+s|oost+soc+ocs+v+n+o+s+c|m+|st+soocm
sc||cun|o+scm|o,ctos|nst|umcntooc|+nc,+mcntot||co|nc|u|noo
|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
|ont+gcmoc|n||+cst|utu|+
C||+iooc|cocsoccsu|s+cscc|c+sc
ôcu+ioc|o|t+|cc|mcntooosmcc+n|smosocn+nc|+mcnto
^ m+tc||+||z+io o+s |oost+s occnoc t+mbcm oc um+ cc|cntc cst|utu|+ oc govc|n+n+ oo
|og|+m+oucon,untooc+ocs+|+o+com+n|+mcntoo+smct+scocc|socsco||ct|v+sO|||c
umbomcxcm|oocss+cst|utu|+ocsc,+o+
Out|o|cu|s|tob+s|co+|+osuccssooccm|ccno|mcntosoc|nov+ioc+|+c|||t+ioo+const|u-
iooc+|cc||+sub||co-||v+o+s|nt|c+s|o|m+soc|+c|||t+iocstio+scono|ocsocn+nc|+mcn-
too|son|b|||z+oos+|+oscto|||v+oo,+oc|+oosc|+||nccc|o||||
zz!
|+|+|ssocst+scnoosugc||ooo|o|t+|cc|mcntooos|stcm+ocn+nc|+mcntoub||coucs|gn|c+
m+|s|ccu|sosm+|o||+c|||o+ococ+ccssoct+x+socsubvcniom+|o|cs|stc|o|t+|cc|mcntoc,ust|-
c+ooo|ou+s|+zocs+||mc||+o|ucmc|o+mb|cntcc|nvcst|mcntooc||scocms|+scguno+
o|ucostart-upoccm|ccno|mcntos|noust||+|sc+mb|cnt+|scsubst+nc|+|mcntcm+|o|oouc
oocout|oscm|ccno|mcntos|noust||+|s^|toscustosocstart-up|mcocm+cnt|+o+ocnov+s
|noust||+so|c+us+oos+|tos||scoscmbo|++|t+mcntcbcnccos+|+omc|o+mb|cntcc+|++so-
c|co+oc|+|+ncccss|o+ococ|o|tc+o|ooogovc|no
Os n+nc|+mcntos ub||cos +|+ |nvcst|mcntos ||v+oos com css+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s oc mc|c+oo
ocvcm sc| b+st+ntc +t|+t|vos +ss|m como |cuc| cono|ocs oc t|+ns+io |+c|||t+o+s oc +|cc||+
ub||co-||v+o+
||n+|mcntc|ccomcno+-scucosout|ostcm+smcnc|on+oosncstccstuoosc,+mt|+t+ooscmcon-
,untocomost|csoct+||+oos+u|+|+tc|g+n|osoccsc+|+nummc|c+oo+mb|cnt+|cmc|gcntcno
||+s||m+succ|csccnum||tmoscm|cccocntcso+oososcst|mu|oscx|stcntcs
5.5. Concluses
O||+s||cx|bcum+||sto||c+oo|tun|o+ococcont||bu|iocmcsc+|+muno|+|+|+cont||bu||n+
|cmco|+io oc um+ sc||c oc |ob|cm+s g|ob+|s |mo|t+ntcs t+|s como muo+n+s c||m+t|c+s c|c-
v+iooon|vc|oom+||cscn+oco|u|io+tmos|c||c+cxt|niooccscc|cs+n|m+|scvcgct+|s
+c|o|c+iooosocc+nosocst|u|ioo+c+m+o+ocozon|oocg|+o+iooosso|osc|uv++c|o+ocs-
t|u|ioochabitatssuc|-cx|o|+iooc|ccu|sos||o||coscont+m|n+ocso||ooutosu|m|cos
c||gososcont+m|n+iom|c|ob|o|og|c+coc||+m+mcntosoc||o|oc+|bonctos+|s|ob|cm+s+o
mcsmotcmo|cuc|cm|nvcst|mcntosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoc|oouioocm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+s
ocm+tc||+|sct+mbcm|c|cscnt+mg|+nocsoo|tun|o+ocsoc|nvcst|mcntosc|ogovc|nocc|o
scto|cm|cs+||+|
^+m||tuocc+o|mcnsiooos|ob|cm+s+mb|cnt+|succ|+m+m+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocso|u-
ocs|ntcns|v+scmtccno|og|+v|+b|||z+m++tu+iocm|cs+||+|nost|cst|os||nc|+|soc||oc|+n+
comct|t|v+custoso||c|cnc|+ioc|ocoocmc|c+oo|st+s|tu+io+b|ccs+ono||+s||+|+um+
+m|+o|vc|s|o+ococc|scm|cs+||+|s|+mco|o+cmuco||+s||,+ossu|m+ss+c||t|c+|mo|t+n-
tccmcon|cc|mcntos+mb|cnt+|scocm+tc||+|s+cx|o|+iooc|+t|+soomc|c+oo+mb|cnt+||ntcns|-
zz4

vocmtccno|og|++ss++sc|v|+vc|sc|nouz|o++t|+vcsoc|og|+m+s|ntc|o|sc|||n+|csoccooc|+io
cnt|c|nst|tu|ocscg|uosoccsu|s+b|+s||c||oscsc|omov|o+++|ox|m+ioocss+s|nst|tu|ocs
comcm|cs+scmc|gcntcsn+|oouioccomc|c|+||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+|++||c+ocs+mb|cnt+|s
|c+co|oocomo|c|+to||oCC||-cm+|||(.oo;)+s+||c+ocsocm+tc||+|scmc|gcntcs|coom|-
n+mnoccn+||oocoo|tun|o+ocs+|+omc|c+oo+mb|cnt+|o|scut|ooncstccstuoo^s|cssocs
sioc|csccntcsc|+|cvcnio|couiocont|o|ccm|t|g+iooos|m+ctos+mb|cnt+|scmtoo++
o|vc|s|o+oc |nvcst|g+o+ c|o C|O| |nvcst|mcntos cm csu|s+ ocscnvo|v|mcnto c |oouio oc
m+tc||+|s|o,c+|no+cmc|gcntcscoc+|to||sco+c+o++noscmost|+|iom+|sv|+vc|sc+t|+t|voscm
tc|mosocvo|umc|cto|noc|cnt+b|||o+ocO||+s||o|+ntcoonovo+|+o|gm++mb|cnt+|+|cscn-
t+cono|ocsmu|tocomct|t|v+s+|+||oc|+|cstcnovoscgmcntoo+oocsc+|+otcnc|+|+|++s
so|uocs+mb|cnt+|s+sv+nt+gcnscom+|+t|v+scmb|om+ss+cm|nc|+|s|ccu|so|csocm+tc||+|s
+|++||c+io+mb|cnt+|co|+ntcocummc|c+ooucccmc|gcntccmtooosos+|scs-o|t+ntoo
||+s||ooco+|ums+|to+|++||oc|+n+mcsmocmumscto||ntcns|vocmtccno|og|+
|o|obsc|v+ooo|mc|oo+sct++soc|oscciooco+ooscoco|n|ocs|omov|o+sc|oCC||
ucoscto|ocmc|o+mb|cntc+|cmocsu+ocst+c+o+|mo|tnc|++|no++|cscnt+mu|tosc|m-
o|t+ntcs ocsoob|+mcntos cm v+||os out|os scgmcntos cconom|cos c oo con|cc|mcnto Como
|csu|t+ooo|ssom+tc||+|sucsio|mo|t+ntcs+|+++|c+ocmc|o+mb|cntct+mbcmsio|c|cv+ntcs
+|+out|+s+|c+scv|cc-vc|s+ooosost|cstcm+s||nc|+|smost|+oosncstct|+b+||osccnu+-
o|+mn+c+tcgo||+ocsscsto|cost|+ns-scto||+|so|+|cscnt+|cm|mo|tnc|+b+st+ntcs|gn|c+t|-
v+t+mbcmcmout|+s+|c+scomoo|cxcm|o+soccnc|g|+oc|cs++g||cu|tu|+ccu+||+|ccu|sos
n+tu|+|ss+uoccouc+iot|+nso|tcc|+b|t+io
^|oost+n+|ocstccstuoocon+nc|+mcntooc|og|+m+soccsu|s+cmm+tc||+|scom+||-
c+ocs+mb|cnt+|suc+cc|c|cmoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|ooutosc+conso||o+ioocum+
cu|tu|+|ntcns|v+cmtccno|og|++|+|ooutosocc|+sscmuno|+|ccomct|t|v|o+ocg|ob+|
cnoo cm v|st+ su+s |mo|tnc|+s cst|+tcg|c+ soc|+| c|cnt|c+ c cconom|c+ |ccomcno+-sc + |m-
|+nt+io oc |og|+m+s c +ocs coo|ocn+o+s v|s+noo ocscnvo|vc| m+tc||+|s com +||c+ocs +m-
b|cnt+|scn|+t|z+nooosscgu|ntcsto|cos
|+tc||+|s+|++b+t|mcntocscucst|oocg+scso|ucntcscgc|+oo|csocc|c|tocstu|+
|+tc||+|s+|+|oouiooc+gu+ot+vc|ct|+t+mcntooccucntcs
|+tc||+|s+|+|cc|c|+gcmc|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|cs|ouos
zz
|c um+ m+nc||+ gc|+| +s +ocs |ccomcno+o+s +|+ c+o+ um oos to|cos sugc||oos |nc|ucm o -
n+nc|+mcntooccsu|s+sb+s|c+s+|o|m+iooccsso+|csu+|nsc|ion+scm|cs+so|omcnto
|nov+io n+s cm|cs+s o +o|o +o su|g|mcnto oc cm|cs+s |nov+oo|+s c o |o|t+|cc|mcnto o+s
|ontcsocn+nc|+mcnto
Ostcm+s+c|m+sioocn+tu|cz+t|+nsscto||+|Con|o|mc|no|c+oonos|cscct|vosc+|tu|osc+o+
um oos to|cos |nco|o|+ o||c|cntcs tcm+s oc ocst+c+oo otcnc|+| cconom|co c com ocsoob|+-
mcntos cm o|vc|sos scto|cs como cnc|g|+ oc|cs+ +g||cu|tu|+ ccu+||+ |ccu|sos n+tu|+|s s+uoc
couc+iot|+nso|tcc|+b|t+io
Os v+|o|cs oc n+nc|+mcnto +ont+oos como cst|m+t|v+s cm c+o+ c+|tu|o |c|c|cm-sc + tooos
os+gcntcs+|t|c|+ntcsoostcm+sOv+|o|tot+|cst|m+oo+|+tooososm+tc||+|s|ccomcno+oos
c|cg++|,.,b|||ocs+|+oc||ooooc+,+nos+|s|ccu|sos|nc|ucmon+nc|+mcntocsu|s+
b+s|c+occ+|+tc|c|cnt|co|o|m+iooccsso+|u+||c+oocmtooososn|vc|scsu|s+tccno-
|og|c+scsu|s+s|nov+oo|+so+scm|cs+sc+ostart-upoccm|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c+con-
s|oc|+noot+nto|ontcsgovc|n+mcnt+|scomo|nvcst|mcntoso+scm|cs+s||v+o+sccst+t+|s|ssc
mont+ntccu|v+|c+umo|scno|omco|o+nu+|occc|c+oc|,..om|||ocsocu|v+|cntc++|o-
x|m+o+mcntcoo,/oo|nvcst|mcnto+nu+|c||ncsnot|+t+mcntooc|ob|cm+s+mb|cnt+|s(|,..,
b|||ocso|+nooc+co|oocomo|CC.oo,)
^s+ocs|ccomcno+o+s|o|+m+|cscnt+o+soc|o|m+suc|nt+o|sos|+nosoct+||+oosoccnoc-
|ioocc+o++gcntcn+nc|+oo|ou|nvcst|oo||ocnt+nto+s+|c+s|o|+mbcmcst+bc|cc|o+sc|m|-
t|nooooc||nc+mcntooc|oost+sc|ct|v+sucv|scmos|nvcst|mcntosncccss+||oscmcsu|s+s
b+s|c+sn+|o|m+iooccsso+|csu+ncccss+||+|nsc|ion+scm|cs+sno|omcnto|nov+ion+s
cm|cs+sno+o|o+osu|g|mcntooccm|cs+s|nov+oo|+scno|o|t+|cc|mcntoo+s|ontcsocn+n-
c|+mcnto|cstcscnt|oo+ocn|iooostcm+s|mo|t+ntcsv|s+o|c|ccc|subs|o|o+|++c|+bo|+io
oco||t|c+so|+|tco+s|nst|tu|ocsoccns|noccsu|s+o+scnt|o+ocsc+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s
co|+|tco+scm|cs+s+tu+ntcsn+s+|c+s+mb|cnt+|cco||c|+t+s
zz6

kerernclas
Un|tco|+t|ons|nv|:onmcnt|:og:+mmc|ob+||nv|:onmcntOut|oo||O|cnv|:onmcnt|o:
ocvc|o,mcntV+||ctt+.ioo;||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwunc,o:g;gco;gco|;mco|+.^ccssocmo
+b:||ioo,,|o,
|stuoo,:os,cct|voocm+tc:|+|s|c|+to:|osocs|tu+io|+sc||ov+stccno|og|+socm+tc:|+|s,+:+
+,||c+cs+mb|cnt+|s(1cm+|||)8:+s|||+C||.ioo;;+,
|stuoo,:os,cct|voocm+tc:|+|s|c|+to:|osocs|tu+io|+sc||c|+to:|o,+:c|+||ccu:sosn+tu:+|s(1cm+
|)|+ooscst:+tcg|cossob:ctccno|og|+scmc:gcntcsoc+,:ovc|t+mcntosustcnt+vc|ocb|om+ss+coc
:ccu:sosn+tu:+|sc+|nov+iocmm+tc:|+|s+v+n+oosoc|csoc:|v+oos8:+s|||+C||.ioo;,s,
|stuoo,:os,cct|voocm+tc:|+|s|c|+to:|osocs|tu+io|+sc|||c|+to:|o,+:c|+||+tc:|+|s+v+n+oos
,+:++,:oouiooccnc:g|+(1cm+||)8:+s|||+C||.ioo;;,,
|stuoo,:os,cct|voocm+tc:|+|s+v+n+oos|c|+to:|ooc,c:s,cct|v+s|+sc||8:+s|||+C||.ioosso,
O,o:tun|o+ocscmm+tc:|+|s+v+n+oos+,+:t|:oos:ccu:sosn+tu:+|sb:+s||c|:os^gcno+cst:+tcg|c+cm
m+tc:|+|s+v+n+oos8:+s|||+C||.ioo,,,,(|c|+to:|o)
|c||nscy8Com,+ny-|+t|w+yto+|ow-C+:bon|conomy|o:8:+z||
||^cc:o.||8cn|tcz.^||c+|.|||c+|.|1cv+|cmb:+nc|t:+t|ontcc|no|og|cs+,,||cotomun|c|,+|
sccono+:ycucnts|o:,otcnt|+|:cusc|ou:n+|o||+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v+;;(+-,).,,,o-,,s. io+o
||ou|+|-|ostc|+.||:+,,+:t.O^|oum.|u|u|||ng.|:|+:|n:c,+:+t|ono|w+tc:|:ommct+|
wo:||ngcmu|s|onsbyu|t:+|t:+t|onus|ngv|b:+to:ymcmb:+ncs|ou:n+|o||+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v
+;;(+-,).,,;s-,si. io+o
||c|zc:.^|||ccn++:s.^|8u:gg:++||no:g+n|c.|o:ous|cmb:+ncs-|:c,+:+t|on.:t:uctu:c+no
|otcnt|+|^,,||c+t|ons|nCc:+m|cs|nôv+ncco|nc:gy1cc|no|og|cs.||:oc|c|.||c:z.OV+n
oc:8|cst.cos.|o:o:cc|t.|o||+no||c|oc||ub||s||ngCo.,,o;-,s,.+,si
||+n.C|+:ts|o:n.18uc||c|t.|1+||+nt.|^ss|n|.|:|m,son.||||ssc|.|||+c|s.:1o:u+to.
C|8:|n|c:|oou|usocns|tysc+||ngbc|+v|ou:+no|:+mcwo:|+:c||tcctu:co|n+no,o:oussc||-
+sscmb|cos|||c+s|+tu:c|+tc:|+|s.vo.,|+s-|i,.ioo;
Xomc:|t+||s.|||u.zC|cn.:8||+ng.||o|n.|||o|nson.C:1s+|.|8:|+|.:||+|||.::|ng|.
C|8:|n|c:^noo|c+|um|n+su,,o:tcoou+|-|+yc:m|c:o,o:ouss|||c+mcmb:+ncs|ou:n+|o|
|cmb:+nc:c|cncc.vis;(i).,+,;-+o+.ioo;
zz7
:8||+ng.Xomc:|t+||s.zC|cn.||un,|y.||||ssc|.||Cccc||.C|8:|n|c::ub-+onmt||c|
m|c:o,o:ousmcmb:+ncsm+ocby,|+sm+-ocnco+tom|c|+yc:oc,os|t|ono|+b:|ogco
s||scsu|ox+nc,:ccu:so:|ou:n+|o|^mc:|c+nC|cm|c+|:oc|cty.v+i,.,+,||o-+,||;.ioo;
Xomc:|t+||s.C:1s+|.C|8:|n|c:||c:o,o:ousso|-gc|oc:|vco+m|nos|||c+tcmcmb:+nc|o:cn|+ncco
c+:bono|ox|ocsc,+:+t|on:c,+:+t|on+no|u:|c+t|on1cc|no|ogy.v|i(,).,i|,-i,;.ioo,
C:1s+|.::1+m.:||u.C|8:|n|c:|u+|-|+yc:+symmct:|cm|c:o,o:ouss|||c+mcmb:+ncs|ou:n+|o|
|cmb:+nc:c|cncc.v+o,(i).,i,,-ios.iooo
:||u.zC+o.|||+|c.:|:+b+|+:.||o,cz.C|8:|n|c:||c:o,o:ouss|||c+,:c,+:cobyo:g+n|c
tcm,|+t|ng|c|+t|ons||,bctwccnt|cmo|ccu|+:tcm,|+tc+no,o:cst:uctu:cC|cm|st:yo|
|+tc:|+|s.v++(,).,+ii,-+ii,.+,,,
VC+nn|||o.C|conc|||.1|+n|:co|n|.||onto:s|.^|8occ+cc|n|Com,ut+t|on+|s|mu|+t|ons|o:
t|c+sscssmcnto|t|cmcc|+n|c+|,:o,c:t|cso|g|+ssw|t|cont:o||co,o:os|ty|ou:n+|o||o:ous
|+tc:|+|s.v+o.,+s,-ioo.ioo,
||cus.|:c|oonm+n.|v8c||um|:c,+:+t|ono|cc:+m|cmo|ccu|+:s|cvcmcmb:+ncs|n|:oc
|+tc:|+|s|csc+:c|:oc|cty.vio.,i,+-i,o.+,,+
v|||m+.|8|:||v+.^||:+ntos.v|V+sconcc|osObtcnioocmcmb:+n+scc:m|c+s,c|o
,:occssoso|-gc|Cc:m|c+.v|i(i;s).,s,;-soo.+,,o
||:|cnz+.v|V+sconcc|os:ynt|cs|s+no,:o,c:t|cso|m|c:o,o:ousso|-gc|s|||c+mcmb:+ncs|ou:n+|
o||on-C:yst+|||nc:o||os.vi;,(+-,).,+o|-+o,.iooo
||:|cnz+.|O|Cost+.v|V+sconcc|osObtcniocc+:+ctc:|z+ioocmcmb:+n+s+ss|mct:|c+sv|+
so|-gc|Cc:m|c+.v|s(,oo).,|,-,,.iooi
||:|cnz+.v|V+sconcc|os:tuoyo|t|c|nucncco|somc|CC^sont|cst:uctu:co|so|-gc|s|||c+
mcmb:+ncs|ou:n+|o||on-C:yst+|||nc:o||os.v,,o.,i+o-ii,.ioo,
8CC|csc+:c|.||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwbcc:csc+:c|com.^ccssocm+,+b:||ioo,
^||+|+n|cm|.|||cv+t+|o.^||+|soncn.|^|u|+||+||ncw+stcw+tc:t:c+tmcntus|ng ||+|+:|s
+:uno|n+cc+ ,|+nt m+tc:|+| |yo:o|yz+tc+ssubst:+tc|o:su||+tc-:couc|ngb|o:c+cto:8|o:csou:cc
1cc|no|ogy. v+o+(++).,,,,+-,,,,. io+o
|^8ust+m+ntc.|:u+:cz-|st:c||+.C1o::cc|||+s.C|+:cocs.||o:+|.||o:cnoUsco|c|cmomct:|cs
|nt|cc|cm|c+|+nom|c:ob|o|og|c+|c|+:+ctc:|z+t|ono|com,osts|:om+g:o|noust:|+|w+stcs
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zz8

|+ss+b.||+|+|s|c|.^||+,w|,|.||+yy+o.|8v+n||c::cucnt|+|+n+c:ob|c+c:ob|ct:c+tmcnt|o:
oomcst|cw+stcw+tc:-^:cv|cw8|o:csou:cc1cc|no|ogy. v+o+(+o).,,i,,-,,+o. io+o
|Uggctt|.||c::c:.|||o:cns.|+:c|+:|uogct:c+tmcntwct|+nos^:cv|cwont|cst+tco|t|c+:t
8|o:csou:cc1cc|no|ogy. v+o+(,).,i,o,-i,+i. io+o
z||.:|m+|zum|.1|+tsum|.1|nu|.X1+ng.Q1+ng|+ng+ncsc:cmov+||:om+ucousso|ut|onus|ng
+t|c:m+||yoccom,osco|c+||ou:n+|o||+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v+;;(+-,).,,o+-,o;. io+o
||Cuc:o+-Co::c+.|||om|ngucz-V+:g+s.||O||v+:cs-|+:|n.|8|c:co|+Ont|cusco|c+:bonb|+c|s
+s,otcnt|+||ow-cost+oso:bcnts|o:t|c:cmov+|o|non-stc:o|o+|+nt|-|n+mm+to:yo:ugs|:om
:|vc:w+tc:|ou:n+|o||+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v+;;(+-,).,+o|o-+o,,. io+o
|^bou|,+w+o.U|zzcg|n|O,t|m|z+t|ono|1+,ou:+|:|ocs+||n+t|on,|+nt|cs+||n+t|on. vi,|(+-,).,
i,-is. io+o
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|+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v+;;(+-,).,,oo-,oo. io+o
||c:c|c:.C|ctc|||c:|:c,+:+t|on.c|+:+ctc:|z+t|on+no+,,||c+t|ons+s|c+vymct+|sso:bcnts
o|cov+|cnt|yg:+|tcot||o||unct|on+||t|csont|c|ntc:|+mc||+:su:|ccco|montmo:|||on|tc
|nv|:onmcnt+|:c|cncc1cc|no|ogy. vi,.,+,+s-+,i,. +,,,
|Cc||s.|C|c:m+s|n.|Co:nc,o|c+vymct+|+oso:,t|onby|unct|on+||zcoc|+ys|nv|:onmcnt+|
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||onscc+.C^|:o|o|||b:|oos|no:gn|co-o:gn|cosoc:|v+ooso+:c+iooc|oss|||c+toscom
o:g+noss||+nosQu|m|c+|ov+. vio(,).,o,,-;o;. ioo,
||onscc+.C|C+:ooso.^|v+noc:|cy.|||^:+|+||.C^|:o|o|:ynt|cs|so|moo|covc:m|cu||tc
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+s,,-+s|o. iooo
||||+s||||o.||C+:mo.^||os+:c|cct|vcso:,t|ono|mc:cu:y(||)|:om+ucousso|ut|onw|t|+n
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|+.,;,,-;|o. iooo
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|V|gu:|.^^no:cs.C|u|z.^|:+b|cn.|C+st:oCcmcnt-v+stc +no C|+y-v+stc |c:|vco|:ooucts|:om
|ct+| v+stcs|nv|:onmcnt+|C|+:+ctc:|z+t|on|:occss:+|cty+no|nv|:onmcnt+||:otcct|on. v;,
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;+o. iooo
||cm|:.|O:|+n|cusco| w+stc b:|c|s|nt|c,:oouct|on||nc8u||o|ng+no|nv|:onmcnt. v,s(+i).,
+|,+-+|,,. ioo,
||cnczcs.|:|c::c|:+.^|cvcs.||||:+.|C|c::c|:+Usco|g:+n|tcs+w|ng w+stcs |nt|c,:oouct|on
o|cc:+m|cb:|c|s+not||cs|ou:n+|o|t|c|u:o,c+nCc:+m|c:oc|cty. vi,(;).,++|,-++,s. ioo,
C:|oon.|C|+n|+v|ngb|oc|sm+ocw|t|:ccyc|coconc:ctc+gg:cg+tc+noc:us|co c|+y b:|c|
Const:uct|on+no8u||o|ng |+tc:|+|s. vio(s).,,o,-,;;. iooo
||1o|coo||||o.||on+|vcs.88^mc:|c+no.||||+|:b+|:n|otcnt|+||o:usco|
c:us|co w+stc c+|c|nco-c|+y b:|c|+s+su,,|cmcnt+:yccmcnt|t|ous m+tc:|+| |n8:+z||Ccmcnt+no
Conc:ctc|csc+:c|. v,;(,).,+,,;-+,o,. ioo;
||1o|coo||||o.||on+|vcs.88^mc:|c+no.||||+|:b+|:n|otcnt|+||o:usco|
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Conc:ctc|csc+:c|. v,;(,).,+,,;-+,o,. ioo;
V|ucm+n.8||:t|!c+,,||c+b|||tyo|o|c:cnt w+stcm+tc:|+|s |o:t|c,:oouct|ono|||g|twc|g|t
+gg:cg+tcsv+stc |+n+gcmcnt. vi,(s).,i,o+-i,os. ioo,
||+c|cco-1o:g+|.:|+|+|||cus|ngcc:+m|c w+stcs |nconc:ctcConst:uct|on+no8u||o|ng |+tc:|+|s. vi|
(,).,s,i-s,s. io+o
|z+|+:|+.|C+b:c:+|c:|o:m+ncc+noou:+b|||tyo|conc:ctcm+ocw|t|ocmo||t|on w+stc +no
+:t|c|+|y+s|-c|+y +gg:cg+tcsv+stc |+n+gcmcnt. v+o(+-,).,+,+-+,s.+,,o
:||ontc|:o.C||V|c|:+|ccto|o||y w+stc +oo|t|onto c|+y cc:+m|cCc:+m|cs|ntc:n+t|on+|. v,+
(i).,,,,-,,s. ioo,
:||ontc|:o.|^|:||v+.C||V|c|:+||c:ost:uctu:+|cv+|u+t|ono|+ c|+y cc:+m|c|nco:,o:+tcow|t|
,ct:o|cum w+stc^,,||co C|+y :c|cncc. v,,(,-|).,+;+-+so. iooo
|8:|ng|.|C|+tu:vco|.|||o:c||+|c.^|:cgncsw+:+n!c:m+|t:c+tmcnto|tox|cmct+|so||noust:|+|
|+z+:oous w+stcs w|t|y+s|+no c|+y|ou:n+|o||+z+:oous |+tc:|+|s. v+|+(+).,i+,-iii. ioo;
v^cc|+:.8||u|.^|:cg+oics|ccto|t|c|nco:,o:+t|ono|+s,cntc+t+|yst:c,cct|:omt|c
,ct:o|cum|noust:y|n c|+y ,:ooucts^,,||co C|+y :c|cncc. v|i(,-|).,o,;-ooo. ioo,
v|8+umo||nv|:onmcnt+||noust:|csw|t|subst+nt|+n|st+:t-u,costs+scont:|buto:stot:+oc
com,ct|t|vcncss^nnu+||cv|cwo||nc:gy+not|c|nv|:onmcnt.vio.,;+-s+.+,,,
z!0

z!!
Produo de materiais avanados a partir de recursos naturais
6. Produo de materiais avanados a partir de
recursos naturais
2
6.1. Apresentao
Os |cccntcs ocscnvo|v|mcntos c|cnt|cos c tccno|og|cos tcm oss|b|||t+oo um c|cv+oo numc|o oc
oo|tun|o+ocsocc||+ioocnovosm+tc||+|s|oouz|ooscom|nsumoso||g|n+||osoc|ontcssustcnt+-
vc|s|cnov+vc|sc+buno+ntcs|st+soo|tun|o+ocs|csonocmos|t|v+mcntcncccss|o+ococt|+ns|-
ioo+cconom|++tu+|mcntcb+sc+o+cmm+tc||+s-||m+sccombust|vc|s|ossc|s+|+um+cconom|+
c+|+ctc||z+o+ o| um ocscnvo|v|mcnto sustcnt+vc| com b+|xo uso oc c+|bono +ss|m cont||bu|noo
+|++m|t|g+ioc|couiooccm|ssocso|ucntcsco|t+ntocv|t+noocm|n|m|z+noo++|cc|++n-
t|o|c+muo+n+c||m+t|c+g|ob+|bcmcomom+x|m|z+noo+s+t|s|+iosoc|+|o+||csu|t+ntc
|stct|+b+||o+|cscnt+umcon,untooco|totcm+scsco|||ooscomosubs|o|os+|+o||t|c+su-
b||c+sc+|+cst|+tcg|+scm|cs+||+|sococscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+g|cg+oo|+soc
v+|o|+|ooutosc|cs|ouosocc+oc|+s|oout|v+sv|go|os+sno||+s||cb+sc+o+scmm+tc||+s||m+s
+buno+ntcsou|cnov+vc|s
Osto|cosoostcm+ssioosscgu|ntcs
1) C+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscocsu+s|ontcsn+tu|+|s
.) |ot+s+|tc|n+t|v+s+|+|oouiooc|nsumosb+s|cos+|+|c|t|||z+ntcs
!) ||oouioocm+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cos+v+n+oos
4) |c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|toso++t|v|o+ocm|nc|+|coo+g|oncgoc|ocomo|nsumos+|+
|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
) ||oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||oco|coscgo|ou|+s
o) ||oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||oc+|g||+s
) ||oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||ocb|+sn+tu|+|s
c) ||oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||ocbo||+c|+oc|+tcxn+tu|+|
2 |stc c+,|tu|o |o| c|+bo:+oo ,c|+ cu|,c com,ost+ ,o: |c:n+noo +|cmbcc| (coo:ocn+oo:). :+:+ Cso:o+s (:c|+to:+). |obc:to
Cc::|n|V|||+s-8o+s(:cv|so:).Ccs+:ûgusto:+|cs8+:bos+.|+b|oooC+:mo8:+g+n+.|c|o|s+C+,on:c|um+c|c:.|+:c|+|+:|+
||,,c|.|+|+c|^::omb+oc:ous+(co-:c|+to:cs)
z!z

Otcm+(+)o|sco||csob|c+cst|+tcg|+ncccss+||++|+|ocnt|c+|c+|+ctc||st|c+so||c|cnc|+o+scm|n-
sumosoo+g|oncgoc|oucoss+m|omovc-|oscomom+tc||+s-||m+s+|+|oouioocm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oos+|cmo++u|s|iooc|n|o|m+iocxc||mcnt+|sob|cosm+tc||+|scmucstio
Os tcm+s (.) c (,) t|+t+m oc g|+nocs g|uos oc |nsumos csscnc|+|s |oouio +g||co|+ cm
b+scou|+vc|
Otcm+(|)+bo|o+o|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|tosoc|occssos|oout|vosoo+g|oncgoc|oco++t|-
v|o+ocm|nc|+|como|ontcsocm+tc||+s-||m+s
|os u|t|mos u+t|o tcm+s sio +|cscnt+o+s +s ,ust|c+t|v+s ob,ct|vos c cst|+tcg|+s oc +|ovc|t+-
mcntooc|mo|t+ntcsc+buno+ntcsm+tc||+s-||m+sb|+s||c||+scu,ootcnc|+|vcms|oocx|o|+oo
+|++|oouioocnovosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosscnoot|csoc|+soc||v+o+soo+g|oncgoc|ocum+
o+m|nc|+io
^c||+ioc+|oouiocomct|t|v+ocm+tc||+|stcmum+c|occ|s|vonoocscnvo|v|mcntotccno-
|og|cocsoc|+|cn+conso||o+iooccst|utu|+socooc|n+c|on+|ccconom|cocmtoo++||sto||+
|um+n+Osccu|o.o|o||oo|gocmcxcm|osocss++|m+io|+st|cosbo||+c|+sscm|conouto-
|csmct+|sccc|m|c+s
Omomcnto+tu+|o|c|cccum+m|||+ococnovosconcc|tosc|c||+mcnt+scxc||mcnt+|s+|++cx-
|o|+ioocnov+scoc+nt|g+scst|+tcg|+socc||+ioocscnvo|v|mcnto|oouioccomc|c|+||z+io
oc m+tc||+|s |+s u|t|m+s occ+o+s + n+noc|cnc|+ c cm conscucnc|+ + n+notccno|og|+ vcm oc-
monst|+nooumc|cv+oonumc|oocoss|b|||o+ocsocconst|uioocm+tc||+|s|+sc|n+ntcsoot+oos
occon,untosoc|o||co+ocs+tc+u|ocscon|cc|o+sobt|oos++|t||o+|o||+-cnov++uto-o|-
g+n|z+ioocm+tc||+s-||m+st||v|+|scmm+tc||+|sn+no-cst|utu|+oos-^cst|utu|+ioocm+tc||+|s
cmv+||+scsc+|+soct+m+n|ocst+c|m|t|noo+suc|+iooc+|+o|gm+sbcmcst+bc|cc|oosoc||v+-
ooso+s|o||co+ocso+ssubstnc|+su|+sou|so|+o+s|css+|o|m+cstioscnooc||+oosnumc|osos
cxcm|osoc+m|o|m+ctocomoosmct+-m+tc||+|s^|cmo|ssoocvc-scocst+c+|++tu+|oss|b|||-
o+ococc||+ioocnov+sm+tc||+s-||m+scm+tc||+|s++|t||oc|occssosb|otccno|og|cos
|m+|mo|t+ntcb+t+||++sc|vcnc|o+nos|occssosoc|nov+ioc+ncccss|o+ococscocscnvo|vc|
m+tc||+|s+v+n+oosuctcn|+mb+|xo||scocniot|+g+m|m+ctos+ovc|sossob|c+s+uoc|um+-
n+comc|o+mb|cntcô|ongoocstcsu|t|mos+nos|o|+m|c|+t+oosc+sosoc|nt|oouioocnovos
m+tc||+|suc|n|c|+|mcntc+|ccc|+moot+oosoc|o||co+ocsm+|+v|||os+scuc|o|+mostc-
||o|mcntc|ocnt|c+ooscomoo+nososs+uocoossc|csv|vos(cxcm|o+sn+no+|t|cu|+socz|nco
z!!
+||c+o+scm|otcto|csso|+|csccosmct|cos)O||scocst+scm|c|cscntcnoocscnvo|v|mcntoc
+ocu+ioocu+|uc|m+tc||+|+v+n+oo|nc|us|vco|t+ntoc|m|csc|no|vc|ucsc,+|c|t+++n+||-
scoc||scoocumnovom+tc||+|+ntcsocsu+|+b||c+ioc+||c+io+ss|mcv|t+noovu|tos+sc|o+s
cconom|c+s+mb|cnt+|sou|um+n+s
Os|nsumos+g|om|nc|+|sb+s|cosuc|o|+msc|cc|on+oos+|+cstccstuooco|scut|oosncstcoo-
cumcnto sio tooos mu|to |+m|||+|cs soc|co+oc uc cont+ com sccu|os oc cxc||mcnt+io no
scuusocn++v+||+iooosscus|m+ctos|ssonioc|m|tc+|m+|uc|+vc|++uscnc|+oc||scono
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||ocst+sm+tc||+s-||m+sum+vczucnov+sn+no-
cst|utu|+sooc|ioscm|c|oouz|||csu|t+oos|ncsc|+oos|nt|ct+nto+b+sc||sto||c+occon|c-
c|mcntosob|ccstcs|nsumoscomoo|cxcm|o+s+|g||+scmu|tom+|o|oouc+uc|o,ccx|stc
sob|cosv+||ost|osocn+notuboscout|+sn+no+|t|cu|+s
^|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||ocm+tc||+s-||m+s+buno+ntcscum|o|tc|nst|umcn-
to+|++cvcntu+|so|uioocum|ob|cm+g|ob+|cmc|gcntcucco+umcntoo+ocm+no+oc
+m|+s|+|x+so+ou|+io|um+n+o|mc||o|cscono|ocsocv|o+O+tcno|mcntoocss+sncccs-
s|o+ocsocnt|ooos+tu+|s+o|ocsocconsumoct|+ouz|ooc|++||c+iocconom|c+ocstcsm+-
tc||+|scm|+b|t+ios+uocc||g|cnct|+nso|tcsvcstu+||ocscgu|+n++||mcnt+|c||+noo|cssocs
|mcns+ssob|c|ccu|sosn+tu|+|snio-|cnov+vc|s|ss+s|cssocsoocmsc|o|+st|c+mcntc|couz|o+s
c|ousooosm+tc||+|s|cnov+vc|soumu|to+buno+ntcsn+c|ost+tc||cst|ccxcm||c+oosncs-
tc+|t|goOsuccssonoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s++|t||oc|ccu|sosm|nc|+|scoo+g|oncgoc|o
ocvc+umcnt+|+u+||o+ococv|o+ocst+sou|+ocscomot+mbcm+tcnoc|s||nc|+|socm+n-
o+sco|ct|v+so+|um+n|o+oc|o,ct|+ouz|o+sc|+m|t|g+ioo+gc|+iooco|ucntcs||m+||osc
o+s cm|ssocs oc g+scs c+us+oo|cs oo c|c|to cstu|+ c|o consumo oc +gu+ ot+vc| c|+ |couio
novo|umcoosocsc+|tcsoccucntcsso||oosc||u|oosco|out|osmcc+n|smosoc|otciooo
mc|o-+mb|cntc ^|cm o|sso cont||bu| +|+ o +umcnto o+ o|c|t+ oc +||mcntos (c|+ |oouio oc
|c|t|||z+ntcscout|os+o|t|vos+g|ou|m|cos+v+n+oos+custocomct|t|vo)coccnc|g|+(c|ouso
oc|ontcs+|tc|n+t|v+scc|o+umcnton+cc|cnc|+oc|oouioocb|ocombust|vc|scoo|occss+-
mcntoocb|om+ss+)
|+ c cstc t|+b+||o most|+ cx|stcnc|+ oc s|nc|g|+ cnt|c + |oouio oc +||mcntos oc cnc|g|+
c oc m+tc||+s-||m+s u+noo |c|t+ oc |o|m+ sustcnt+vc| u+noo consc|cntc soc|+| c +mb|cnt+|-
mcntcu+noo|uno+mcnt+o+cmc|cnc|+ctccno|og|+cu+noosustcnt+o+o|c||tc||osct|cosc
um+|cg|s|+iocomctcntc|o||+s|||+v+||osc+sosoc|m+ctoos|t|voc|+vo|+vc|o++t|v|o+oc
+g||co|+ sob|c o mc|o-+mb|cntc +t|+vcs oo uso consc|cntc oo cs+o oc um o|ocn+mcnto tc|||-
to||+|+ocu+nooco+c||m|n+ioo+m|sc||+|um+n+|+ziooc|mcns+s+g|cssocs+mb|cnt+|s|m
z!4

cxcm|oocst++|m+ioco|o,ctoococscnvo|v|mcntosustcnt+vc|oc|+nt+ioccx|o|+iooc
sc||nguc||+socscnvo|v|oocnt|c+||c|c||nc+comun|o+ococ|g|+|un+|^
O||+s||+|cccocs||ut+||o,cocum+os|iomu|tos|ngu|+|ccon|o|t+vc|com+cx|o|+iooo
|c-s+|ooc|+v||+scto|n+|umoosm+|o|cs|oouto|csocct|o|cooomunoo+omcsmotcm-
ocmucc||oc|n+|oouiooccommodities+g||co|+sconsum|o+scomo+||mcntos|ontcsoc
cnc|g|+(b|ocombust|vc|s)cm+tc||+s-||m+s+|+m+tc||+|s^cx|o|+ioocct|o|cocg+s|cuc|
|nvcst|mcntoscx|css|vos+t|+|noog|+nocsg|uos|ntc|n+c|on+|so+mcsm+|o|m++|oouiooc
commodities c|+ cxcc|cntc oo|tun|o+oc comc|c|+| uc o|c|ccc |gu+|mcntc t|+z g|+nocs |nvcs-
t|mcntoscxtc|nosucmu|to||cucntcmcntcsious+oos+|+++u|s|iooc+t|vosoccm|cs+s
n+c|on+|scom||oc|+n+tccno|og|c+
|c|oouz-sc|o,ccomos|ccu|sos+g|om|nc|+|soucoco||cucomoct|o|conos+|scsm+|soc-
scnvo|v|oos ou|+ntc o sccu|o .o um+ m+tc||+-||m+ |n|c|+|mcntc ocst|n+o+ +|+ combust|vc|s c
cnc|g|+to|nou-sc+||nc|+||ontc+|+|oouioocum+|+|g+u+nt|o+ococsubstnc|+su|m|-
c+sucoss|b|||t+|+m+|+b||c+ioocout|ost+ntos|ooutosccomostoso+nooo||gcmv+st+
|noust||+ct|ou|m|c+ocscguno+ctc|cc||+gc|+ocs^|oouiooccombust|vc|s++|t||o++g||-
cu|tu|+no||+s||ccmout|os+|scscmg|+noccsc+|+c+|cosv+nt+,osos|+cc+osooscomct|-
oo|cs|ossc|sc||ouscmc||+ntcs|tu+ion+u+|+c+n+oc+uc+|com|||ooc|x+|+mocsc|cxc|us|-
v+mcntc+||mcntos+|+sct|+ns|o|m+|cmcmm+tc||+s-||m+s+|+|+st|cosc|cs|n+s
|||c|cntcmcntcooct|o|coo|+to|occst|mu|o+ousoocm+tc||+s-||m+soc||v+o+so++g||cu|tu-
|+c+su+c|csccntco|son|b|||o+ocg|++s+o+umcntoo+|oouiocoousoocb|om+ss++|++
gc|+iooccnc|g|+
|
|stcssioc|cmcntosucocmonst|+muc+t|+ns|io+|+um+cconom|+oc
+|ovc|t+mcntooc|ccu|sosn+tu|+|scocb+|xoconsumoocct|o|cosc|+cxt|cm+mcntcocsc,+vc|
+|++cst|+tcg|+ocsob|cv|vcnc|+|um+n+cm|ongo|+zoobongu|o+mb|cnt+|ct+mbcmum
|mo|t+ntc+sso+|+ucsc|couz+m+scm|ssocsocc+|bonocout|oso|ucntcs||m+||os+|+
++tmos|c|+Comos+b|oonocnt+ntooocst|noocum|nsumooo+g|oncgoc|o+|+m+tc||+||
m+ocumm+tc||+|+v+n+oosc|+|uniooocustoo+cnc|g|+coo|cooo|o||o|nsumou+n-
ooconsum|oocomo+||mcntocm|cuc|ouvc|um+umcntoo+ocm+no+ncstcsscgmcntosc
conscucntc+umcntooc|cosos|oouto|cs|ov+vc|mcntcocst|n+|ioscus|ooutos+|+cstcs
scgmcntos+ss|m|c,uo|c+nooosconsum|oo|csn+|soosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|oc+sooos|c,c|-
1 |tt,;;wwwsc:|nguc|:+com;+:t|gos;,=..
4 ^|||8|C|.|:ync:gy|n|ooo.|uc|+no|+tc:|+|s,:oouct|on|:om8|om+ss|nc:gy|nv|:on:c|..010||:st,ub||s|coont|c
wcb0s |cb:u+:y .010
s ^|||8|C|.|.8^|8O:^.C^:.:OU:^.|^:ust+|n+b|cusco|8|om+ss+no|+tu:+||csou:ccs|o:C|cm|c+||nnov+t|on
Qu|m|c+|ov+.v!..,1-s1..009
z!
toso|+c|oc|n|ocscmc||+ntcoccnocnooo+|c|+io|+vo|+vc|(ounio)cnt|cocustooo|occsso
oct|+ns|o|m+iooo|c,c|tocmm+tc||+|+v+n+oovc|susocustoooscu|occssoococsc+|tcou
oct|+t+mcnto+|+|couioooscuotcnc|+|oc|m+cto+mb|cnt+|
^ss|mcomooscustoso+|noust||+u|m|c+occnocmoo|coo+n+|t+uctcmb+|xo|m+cto
||cntc+os|coscvo|umcso+sout|+s||+ocsooct|o|cob+s|c+mcntcocst|n+o+s+|+|oouio
occnc|g|+ocustooc|oouiooosm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosoccnoc|+ooscustosoos|c|t|||z+ntcsc
oosocm+|s|nsumos+g|ou|m|cosus+oosn+m+nutcnioo+s|+vou|+sc|oouiooos+||mcntos^s
ouc+scxccocs(c+soo+sb|+sn+tu|+|sucsioco|ct+o+s)occnoc|iooocustoo+mio-oc-ob|+
|ogoosuccssoocum|og|+m+oc|oouio|noust||+|ccont|nuoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||
oc|ccu|sosn+tu|+|soccnoc|+obv|+mcntcocg+|+nt|+soc|o|ncc|mcntoo+sm+tc||+s-||m+s
|c|+scons|oc|+ocscxost+s+oioc|ousooc|ccu|sosn+tu|+|scocm+tc||+s-||m+sobt|o+s+
+|t||oc|ontcs|cnov+vc|scocm|nc|+|s+buno+ntcscomo|nsumos+|++|noust||+occombust|-
vc|su|m|c+coct|+ns|o|m+iocumc+m|n|omu|to+t|+cntcco+o+s+so|mcnsocsooncgoc|o
ob||g+to||o+|++|nov+iocmm+tc||+|sno||+s||scnoo|ntcg|+oo|cv|+b|||z+oo|oco||t|c+su-
b||c+scm|cs+||+|mcntc+t|+t|voc+|cscnt+noooss|b|||o+ocsoc|m+ctoscconom|cossoc|+|sc
+mb|cnt+|s+|t+mcntc|+vo|+vc|s
6.2. Caracterizao de recursos naturais e materiais avanados
deles derivados
|st+cum+|oost+occ++c|t+io(|n||+cst|utu|+csso+|u+||c+ooc|cocsoc|c|+c|on+mcntos)
+|++c+|+ctc||z+iooc|nsumosnocst+ooo++|tccsscnc|+|+|++|m|+nt+ioo+s|oost+soc
+|ovc|t+mcnto oc m+tc||+s-||m+s o||uno+s o+ +g||cu|tu|+ ou o+ +t|v|o+oc m|nc|+| |+t+-sc oc
c++c|t+io +|+ + |ocnt|c+io com suc|cntc oct+||c o+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s cscc|+|s oc m+tc||+|s
comunsuc||cs+g|cgucmv+|o|ouucoso||c|cnc|cm+umcnt+noosu+comct|t|v|o+ocg|ob+|
^|oost+t+mbcmcom|ccnoc++u|s|iooc|n|o|m+iocxc||mcnt+|sob|cosm+tc||+|s+v+n-
+oos|oouz|oos++|t||oos|nsumoscmucstio
^comos|io+cst|utu|+c+s|o||co+ocs||s|co-u|m|c+socum|nsumosio|+to|csoctc|m|-
n+ntcs+|+su++||c+io|noust||+|cscuos|c|on+mcntonomc|c+oo+|cmococtc|m|n+|oscu
|coComocxcm|oc+|bon+tosocc+|c|o|ovcn|cntcsoc,+z|o+socc+|c+||ocomb+|xostco-
|csocs|||c+sio|c|c|cnc|+|mcntcconsum|ooso|cm|cs+s|+b||c+ntcsoc+c|o|ssu+b+|x+
z!6

+b|+s|v|o+oc+b|cv|+oocsg+stcooscomoncntcsmccn|coso+sg|+nocscc+|+sm+u|n+sus+-
o+sn+|oouiooo+c||o|out|o|+oo+|++s|noust||+s|oouto|+soct|nt+sc|mo|t+ntc
ucoc+|bon+toocc+|c|otcn|+umb+|xotco|ocox|oooc|c||o|mt|+t+mcntoocu||c+io
o+oo+oc+|bon+toocc+|c|o+|+|couz||+s|mu|cz+socsc||t+scmu+|uc|oosc+sos|m||c+-
|+cmumsob|c|co+o|oouto
Ocxcm|ot+mbcmsccstcnoc+|+m+tc||+|s|oouz|oos++|t||oc|ontcso|gn|c+s||b|+sscm|-
s|ntct|c+soocmsc||oouz|o+s++|t||o+o|sso|uiooccc|u|osccmo|mct|||o|m+m|o+n+|cscn-
+occ|o|ctooc||t|oscgu|o+o+su++iocmb+n|osco+gu|+ntcs^cc|cnc|+oo|occssoc+s
|o||co+ocsoc+bso|iooc+gu+t|ng|mcntoc|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+cu|m|c+o+sb|+s|oouz|-
o+soccnocmc||t|c+mcntco+so|ub|||z+ioo+cc|u|oscucc|unioo+comos|ioo+cc|u|oscc
occomo+su+cscc|c|ontc|o||occss+o+|+|+cst++||c+iocc|u|oscsoc+|t+cscc|c|o+occom
+||+n,osm|c|ocn+no-cst|utu|+|soocm|o|nccc|um+v+nt+gcmcst|+tcg|c+com+|+t|v+mcntcs
t|+o|c|on+|scc|u|oscsoccuc+||tocpinus+m|+mcntcus+o+sc|+|noust||+oc+c|
|o|t+ntoooom|n|oo+|n|o|m+iosob|cc+|+ctc||st|c+socum+m+tc||+-||m+oco||gcmm|nc-
|+|ouvcgct+|octc|m|n+osbcncc|+||osoosg+n|osucoc|+oocmoc||v+|Como+ntc||o|mcn-
tcc|t+ooo|co+sc|+goo|umconsum|oo|+um|nsumooccnoc|+ocsu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
o||c|cnc|+o+sO|oouto|oom|nc|+|ooccon|cccnooc+o++||c+ioucoc|cc|c|t++||c+|-
sc+sc|cc|on+|os|otcsuc||+|o|nccc|+umoctc|m|n+oocom|+oo|O|c,c|toocum|occs-
s+mcntoocum|ooutocomo+s|||c+ou|+ntc+u||c+ioooc+|bon+toocc+|c|o|nocsc,+o+
c|o|oouto|oc+c|ooc|+sc||nocu+ou|ntc|css+ntc+|+um|+b||c+ntcoct|nt+souum
|oouto|+g||co|+oucc|m|co
Conscucntcmcntc+c|ct|v|o+ocoot|+b+||oocc+|+ctc||z+iocst+|+cst|c|t+mcntcv|ncu|+o+s
ncccss|o+ocsooc||cntcocc+o+|ooutoc||nc|+|mcntcoos|occssoscmucc|csc|+ut|||z+oo
|+t+-scocc+|+ctc||st|c+s+|++su+|sum|oouto|ocm+tc||+-||m+|so|+o+mcntco|c||mcntc
ocscnvo|vc|++comctcnc|+suc|cntc+|+|ccon|ccc|c+v+||+|^+u|s|ioo+|n|o|m+io|c|cv+n-
tcoccnoc|+o|t+ntoo+cx|stcnc|+cont|nu+cc|m+ncntcoc|+bo|+to||osocc+|+ctc||z+ioc
+n+||scoot+oosoccu|+mcntosccsso+|u+||c+oo+|+|c+||z+ioo+c+|+ctc||z+ioocsc,+o+|
|gu+|mcntco+cx|stcnc|+oc|otoco|osoc+n+||scuctcn|+ms|oocst+bc|cc|ooso|csso+suc
com|ccno+mc+o++||c+iooo|oouto
^comctcnc|+n+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|scm+tc||+s-||m+soccnococ|n||+cst|utu|+|ccu|-
sos|um+noscmcc+n|smosocgcstio+|o||+ooscons|oc|+noo|+nc,+mcntoc+com+n|+mcn-
tocgucumo|+gnost|cosuc|ntosob|ccstcst|csto|cosno||+s||
z!7
Cenarlo.|cv|oos|+c|||o+ocsoc|mo|t+ionosu|t|mos+nosc++bc|tu|+oc||n|+soc
c|co|tovo|t+o+s+|++u|s|ioocnovos|nst|umcntos+g|+nocm+|o||+oos|nst|umcn-
toscx|stcntcsno+|socvccst+||ox|m+oocst+ooo++|tc^s+u|s|ocsvcms|oocst|-
mu|+o+sc|oC|||+cscout|oso|giosoc+o|ocscm|c,ust|c+o+so||o,ctos
+|ov+ooso|+|csouc|+||nc|x|stcm|o,cno||+s|||nst|umcntosvo|t+oosc+|+c-
tc||z+ioocm+tc||+|scmtooososn|vc|socsost|c+io|m|+nt+oos||nc|+|mcntccm
un|vc|s|o+ocs|sscsg|uosoccsu|s+cmsu+g|+nocm+|o||+niotcmcomo+t|v|o+oc
||nc|+|+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|sscnoocst++cn+sum++t|v|o+ococ+o|o+|+|c|+
+osob,ct|vosgc|+|soosg|uos|mcon,unto|mo|t+ntcoc|cscst++|oc+oocmccnt|os
occsu|s+ub||cosc;ou||v+oosccm|+bo|+to||osocmb|ton+c|on+|m+sncstcc+so
|n|c||zmcntcoucos|nst|umcntoscstiocmum+s|tu+ioucc|m|t+um+|ntcns+ut|-
||z+ion+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|scm+tc||+s-||m+so|g|uos|ntc|css+oosnouso
|+t|cooos|csu|t+oosooscns+|oso|sosmcsmoscstio|c|c|cnc|+|mcntcvo|t+oos+|+
cstuoos c|cnt|cos |m+ bo+ +|cc|+ oc |nst|umcntos cst+ |m|+nt+o+ cm ccnt|os oc
csu|s+occm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|scomocst+c+oo||sto||cocm|||o|cm+s|n|o|-
m+ocs sob|c os mcsmos sio +cn+s +|c|+|mcntc o|son|b|||z+o+s +|+ con|cc|mcnto
ub||co^|no+niotcmosc||tc||oscmcc+n|smosbcmocn|oos+|+v|+b|||z+|ousooo
|mcnso+t||mon|o|c|cscnt+ooc|o+tu+|+|ucoc|nst|umcnt+ioc|cnt|c+no||+s||
+|+ +s +t|v|o+ocs oc c+|+ctc||z+io |cuc||o+s c|o ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co |stc
t|+b+||ovcmscnoo|c|toc|o|b|+tccm+s+|no+cmum||tmo|cnto
kecursos lumanos. |m+|mo|t+ntc||m|t+ioo+|n||+cst|utu|+cocucnonumc|o
ococ|+oo|cscomctcntcsccxc||cntcscmum+octc|m|n+o+tccn|c+|+v+||+s|+zocs
+|+|sto||g+o+ssocc|cnc|+scst|utu|+|soomooc|ooc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
ucvcmscnoo|+t|c+oono||+s||^v+|o||z+iooc|no|c+oo|csoc|oout|v|o+ococscn-
co|+,+oscstuo+ntcsoc+|cnoc|cm|o|uno+mcntctccn|c+s|nst|umcnt+|ssost|c+o+sc
sc+c||c|o+|cmnoscuoom|n|o|stccon|cc|mcnto|cuc|tcmocnioscmost|+|n-
tc|css+ntc+|+o+|unouc|ocu|+um+cscc|+||z+io|mconscucnc|+tccn|coscom-
ctcntcsoc+|ton|vc|siomu|tomcnos||cucntcsooucooccntcsccsu|s+oo|cs
Cesto|cv|oo+os|nvcst|mcntosncccss+||os+|+su+|m|+nt+ioc+osscuscustosoc
m+nutcniocu|+mcntosm+|ssost|c+oosgc|+|mcntcsc|oc+||z+mn+sun|vc|s|o+ocs
cu|+mcntosmcno|csm+socuso|ntcnsocomc+m+sc||m|+nt+ooscm|+bo|+to||os
oc|+|s oc g|+noc o|tc |n|c||zmcntc sio |+|os cxcm|os oc gcstio cont|nu+ cscc|+|-
mcntco||+zosoco|ocmococzoum+|s+nosocun|o+ocsuc|c+||zcm+t|v|o+ocsoc
csu|s+coc|cst+ioocsc|v|oscmtooososn|vc|scomsuccssoc+|cscnt+noocusto;
z!8

bcnc||c|o|cn|umoosc+soscon|cc|oosocbomocscmcn|o|nc|u|un|o+ocsocg|+noc
o|tc|o|t+ntoosmooc|osocgcstiotc|ioocsc|bcmtcst+oos+ntcsocscocc|o||o|
ummooc|oouout|oComot+mbcmnio|++com+n|+mcntoc|ct|voc+b|+ngcntcoc
ocscmcn|osc,+o+s+t|v|o+ocsocc+|+ctc||z+iosc,+o+su+gcstio+mcmo||+o+s|n|-
c|+t|v+sm+|-succo|o+sc|+|o+mcntcc|o|o+cc||osg|+vcssc|cctcm|m|csumo|+
cs+ono||+s||+|++|nst+|+iococ|+iooco|g+n|z+ocscscc|+|mcntcvo|t+o+s
c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+s-||m+scm+tc||+|scmgc|+|tcnoocmv|st+oo|tcc+s+s|-
|+ocsoo+|s|ss+const|uioocvccnvo|vc|+mbosos|+ooso|c|t+cocm+no+
6.3. Agenda estratgica e de PD&I
|st+niocum++gcno+|+o|c+|mcntcnov+m+ss|m+|c+|m+ioo+|cmcntcncccss|o+ococ
cst|+tcg|+s scmc||+ntcs s uc tcm s|oo |cct|o+mcntc |c|tc|+o+s c |ncc+zmcntc |m|+nt+-
o+scmbo|+tcn|+ms|oocxcm||c+o+scm+|gunsoucoscxcm|oscm|cs+||+|snot+vc|s+o
|ongooosccu|o.o
^+gcno+com|ccnoc|oouz||co|sscm|n+||n|o|m+ioocc+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|scm+tc||+s-
||m+s|c|cv+ntc+|++su++ocu+io+osusos|ctcno|ooscomosscgu|ntcs+t||butos
1) Contc|o+oosuc|n|o|mcmsob|c+comos|ioc|cmcnt+|mo|ccu|+|ccst|utu|+|bcm
comosob|c+mo||o|og|+ocsoc+csc+|+m+c|osco|c++tc+csc+|++tom|c+ocm+tc||+s-
||m+scm+tc||+|s|cvcsc|o+o+cscc|+|+tcniooctccioocn+nocst|utu|+s|unc|o-
n+|souuccon|+m|unc|on+||o+oc+osm+tc||+|s
.) |c|m|t||o|c|+c|on+mcntoooso+ooscom|n|o|m+ocssob|c|ooutosc;ou|occssosoc
|oouioouocut|||z+iooosm+tc||+|scm+tc||+s-||m+scomcscc|+|+tcniosc+|+c-
tc||st|c+s+g|cg+oo|+socv+|o||ssosocoss|vc|sc+scsso+scnvo|v|o+souc|omcnos
+s ||oc|+n+s |oss|on+|s con|ccc|cm os |ooutos c |occssos cnvo|v|oos +o mcsmo
tcmo cm uc s+|b+m |ntc||ct+| os |csu|t+oos obt|oos |o|t+nto os t|+b+||os ocvcm
sc||c+||z+oossob|otoco|osocc+|+ctc||z+io|ntc|o|sc|||n+|cscbcmconouz|oossob
um++tmos|c|+o|nm|c+c||c+cm|n|o|m+ocs+tu+||z+o+scniocm|cg|mcscst+nucs
oc|cst+ioocsc|v|os
!) ^|n|o|m+ioobt|o+ocvcooc|sc|o|sscm|n+o+|csc|t+oososo||c|tosoc|o||co+oc
|ntc|cctu+|cs|g||o|noust||+|oucm|cs+||+|ô|sscm|n+iotc|+cm|cs+||oscsu|s+-
oo|cscstuo+ntcsc|o|csso|cscomo+|vo+|+c||+|um+cu|tu|+bcm|uno+mcnt+o+cm
c+sos|c+|sc|c|cv+ntcs
iosugc||o+scst|+tcg|+scmou+so||c|cntcscsc+|+soctcmo+|+sc+t|ng||osob,ct|vos+c|m+
z!9
1) Consolldao de laboratorlos de caracterlzao de materlals e materlas-prlmas ja exlsten-
tes, capacltando-os a atuar como unldades de prestao de servlos de caracterlzao.
|st+ cst|+tcg|+ ooc||+ sc| |m|+nt+o+ +t|+vcs oc |+n+mcntos oc co|t+|s nos |o-
x|mos c|nco +nos uc ncccss|t+m sc| c|+bo|+oos oc |o|m+ + |oouz|| +s scgu|ntcs
conscucnc|+s
+) C||+|m+ntc|oucst+b|||z+|cu|csoctccn|coscomctcntcsn++|c+oc+tu+iooo
|+bo|+to||o cm |o,ctos oc mco|o |+zo |cnov+vc|s ut|||z+noo os mcc+n|smos o+
C|c+cn+scvcntu+|mcntcbo|s+s
b) |+ntc|c;oumc||o|+|+|n||+cst|utu|+cx|stcntcg+|+nt|noo+m+nutcniooos|ns-
t|umcntoscocsu+s|nst+|+ocsc+o|son|b|||o+ococm+tc||+|socconsumo
c) C||+| m+ntc| ou cst+b|||z+| + o|g+n|z+io com um+ gcstio cont|nu+ cc|cntc c
u+noooss|vc|oc|ongo|+zoc++zoc|csonoc|socm+no+soosusu+||os
o) |st|mu|+|con|o|mcoc+so|nst|umcntosocc+t+iooc|ccu|sosc;ouoc|cmunc-
|+iooossc|v|os|cst+ooscomo|nst|umcntooc+v+||+ioc|cm|+ioo+o|g+n|-
z+ioco+scsso+scnvo|v|o+s
.) Crlao de novos laboratorlos
|st+cst|+tcg|+ocvc||+comc+|om+|s|+|o+mcntcoss|vc||c|c||vc|mcntc++|t||
ocun|o+ocs,+cx|stcntcscuctcn|+ms|ooconso||o+o+s+t|+vcso+cst|+tcg|++ntc||o|
tcnoomost|+oocxcc|cntcocscmcn|oO+|stcmum|ct|oscctoncg+t|voocc||+io
oco|g+n|z+ocscom|o|tcccnt|+||z+ioocg+stoscomo|o|ocxcm|oo+Cooctccc
Coocu+|tzocmC+m|n+s^||mc||+cst+|o,ct|+ns|o|m+o+cmsuc+t+cnu+nto+
scguno+scvo|+t|||zouO|nsuccssoocstcmooc|ocon|m+ucomcsmonioocvcsc|
|cct|oo
^s+|c+soc+tu+iooosnovos|+bo|+to||os|cc|s+mcob|||umcscct|ovo|t+oo+|+
tccn|c+scscc|+|mcntcooc|os+sn+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|so|gn|cosc|no|gn|-
cos|c|+c|on+o+s+scgu||cmo|ocm+|ox|m+o+oc|mo|tnc|+
+) ||c|osco|+sc|ct|on|c+s(|||||||-||)||nc|+|mcntcu+noo+ssoc|+o+s
cscct|osco|+occ|ct|ons(|||)sio+stccn|c+sm+|sooc|os+s+tu+|mcntcut|||-
z+o+sn+c+|+ctc||z+iooosm+tc||+|sucsioob,ctoocst+|oost+Ousoocm|-
c|osco|os oc +|t+ |cso|uio (cx ||||) ocv|oo su+ com|cx|o+oc ooc|+ sc|
conccnt|+oocm|n|vc|s|o+ocs
b) ccn|c+soco|||+iouo|csccnc|+ccs+||+mcntooc|+|os-Xcmg|+nocngu|o
c) |co|og|+s+ocu+o+ssc|+sscsoc|ooutos+tcno|o+sc|o|+bo|+to||o
o) |scct|omct||+socm+ss+oc|cssonnc|+nuc|c+|m+gnct|c+|n||+vc|mc||o|+m+n
v|s-|Vuo|csccnc|+
z40

c) C|om+tog|++scscc|+|mcntc+s+ssoc|+o+s+cscct|omct||+s
|) |s+||+mcntooc|uzcst+t|coco|nm|co
g) ccn|c+scscc|c+socc|+sscsouc+oc|+soc|ooutos||nc|+|mcntcu+ntosc,+m
ob,ctosocno|m+sccx|,+mcu|+mcntosocv+|o|un|t+||oc|cv+oo
|) |n||+cst|utu|+ comut+c|on+| +ocu+o+ +|+ mooc|+gcm mo|ccu|+| vo|t+o+ +|+
ocscnvo|vc|cs|mu|+|+cst|utu|+o|nm|c+ctc|moo|nm|c+ocs|stcm+s|no|gn|-
coso||mc||coscb|o|og|coscmo|vc|s+ss|tu+ocscomocmc+t+||sccst+b|||o+ococ
comostoscocm|c|oo|g+n|smosu+noosubmct|oos+cono|ocscxt|cm+s+t|v|-
o+ocb|o|og|c+ccnz|m+t|c+cmso|oc+gu+scout|+s+||c+ocs
Os |+bo|+to||os ncccss|t+|io t+mbcm cont+| com |+c|||o+ocs c |n||+cst|utu|+ +|+ |c+|+io oc
+most|+s+|+oscns+|osucsc|io|c+||z+ooscv|t+noos|tu+ocsbcmcon|cc|o+sno+|scmuc
+ut|||z+ioocum|nst|umcntooc+|tov+|o|c|nv|+b|||z+o+c|+|+|t+occu|+mcntoc|||c||co
Oss|stcm+soc|ntc|cssc+|+osu+|scstcs|+bo|+to||os|cc|s+mcst+||c+|+oossioost|+t+oos
n+s|oost+socstccon,untom|nc|+|s+buno+ntcs(t+|scomo+|g||+sc+|c+||om+c|ocm|c|onu-
t||cntcs+|+|c|t|||z+ntcscout|os)m+oc||+sb|+sn+tu|+|scc|u|osccocm+|sm+tc||+|s||gnocc|u|o-
s|coso|coscc|+scgo|ou|+scscusoc||v+oosc|+tcxcsn+tu|+|s
|st+||st+nioccx+ust|v+cn+vc|o+oc+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|ssc+|cscnt+comoum+ncccs-
s|o+oc|ntc|o|sc|||n+|b+s|c+c|uno+mcnt+|+|+too+s+s+||c+ocsonocscooc|ious+|m+tc||+|s
+v+n+ooscobc|t+sc|oCC||cmscu|og|+m+(comom+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+s+uoc+|+gc|+-
iooccnc|g|+usocmscgu|+n+coc|cs+cmt||bo|og|+cmmc|o+mb|cntccocm+|s|oost+s)
6.4. Produo de insumos para fertilizantes
||t|ogcn|o(|)|os|o|o(|)cot+ss|o(|)siocsscnc|+|s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+s|+nt+sccons-
t+mcmtoo+s+s|o|mu|+ocsoc|c|t|||z+ntcs|st+scvcntu+|mcntcooc|iosc|com|cmcnt+o+s
o|m|c|onut||cntcscomoc+|c|o(C+)m+gncs|o(|g)ccnxo||c()bo|o(|)c|o|o(C|)cob|c(Cu)
|c||o(|c)m+ng+ncs(|n)mo||bocn|o(|o)cz|nco(zn)
^|noust||+oc|c|t|||z+ntcsconsomc,,/ooot+ss|ocomc|c|+||z+oon+|o|m+occ|o|cto(|C|)no
+|sO|C||cst+ntcc+|gunsout|oss+|socot+ss|osioconsum|ooscomom+tc||+-||m+c|+|n-
oust||+ u|m|c+ +|+ +||c+ocs n+|s o|vc|s|c+o+s como v|o|os cscc|+|s s+bocs c octc|gcntcs
|c+,,s+.oo;oconsumoooot+ss|ono||+s||c|csccu,+/+o+noscnoouccm.ooeoconsu-
z4!
mo|ntc|no++|cntcocstcm+c|onut||cntc|so|+o+mcntcoucmsu+s|o|mu|+ocs|o||ox|mooc
,em|||ocsoctonc|+o+s||o,cocs+|+.o+,|no|c+mumconsumoocot+ss|oc|o+g|oncgoc|o
b|+s||c||oc|omcnosou+svczcscmc|+m+|o|ooucoconsumooo+no.ooo|no|c+oo|csoctcn-
ocnc|+scconom|c+s+ont+m+|+o+umcnto|og|css|voooconsumoocot+ss|onos|ox|mos
+,+nosousc,++tc.o.,+com+n|+noo|oo|c|on+|mcntcoc|csc|mcntovcgct+t|voo+ou-
|+iob|+s||c||+^|oouiob|+s||c||+ocot+ss|o|n|c|+o+cm+,s,cst+|cst||t++um+un|c+m|n+
ocs||v|n|t+(|C|+|+C|)|oc+||z+o+nomun|c||ooc|os+||oooC+tctc(|)ocnom|n+o+Com|cxo
+u+||;V+ssou|+s|st+un|o+occ+tu+|mcntcoc|+o+c|+V+|c^csu+s|csc|v+scst|m+o+ssio
oc+|b|||ocsoctonc|+o+souc|c|cscnt+um+v|o+ut||ocm+|s+++nos+|+oCom|cxo(.o.o)
o
|iocx|stcsubst|tuto+|+o|os|o|on++g||cu|tu|+c+s|oc|+s|os|+t|c+ssio+un|c+c||nc|+||ontc
oc|
.
O
,
O||+s||cont+com|csc|v+soc,+,m|||ocsoctonc|+o+socst+s|oc|+sucsiocx|o|+o+s
||nc|+|mcntcc|+V+|c^cmm|n+scx|stcntcscm||CCOc|^|mbo|++s|csc|v+soc|os-
|+tosc,+msuc|cntcs+|+g+|+nt||o+tu+|consumo|ntc|noo|m+|s,o+nos+|oouio|ntc|n+
nioc|csccnomcsmo||tmoo+ocm+no+Comocxcm|ocm.oo;o||+s|||oouz|ue.m|||ocs
octonc|+o+soc|os|+tom+sncstcmcsmo+no,o/ooconsumob|+s||c||o|o|su||ooo||mo|-
t+ocsocv|oo+oc|csc|mcntoocss/n+ocm+no+ooconccnt|+oooc|oc|++|+|c|t|||z+ntcsc
oc|,/n+ocm+no+oc+c|oo|os|o||co|os|+tost+mbcmsious+oos+|+out|os|ooutos|mo|-
t+ntcscomo+|noust||+oc|c|||gc|+ntcsococtc|gcntcscoc|+io+n|m+||cstcsscgmcntos+oc-
m+no+oc|os|+tos|o|+|no+m+|o|umc|csc|mcntooc,,/nomcsmoc||ooo
;
^ ||nc|+| m+tc||+-||m+ +|+ |oouio oos comostos n|t|ogcn+oos m+|s comumcntc us+-
oosn++g||cu|tu|+c++mon|+(||
,
)ucct|+ns|o|m+o+cmu|c|++|+gc|+|oc||v+oos+bso|v|-
vc|sc|+s|+nt+scomoon|t|+tocosu||+tooc+mon|oos|os|+tosocmonoco|+mon|ocos
n|t|+tosocc+|c|ococot+ss|o^|^|||subs|o|+||+o+|ct|ob|+scm|+|+n,c||+s(|)c+m+|o|
|oouto|+oc+mon|+cu|c|+no+|s(|cscct|v+mcntco|,m|||ocsoctonc|+o+s;+nocoe,m|-
||ocsoctonc|+o+s;+no)ccst++m||+noosu+c++c|o+oc|oout|v+cmsu||+tooc+mon|o|nt|c
,+nc||ocm+|ooc.oosoconsumo++|cntcocu|c|+no+|s+|+ns+g||co|+s|o|oc++m|||ocs
octonc|+o+s|o,ct+nooumconsumooc.e,m|||ocsoctonc|+o+s;+no|o|t+nto;./o+u|c|+
+|+ns+g||co|+sno+|ssio|mo|t+oos|cstcc+|cu|oniocst+|nc|us++u|c|+tccn|c+ucc
t+mbcm consum|o+ como |mo|t+ntc m+tc||+-||m+ n+s |noust||+s oc movc|s oc +||mcnt+io
+n|m+||+|m+ccut|c+cosmct|costcxt||cu|m|c+||nc|+|mcntcn+|oouiooc|cs|n+su|c|+-
|o|m+|oc|oomc|+m|n+ccx|os|vos
^|OCO|:U|1.scm|n+:|o+,:cscnt+oocm|u|;0|mwww+g:oconsu|tcomb:.+ccssocm1.;|+|o;09
1 |os|+to||||..00|mwwwon,mgovb:;+sscts;g+|c:|+|ocumcnto;:um+:|o||nc:+|.00s;|os|+to,o|
z4z

|++bc|+e-+o|c|to|ooctc|um+|oc|+oos|nvcst|mcntosncccss+||os+|+|o,ctocmont+gcm
ocnov+sm|n+soos||nc|+|sm+c|onut||cntcs|stcscustosscb+sc|+mcmum||sto||coooscustos
oc|m|+nt+ioocm|n+sn+|ov|nc|+oc+s|+tc|cw+n(C+n+o+)csio+ont+ooscomobenchma-
rking,+ucoC+n+o+c|o,co+|s||oc|oocst+ooo++|tcno|occss+mcntoocot+ss|oc|os|o|o
O|nvcst|mcnto+|+|oouiooc|os|o|o(|)cons|oc|++const|uioocun|o+ocs|noust||+|s|ntc-
g|+o+soss|b|||t+noonomcsmo|oc+|||s|co+cxt|+ioco|occss+mcntoo+|oc|+|os|+t|c+c+
|oouiooc+c|oosu||u||co+c|oo|os|o||cocmono|os|+toco||os|+tooc+mon|o(|^|;|^|)O|n-
vcst|mcnto+|+|oouioocn|t|ogcn|o(|)cnvo|vc+const|uioocum+|+nt+oc+mon|+;u|c|+
O|nvcst|mcnto+|+|oouioocot+ss|o(|)com|ccnocobcncc|+mcntoo+s||v|n|t+com|+C|
comosub|oouto|cstcs|nvcst|mcntossiocons|oc|+oossomcntco|scno|oso||ct+mcntc||g+oos
tccno|og|+o+const|uioo+|+nt+ocbcncc|+mcntooom|nc||oniotcnoos|oo|nc|u|oosg+s-
toscom+ncccss+||+|n||+cst|utu|+oc+o|o|og|st|co(+|m+zcns|c||ov|+scst|+o+sou|nst+|+ocs
o|tu+||+sm+||t|m+souuv|+|s)co|nvcst|mcntoncccss+||on+gc|+iooccnc|g|+c|o|ncc|mcnto
ocut|||o+ocs+|++m|n+como+gu+cv+o|
1abela 6-!. lnvestlmentos necessarlos para novas mlnas
(Saskatcbewan, Canada)
Macronutrlente
1empo necessarlo para projeto baslco e
montagem da mlna
lnvestlmento prevlsto
| !+4+nos
|;1b|||io+|+c+o+1m|||iooctonc|+o+s
oc||
!
| !+4+nos
|;1b|||ocs+|+c+o+1m|||iooctonc|+o+s
oc|
.
O
| ++nos
|;.b|||ocs+|+c+o+.m|||ocsoctonc|+o+s
oc|.Ocu|v+|cntc
Os |nvcst|mcntos sio +|tos ocv|oos s u+nt|o+ocs ncccss+||+s +|+ c|m|t|| o g+n|o oc csc+|+ c
o|t+ntoos|o,ctostcm|ongo|+zooccxccuio^+tu+|tccno|og|+c|m|tc+|oouioocun|-
o+ocs mcno|cs c m+|s cx|vc|s m+s cst+s ossucm b+|x+s |oout|v|o+ocs c custos oc |nst+|+io
o|tonc|+o+ocnut||cntcm+|o|csoouc+sg|+nocs|+nt+s^|no+os+|toscustoscnvo|v|oosn+
cxt|+iocno|cnoocstcsm+c|onut||cntcs||m|t+moun|vc|sooccm|cs+sucoocmcx|o|+-
|oscnxug+nooonumc|ooc|ntcg|+ntcsooscto|cconccnt|+noooncgoc|on+smiosoccm|cs+s
cst+t+|souoc+|gunsoucosplayers
ooosos|+to|cs|c|+t+oosmost|+mou+ntoo+g|oncgoc|ob|+s||c||ocst+vu|nc|+vc|n+||otcsc
ocum+cx|osioooconsumo|ntc|nooc|c|t|||z+ntcscmcu|to|+zoouocum+|cst||iooo|o|nc-
c|mcntoouco|oc+ioocobst+cu|os+u|s|iooc||cout|osnut||cntcs|ovcn|cntcsocsubso|os
z4!
+||c|os|sso,ust|c+c|+|+mcntc+ncccss|o+ococ|cv|sioo+so||t|c+sub||c+scoc+ocsvo|t+o+s
+|+ |nov+io csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto +|+ uc sc,+ oss|vc| obtc| cstcs m+c|onut||cntcs +
+|t||oc|ontcs+|tc|n+t|v+sv|s+noon+mco|o+oooss|vc|+|couioo+s|mo|t+ocscoocscn-
vo|v|mcntooc|occssoscomb+|xocustooc|m|+nt+iococ|occss+mcntoccom|csu|t+oos+
cu|tos|+zosoc|o|m++g+|+nt||+sob|cv|vcnc|+c+comct|t|v|o+ocoo+g|oncgoc|ob|+s||c||o
Out|+sucstocso||ct+mcntc||g+o+scomcs|o|osoc|||cstio|c|+c|on+o+scom+m|n|m|z+io
o+sc|o+sco+|no|son|b|||o+ocoosm+c|ocm|c|onut||cntcs+|++scu|tu|+s+g||co|+sucoco|-
|cmocv|oo||x|v|+ioooso|oc|o|cg|mct|o|c+|occ|uv+souc|+cv+o|+ioo+s|o|m+sg+-
sos+sooss+|so|gn|cosoosnut||cntcs(||nc|+|mcntcoon|t|ogcn|o)+|+++tmos|c|+u+nooo
so|o+t|ngctcmc|+tu|+smu|toc|cv+o+s
^cs+|ocniocst+|o||ct+mcntc||g+o+ucstioo+|oouiooc|nsumoscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
um++gcno+oc+ocstccno|og|c+svo|t+o++|+co||cioocso|osc;ou+|++,ustcoc|o|mu|+ocs
cont||bu|+|+|couz||oconsumooc|c|t|||z+ntcsccncont|+|+oos+gcmot|m++|+c+o+|+vou|+
cm|unioo+sncccss|o+ocso+|+nt+cooso|o|osso|osb|+s||c||os+ncccss|o+ococ+oub+io
|os|+t+o+cmu|tom+|o|oouc+ot+ss|c+ocv|oo+|t+c++c|o+ococx+iooo|oosnossos
so|os+|t+mcntc|ntcmc||z+oos|mgc|+|co|||c||com+s|o|mu|+ocs+o|iooomc|c+oouco
|oouto|su|++ncccss|o+ocooso|oscmucscu|t|++sscm+sconccnt|+ocs|ccomcno+o+soc
|c||+vcnoon+m+|o||+o+s|+vou|+scxccssoscmu|t+sc|o+sn++||c+iooos|o|mu|+oos
|ccomcno+ocsoc|||t+mbcmco|+bo|+m+|+|couz||osocsb+|+ncc+mcntoso+u+||o+ocoos
so|osocv|oo+|+t|c+s+g||co|+s|nco||ct+succ+us+mniosooocsc|o|c|om+ssc||os|ob|cm+s
+mb|cnt+|scscc|+|mcntccmso|os+|g||osossuscct|vc|sc|co|+iocomc|osioccont+m|n+-
iooc|cno|s||c+t|cos^|mb|++vcmo+nooum+cno|mc+tcniosob|ccst+sucstocscmscu
|og|+m+oc|||como|vc|soscstuooscub||c+ocssob|c+||c+ocsoc|c|t|||z+ntcscscusc|c|-
tossob|coso|ob|+s||c||o
6.4.!. Agenda estrateglca e de U8l
Como o||ct||z b+s|c+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc um |occsso oc |nov+io ||g+oo cx|o|+io
ocm+c|ocm|c|onut||cntcs+|+usocm|c|t|||z+ntcsout|os+o|t|vosccom|cmcntosnut||-
c|on+|s+|+o+g|oncgoc|o+|++|noust||+u|m|c+c+|+usos+v+n+oosncccss|t+|+scgu||
+s o||ct||zcs oo ocscnvo|v|mcnto sustcnt+vc| ||v||cg|+noo + cx|ot+io oc m|nc||os |uno+-
mcnt+|scm+|c+socm|n|mo|m+cto+mb|cnt+|cousooc|occssosoct|+ns|o|m+iouc
z44

gc|cm+mcno|u+nt|o+ococc||ucntcscomco||ct+ocst|n+ioococsc+|tcc;oucomb+|xo
custooct|+t+mcnto+|+os|oouto|cs
ugc|c-scum++gcno+oc|||comcs|o|oso||cc|on+oos+|++sscgu|ntcs|ot+stccno|og|c+s
1) Lxplorao de potenclals rocbas abundantes do solo brasllelro.
|+socc+o+soc;ocso|o|+m|c+||z+o+scsu|s+s+|+o+|ovc|t+mcntooo||cscntc
cm octc|m|n+oos t|os oc |oc|+s b|+s||c||+s como o |c|os+to ot+ss|co
s
+ |+|s|||t+
p
c
ovc|octcoc^b+ctc
+o
c|oc|+s||c+scm|c|os+tos+|c+||nos(comost+s|coom|n+ntc-
mcntco|s|||c+tosoc^||c|+)ccms|||c+tosocot+ss|omu|tocomunsnoCc||+oo
b|+s||c||o|+|+cxt|+||o|cout|osc|cmcntossious+oos|occssos||o|oou||omct+|u|-
g|cosousc,++o|sso|uioo+s|oc|+sc|c|t+cmso|uocs+uos+sctcmc|+tu|+sc|cv+-
o+s|stct|+t+mcntot|n|+n+coc+umc|cv+oocustocnc|gct|cooc|oouiocb+|x+
comct|t|v|o+oc||cntc+o|C||mo|t+ooto|n+nooo|occss+mcntocconom|c+mcntc
|nv|+vc|c|+zcnoocomuccst+|ot+occsu|s+s|ossc+b+noon+o+c|o|cmocscnvo|-
v|o+s|ot+stccno|og|c+s+|++umcnt+|ootcnc|+|oc||bc|+ioocot+ss|oto|n+noo-o
m+|s so|uvc| c oco|s conccnt|+-|o + custo comct|t|vo +s |oc|+s b|+s||c||+s ooc||+m
sc| cx|o|+o+s subst|tu|noo + |mo|t+io oc c|o|cto oc ot+ss|o ^|cm oos |occssos
||o|o||omct+|u|g|cosout|+tccno|og|+no|occss+mcntooc|oc|+scsu+ucb|+cso|u-
b|||z+ioo|+ioocm|c|oo|g+n|smosucscmost|+b+st+ntc|om|sso|+o|s+sc|cio
+ocu+o+ocm|c|oo|g+n|smosooc|+t+mbcmco|+bo|+|n+x+iooc|nosso|osooo
o|+c|oc|n|o+c|m+ocsc||tosc+||c+|gu+|mcntc+|++s|oc|+s|os|+|t|c+s(++t|t+s)
.) keaproveltamento de rejeltos ou reslduos do agronegoclo.
|c,c|toso+m|nc|+ioocco|+s|cc|os+s+|+usoo|n+mcnt+|ccm,o+||c||+cu,+cx-
t|+io oco||c ||nc|+|mcntc nos cst+oos o+ |+||+ Co|+s c ||n+s Cc|+|s +|cscnt+m
tco|css|gn|c+t|vosocot+ss|oc+|c|ocm+gncs|o|x|stc|mcnsootcnc|+|occxt|+io
ocot+ss|o++|t||oc|c,c|toso+cxt|+iooco|+m+ntcsuccstiocnc|+v+ooscm|oc|+s
sco|mcnt+|cs|gnc+s(ouvu|cn|c+s)con|cc|o+scomo||mbc|||t+s|+m|o|t+sc|+m|o-
t+scucsioocnom|n+o+sultrapotssicasComo+s|oc|+s,+sccncont|+m+|c|+|mcntc
||+gmcnt+o+s+mo+gcmc|occss+mcntomccn|coo+s|oc|+sc|+c|||t+o+|couz|noo
ocustooc|oouioôso|occss+mcntomccn|cooos|c,c|tosoc|oc|+sosm+c|o-
nut||cntcsoocmsc|cxt|+|ooso+smcsm+s+t|+vcso+s|ot+s||o|oou||omct+|u|g|c+s
8 |^:||V^.||.||1C||:.||ôub+io,ot+ss|c+cmso|osocCc::+oo|m:|m,os|osob:c,ot+ss|on++g:|cu|tu:+b:+s||c|:+.
|ono:|n+.19s.|ot+ss|on++g:|cu|tu:+b:+s||c|:++n+|s||:+c|c+b+|nst|tutoo+|ot+ss+c|os|+to.19s.|+g!.!-!!s
9 V||||^.|.||:OU:^.||^v+||+io+g:onom|c+oc|ontcsoc,ot+ss|o,+:+so|osoccc::+oo|mO||||1.v|.||^:
||||O.^(|o)|c|+to:|ob|cn+|(19s4;19s)|mb:+,+;||1|O|||1||.8:+s|||+.19s,1!1-1!4
10 |||1|.||^C.|O||:.^:||c|tosoct:+t+mcntostc:m|coscm|stu:+soc:oc|+,ot+ss|c+(Vc:octcoo^b+ctc).|os|+tooc^:+x+
cc+|c+:|om+gncs|+non+o|s,on|b|||o+ococ,ot+ss|oc|os|o:o|mCong:csso8:+s||c|:oocC|cnc|+oo:o|o..0.19s.8c|cm
|:og:+m+sc:csumosC+m,|n+s:oc|co+oc8:+s||c|:+ocC|cnc|+oo:o|o.19s|+g-s
z4
+c|m+ocsc||t+souc|+soocmsc||+n+o+so||ct+mcntc+su|con+scu|tu|+sno|occsso
con|cc|oo como rochagem ^ occomos|io o+s |oc|+s (mccn|c+ ou m|c|ob|o|og|c+)
||bc|+osm+c|onut||cntcsnoso|o+tu+nooos|c,c|toscomo|c|t|||z+ntcsn+tu|+|soc||bc-
|+io|cnt+|s|o|oscm|||oocmsc|o||cc|on+oos+|+oct+||+|cu+nt|c+|+com-
os|iooos|c,c|tosoc|oc|+c+soos+gcns|cuc||o+s+|+c+o+cu|tu|+ocv|oossu+s
o||c|cntcsncccss|o+ocs|nc|u|noo+|cscn+occont+m|n+ntcs|nocsc,+vc|s|m+com-
+n|+mcnto+g|onom|co+ocu+ooooc|+cst+bc|ccc|os||m|tcsoc|+n+mcntoooso|-
|c|cntcs|c,c|tosoc|oc|+n+scu|tu|+socnt|oocc||tc||ossustcnt+vc|s|c,c|tosoccu|tu|+s
||c+scm|comot+|osoo|umo|+|zcso+b+t+t+cob+g+oo+|+|+n,+oocmsc||c+-
|ovc|t+ooso||ct+mcntcnoso|oou|+n+ooscomost+gcm+|+|oouiooc+oubo
ot+ss|coo|gn|coc|o|oouto||cs|ouosoo|occss+mcntoocc+|ncscoc,ctosoc+vcs
csu|nost+mbcmsio||coscmn|t|+toscot+ss|ocoocmsc||c+|ovc|t+oosocsocuc
sc,+m b|o|og|c+mcntc mon|to|+oos |+|+ cstc |tcm cs|o|os oc ||| cstio cmbut|oos
n+s mct+s ocsc||t+s no cm+ | Reaproveitamento dos Rejeitos da Atividade Mineral e
do Agronegcio.|msub|oouto|coom|n+ntcmcntc|no|gn|cooo|occss+mcntoou
uc|m+tot+|occomostoso|gn|cos|noust||+|sou+g||co|+s|nov+oo|c+|tc|n+t|vo+|+
+oub+iosio+sc|nz+s|umm+tc||+||c|+t|v+mcntc+buno+ntc+|c+||noc||cocmox|oos
oc||+C+c|gcuc+|cscnt+um+bo+c++c|o+ococ|o|nccc|nut||cntcscocco|||-
g||o|ooso|o|omovcnooum+c|cv+iooo|oc|o|m+m+|s|+|o+ooucogcsso
ouoc+|c+||o+g||co|+^sc|nz+soocm+|no+sc|cn||ucc|o+snosm+c|onut||cntcs|c
|c+sosc,+m+o|c|on+oosossoscc+|t||+gcnsoc+n|m+|s+os|o|nosou|+ntc+to||c|+io
ouc+|c|n+iooom+tc||+|o|gn|coComocxcm|ooootcnc|+|ocstc|c,c|to,,m|||ocs
octonc|+o+soccuc+||tossio|occss+oos+nu+|mcntccms|oc|u|g|c+sooscst+oosoc
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cconom|cosoc|oouiococont|o|co+su+comos|iou|m|c+c|+oss|b|||o+oco+
|cscn+n+smcsm+socmct+|scs+oosouout|+ssubstnc|+stox|c+s
!) Uesenvolvlmento de processos de reduo de perdas de macronutrlentes quando
apllcados ao solo e lavouras.
o|oscscc|+|mcntcos+|g||ososc|ocmmu|to|ocv|oom|g|+ioo+s|o|m+sn|t|ogc-
n+o+s+|+os|cno|s||c+t|cosouc|+su+vo|+t|||z+iocomo+mon|+gc|+o+o||c+ocs
|||cvc|s|vc|sn+sc+m+o+sm+|ssuc|c|+|sooso|ou+nooc|ccst+su,c|to+um|mu|to
b+s|co+|t+tcmc|+tu|+cum|o+oc|nt|c+s+|tc|n+t|v+stccno|og|c+sucooc||+msc|
m+|s|o|uno+mcntcus+o+s+|+m|n|m|z+|+sc|o+soc|c|t+-scocnc+su|+mcntoo+
u|c|+(ouocout|+s|o|mu|+ocs|c|t|||z+ntcs|ovcoo|+soc|)+o|t|vosn+s|o|mu|+ocs
oc u|c|+ +|+ |couz|| + su+ ||g|osco|c|o+oc + m|stu|+ oc u|c|+ com gcsso +g||co|+ ou
out|oscomoncntcs(cx+gcntcsoccom|cx+io)+|+|o|m+ioocsu||+tosouout|os
z46

comostosocmcno|so|ub|||o+occm+|o|x+ionoso|o+|couiooo|ooso|oou+
|couioo+vo|+t|||o+oco+u|c|++t|+vcsoc+gcntcsocco||cio(s+|s|no|gn|cos)g|+nu|o-
mct||+sot|m+s+|++u|c|+coc||v+ooscm|unioocc+o+cu|tu|+out|oocso|oouso
ocu|c+scsc+sm+nt+soc|otcioocso|oscout|+soss|b|||o+ocs||st+o+snocm+,
con|o|mcocsc||to+scgu|||m+|ot+ocs++oo|+o|cmmu|to|om|sso|+com|ccnoc
++o|ioocm|c|oo|g+n|smoscscc|cos+oso|o+|+|omovc|o+umcntoo++bso|io
oosnut||cntcsc|+s|+vou|+s|couz|noooconsumooc|c|t|||z+ntcs|st+|ot+|ntc|o|sc|||-
n+||cuc||o|tc|nvcst|mcnton+|ocnt|c+ioo+sncccss|o+ocsocc+o+cu|tu|+cnooc-
scnvo|v|mcntoocm|c|oo|g+n|smoscscc|coscmcon,untocom+g|onomosb|o|ogosc
cngcn|c||osb|ou|m|cos
|cs+oscncccss|o+ocs+|++tcno|mcntoo+ssugcstocs
1) |st|mu|o+|o,ctosoc+com+n|+mcnto+g|onom|co+|+usoocbo+s|+t|c+s+g||co|+sn+s
|+zcno+svo|t+oos+|+|couioocc|o+socm+c|onut||cntcsn++||c+iooos|c|t|||z+ntcs
.) |cscnvo|v|mcntooc+o|t|voscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos(como+sm+nt+soccontcniosu-
gc||o+snocm+,ocstccstuoo||oouiooc|+tc||+|s^g|ou|m|cos^v+n+oos)+|+
contc|c|o+socm+c|ocm|c|onut||cntcso|||x|v|+iooucv+ot|+ns||+io
!) |s|o|os m+|s |o|unoos cm |o,ctos oc m+c+mcnto gco+mb|cnt+| c oc |c-cstuoo o+
otcnc|+||o+oc oc |oc|+s o|s |+ ouco con|cc|mcnto sob|c +s |csc|v+s +g|om|nc|+|s
nio-convcnc|on+|s b|+s||c||+s c ouc+ +bo|o+gcm |ntcg|+o+ cnt|c o scto| m|nc|+| c o
+g|oncgoc|o +cs+| o+ cx|stcnc|+ oc mu|tos g|uos oc csu|s+ n+s o|vc|s+s +|c+s oo
con|cc|mcnto||g+o+s+ostcm+s|+ncccss|o+ococsc|ntcg|+|cmumoss|vc||+nooc
|||+snov+s|ot+soccon|cc|mcnto(m|c|ob|o|og|+n+notccno|og|+b|otccno|og|+)c
ocuso|+c|on+|oc|ccu|sosc|occssosocc|cv+o+cc|cnc|+cnc|gct|c+
4) |cscnvo|vc|+n+||scsu|m|c+soc+com+n|+mcntoo+c+|+ctc||z+iou|m|co-m|nc|+|o-
g|c+oos|cs|ouosso||oosc|occssosoct|+t+mcnto+|+|cmovc|cont+m|n+ntcs|nocsc-
,+vc|so+s|oc|+sot+ss|c+sou|os|+t|c+sucoss+m|c|cscnt+|||scos+o+mb|cntcc
u+||o+ocoos|ooutos+g||co|+scomomct+|scs+ooscc|cmcntos|+o|o+t|vos
) C||+iooc|+bo|+to||os+||c+ooscomun|o+ocs||oto+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occs-
sos||o|oc||omct+|u|g|coscsc+||ng-u
o) |m+ |cv|sio oo |cscntc Coo|go oc ||nc|+io vo|t+o+ +|+ cst+s sugcstocs oc |||
|cmovc||+o|vc|soscnt|+vcs|o,ccx|stcntcs+|++cx|ot+iooc|oc|+s||c+scmm+c|o-
nut||cntcsoscu|occss+mcnto+t|+vcsocnov+s|ot+soct|+ns|o|m+ioou++||c+io
o+smcsm+scomo|c|t|||z+ntcso||oc|+gcmo|cucnoscmco|os|oouto|csComo
cxcm|oo|+zocnt|c+so||c|t+ioocum+csu|s+coo||c|tooc|+v|+ooc|cv+|+tc
novc+nosoum+|stcmocxccss|vo+|+ucoss+msc|obt|oos|csu|t+oosocnt|ooo
|o||zontcsugc||ooncstccstuoo
z47
6.4.z. |omentos e subsldlos
O|nvcst|oo|||v+oooccucnoo|tcucocsc,+cx|o|+|o||ct+mcntccucn+s,+z|o+sncccss|-
t+|+ocg|+nocc++c|o+ocn+ncc||+ocv|oocx|stcnc|+ococscs+s|||ccuc|+vc|scomo+ncccs-
s|o+ococu+||c+ioo+mio-oc-ob|+Os|ccu|sosn+ncc||osooc||+m|ov||occm|cst|mos+
cu|to;mco|o|+zocomb+|xos,u|osouoc+ccsso+umn+nc|+mcntoo||c|cnc|+ooO|nvcst|oo|
vo|t+oo+|++cx|o|+iooc,+z|o+socmco|ocg|+noco|tcncccss|t+oc|omcntoscsubs|o|os
cont|nuoscomumm+|o|o|scno|o|n|c|+|+|+cngcn|+||+cconst|uioo+|n||+cst|utu|+b+s|c+
o+m|n+^cs+|ooso|giosoc|omcntotc|cmuc+gu+|o+|um|+zom+|o|+|+|cto|nooo|o,c-
toocv|oo+osc|cv+oos|+zosocconst|uiocococ|+ioo+|+nt+o||scocb+|xoo|soc+|t+|
cm|cg+ooconst|tu||+ncgoc|osoc|ong+ou|+ioucgc|+|iocm|cgoscst+vc|scc|cncs
Ogovc|no|coc|+|o||+com+tcnio+ucstiooosm+c|onut||cntcs|omcnt+noo|o,ctosococ-
scnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|cocmtoooo+|s+t|+vcsoos|unooscto||+|sC-||nc|+|cC-^g|ocoo
co|t+||C;C||;C-^g|oncgoc|on|,;.oosuc+o|+|o,ctosoccsu|s+vo|t+oos+|+ouso
cc|cntcoc|ontcs+|tc|n+t|v+socnut||cntcsn++g||cu|tu|+|o|cmos|ccu|sosub||cosocst|n+oos
+|+|||ncst++|c+siomoocstosc|+ntcsncccss|o+ocsoo+|scu|gcnc|+ocst++|t|cu|+|
+gcno+^||st++scgu||cxcm||c++|gunscs|o|oscmcu|so+|cococ|csu|s+oc|nsumos||nc-
|+|s+|++^g||cu|tu|+como|o,ctoNovas fontes e rotas tecnolgicas para obteno de fertilizantes
fosfticos, potssicos e corretivos de solos;+oc|n+oct|+b+||oFertilizantes no Brasilconouz|o+c|o
|C c o CC|| cm |cz;.oos + ub||c+io oo ||v|o Fertilizantes: Agroindstria e Sustentabilidade
c|o Cctcm;|C o |o,cto Produo de agrominerais a partir de rejeitos de rochas ornamentais
|oostoc|oCctcm-C+c|c|+|n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oo|s|||to+ntocc|oCc|ct-|cos||Cs
vo|t+oos+|+csu|s+m|nc|+|cnt|cout|oso|uocs+|+oot+ss|ooc|cmcntom+|sc||t|covcm
s|oocstuo+o+sc|oost+sc|+|cococ|csu|s+|ot+ss|oc||+o+cm.oo,
|m|cs+s||v+o+scomo+V+|c^+|os|c|t||cout|+stcmocst|n+ooumbomvo|umcoc|ccu|-
sos+|+|||csc|cocu+mcno|mcmcntccm|otcgc|oscu+t||mon|o|ntc|cctu+|+t|+vcsoo
+tcntc+mcntooo|ooutoo+ssu+s|nov+ocs
++
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cst+scm|cs+ssugc|cm-sc|nccnt|vos|o|m+ioocumm+|o|numc|ooc+|cc||+stccno|og|c+s
cnt|c+|noust||+cccnt|osoccsu|s+
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z48

6.5. Produo de materiais agroqumicos avanados
O+g|oncgoc|og|ob+|tcmso|||ooum+cx|osioocconsumooc|c|t|||z+ntcsoc|cns|vos+g||co|+sc
out|os|ooutosoc+o|o+o+g|oncgoc|oocsoco|n|c|ooc.oosôcm+no+muno|+|oc|ooutos
ocstcscgmcntocm.oo,|o|+;/m+|o|oouc+o|c|t+ôcm+no+b|+s||c||+ou||coucnt|c+,,+
c.oo++com+n|+noo+ou||c+ioo+|oouiooc+||mcntoscom+umcntooc+cn+s.o/n+
+|c+cu|t|v+o+
O||+s||cum|o|tccxo|t+oo|oc+||mcntosin naturacoosscus|ooutos|occss+ooso|cm
nioc+uto-suc|cntccm|c|t|||z+ntcscm+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cosComomost|+oonotcm++ntc-
||o|||oouiooc|nsumos+|+|c|t|||z+ntcs||nc||os+t|vosoosoc|cns|vosc|mo|t+ntcs|nsu-
mos+g||co|+ssio|mo|t+oos+|+|oouio|oc+|o+s|o|mu|+ocs+|+|ontousocvcno+no
mc|c+ooôcscs+oc|mo|t+iocom|ung|c|o+s|c|b|c|o+sc|nsct|c|o+s|o|oc|,+,ob|||ocs
|O|cm.oo,ocu+noo+..os|ion+||st+oc|mo|t+ocso+|cccxc|c|cscnt+noo+o./
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u|m|cos(scmcons|oc|+|oct|o|con+|t+cscuscombust|vc|soc||v+oos)cstcs|tcnsc+mso-
mcntc+t|+soccomostos|ctc|oc|c||cos(us+ooscomom+tc||+-||m++|+|noust||+|+|m+ccu-
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o||scoo+oss|b|||o+ococv+||+ocsc+mb|+|sn+c+oc|+|oout|v+ucoocm+m||c+|osc|c|-
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|css|on+o+c|+b+|x+u+||o+oco+|n||+cst|utu|+oct|+nso|tcc+|m+zcn+mcntooo+|sO+|to
g|+uo+occnocnc|+o+|noust||+ocstcscto|most|++conscucntcvu|nc|+b|||o+ocu+|o+|ssc
su,c|t+u+nooo+||otcscocum+|cst||iooo|o|ncc|mcntoouocum+co|oc+ioocobst+cu|os
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Os|cosoomc|c+oo|oc+|sio+|t+mcntc|m+ct+ooso|cst+ucstiocst|+tcg|c+cc|++|t+c+|-
g+t||but+||+sob|c+s|o|mu|+ocscomc|c+oo+c+b+so||cnooout|+sconscucnc|+scomo+|+|-
s|c+iooc|ooutos|cnunc|+ssob|cocont|+b+noooc|c|t|||z+ntcscoc|cns|voscnt|co||+s||c
scus+|scs||m|t|o|cssioco||cntcs^|cmo+cv+siooco|v|s+sco+sc|o+scconom|c+sc|ousooc
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z49
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u|m|cos|oc+|scconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|scc|cntcsccscc|cos+|++s|+vou|+sb|+s||c||+s+tcn-
ocnoo su+s ocm+no+s c ocscnvo|vcnoo novos n|c|os oc mc|c+oo +mbcm com|ccnoc ocscn-
vo|vc| |occssos m+|s +o+t+oos + uso c |ccomcno+| +s mc||o|cs |+t|c+s +g||co|+s oo+s cst+s
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b+s|c+c+||c+o+cmm+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cos|nov+oo|cs+|+ucsc,++|o|uno+ooocon|cc|mcn-
tosob|c|o|mu|+ocscs|stcm+soc||bc|+ioocnut||cntcscoc|cns|vosc|+,++c||+ioocnovos
|ooutosoc+o|o+o|+nt|o
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vosm+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cos+umcntoucons|oc|+vc|mcntcnosu|t|mos+,+nos||nc|+|-
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b|cntccs+uocoost|+b+||+oo|cs|o,co|ocooc|nov+iosco|||gc+|+|ooutoscom
o||c|cnc|+|sucvcn|+m++umcnt+|+|oout|v|o+oco+scu|tu|+so|uc|ooos|oouto|cs
c m+ntc| + v+nt+gcm comct|t|v+ oo +g|oncgoc|o Com cxccio o+ |oouio oc m+-
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subs|o|+||+so+smu|t|n+c|on+|scmgc|+|||ccnc|+noo+tccno|og|+o+sm+t||zcsû|s|ocs
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gc|+|+o|on|z+ooscsu+s|o|mu|+sniosiot|o|c+||z+o+s+|+sc+ocu+|so||c|cntcs
cx|gcnc|+sooscu|t|voscsv+||+b|||o+ocsoosso|oso+s|cg|ocsgco|og|c+soo+|sOco||c
t+mbcmo|+toocmu|t+scmb+|+gcnsnioooc|cmsc|||+c|on+o+sncmscm|c+tcn-
ocnooscxcct+t|v+scncccss|o+ocsocconsumooos|oouto|csb|+s||c||os
kecursos bumanos|x|stcmoucosg|uosoccsu|s+n+comun|o+occ|cnt|c+b|+s|-
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cscc|+||z+iocmocscnvo|v|mcnto+||c+ioc|oouioococ|cns|vosum+|to|nvcst|-
mcntoncccss+||o+|+mont+|cm+ntc||+bo|+to||osoccsu|s+c+|+ctc||z+ioc+||c+-
iooc||nc||os+t|voscumb+|xo|cto|nooc|csu|t+oosou+tcmcsmo+|ncx|stcnc|+
-oc+|cc||+scnt|c+|n|vc|s|o+occ+|noust||+^scnot+|ucnocxtc||o|+m+|o|+|tc
o+s|nov+ocsnocst+ooo++|tcncstcscgmcnto|ovcm,ust+mcntco+s+ssoc|+ocscn-
z0

t|ccsu|s+oo|csoosccnt|osoccsu|s+o+smu|t|n+c|on+|sco+sun|vc|s|o+ocsctoo+s
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tcntccnt|c+smu|t|n+c|on+|scoscucnos|oouto|cscoob+|xon|vc|occsco|+||o+oc
ocstcs u|t|mos |x|stc b+|xo |ccob+c| sob|c os |csu|t+oos obt|oos c|os |oouto|cs no
usoocm+tc||+|s+g||co|+sOsuccsson++||c+ioocum+o||t|c+ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
+|+++g||cu|tu|+occnoc|+ocum||go|osoccont|nuosuo|tctccn|cococm+||ct|ng
+oconsum|oo|uc,ust|ucousoocumnovo|oouto
6..!. Agenda estrateglca e de U8l
cgucm cxcm|os oc |nov+ocs tccno|og|c+s cm m+tc||+|s +g|ou|m|cos b+sc+o+s cm |nsumos
n+tu|+|s
1) Adltlvos encapsulados.Ocnc+su|+mcntom|n|m|z+c|o+scoss|b|||t+||bc|+io|cnt+
oucont|o|+o+oc|mo|t+ntcsnut||cntcs+|++scu|tu|+sOuoo||mc|ocnvo|vco||n-
c||o+t|voouv|cc-vc|s+cmo|vc|s+scsc+|+soct+m+n|ooc+|t|cu|+ocsocmm+n+-
nomo|ccu|+s||sto||c+mcntcos|cvcst|mcntosm+|sus+oosc|o|omcm+|+cnc+su-
|+mcntosiob|oo||mc|osn+tu|+|mcntccxt|+|oosoc+|g+s|+nt+sou+|tcsoc+n|m+|s
|o|t+ntom+c|ocm|c|onut||cntcsoc|c|t|||z+ntcs|c|b|c|o+s|ung|c|o+s+c+||c|o+sc|n-
sct|c|o+ssu||+ct+ntcs+gcntcsco+|csccntcsco|o|ocsc+nt|csum+ntcsoocmsc|cnc+-
su|+oos com b|oo||mc|os c;ou out|+s substnc|+s +|+ mc||o|+ o+ o|sso|uio oc um+
|o|mu|+io+umcntoo++bso|ioo+mcsm+c|oso|oou+|+out|osob,ct|voscscc|-
cos|c|omon|oscout|os|o|mon|osocc|csc|mcntoco|+iooocmsc|cnc+su|+oos
+|+ sc ocos|t+| o| m+|s tcmo sob|c + suc|||c|c o+s |o||+s c o|cs +umcnt+noo +
|ongcv|o+oco+smcsm+sc+soo|tun|o+ocsoco||n|z+ioo||nsctos
.) |llmes pollmerlcos blodegradavels para revestlmento de ores, rrutas e vegetals.|c||-
cu|+s|otcto|+s+nt|m|c|ob|+n+s|mcocm+|nst+|+iooc|ungos+c+|oscout|ost|os
ocm|c|o|g+n|smosn+sc+sc+so+s||ut+soss|b|||t+noosu+scxo|t+ocsocnt|ooc+-
|mct|osoccont|o|cb|o|og|co|ntc|n+c|on+||cvcst|mcntoso||mc||cos|omovcmso-
b|cv|o+o+s||ut+sc|+|couioo+c|mc+b|||o+oco+su+c+sc++oox|gcn|oc|couzcm+
su+vc|oc|o+ococm+tu|+io|||c|cntcssubstnc|+su|m|c+soocmsc|+o|c|on+o+s+os
|mcso||mc||cos+|+moo|c+|co|tcxtu|+s+bo|tcmoocm+tu|+iocu+nt|o+oc
oc+uc+|csn+s||ut+s|otcgc-|+so++iooos|+|osu|t|+v|o|ct+cocb+|x+stcmc|+tu|+s
ct+mbcm|c+|+-|+s+|+ostc||o|cs|occss+mcntoscomo+|oouioocv|n|o
!) Lmbalagens.Comos|tosoc+m|ooccc|u|osccom+|g||+soub|+svcgct+|stcmscmos-
z!
t|+oocxcc|cntcsoocs+|+|oouiooccmb+|+gcnsscm|-||g|o+s+|++comoo+iooc
+||mcntoscsu+consc|v+io+b+|x+stcmc|+tu|+s
4) Mantas para lmpermeablllzao de solos e proteo contra eroso.Comos|tosocb|o-
o||mc|os com |+st|cos t|+o|c|on+|s bo||+c|+s n+tu|+|s ou +|g||+ |oouzcm cxcc|cntcs
m+nt+s +|+ |mc|mc+b|||z+io o+ suc|||c|c oo so|o |ctcnoo + um|o+oc c |mco|noo
+||x|v|+io^sm+nt+sooc||+msc|cn||ucc|o+scomnut||cntcscscc|cosouout|os
comoncntcsoc|ntc|cssc+|++cu|tu|+cmucstio|+vou|+s|oc+||z+o+sno+g|cstcc
noscm|-+||oocu,osso|ossioob|csccstiosu,c|tos+|ntcns+sv+||+ocsc||m+t|c+s(scc+s
|o|ong+o+snovc|ioou||x|v|+ioc|+sc|uv+sou|+ntco|nvc|no)sc||+mos||nc|+|s
usu+||osocst++||c+io
) lnvolucros para mudas.Comos|tosb|oo||mc||cossubst|tucmtubctcsoc|+st|coscon-
vcnc|on+|s(con|ccc|on+ooscmo|||o||cnoco||ct||cno)c+csum+oco||u|ct+no+tu-
+|mcntcus+o+comosubst|+to+|+muo+scm|co|cst+mcnton+|oouiooc||ut+sc
o|cscmcstu|+scn+||o|oon|+^smuo+soocmsc|o||ct+mcntc|+nt+o+sn+tc||+
cv|t+noo cont+m|n+ocs c |couz|noo + c|o+ mco|+ oc .o/ c|+ m+n|u|+io |um+n+
|+c|ocm|c|onut||cntcscout|os+o|t|voscscc|cos+|++smuo+soocmsc||nco|o|+-
oos+ostubctcs|o,ct+oos+|+c|ctu+|||bc|+iocont|o|+o+oosmcsmos+osso|os
|cst+c+m-sc +s scgu|ntcs cu|tu|+s no +g|oncgoc|o b|+s||c||o uc sc||+m bcncc|+o+s com cst+s
oss|b|||o+ocsocusoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|t||cu|tu|+|o|t+||+so|csv|t|cu|tu|+c|oouio
ocv|n|o||ut+st|o|c+|s||o|oon|+c+|c|cu|tu|+b+t+t+sc+|oouioocmuo+s||nc|+|mcntc
cuc+||tocpinus+|+|co|cst+mcntosc+|++|noust||+occc|u|oscc+c|
io|ccomcno+o+s+sscgu|ntcscst|+tcg|+s+|+sc+t|ng||+s|oost+soc|||+c|m+||st+o+s
1) Lstlmulo pesqulsa de blopollmeros. O ||+s|| ossu| v+nt+gcm comct|t|v+ +|+ |o-
ouioocb|oo||mc|oso+o++o|son|b|||o+ococm+tc||+s||m+s+buno+ntcs+ccss|vc|s
c com custos oc |oouio (cnc|g|+ |nsumos c mio-oc-ob|+) comct|t|vos ||cntc +os
+|scsocscnvo|v|oosOsb|oo||mc|osb+scoc+m|ooooc||+msc||oouz|oos++|t||
ocm+no|oc+oso||ss+c+||ocos++|t||occ+n+oso|||+ct+tos(||^)++|t||ocso|ooc
uc|,o+|nu||n+++|t||o+||utoscocc|t|oscoso||||o|ox|+|c+no+tos(||x)++|t||oc
c+n+cso,+cnt|cout|osotcnc|+|s|ccu|sosn+tu|+|sb|+s||c||os
.) Lstlmulo apllcao da nanotecnologla na agrlcultura.|co|c+|umm+|o|vo|umcoc
subs|o|os+o|+bo|+to||o|+c|on+|oc|+notccno|og|++|+o^g|oncgoc|o(|||^)c||+oo
cm.ooec|+|||||;|C;|mb|++cucgc|cnc|+|o,c+|cococ|+notccno|og|++|+
o^g|oncgoc|o|ntcg|+noo|+bo|+to||osoc+e|n|o+ocso+|mb|++++.|n|vc|s|o+ocs
^|cmococscnvo|vc|bo++|tco+s|ot+stccno|og|c+s+c|m+ocsc||t+s++ioocstcg|uo
|ntc|o|sc|||n+|c|m|tcniosoc|cv+|tccno|og|c+mcntcocst+ooo++|tcoos|occssosc
zz

|ooutoso+c+oc|+|oout|v+oo+g|oncgoc|om+st+mbcmmon|to|+|+u+||o+occ|o-
out|v|o+ocoosmcsmos+t|+vcso++||c+ioocn+noc||cu|toscn+nocoo|gosocb+||+s
+os|ooutosoo+g|oncgoc|ocooocscnvo|v|mcntoocn+noscnso|csocso|os
!) Lstlmulo rormao de parcerlas Unlversldade-lndustrla.|ss+s+ssoc|+ocscont||bu|-
||+m+|+c||+|+m+ss+c||t|c+m|n|m+octccno|og|+ncccss+||++|+uc+scsu|s+sos-
s+mscconouz|||utu|+mcntcscm|cuc|c|c|cv+oos|nvcst|mcntosouvu|tos+s||n|+soc
|omcnto+|cmoc|omovc|osc+n+|soco|st||bu|iococco|oc+iooosm+tc||+|s+g|o-
u|m|cos+v+n+oos+custocomct|t|vonomc|c+oo+o|+ooscm|o|tcsc+m+n|+soc
m+||ct|ng|nst|tuc|on+|
|+um+||st+cx+ust|v+oc+ocsucooc||+msc||c+||z+o+scocoss|vc|so|giosucooc||+msc|
cnvo|v|oosno|occssooc+tcno|mcnto+os|tcnssugc||oosc|++gcno+oc|||nioscnoooss|-
vc|||st+|too+s+s+|tc|n+t|v+so|ucstocsoccs+o|o|t+ntoscgucum+b|cvc||st+oc|oc|+suc
ooc||+msc|tom+o+scomob+sc+|++|o|uno+mcntoooscstuoosc|utu|ost|+b+||os
1) |m||c+|+|cc||+sun|vc|s|o+oc-|noust||++nsc|o|c|v|no|c+ooc|+scm|cs+sooscto|
ucscuc|x+mo+bu|oc|+c|+oos|ongos|+zoscooscustoscnvo|v|oosno|occssooc
|o|m+io oc +|cc||+s |st+ +io ooc||+ cnvo|vc| nio so +s un|vc|s|o+ocs +gcnc|+s oc
|nov+ioco|||^|m+st+mbcm+s|uno+ocscst+ou+|scub||co-||v+o+soctccno-
|og|+ccsu|s+
.) |nccnt|vo+cong|cssos|o|unsccncont|osn+c|on+|sc|ntc|n+c|on+|ssob|coc|cns|vosc
m+tc||+|s+g|ou|m|cosoc+o|o
!) |nvcst|mcntoscmnov+s|nst+|+ocs||otomooc|n+sc+utom+t|z+o+sn+s|n|vc|s|-
o+ocscCcnt|osoc|csu|s+ub||co-||v+ooscomocxcm|oos|nst|tutoso+^|^;
||mb|++|+gu+||un+cout|+sun|o+ocsCcnt|oocccno|og|+C+n+v|c||+||Ccn-
t|ooc||otccno|og|+o+^m+zon|+cnt|cout|os(||||||nc||n|+socc|co|tou-
b||c+sc||v+o+s)
4) |c|n+mcntooc|oss|on+|stccn|coscomctcntcscmn+notccno|og|+oon|vc|tccn|co
+tcoos-oouto|+ooC++c|t+iooc|ngcn|c||os||ou|m|coscoc|+tc||+|scom|+b|||-
o+ocstccn|c+sc|noust||+|s+|++tcno|mcntoo+scst|+tcg|+s(+)c(.)Os+tu+|scu|sosoc
g|+ou+ioooc||+mso||c|moo|c+iocmscucu|||cu|o+|+|nc|usioocummoou|o
|+t|co+on+|oocu|soscgu|nooummooc|oucuocsscsc|c|son+||z+oooc+co|oo
com+c+|+ctc||st|c+c+cu|tu|+occ+o+csco|+Cu|sosoccxtcnsiocos-g|+ou+ion+s
|n|vc|s|o+ocsooc||+msc||omcnt+oosoc|o|m++||v||cg|+|+ub||c+iooc+tcntcs
c + t|+ns|c|cnc|+ oc tccno|og|+ c|os g|uos oc csu|s+oo|cs (||n|stc||o o+ |ouc+io
|CC||C+cs|uno+ocscst+ou+|soccsu|s+un|vc|s|o+ocs)
) ||n|+socc|co|to+|++u|s|ioocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos+|+|oouiooosnovos
m+tc||+|so|cm|cs+socmcno|o|tccom,u|os|couz|ooscb+|xoscustosocn+nc|+-
z!
mcnto+|+zosm+|s|ongos(||nc|||||+ncosub||cosc||v+oos|unoosscto||+|s)
6.6. Reaproveitamento de rejeitos da atividade mineral e do
agronegcio
O+g|oncgoc|ocum++t|v|o+ocucgc|+um+g|+nocu+nt|o+ococ|cs|ouoso|s+cc|cnc|+oc
+|ovc|t+mcntoo+sm+tc||+s-||m+sou|nsumosncccss+||os+|++|oouiooo|ooutoocsc,+oo
+t|+vcsoosscusmcc+n|smosc+|+ctc||st|cosoc|oouiocgc|+|mcntcb+|x+
|st+t|st|c+soc.oo||no|c+m+gc|+iooc|;om|||ocsoctonc|+o+soc|c,c|tos|ovcn|cntcso++t|-
v|o+ocm|nc|+|c+g|occu+||+no||+s||cons|oc|+noo+||+sc+sc+scb+g+osocco||c|t+occ+n+
so,+m|||o|+|+n,+m+no|oc++||ozc+|ccout|+scu|tu|+sc|cs|ouosoc|occssosoc+|t+csc+|+oc
|oouiocomo+|noust||+occ+|ncs+vcscsu|noscc|vc,+||+scm|nc|+iooc|c||ocb+ux|t+C+|-
cu|oso+|ct|ob|+s+ont+mucos|c,c|toso+c+n+-oc-+uc+|(b+g+oc+||+)sc||+msuc|cntcs
+|+oob|+|+|oouiooc+|coo|no||+s||com+|nc|usioocm+|soc+,b|||ocsoc||t|os;+no
^|nst|tu|iooc|og|+m+soc|||vo|t+oos+|+|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|cs|ouosccst|+tcg|c+o|s
cont||bu||++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occssos+g|o|noust||+|sucgc|cmum+u+nt|o+ococ|c-
s|ouosmcno|oouc+c++c|o+ococ+bso|io+mb|cnt+|ou+|++busc+ocums|stcm+|ntcg|+-
oooc|oouioonocos|cs|ouososs+msc||c+|ovc|t+oosnomcsmoc|c|o|oout|vocmnovos
c|c|osoucmc|c|osoco||c|cntcs|ooutos|sto|couzouc||m|n+o+ss|vo+mb|cnt+|o|m|nu|ocs-
cs+scomocsc+|tcct|+t+mcntocoocgc|+|novos|ooutosoc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+ooO|cs|ouo
oc|x+octc|+conot+io+mb|cnt+|mcntcocs|+vo|+vc|+|+sct|+ns|o|m+|cvcntu+|mcntccmum
|c,c|toocoo|tun|o+oc
|numc|os o|gios govc|n+mcnt+|s |oouto|cs |noust||+s c + soc|co+oc sc|io o||ct+mcntc |m-
+ct+oos o| nov+s tccno|og|+s oc |c|occss+mcnto oos |c,c|tos c c|os m+tc||+|s +v+n+oos
uc ooc|io sc| obt|oos +t|+vcs oos mcsmos ocst+ |o|m+ cons|oc|+ocs |c|+t|v+s +os ||scos c
v+nt+gcnscomct|t|v+socco||cntcso+sc|cio|og|st|c+occo|ct+c|occss+mcntooos|c,c|tos
otcnc|+|mcntc |ntc|css+ntcs ocvcm sc| co|oc+o+s +|+ o|scussio +ntcs o+ |oos|io oc |o-
g|+m+scst|+tcg|cos
|s|o|os oc csu|s+ ocscnvo|v|mcnto c m+||ct|ng o|||g|oos |ocnt|c+io o+s ncccss|o+ocs oo
mc|c+oon+muo+n+o+c|ccioooconsum|oo|n+c+|+ctc||z+io|ocnt|c+iocsc|ciooos
|c,c|tosm+|s+ocu+ooscnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|occssosoct|+ns|o|m+iosustcnt+vc|sccco-
nom|c+mcntcv|+vc|soocmgc|+||mo|t+ntcsm+tc||+s-||m+sc|ooutosn+|s+|+uco+|s
z4

g+|+nt+ + cont|nu|o+oc o+ ||oc|+n+ no +g|oncgoc|o +|c+ncc v+nt+gcns comct|t|v+s cm out|os
scgmcntosc|novccmnovosncgoc|osc+||c+ocs
Cenarlo.|+|t+um+mct+comumsob|c|c|occss+mcntooc|c,c|tosc|ncx|stcums|stcm+
ccnt|+||z+ooouc+n+|oc|+|oc|n|o|m+iosob|cgc|+iooc|c,c|tos+g|o|noust||+|sno+|s
^s|n|o|m+ocs|o,co|son|vc|ssioocb+|x+con+b|||o+oc+|+um+tom+o+ococc|sio
com|c|+io+ocst+bc|cc|mcntoocum|og|+m+tccno|og|coo|ssiocxt|cm+mcntcu|-
vc||z+o+socv|oo|+|t+occomun|c+io|ntc|o|sc|||n+|cnt|co+|tonumc|ooc+gcntcsoo
scto| |u|t+s cu|tu|+s ossucm s+||+s oc |oouio |ogo +|guns |c,c|tos |cc|s+m sc| |c-
|occss+oosoucstoc+ooso||ongosc||ooos+ntcso+su+t|+ns|o|m+ioC|+noc+|tc
ocstcsotcnc|+|s|cs|ouosscocg|+o+ouc|ocsu+s|o||co+ocso||c|cnc|+o+s+|++|o-
ouioocm+tc||+|s|nov+oo|cso||+|t+ocs||os+ocu+oos^cstoc+gcm|n+ocu+o+oos
|cs|ouos|o|c|+|o|m+ioocooo|cs|o|||c|+iooc|nsctoscout|osvcto|csocoocn+s
+|cmocgc|+|cucntcs||u|oosotcnc|+|mcntco|u|oo|csooso|oc+gu+s
kecursos bumanos.O+|sossu|g|uosoccsu|s+cm|nst|tutos|coc|+|sccst+ou-
+|s(comocxcm|ooCcnt|ooc||otccno|og|+o+^m+zon|+o|n+o||;|+^|^;
| c o |++|;|| cnt|c out|os) uc +tu+m cm csu|s+s vo|t+o+s +|+ o |c+|ovc|t+-
mcntooc|cs|ouoso+c+oc|+o|cou|m|c+|o|+mt+mbcmc||+oos||Csu+||c+oos
+|+ suo|t+| csu|s+s com |c,c|tos +g|o|noust||+|s O |c+|ovc|t+mcnto oc |cs|ouos
o||occssosb|otccno|og|cosccstuo+ooo|o|vc|sosg|uosoccsu|s++c+ocm|c+
no+|scc|+|mb|++n+ssu+sun|o+ocs^g|o|noust||+|o|c+|(C|)coc^||mcntos
(||)c^g|ocnc|g|+(||)
|mbo|+oscsu|s+oo|csoo+|svcn|+mcont||bu|noo+|++ub||c+iooc+|t|goscm
|cv|st+sc|cnt|c+soc|c|cvnc|+|ntc|n+c|on+|+|no++ss|m|+umb+|xocnvo|v|mcntoo+
comun|o+oc c|cnt|c+ n+ tcm+t|c+ o+ |cc|c|+gcm |cvc||+ sc| |nccnt|v+o+ um+ +|cc||+
un|vc|s|o+oc|noust||+t+mbcmncstcscto|
Cesto.Comoc|t+oono|tcmCcn+||o+|no+nio|+um|og|+m+uc+om|n|st|c|c-
,c|tosno+|s^s|cg|s|+ocscmcu|souc|cgcmsob|c|cs|ouost|vc|+m+tco|cscntc
momcnto um |oco n+ |otcio +o mc|o +mb|cntc ||+s octc|m|n+m uc o |oou-
to|tcn|+|csons+b|||o+occ|oocst|nooo|cs|ouoc|o|occssooct|+t+mcnto+|+
|couio oo otcnc|+| o|ucntc (sc,+ |o||o ou tc|cc|||z+oo) c c|o ocsc+|tc n+| oc
cmb+|+gcns c out|os |tcns o|cm nio vc|s+m sob|c o |c|occss+mcnto ou + comc|-
c|+||z+io oc |c,c|tos |o c+so oc |c,c|tos oc |occssos b|otccno|og|cos +s |cg|s|+ocs
+|no+ +|cscnt+m cont|ovc|s|+s sob|c su+ c|+ss|c+io scu t|+t+mcnto c su+s |o|m+s
ocm+n|u|+iococsc+|tcc||m|t+m+su+oss|b|||o+ococ|c+|ovc|t+mcntoo|oc-
n||cmuc|ooutoso||unoosoc|occssosb|otccno|og|cosniooocmtc||otcio
|noust||+|cxcctou+noo|ov|noosocm|c|oo|g+n|smost|+nsgcn|cos(ncstcc+sosc-
|io|otcg|ooso|um|+zooc.o+nos+||c+noo-sc+|c|oc||o||co+oc|noust||+|)
z
O|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|tosooc+|cscnt+|oo|tun|o+ocsocgc|+ioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
+t|+vcsocscu|occss+mcntoc|+sscgu|ntcs|ot+stccno|og|c+s
1) rocessos rermentatlvos.C|+noc+|tcoos|c,c|tosoocsc||c+|ovc|t+o+comsuccsso
+t|+vcso+su+|c|mcnt+iocmmc|oso||oocscm|-so||oo^c|oosc|t||cocg|bc|c||co+m|-
|+scs||+scsccc|u|+scsbcb|o+s|c|mcnt+o+sb|o|nsct|c|o+scstc|o|ocs||s|n+|gmcntos
cco|+ntcs+|om+s+||mcntos(s|oyuccogumc|os)||nc||os|+|m+ccut|cos(cn|c|||n+)
c combust|vc|s (ct+no|) cstio cnt|c + g+m+ oc |ooutos |oouz|oos + +|t|| oc |c,c|tos
oc+|g+sso,++||ozc|+c+|c|+|+n,+cout|+s||ut+sb|+socb+b+us|s+|ccocovc|occ
|cs|ouoso+|noust||+suc|o-+|coo|c||+
.) Composltos e nanocomposltos a partlr de reslduos anlmals e mlnerals e do proces-
samento de bras vegetals. +|g||+s s|||c+ +|c|+ c out|os |cs|ouos oo |occss+mcnto oc
m|nc||os(|c||occscc|+|mcntc+b+ux|t+)oocmsc|m|stu|+ooscom|+tcxocbo||+c|+
n+tu|+|cout|osb|oo||mc|os+|+|oouiooccomos|toscom|o||co+ocsmccn|-
c+so||c|cnc|+o+s
!) rocessos de slnterlzao e de quelma controlada de reslduos.+uc|m+cont|o|+o+oc
m+oc||+cc+v+cosossosb+g+osc+sc+sc+||+socg|iosc|cgum|nos+soucsco||+soc
s|oc|u|g|c+s+|cmocgc|+|cnc|g|+cc+|viovcgct+||oouzm+tc||+s-||m+s+ss|vc|soc
t|+ns|o|m+iocmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|ooutosocoo|tun|o+occomos|||c+s(+o|t|-
vos+|+c|mcntos)g+scsoc||o||sczco||tos|oouioocc|mcntoo|cc|+n+sccc|m|-
c+scscc|+|s
4) 1ecnlcas avanadas de estocagem e processos mecanlcos de transrormao dos rejel-
tos. + |oouio oc m+tc||+s-||m+s +v+n+o+s occnoc oc um co||cto t|+t+mcnto oos
|cs|ouos+|+ucosmcsmosnioc|c+msu+s|o||co+ocso||c|cnc|+o+s|on+|o+c+-
oc|+|oout|v+osuccssooccnoc|+niosomcntco+|nov+ion+t|+ns|o|m+iou|m|c+
oub|o|og|c+m+st+mbcmoc|occss+mcntosmccn|cosuc|oouz+m|ooutos|o|tcs
|cs|stcntcscou|+vc|sococs|gnc|cg+ntcc+||o,+oo|+t|cos+|+usococb+|xocusto
O|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|tostcmcustosc|cv+ooso+o++com|cx|o+ococscus|occssosc+
ncccss|o+ococ+|tog|+uocc++c|t+iocm|n||+cst|utu|+c|ccu|sos|um+nosO|cto|nooc|n-
vcst|mcntosncstcscgmcntoooc|+sco+|cmum|+zom+|s|ongoooucum|o,ctocomum
o|scsu|s+sncst++|c+|cuc|cmcmmco|+,++o+nos+|+gc|+||csu|t+oosconc|ctos|o|cm+s
c|scct|v+socsuccsso|utu|osioso||o+sccomcns+moss|vc|s||scos
z6

|+um+||st+cx+ust|v+oc+ocsucoocmsc||c+||z+o+scocoss|vc|so|giosucoocmsc|cn-
vo|v|oosno|occssooc+tcno|mcnto+os|tcnssugc||oosc|++gcno+oc|||nioscnoooss|vc|
||st+|too+s+s+|tc|n+t|v+so|ucstocsoccs+o
cgucum+b|cvc||st+oc|ccomcno+ocs+sc|cm+v+||+o+scomob+sc+|+sc+t|ng||osob,ct|vos
+c|m+||st+oosou+|+um|utu|o+|o|uno+mcntoooscstuoos
1) lnventarlos de reslduos.|o,cnioscs+bcu+ntoonocu+nooccomosc|oouz|c,c|-
toscu+|og|+uoc|mo|tnc|+c|m+ctooosmcsmosocnt|oo+c+oc|+oo+g|oncgoc|o
+|++|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|+u|gcnc|+ocum|nvcnt+||ocon+vc|c|+t|co
sob|c+gc|+iooc|cs|ouos+g|o|noust||+|sno+|suco|son|b|||zco+oosc||oo|cosso-
b|coco||cnc|+u+nt|o+occocst|nooos|c,c|tos^|c+|+ioco|vu|g+iooo|nvcnt+||o
ocvcmoco||c|cm|+zos+ocu+oosccon+vc|scmcom+ssocom+ocsc|nvcst|mcn-
tosoco|giosgovc|n+mcnt+|scst+ou+|scmun|c|+|s
.) Caracterlzao dos rejeltos.|c,c|tosoocmsct|+ns|o|m+|cmsub|ooutos+|++||mcn-
t+io+n|m+|oucomos|tos|nov+oo|cs+|++||c+ocsmco|c+svctc||n+||+scosmct|c+s
ou|+|m+ccut|c+s+ss|m|cc|s+mtc|su+comos|iomon|to|+o+Cont+m|n+ntcsocvcm
sc||ocnt|c+oos||m|tcsocto|c|nc|+ocvcmsc|cst+bc|cc|ooscocvcmsc|ocscnvo|v|oos
mctooos+|+cont|o|cocu+||o+oc|ntc|+ocsucoss+mcx|st||comomc|o+mb|cntc
o |omcm +n|m+|s c com otcnc|+|s subst|+tos |cc|s+m sc| cstuo+o+s ^s +n+||scs o-
ocmsc||c|t+so||oss|on+|socn|vc|tccn|cocnu+ntouc+octc|m|n+ioo+s|ntc|+-
ocsccst+bc|cc|mcntosoc|otoco|osocm+no+m|oss|on+|scscc|+||z+oosugc|c-sc
ucosgovc|noscst+ou+|s+t|+vcsocsu+s|uno+ocsvcn|+m++o|+|+scsco|+stccn|c+s
+|++|o|uno+mcntoo+sc++c|t+ocscmu|m|c+c||otccno|og|+o|sum+o+so|-
cu|o+ocscncont|+o+sc|osccnt|osoccsu|s+c+cont|+t+iooctccn|cosu+||c+oos
+|++o|ossu+s+t|v|o+ocs|ovoscu|sostccn|cosocvc||+msc|+bc|tosnoscst+oosou
mun|c||oscst|+tcg|cos+|+o+g|oncgoc|oc|omcnos+tco+nooc.o+,+|+ucsc,+
oss|vc||+vc|um+m+ss+c||t|c+m|n|m+oc|oss|on+|s|o|m+o+++|t||oc.o+s
!) Construo de Centrals de keslduos.Ccnt|+|soc|cs|ouos+sc|cmconst|u|o+som+|s
|ox|mooss|vc|o+scu|tu|+s|oout|v+sooc||+m|c-c|+ss|c+|t|+t+|ccstoc+||c,c|tos
sobcono|ocstccno|og|c+scocsustcnt+b|||o+ocot|m+s+|+ucsc,+mt|+ns|o|m+oos
ostc||o|mcntccmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosugc|c-sc+v+||+|+v|+b|||o+ococconst|uiooc
ou+sCcnt|+|so||cg|ioCcog|+c+oo+|s+tc.o.o
^|cmocstcob,ct|vo||mo|o|+|+sCcnt|+|st|+||+mbcnc||c|os|no||ctosc+tcnoc||+m|m-
o|t+ntcsocm+no+ssoc|+|scomo+c||+iooccm|cgos|o|m+|sc+|nc|usiocconom|c+
oc+|tco+ou|+ioocb+|x+|cno+uc|o,csob|cv|vccmcono|ocssoc|+|scoc||-
g|cnc|cc+||+scom+cx|o|+io|n|o|m+|oc|c,c|tos^|cg+||z+iooocm|cgoocsscs
z7
t|+b+||+oo|cs|couz|||+osg+stosoosgovc|noscom|+t|c+s+ss|stcnc|+||st+sc+umcnt+||+
su+s |ccc|t+s sc+|s |couz|noo + cv+sio oc t||butos |o c+so o+s Ccnt|+|s |oouz||cm
cnc|g|+c|+uc|m+o||ct+csustcnt+vc|o+b|om+ss+ouooc+|vioucoss+sc||oou-
z|oo +t|+vcs oc|+ + cnc|g|+ ooc||+ |cto|n+| +|+ uso oos mo|+oo|cs ou |oouto|cs o+
comun|o+ocousc|comc|c|+||z+o++|+comun|o+ocsoumun|c||osv|z|n|os|cvc|tcnoo
scus|uc|os+|+|o,ctosoc|n||+cst|utu|+cbcm-cst+|comum
|m mooc|o o|g+n|z+c|on+| +|+ +s Ccnt|+|s ooc||+ com|ccnoc| um+ +|cc||+ cnt|c
cooc|+t|v+s ou g|uos oc |oouto|cs c cst+oos ou mun|c||os (|c|c|cnc|+|mcntc) ^s
Ccnt|+|s ||ccnc|+o+s c mon|to|+o+s c|+s C|+s oc ccno|og|+ c +nc+mcnto ^mb|cnt+|
o+scc|ct+||+soc|c|o^mb|cntcocc+o+cst+ootc||+mscuocscmcn|o+v+||+oo+t|+-
vcs oo +tcno|mcnto oc |og|+m+s oc |csons+b|||o+oc co|o|+t|v+ c mct+s +mb|cnt+|s
+sc|cmcst+bc|cc|o+sc|+s+ssoc|+ocsoc|oouto|cscc|+soc|co+ocuc|+|+usooo
||n|stc||o|ub||co+|++oc|cs+oosscuso||c|toscmc+sooct|+nsg|cssocs|cg+|s
^s +ssoc|+ocs oc |oouto|cs uc ot+sscm c|+ c||+io oc um+ Ccnt|+| ooc||+m tc|
o|son|vc|s||n|+socc|co|to+m||+o+scm|+zosc||m|tcsoc+g+mcnto|nccnt|voss-
c+|soc|cc|+io|mco|+t+ou+cc|c|+o+occu|+mcntosocsonc|+iooct||butoso|c|t+
oc|unooscscc|+|scx+nsioocscgu|o+g||co|+|+c|||o+ocsocn+nc|+mcnton++u|s|-
iooc|nsumos+g||co|+sccu|+mcntossubvcnioc|+|c|oo|cmc|c||+|cc||+|m-
|cs+ouout|osmcc+n|smosocsuo|tcn+ncc||o
^scm|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c+|ntc|css+o+sno|occss+mcntoct|+ns|o|m+iooos|c-
,c|tos|c-t|+t+oosc|+sCcnt|+|scmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosooc||+msc|cst|mu|+o+sc|os
o|gios govc|n+mcnt+|s c oc |omcnto + mont+| su+s un|o+ocs oc |oouio s|c+mcntc
|ox|m+ssCcnt|+|sc+ss|mocs||ut+|+|cmo+so|c|t+soc|omcnto||st+o+s+c|m+ocsu-
o|tc+|+c++c|t+ioocscuscsu|s+oo|cs(|o|s+s||^|;C||coc|uno+ocs|st+ou-
+|socccno|og|+cnt|cout|+s)^scm|cs+soc|og|st|c+ct|+nso|tcooc||+mcont+|com
|+c|||o+ocscmcm|cst|moscsuo|tc+|+mooc|n|z+ioocsu+s||ot+sc|nst+|+ocs
4) kevlso das leglslaes amblentalsCom++g|cg+ioocv+|o|+os|cs|ouos+|csons+-
b|||o+oc|cg+||cc|s+sccstcnoc|+osocm+|smcmb|oso+c+oc|+|oout|v+uct|vc|cm
oc|+ocs ||g+o+s +o |occss+mcnto oos |cs|ouos o|s o t|+ns|o|m+oo| os cst+|+ ut|||-
z+noocomom+tc||+-||m++|+|oouioocumnovo|oouto|o|t+ntoscsugc|cuc
+s|cg|s|+ocssc,+m|cv|st+s+|+|nc|usioocstcnovoconcc|to|cg+|+ntcsucsc|nst|tu+
um+cst|+tcg|+oc|||no|c+|ovc|t+mcntooc|c,c|tos(||n|stc||ooo|c|o^mb|cntc
|CO|giosocc|+ssc|ooc||cg|s|+t|vo)
) Capacltao de pesqulsadores em gesto amblental e de qualldade |csu|s+oo|cs c
|oouto|cs|csons+vc|sc|+gc|+io|og|st|c+occo|ct+ccstoc+gcmc;ouc|o|occss+-
mcntooos|c,c|tosncccss|t+|ioniosoocc++c|t+iotccn|c+m+st+mbcmoc|+b|||o+-
ocsocgcstioucooc||+msc|+ou|||o+sc|ot|c|n+mcntocomo+uo|to|csn+s||nc|-
+|sno|m+s|O,ooo(u+||o+oc)|O;||C+;o.,(C|cocnc|+mcntooc|+bo|+to||os)|O
z8

+|ooo(Ccstiooc|c|o^mb|cntc)c|O+|o|.(^n+||scc|m+ctoooC|c|oocV|o+)|ss+
|o|m+ioooc||+sc||+c|||t+o++os|ntc|css+ooso|o|gioscomoocb|+c
o) lnrraestrutura em maqulnas e equlpamentos.|+|+c+|+ctc||z+iooos|c,c|tosos|+bo|+-
to||os|cc|s+moc|nst|umcnt+io+n+||t|c++ocu+o++|++n+||scoco|ucntcs||m+||os
mct+|scs+ooscout|osc|cmcntosoc|ntc|cssc+tc+|tcso|b|||io+|cmoc|nvcst|mcntos
cm|n||+cst|utu|+b+s|c+Osg|uosucot+|cmc|+|ot+ocuc|m+cont|o|+o+ou|oou-
iooccomos|toscc|m|cosoub|oo||mc||cosncccss|t+|ioocm|c|osco|os+ocu+oos
+|++n+||scoccst|utu|+sn+nomct||c+sccu|+mcntos+|+mco|iooc|o||co+ocstc|-
m|c+scmccn|c+s|+bo|+to||osucot+|cmo||ot+sb|otccno|og|c+s|cc|s+|io|m|+n-
t+||+nt+s-||otocom|c+to|cs|c|mcnt+t|vosco|vc|soscu|+mcntosscm|-|noust||+|s+|+
oc|+ocs un|t+||+s oc sc+|+io |o|t+nto ||n|+s oc c|co|to oc |ongo |+zo c |omcntos
+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|o|ncccoo|cs|oc+|soccu|+mcntos(cscc|+|mcntcb|o|c+to|cs
c|c|mcnt+oo|cs)sc||+mocg|+nocv+||++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocst+|ot+tccno|og|c+
) roduo de mlcroorganlsmos especlcos.c||+mu|to|mo|t+ntct+mbcmocst|n+||c-
cu|soscmcscc|+|+|+g|uosoccsu|s+cm|ngcn|+||+Ccnct|c+vo|t+oos+|++|o-
ouioocm|c|oo|g+n|smoscscc|cos+|+os|occssosb|otccno|og|cos+c|m+c|t+oos
c+|+b|oo|gcsto|cs(||||||ncC||b+ncoscst+t+|sc||v+ooso|giosoc|omcnto
n+c|on+|sc|ntc|n+c|on+|s)
6.7. Produo de materiais avanados a partir de leos e gorduras
O|occss+mcntooco|cosvcgct+|so|o||c|cntcs|ot+su|m|c+soct|+ns|o|m+iogc|+|mo|t+ntcs
m+tc||+s-||m+s+|++|noust||+u|m|c+tcxt|||+st|coscosmct|cost|nt+sc+|+|oouioocb|o-
combust|vc|s(b|oo|csc|cb|ouc|oscnc)O||+s||coscgunoom+|o||oouto|c|occss+oo|muno|+|
ocso,+cmg|iocomum++|c+|+nt+o+oc.+m|||ocsoc|cct+|cs|csoc+,;;+|oouioc|cscc
cmmco|+,./+o+no^|oouio|ntc|n+cm.oos|o|,s+m|||ocsoctonc|+o+s(.s/oomc|c+oo
muno|+|)csomcntcocst+oooc|(m+|o||oouto|b|+s||c||o)|oouzs/octoo++so,+muno|+|O
+|sct+mbcmoscgunoocxo|t+oo|oc|+|c|ocoscgunoo|oouto|ccxo|t+oo|oco|coocso,+no
munooO||+s||most|+com+so,+cconom|+occsc+|++om|n|st|+io|oss|on+|us|n+soccsm+g+-
mcntococ|cnocomct|t|v+sc||nc|+|mcntctccno|og|++v+n+o++os,o+nosoccsu|s+no
scto|c|numc|+s+|cc||+s|oouto|;|noust||+^ss|mcomo|o|conscgu|oocom+so,+ogovc|novcm
|nvcst|noocs|o|oscmout|+s|cgum|nos+scomob+b+u+|m++|gooiocm+mon++|++umcnto
o+s+|c+s|+nt+o+soc|o|m+sustcnt+vc|comct|t|v+cscm+mc++|+|ntcg||o+oco+sm+t+sn+t|v+s
^g|+noccxtcnsiotc|||to||+|c+sv+||co+ocsocc||m+scso|os+||+o+so|vc|s|o+ococcscc|csvcgct+|s
oonossob|om++m||+m+soss|b|||o+ocsb|+s||c||+s+|++|oouiocconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|ocst+s
cocout|+scscc|csucooc|iosc|us+o+scomo|ontcsocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
z9
Co|ou|+s+n|m+|ssio|nsumos+|+um+cxtcns+c+oc|+|oout|v+uccng|ob+s+bocsc|ntc|mco|-
+||osu|m|cos|m.oo|+|oouiomuno|+||o|oc|+m|||ocsoctonc|+o+sO||+s||coscgunoo
|oouto|muno|+|ncstcmc|c+oocom+|ox|m+o+mcntcoesm|||ocsoctonc|+o+s;+noOs|o-
outo|csmuno|+|scstioo||cc|on+noosu+s|oouocsocscbocb+n|++|+|oouioocb|ocom-
bust|vc|souc|czo|cooo|ooutoou||c+|nosmc|c+oos|ntc|n+c|on+|s|o,c+ocm+no+g|o-
b+|c|o|ooutocou+svczcsm+|o|ooucsu+o|c|t+|st|m+t|v+sooC|uo|c|t|nmost|+muc
sccm.o+o|o|cmmont+o+su+t|onov+sus|n+socb|oo|csc|no||+s||++|t||ocgo|ou|++n|m+|
comc++c|o+oc|oout|v+oc+oom||tonc+o+|+vc|+otot+|ocs+b+stcc|mcntoocm+tc||+-||m+
nomc|c+oo|ntc|no+|++|oouioocg||cc||n+cstc+||n+co|c|n+
O|occss+mcntooco|coscgo|ou|+scom|ccnocumoososs|vc|socst|nos+sc|cmtom+oosc|+
u|m|c++|+obtcniooco||mc|osccscc|+||o+ocscmsccons|oc|+nooo|ov+vc|ocs+b+stc-
c|mcnto occt|o|conos|ox|mossccu|oscoocco||cntc+umcntooc|cooosoc||v+oosct|o-
u|m|cosoc+c.gc|+io|o|t+nto+|scsuccst+bc|c+mo||t|c+soc|nccnt|vo|oouiooc
o|c+g|nos+sc+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutosc|occssos|nov+oo|csoc+|t+cc|cnc|+cocb+|xo
custo++|t||oco|coscgo|ou|+stc|io|mo|t+ntcv+nt+gcmcst|+tcg|c++|+g+|+nt||+cont|nu|-
o+oco+su+comct|t|v|o+oc|noust||+|co+||oc|+n+no+g|oncgoc|o
CenarloOocst|nooco|coscgo|ou|+s+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+oosoccnoco+so|c|t+sc
ocm+no+soomc|c+oo|ntc|nooo|cooo|o||o|nsumou+nooconsum|oocomo
+||mcntocoocustoo+cnc|g|+ccombust|vc|s|+vcnooumc+n|b+||smocnt|ccss+s+||-
c+ocs|iocx|stcum+o||t|c+occstoucs|cgu|+oo|cs+|+g+|+nt||osu||mcntocon-
t|nuoc|coscomct|t|vosoco|coscgo|ou|+s+|++||c+ocsu|m|c+s^vc|oc|o+oc
occo||c|t+c|occss+mcntooosg|iosc+|t+gc|+nooo|cosucnioossucmu+||o+oc
suc|cntc+|+|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosucncccss|t+moco|coscom|occs-
sosoc|cnocu||c+iom+|s||go|osos^m+|o||+oos|occssosoct|+ns|o|m+iocm
m+tc||+s-||m+s|ntc|mco|+||oscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|no+ossu|mcno|cc|cnc|+com-
+|+t|v+mcntc+os|occssosct|ou|m|cosO|cosm+|su|oscm+|o||oout|v|o+oco-
ocmsc|conscgu|ooscomousooccscc|csgcnct|c+mcntcmoo|c+o+sout|+nsgcn|c+s
o|cm cst+s cscc|cs sio m+|s c+|+s scu |o|ncc|mcnto c cont|o|+oo c |+ |cst||ocs c
|cs|stcnc|+s+ousoocstcs||b||ooscm+|gum+s|cg|ocsoo+|s
kecursos bumanos.^|cococ|stuooscmO|cou|m|c+|ntcg|+g|uosoccsu|s+|c-
|cscnt+t|vosooscto|cmc+t+||scb|o|occssosc||s|co-u|m|c+oco|cost|+nscstc||c+-
io o|cou|m|c+ +||c+o+ mc||o|+mcnto gcnct|co o+s cscc|cs m+nc,o c +||mcnt+io
+n|m+|ccscc|csn+t|v+s
|csu|s+scomgo|ou|+s+n|m+|svcms|oo|c|t+sc|+|n||+cnu||-||(c|+uc+mcnto
c+t+||t|co c b|oc+t+||t|co) c V|os+ (cn||ucc|mcnto oc |+ocs +n|m+|s) |o| ucstocs oc
z60

|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|cb+|x+v|+b|||o+occconom|c+o+scsu|s+s+|noust||+costum+
sc+|+st+|oos|nst|tutosoc|csu|s+sc|n|vc|s|o+ocscgc|+|mcntcossu|g|uos|o||os
occsu|s+|ox|mos+os|oouto|csoco|cos
Cesto. ||og|+m+sgovc|n+mcnt+|ssuo|t+m+|oouiosubs|o|+momc|c+oo|ovcm
|nvcst|mcntos|cgu|+mcnt+mu+||o+occoctc|m|n+mo||ct||zcs+|++c+oc|+|oout|v+
como+|c|++o,;;.oo,o||+no|+c|on+|oc^g|ocnc|g|+(|nt|oouion+m+t||zcnc|gc-
t|c+ oo ||+s|| oc b|ocombust|vc|s |oouz|oos oc o|c+g|nos+s c oo |c+|ovc|t+mcnto oc
|cs|ouos c oc,ctos) c o ||ogc|cn (subs|o|o + cm|cs+s uc gc|cm cm|cgos n+ c+oc|+
|oout|v+ooscto|)o|cmcx|stcmoucos|+nosvo|t+ooscxc|us|v+mcntc+|+mc||o-
||+stccno|og|c+scomcxcciooccs|o|oscmcu|so+|+|oouiooco|cocm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oosc|o|occss+mcntoo+m+mon+(|cscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|so||-
mc||cosc|nsumosu|m|cos++|t||ooo|coocm+mon+cscusoc||v+oos-||||;cc+|;
|C;||nc;|||C ||o,cto oc Cooc|+io ccn|co-C|cnt|c+ ||+s||-|no|+ |mb|++;
|no|+nCounc||o|^g||cu|tu|+||csc+|c|)
^|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos++|t||oco|coscc|+scgo|ou|+scum+conscucnc|+nioso
oo|occss+mcntoocstcs|nsumoso|nov+s|ot+stccno|og|c+sm+st+mbcmoocstuooocnovos
otcnc|+|soco||c|cnc|+iocomocxcm|o+|ocnt|c+ioocnov+scscc|cso|c+g|nos+sc+os-
tc||o|gc|+iooco|coscomc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|+|scooocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+s+||c+ocsnos
mc|c+oosconsum|oo|cs|o|t+nto+scgu|ntc+gcno+oc|||ooc||+sc|+||c+o+
1) lnvestlgao da processabllldade de especles natlvas.ob|om+b|+s||c||ocscc|+|mcntc
n+ ^m+zon|+ c no Cc||+oo c |oo|go cm cscc|cs uc |o|ncccm o|cos c cc|+s cu,os
||nc||os +t|vos g+|+ntcm +os mcsmos |o||co+ocs o||c|cnc|+o+s +|+ |oouio oc
m+tc||+|s +v+n+oos ^ +bc|+ e-. most|+ +|guns cxcm|os |u|t+s cscc|cs +|no+ sio
ocscon|cc|o+s ou nio cx|o|+o+s comc|c|+|mcntc c o| ucstocs oc s+||+ c |occss+-
b|||o+ocscus|ooutosoocmsc|o|c|cc|oos+|cos+|tosto|n+nooscucusto|nv|+vc|
+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+s+||c+ocs|csu|s+s+||c+o+s+|+m|n|m|z+ioocst+s
o|cu|o+ocs|cvc|tc||+mcst+ucstiooccusto-bcnc||c|o
z6!
1abela 6-z. Lxemplos de especles produtoras de oleos dlrerenclados e suas apllcaes
Oleo ou cera Apllcao
^+| ^nt|ox|o+ntc+nt|cnvc||cc|mcnto|oocsos-so|
^no||ob+ |cc|cntcoc|nsctosc|c+t||z+ntccont|o|coccc|u||tcso|vcntcocout|oso|coscgo|ou|+s
|u||t|
C|cmcs+|+|ccuc|+ioo+c|+st|c|o+ococc|c|cgcnc|+iooctcc|oosb|o|og|cos|oouiooc
v|t+m|n+s^c|
|ut|+ ^||mcnt+io|oouiooc|+st|cos
|+b+u
||oouioocs+bonctcscs+bocscscc|+|scst|mu|+ntcoos|stcm+|muno|og|co|um+no
om+o+scc|cmcs|+|m+ccut|coso|cocc|cmc+|+m+ss+gcns
C+st+n|+oo|+|+ ^||mcnt+io|ub||c+ntcs|noust||+|ss+bo+||+x+mus
C+st+n|+occ+,u
||oouiooc|cs|n+scox||so|+ntcc|ct||co|+st|c+ntc|cvc|+oo|oc|otosb|oc|o+vc|m||ugo
vctc||n+||oscc+ntc+|+t|nt+scvc|n|zcscsm+|tcs||u|oos+b|+s|vos
Oleo ou cera Apllcao
C+|n+ub+
Cc|+s+|+m+oc||+s|mcs|+st|cosc|otog|+cosvc|n|zcs|mc|mc+b|||z+ntcssu||+ct+ntcs
|+|m+cos|cvcst|mcntoccobc|tu|+oc+||mcntos
Coco
^||mcntos|unc|on+|ssubst|tutoocm+ntc|g+occ+c+ucmc|oco|+tcscst|mu|+oo|oos|stcm+
|muno|og|co|cgu|+||z+oo|oc|unocs|ntcst|n+|s|+|m+costc|mogcn|cosc|cmcscmo||cntcscoc
+nt|cnvc||cc|mcntoo+c|c
Co+|b+ |om+o+s|oocsc|cmco|os+|++cncx+mus+|+c+s+b|oc|o+x+oo|+|+c||umcs
Cuu+u
C|cmcscmo||cntcsc||o|+t+ntcsb+scs|+|m+ccut|c+s|ooutos+|+bcbcst|+t+mcntooc
u|cc|+s
|o,ob+ +bocsc|cmcsx+mus+|+c|csc|mcntoocc+bc|oso|cos+nt|-|n+m+to||osc+|+m+ss+gcns
|+c+ub+ ^||mcnt+iou|oosocco|tccus|n+gcms+bocscscc|+|s
|u|umu|u |mu|socs|+|m+ccut|c+sx+muss+bonctcs||o|+t+ntcs
.) Uecomposlo catalltlca de oleos.cstc|occssooco||ccm|cscn+oczco||t+souou-
t|osc+t+||s+oo|csc|oouz||o|oc+|bonctos+|||+t|cosc+|om+t|cosucoocmsc||cou-
z|oos+|+|X(bcnzcnoto|ucnocx||cno)+t|+vcso+c|c||z+ioo+so|cn+sc+|+n+sou
c|+ucb|+oosmct||ct||cbut||bcnzcnos|o|m+oosOoom|n|oo+tccno|og|+occ+t+||sc
cococcomos|ioccst|+tcg|coo|scomum+|couion+o|c|t+occt|o|coo|soc-sc
ocum+|ontc|cnov+vc|c+mb|cnt+|mcntcsustcnt+vc|ocmonomc|os|nvcst|mcntoso-
z6z

oc||+msc|ccnt|+||z+oosn+csu|s+occ+t+||s+oo|cssc|ct|vos(m+|o||oout|v|o+occm
+|om+t|cos)ccm|occssoscommcno|consumooccnc|g|+
!) Melboramento genetlco.+|cmocgcnot|osm+|s|cs|stcntcsm+|s|oout|voso||cct+|c
|+nt+oocmc||o|+o+t+oos+osso|oscc||m+s|cg|on+|s|couz|nooocustoooo|cocomo
|nsumo+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc+|+b|ocombust|vc|somc||o|+mcntogcnct|cooc+|-
gum+scscc|csooc|+c||m|n+|ou|couz||substnc|+stox|c+sou+|c|gcn|c+s+umcnt+|o
tco|oc+c|oosg|+xosmono|ns+tu|+oos||nc||os+t|voscout|+ssubstnc|+soc|ntc|cssc
noso|coscont|o|+|+su+co|v|scos|o+occout|+s|o||co+ocs||s|c+scoss|b|||t+|ummc-
||o||c+|ovc|t+mcntooossub|ooutosoo|occss+mcntooosg|ios(to|t+scb|+s)
4) rocessos de tratamento e reno de oleos com novos solventes.|nvcst|g+ioocoocs
+|+subst|tu|ioo+|cx+n+(||nc|+|so|vcntcoc|cnooco|cosvcgct+|s)o|so|vcntcs
ocb+|xocustocm|n|mo|m+cto+mb|cnt+|c|m|t|nooucsc,+mobt|ooso|cosu|t|+-
u|oscconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|s+|+usocomom+tc||+-||m++|+b|o|+st|cos
||st+| too+s +s +|tc|n+t|v+s o| ucstocs oc cs+o |o|t+nto scguc um+ b|cvc ||st+ oc |ccomcn-
o+ocs+sc|cm+v+||+o+scomob+sc+|+sc+t|ng||osob,ct|vos+c|m+||st+oosou+|+um|utu|o
+|o|uno+mcntoooscstuoos
1) ubs|o|occst|mu|o+||n|+scg|uosoccsu|s+cmun|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tutosoccs-
u|s+ com c++c|t+io cm u|m|c+ O|gn|c+ u|m|c+ oc ||ooutos |+tu|+|s |+|m+c|+
c||ou|m|c+c||nc|+|mcntccm|ngcn|+||+u|m|c+vo|t+oos+|+ocscnvo|v|mcnto
oos|ooutosc|occssos||st+oos|ooc||+msc|ocst|n+oos|omcntost+mbcm+|+|o-
,ctos oc |+||ct|ng vo|t+oos +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc novos n|c|os c mc|c+oos ^ss|m
|o,ctos v|+vc|s ooc||+m sc| +|cscnt+oos cm cu|to |+zo o| tooos os g|uos +c|m+
c|t+oosco|novosg|uos
.) ubs|o|occst|mu|o+||n|+scg|uosoccsu|s+vo|t+oos+|+ocscnvo|v|mcntogcnct|co
ocscmcntcsc||b||ooscomc+|+ctc||st|c+socsc,+o+s+|+|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+-
oos||v||cg|+nooo|c+g|nos+snio-+||mcnt|c|+souocb+|xoconsumo+||mcnt+|(m+mon+
b+b+u+|m+|n|io-m+nsog||+sso|c+mcnoo|m)+mbcmooc||+sc|c||+ooum|o-
g|+m+govc|n+mcnt+|oc|nccnt|vo+|+o|son|b|||z+|cst+scscc|csc|+ssc|oouto|+
!) |nccnt|vocsu|s+oc|occssosoc|c+|ovc|t+mcntooco|coscgo|ou|+s|cs|ou+|so||-
g|n+||osoccoz|n|+soomcst|c+sc|noust||+|s|occss+mcnto|noust||+|ocsu|nos+vcsc
bov|noscout|+s|ontcscomo|nsumos+|+b|ocombust|vc|scm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|ssc
|o,cto ocvc sc| |ntc|o|sc|||n+| com + +|t|c|+io oc o|gios ub||cos oc govc|no sc-
gu|noo+s|ccomcno+ocs|oost+snocm+,
4) ubs|o|os||n|+soccm|cst|mocm|ongo|+zo|nccnt|vossc+|scout|osmcc+n|smos
z6!
oc|omcnton+ncc||oooc||+msc||o|ncc|oosscm|cs+soon+|o+c+oc|+|oout|v+
o+ o|cou|m|c+ como os |oouto|cs oc b|oo||mc|os +|+ mooc|n|z+| su+s un|o+ocs
|oout|v+scoss|b|||t+|++u|s|iocstoucct|+ns|o|m+iooc+co|oocom+o|son|b|-
||o+oc|og|st|c+ooso|cosnob|cscmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos(||nc||||b+ncos||v+oos
ccst+t+|s|uno+ocscst+ou+|s)
6.8. Produo de materiais avanados a partir de argilas
^s+|g||+ssioum++m|+co|vc|s|c+o+c|+sscocm+tc||+s-||m+soco||gcmm|nc|+|cu,+|mo|-
tnc|+c|csccunosu|t|mos+noso|como|cm+b+scoc|ooutosn+notccno|og|cos|nov+oo|cs
ômcsmotcmocont|nu+mscnoous+o+scmsu+s+||c+ocs|noust||+|st|+o|c|on+|sonoc|o|+m
obsc|v+o+s|nov+ocs|nc|cmcnt+|s|mo|t+ntcst+|scomo+|oouiooccc|m|c+scscc|+|s
Ousoc|csccntco+s+|g||+scmm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscscmc||+ntc+oucoco||ccomt+|cosm|c+s
s|||c+toss|||c+c+|c+||ogcssocout|+sm+tc||+s-||m+sobt|o+socm|nc|+|s+buno+ntcs|ss+snov+s
+||c+ocssiomot|v+o+sc|osg+n|ostccno|og|cosccconom|cosobt|oosc|+s|noust||+sucos
ut|||z+mcmscus|occssosc|ooutosocnt|oocnovos+|+o|gm+soccon|cc|mcntococdesign
oc|ooutosc|occssos|o|+ooo+o|c|t+(|oouto|cscbcncc|+oo|csocm|nc|+|s)+s|nov+ocs
siocst|mu|+o+sc|+soss|b|||o+ocsoc+g|cg+ioocv+|o|+m|nc|+|s+buno+ntcscb+|+tos|+oc-
m+no+os|+to|csoccst|mu|osioosg+n|ostccno|og|coscconom|cosc+mb|cnt+|s+ov|noosoo
usoocst+sm+tc||+s-||m+s
^|g||+sconst|tucm|o,c+||nc|+||ontcocn+no+|t|cu|+s|+mc|+|csus+o+sn+|noust||+u+o|s-
on|b|||o+ocscgu|+n+ccotox|co|og|c+cc|cv+o+|+ziooc+scctomot|v+msu+|nco|o|+iocm
numc|osost|osocn+nocomos|toso||mc||cos|o,c+|tcocmu|t+sc+oc|+s|oout|v+s|stio
+m|+mcntco|son|vc|so|too++suc|||c|ctc||cst|cscnoocxt|+|o+socm|n+sc,+z|o+ssubtc|-
|nc+sou+ccu+bc|toV+||oscomostosm|nc|+|scx|stcntcsn++|g||+b|ut++|ct+msu+s|o||c-
o+ocscoocm|couz||scuv+|o|o|cmcx|stcmcxcm|osoc+|g||+sos|t|v+mcntco||c|cnc|+o+s
n+ssu+s|o||co+ocscnoscu|coocv|oocx+t+mcntc|cscn+ocsubstnc|+sucsio+||go|
|mu|cz+so+su+comos|ioc||st+|og|+c+c;ou|cscntcsn+m+ss+m|nc|+||o||sso++g|cg+io
oc v+|o| s +|g||+s occnoc|+ mu|to o+ su+ c+|+ctc||z+io |+cc s ncccss|o+ocs oo mc|c+oo c oo
scubcncc|+mcntoucocvc|+sc||c|totcnoocmv|st++s+||c+ocscosmc|c+oosnosu+|sc|+s
sc|iout|||z+o+s
+i
12 :^|1O:.|:C|cnc|+c1ccno|og|+oc^:g||+sVo|!..
co
.:io|+u|o.|og+:o8|uc|c:.10s9,.19s9
z64

^+bc|+e-,most|+oconsumo++|cntcoos||nc|+|sm|nc|+|scomc|c|+||z+oosno||+s||no+no
oc.oo;ccomosccnc+|x+m+s+|g||+soocnoo-scobsc|v+|g|+nocso||c|cn+socv+|o|un|t+||o
cnt|cm|nc|+|sb|utoscbcncc|+oos
1abela 6-!. Lstatlstlcas sobre os prlnclpals mlnerals comerclallzados no 8rasll - z007
11
Mlneral
keservas 8k
(!0
!
t)
roduo
(!0
!
t)
lmportao
(!0
!
t)
Lxportao
(!0
!
t)
Consumo
Aparente
(!0
!
t)
reo medlo
(|O8, USs}t)
^|g||+
(|cnton|t+)
41400
||ut+!.o
|cncc|+o+.!c
||ut+..11
|cncc|+o+o
||ut+
|cncc|+o+-
||ut+41.
|cncc|+o+
.44
||ut+
|o|o+scc+
1.0
^t|v+o+1co0
C+u||m !00000 |cncc|+oo.. |cncc|+oo144
|cncc|+oo
.!o4
|cncc|+oo
14
|cncc|+oo
1.c40
+|co 10o00 |cncc|+oo401. |cncc|+oo.
|cncc|+oo
c.
|cncc|+oo
400.
|cncc|+oo
.400
||c+ 000
||ut+40
|cncc|+o+.!
||ut+1!
|cncc|+o+10
||ut+1
|cncc|+o+
..
||ut+!o
|cncc|+o+
11
||ut+!!!
|mo;
bcncc|+o+
c40
O v+|o| |nt||nscco o+s +|g||+s ooc sc| mco|oo o| cst+t|st|c+s oo |c+|t+mcnto oc Comc|c|o
oos|st+oos|n|oosucmost|+muco|comco|oo+sbcnton|t+smoo|c+o+s|mo|t+o+s
+|c+n+|+t|c+mcntcooob|ooo|coo+sbcnton|t+scxo|t+o+s
+|
|omc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|+|g||+smoo|c+o+sc|cg+m+sc|o|c|cc|o+so|m+|soc|,+o;|g+|+cucnosconsum|-
oo|cs|noust||+|s
|cnton|t+ssio+s+|g||+sm+|s|mo|t+ntcsoog|uoocv|oo+su+so||c|cntcs+||c+ocsn+s|nous-
t||+soct|nt+s+ocs|vos|cvcst|mcntos+c|ccosmct|cos+|cmocsc|cm+m|+mcntcconsum|-
o+sc|+scm|cs+s|oouto|+socct|o|co^sbcnton|t+s|oouz|o+sno||+s||siocmsu+g|+noc
m+|o||+c+|c|c+so|t+ntoo||+s||cumoosm+|o|cs|mo|t+oo|csmuno|+|soc+|g||+ssoo|c+scnt|c
c|+s+montmo||||on|t+^montmo||||on|t+c+||nc|+|bcnton|t+u||c+o+oocnoosc|o||ct+-
11

Com,cno|ooos|tcns8cnton|t+.1+|co.||c+cC+u||m:um+:|o||nc:+|8:+s||c|:o..00s-||||
14 |tt,;;wwwn:c+ngcc+;smm-mms;bus|-|nou;cmy-+mc;.00s:cvu;|tm-com;c|+-+:g-cng|tm
z6
mcntcobt|o+oc+|gum+s,+z|o+scc+||c+o+||nc|+|mcntcn+|+b||c+ioocn+nocomos|tosc
occosmct|cosocu|t|m+gc|+io
^s||nc|+|s|csc|v+socbcnton|t+con|cc|o+sno||+s||cstiono|+|+n+(|o,/oovo|umcb|+s|-
|c||o)n+|+|+|b+(.|,/)ccmio|+u|o(.;,/)
+
||cssocs+mb|cnt+|scmio|+u|ocno|+|+n+
|cst||ng|noo+m|nc|+io|+zcmcomucoscst+oosoo|o|ocstc(cscc|+|mcntc+|+|+|b+)octc-
n|+m,.|/o+|oouion+c|on+||m.oo;os|nvcst|mcntosn+m|nc|+ioocbcnton|t+b|+s||c||+
+|c+n+|+m|,|,sm|||ocsoosu+|sse,/|o|+m+||c+oosn+|+||+,./cmio|+u|oc|,/n+
|+|+|b+Os|nvcst|mcntos|cv|stos+|+os|ox|most|cs+nosn+m|nc|+iocbcncc|+mcntoo+
bcnton|t+no||+s||cstio|cv|stoscm|,em|||ocs
^ |noust||+ ct|o|||c|+ c o ||nc|+| mc|c+oo consum|oo| oc bcnton|t+ in natura no +|s scgu|o+
c|oscto|mct+|u|g|co(c|ot|z+io|uno|iocs|oc|u|g|+)|st+s||nc|+|s+||c+ocsoom|nc|+|cm
consonnc|+ com +s oss|b|||o+ocs o|c|cc|o+s c|+ cx|o|+io o+ c+m+o+ oc |c-s+| c + cx+nsio
cconom|c+b|+s||c||+cmuno|+|cstiogc|+nooocm+no+sc|csccntcsouconst+ntcso|bcnton|t+
^socm+no+st+mbcm+umcnt+mg|+ou+|mcntcn+|noust||+occonst|uioc|v||cosmct|cos|t|os
c|ooutosu|m|cos|ov+s+||c+ocs|+|m+ccut|c+svcmscnooocscnvo|v|o+s+|+bcnton|t+su-
||c+o+svo|t+o+s+|++bso|iooc+gu+cgo|ou|+s|unc|on+noocomoco+o,uv+ntcscm|occssos
occm+g|cc|mcntooo++|oouion+c|on+|ocbcnton|t+b|ut+nioocst|n+o++obcncc|+mcnto
c|ntcg|+|mcntc+bso|v|o+c|omc|c+oo|ntc|no|m.oo,os|cosmco|os|ntc|nos+|++bcnton|-
t++t|v+o+c+|+++|g||+scc+cmo|o+|o|+m|cscct|v+mcntc|,.ss|.;tonc|,.o,,s;ton
e
Como
||ust|+ioo|comco|oo+bcnton|t+|mo|t+o+c|os||^cm.oos|o||,.+;;ton
+o
O n|vc| oc bcncc|+mcnto c sost|c+io oos |occssos |noust||+|s oc moo|c+io oc bcnton|t+s
no||+s||tcmt|oo+|toscb+|xos|+|ouvc|oouio|oc+|occsmcct|t+o|g+no||||c+uc+|c+nou
|cos b+st+ntc c|cv+oos no mc|c+oo +t|+vcs oc bcnton|t+s o||uno+s o+ |+|+|b+ c oc C+m|n+
C|+noc
+;
^tu+|mcntc|+|oouto|csocbcnton|t+so|g+no||||c+sno||+s||ucut|||z+m+|g||+socio
|+u|oo+|+|+|b+co+^|gcnt|n+O|cccntc|ntc|cssccmm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos|cvoucm|c-
s+su|m|c+socg|+noco|tc(Ox|tcnou+tto|||+s|cm|t+tcx)cg|uosoccsu|s++c+ocm|cos
+vo|t+|cm+sc|ntc|css+|c|o+ssunto
^|cmo+sbcnton|t+s|+no||+s||um+|mo|t+ntc+t|v|o+ococcx|o|+ioocc+u||nsm|c+t+|coc
out|osm|nc|+|sus+oos|noust||+|mcntcucoocmsc|t|+b+||+oosc|cn+oos+|++||c+ocscm
m+tc||+|s+v+n+oos^|no+uc+s+||c+ocsocstcsm|nc|+|soss+m+|ccc|oucosost|c+o+sn+
1s :um+:|o||nc:+|8:+s||c|:o.00s|c,+:t+mcnto|+c|on+|oc|:oouio||nc:+|.||n|stc:|oo+|noust:|+cComc:c|o.8:+s||
1 |tt,;;wwwn:c+ngcc+;smm-mms;bus|-|nou;cmy-+mc;.00s:cvu;|tm-com;c|+-+:g-cng|tm
11 CO|||O.^CV.:^|1O:.|:.:^|1O:.|:^:g||+scs,cc|+|s^:g||+su|m|c+mcntcmoo|c+o+sUm+:cv|sioQu|m|c+
|ov+.Vo|!0.,,1.s.-1.94..00
z66

c|scct|v+oc|nsumos+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+tcnocm+ncccss|o+ocs|cg|on+|scomoouso
oc+|g||+c+|c|n+o++|+su|||+c+|cnc|+ocb||t+n++v|mcnt+iooccst|+o+scscc|+|mcntcn+
^m+zon|+
+s
|o|cm+o|sscm|n+iooousooc+|g||+scmm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos+c+bouc||+n-
ooum+ocm+no++|+|c|+o|cstcsm+tc||+|scomoosc+u||nsu||c+oosco|g+n|c+mcntcmoo|-
c+oosucsiocomc|c|+||z+oos+|++|oouioocn+nocomos|toso|+tc|,|ooo;|gscnoo
c|+ss|c+ooscomocscc|+||o+ocsu|m|c+sou|ooutosocu|m|c+n+
Oocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+soc|oouioocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosb+sc+o+scm+|g||+scou-
t|os m|nc|+|s ocv|o+mcntc bcncc|+oos c n+nocst|utu|+oos +tcnoc|+ s|mu|t+nc+mcntc + |mo|-
t+ntcsob,ct|vosoco||t|c+sub||c+s
1) |nc|cmcntoo+|nov+ioco+comct|t|v|o+ococo|vc|sosscto|cs|noust||+|sc|+|nt|oou-
io oc novos m+tc||+|s cst|utu|+|s c |unc|on+|s (cmb+|+gcns +||mcnt|c|+s cu|+mcntos
+|+t|+nso|tccconst|uioc|v||bcnsocusocsso+|c|+zc|cnt|cout|os)
.) V+|o||z+ioocm+tc||+s-||m+s+buno+ntcsc|+c||mcntccx|o|+vc|sno+|scc|scct|v+
occ|csc|mcntocconom|cocsost|c+ioooo|t|o||oo+scm|cs+sm|nc|+oo|+scom+
o|c|t+ocnovosoc||v+oosocm|nc|+|scom+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oo
!) ^tcno|mcnto oc ncccss|o+ocs c c+|cnc|+s |cg|on+|s oc m+tc||+|s +v+n+oos +|+ uso
comom+tc||+s-||m+s+|+|o,ctosoc|n||+cst|utu|+b+s|c++|coscom+t|vc|scom
+soss|b|||o+ocsoo+|s
^ +bc|+ e-| most|+ cxcm|os oc um+ +m|+ g+m+ oc |ooutos n+notccno|og|cos b+sc+oos cm
+|g||+s|nt|oouz|oosnomc|c+oomuno|+|nosu|t|mos+nos
|o||+s||um+csu|s+n+||+t+|o|m+|+ttcsus+noo+s+|+v|+s-c|+vc argila, talco, caulim, mont-
morillonita, bentonita, compsitos e nanocompsitos||+ocmonst|+|+cx|stcnc|+ocumg|+nocnu-
mc|o oc g|uos oc csu|s+ +c+ocm|cos c cm |nst|tutos ub||cos c oc cconom|+ m|st+ +tu+noo
|no|v|ou+|mcntc c cm v+||os cxcm|os cm con,unto com + |noust||+ - no ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc
comos|tosn+nocomos|toscout|osm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosb+scoc+|g||+scout|osm|nc|+|scm
toooo+|scom|csu|t+oosb+st+ntccx|css|vosc|oouioco||cntcocm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+-
oosb+sc+ooscm+|g||+s
18 |cv|st+ |csu|s+ |^||:|. |ovcmb:o;.00 |m www:cv|st+,csu|s+|+,cs,b:;+:t=1s8bo=48,g=18|g= . +ccsso cm
.!;1;.00
z67
^cm|cs+ocb+sctccno|og|c+O|bysocscnvo|vcuctcst+nomc|c+oon+nocomos|tosb+scoc
+|g||++|+v+||osscto|cs|noust||+|s(cso|tcsc+|+oosc+scnt|cout|os)us+nootccno|og|+oc-
scnvo|v|o+n+|n|c+m
+p
|o|osocbo||+c|+moo|c+o+com+|g||+s|o|+mt+mbcmocscnvo|v|oos
c|+cm|cs++|+|occss+mcntooc|ooutosccomoncntcsocum+o||c|cntc+||c+io|nous-
t||+|+umcnt+noo+cc|cnc|+oo|occssoc+u+||o+ocoos|ooutosn+|s|sscc+socmu|to|n-
tc|css+ntco|uc||ust|+ucosg+n|oso+|nov+iocmm+tc||+|sn+notccno|og|cos|oouzcmnio
sobcnc||c|oso||ctosm+st+mbcmcmc+sc+t+gc|+|mcntcnio|cv|stos a priori.
^||+st|cos|uc||c||oouzcomostos+|g||+-o||mc|o+|+c+bos+|+-c|oucsc+|nc|sOC+||o-
Concc|too+||+t|oouz|oocmscuCcnt|ooc|csu|s+ûtomot|v+oc|ct|m|nco|o|+cmscu
+|nc|ccmsu+c+||occ||+o|vc|soscomos|tostc|mo|o|m+ooscom+|g||+c|+st|cosscm|-||g|oos
O|ot|c+||otcmcs|o||+ntcs|+c|+|scco|o|+|scom+|g||+su|m|c+mcntct|+t+o+s
||st+| too+s +s +|tc|n+t|v+s o| ucstocs oc cs+o |o|t+nto scguc um+ b|cvc ||st+ + sc| +v+||+o+
comob+sc+|+sc+t|ng||osob,ct|vos+c|m+||st+oosou+|+|utu|o+|o|uno+mcntoooscstuoos
1) ^bc|tu|+ oc ||n|+s oc csu|s+ vo|t+o+s +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |occssos oc cx-
t|+io u||c+io c |cno c oc moo|c+io ou t|+ns|o|m+io u|m|c+ ou mccn|c+
oc+|g||+scm|nsumoso||c|cnc|+oos+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|c|c+oosotcnc|+|mcntc
|om|sso|cscosmct|cos|+|m+ccut|c+ccomos|tos(cst|utu|+|sc+|+cmb+|+gcns)|o-
mcntosooc||+msc|conccnt|+oos|c|c|cnc|+|mcntccmg|uosoccsu|s+cmm|nc-
|+|og|+||s|co-u|m|c+ocsuc|||c|cscu|m|c+|no|gn|c+(C||m|n|stc||osun|vc|s|o+-
ocsc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+s)
.) |nvcst|mcntosn+b+sco+c+oc|+|oout|v+|nccnt|v+|ocm|ccnocoo||smooccucnos
m|nc|+oo|csucooc|io|oouz|||oc+|mcntcb+|xosvo|umcsoc+|g||+scscc|+|soc+|to
v+|o|+g|cg+oosubst|tu|noo|mo|t+ocs(cxmontmo||||on|t+)|ooc||+sc||c|to+t|+vcs
oc||n|+socc|co|to+mco|o;|ongo|+zocn+nc|+mcnto+|++u|s|iocmooc|n|z+io
occu|+mcntosc|nst+|+ocs(||nc|||||unoosscto||+|s)
!) C++c|t+iotccno|og|c+os|oouto|csooc||+msc|c++c|t+ooscmtccn|c+socm|nc-
|+ioo||ntc|mco|ooc|ncub+oo|+souoocb|+c|+|++o|+-|os|+ncccss|o+ococ|o|-
m+iooccsso+|cscc|+||z+oocmcm|ccnocoo||smoctccno|og|+m|nc|+|co+cxtcn-
sioo+c++c|t+io|oss|on+|ctccn|c+occngcn|c||osocm|n+scocm+tc||+|sgco|ogos
cu|m|cos(un|vc|s|o+ocs||n|stc||oo+|ouc+ioC||.o+o;.o+,)
19 V^|^|^||:.||ct+|||-0!0119!-!.||||..00!
z68

1abela 6-4. Lxemplos de nanocomposltos pollmerlcos com argllas boje
comerclallzados no mercado global.
20
roduto
Caracterlstlca rrente aos pollmeros
sem a carga nanometrlca
Apllcaes |abrlcante
|+nocomos|tos
comny|on
|c||o|+nomoou|oocc|+st|c|o+oc
tcnsion+|utu|+tcmc|+tu|+oc
t|+b+||o|o||co+ococb+||c||+
|c+s+utomot|v+s
(|otciooo
moto|t+nuc
occombust|vc|)
cmb+|+gcns
|+yc||oncywc|||o|ymc|
||Cooyot+|oto|s
|bc|n|t||+
|+nocomos|tos
como||o|cn+s
|c||o|+nomoou|oocc|+st|c|o+oc
tcnsion+|utu|+mcnos||+g||m+|s
|+c||mcntc|cc|c|+oo|o+g+mcnos
+c|+m+
|cg|+uoc+ccsso
+|+oC|cv|o|ct
+|+||c^st|oV+n
cobc|tu|+occ+bos
mct+||cos
|+sc||||+c||+w|
ûtomot|vcs||+st|c|nc
Ccnc|+||oto|sC|tto
C|ob+|Co|out|c|n
C|+y||ooucts
|+no-|X|o-|
(||)
||cv+o+|o||co+ococb+||c||++
g+scs
||+scosocsucoou
cc|vc,+|mcsmu|t|-
c+m+o+cont+|nc|s
||tsub|s||C+sC|cm|c+|
Com+ny
|u|ct|+n||.-.o01
(|y|ono)
|+|sou|o|couzouxoocox|gcn|o
noo||mc|o|o||co+ocsoc
b+||c||+
Co+t|ng+|++c|c
|mcso||mc||cos
|+yc|
^cg|s|OX
(|y|on)
|couiooouxoocox|gcn|ono
o||mc|o
C+||+|+soccc|vc,+
cmb+|+gcnscx|vc|s
+|++||mcntos
|oncywc|||o|ymc|
|o|tcn+nocomos|tc
(|o|||o||cno)
|c||o||cs|stcnc|++|m+ctocm+|o|
tcmc|+tu|+oct|+b+||o
^||c+ocs
+utomot|v+s
|obc||o|ymc|
|+no|+x
(|+stc|b+c|
+|+m|stu|+com
tc|mo|+st|cos)
|ct+|o+ntcocc|+m+cmc||o||+oc
|cs|stcnc|++o|m+cto
||vc|s+s
^|CO||ntc|n+t|on+|
Co|o|+t|on
|+no|o|||!0
(c|o|o|cno)|!0c
(bo||+c|+n|t||||c+)
|!(|cs|n+
o||cstc|)
||o||co+ococb+||c||++|+
subst|+tosc|+stomc||cos
|+||c||++g+scs |n|+t
20 8+sc|| wwwb+sc||com. 8+yc: wwwb+yc:com. 8|+c||+w| ûtomot|vc ||+st|cs wwwb|+c||+w|,|+st|cscom. |ostc: Co:,o:+-
t|onwww|ostc:com,com.cnc:+||oto:swwwgmcom.|tto|ob+|Co:,o:+t|onwwwg|tto-g|ob+|com.|oncywc|||o|y-
mc:www|oncywc||com.||tsub|s||+sC|cm|c+|Com,+nywwwmgcco,,.|ob|c|o|ymc:wwwnob|c,o|ymc:scom.|1|
Com,+nywww:t,com,+nycom.:out|c:nC|+y|:oouctswwwn+noc|+ycom.1oyot+|oto:swwwtoyot+com.Ubcwww
ubccom.Un|t||+wwwun|t||+co,,
z69
6.9. Produo de materiais avanados a partir de bras naturais
||b|+sn+tu|+|ssio+|tc|n+t|v+sb+|+t+s+buno+ntcsc+mb|cnt+|mcntcco||ct+s+|+subst|tu|iooc
b|+ss|ntct|c+scmo|vc|s+s+||c+ocscomo+|nco|o|+io+tc|mo|+st|coscomoo|||o||cno
o||ct||cnoo||cst||cno|VCco||+m|o+s+|+c||+|comos|tosocst|n+oos+usos|noust||+|s|cg|s-
|+ocsoc+|scso+|n|io|u|oc|+coo|+iocst+bc|cccmuc+tc.o+,,o/o+sc+soctooos
os+utomovc|s|oouz|ooscmscustc|||to||osocvc|iosc||cc|c|+vc|s|mu|s|on+noo+ss|mcsu|-
s+sucbusucmsubst|tu||b|+ss|ntct|c+so|b|+sn+tu|+|sn+cst|utu|+ocvc|cu|os||o,cocs
o+O||(.oos)|no|c+mucoconsumoocmovc|s|ovcn|cntcsoc|ontcssustcnt+vc|s(cnt|cc|+s
b|+sn+tu|+|scomo,ut+s|s+|c+g+vc)oob|+|+nos|ox|mosocz+noscmtoooomunoocscc|+|-
mcntcn+|u|o+subst|tu|noomovc|s|oouz|oosb+scocm+oc||+|+|scsocc|cv+oootcnc|+|
+g||co|+cb|oo|vc|s|o+occmscub|om+comoo||+s||+t|+vcso+cx|o|+iosustcnt+vc|ocstcs|c-
cu|sostcmv+nt+gcmcomct|t|v+ccno|mcoo|tun|o+ococsc|o,ct+|como|mo|t+ntcs+|t|-
c|+ntcsnomc|c+oomuno|+|oc|ooutostcxtc|scomos|toscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
|csoc.oo,omc|c+oo|ntc|nob|+s||c||oocb|+sn+tu|+|scscuscomos|tosc|cscc,,/+o+no
cmvo|umcsubst|tu|noob|+ss|ntct|c+scm+||c+ocst|+o|c|on+|souocu+noonovoscs+osc
o|mcnsocscmscto|csonoctccno|og|+scm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|og|css|v+mcntcscto|n+m|+to|cs
octc|m|n+ntcsocsuccssocomo++g||cu|tu|+ot|+nso|tcocmc|c+oo||+sc+|otcio+mb|cnt+|
|+tcntcscstioocos|t+o+scmtoooomunoo|c|c|cntcs+ousoocb|+sn+tu|+|s+|+gcotcxtc|s
cont|o|cocc|osioocso|os|+b||c+iooc|+ocscb||nucoos+|++n|m+|soomcst|coscomcns+-
oos|so|+mcntotc|m|coc+cust|cov+soso|n+mcnt+|scx+x|nsco|o+s|c|o|oocso|+socc+|+oos
subst|+tos+|++u|cu|tu|+c||o|oon|+b+scs+|+|co|cst+mcntomovc|stc||+sctc|+socsom-
b|c+mcnto +|+ cstu|+s c cu|tu|+s in-door c|++s |+m|n+o+s +utoc+s comos|tos com |cs|n+s
tc|mo|+st|c+sctc|mox+sc++c|oscst|+ooscco|c|ocscmb+|+gcns+bso|ioococ||+m+mcn-
tosoc||u|oosccucntcs|oouioocc+|viovcgct+|b|o,o|+sc+|tcs+n+to
^c|+st|c|o+ocoosmc|c+oosconsum|oo|csn+|so+sb|+sn+tu|+|scscuscomos|tosnoscgmcn-
to|noust||+|ouvcno+o||ct++oconsum|oo|co|||g|o+c|+|uniobc|cz+u+||o+oc+c|ooc|c-
sc|v+iocconsc|v+io+mb|cnt+||oouiosustcnt+vc|cdesignoo|oouto|csu|s+soccom-
o|t+mcntoocmc|c+oomost|+mucoconsum|oo|ocb|+sn+tu|+|sccx|gcntccniosc|mo|t+
cm +g+| um ouco m+|s o| um |oouto ocsoc uc sc,+ cxc|us|vo c +tcno+ su+s ncccss|o+ocs
|o|t+nto|+out|osmc|c+oos+|cmooscto||noust||+|coo+g|oncgoc|oucscbcncc|+||+mcno|-
mcmcntcooc|csc|mcntoooncgoc|oocb|+sn+tu|+|scomocu|+mcntos+|+ocso|tctu||s-
moc|+zc|Oconsum|oo|mooc|no|cocu+-sccomocnt|ctcn|mcntoct+mbcmcom+|csc|-
v+io+mb|cnt+|sustcnt+b|||o+oco|vc|s|o+occu|tu|+|ccomo+t||mon|o||sto||co|um+noc+|-
z70

u|tcton|coOocscnvo|v|mcntoocum|og|+m+tccno|og|cocmc|c+oo|og|couc|ntc|+,+com+s
comun|o+ocscxt|+to|+sc|occss+oo|+so+sb|+scumcst|mu|o+ocon|cc|mcntooob|om+b|o-
o|vc|s|o+oc|o|c|o|ct|+o|ocscc+|+ctc||st|c+s|cg|on+|soonosso+|s+|cmoc|oo|c|on+|um+
cxcc|cntc|m+gcmoo||+s||cocsu+||ucz+cbc|cz+sn+tu|+|s+osv|s|t+ntcscst|+ngc||os+,uo+noo
+o|vu|g+|+noss+|ocnt|o+occu|tu|+|cosnossos|og|+m+soc|csc|v+io+mb|cnt+|c|nc|usio
soc|+|V|ncu|osm+|sso||ooscom+scomun|o+ocs|nccnt|v+|io+|nst+|+ioocsc|v|osocsuo|tc
(|otc|+||+|cst+u|+ntcs|o,+soc+|tcs+n+tosc|v|osoct|+nso|tc)gc|+noo|cno+ccm|cgos
CenarloCom+|+t|v+mcntc+os+|scs+s|+t|cosc||nc|+|mcntcC||n+||oc|oocst+oo
o+ +|tc no |occss+mcnto oc b|+s n+tu|+|s o ||+s|| nio ossu| um+ c+oc|+ |oout|v+
comct|t|v+Ocu|t|vooucxt|+ioo+scscc|csm+t||zcsco|occss+mcntoo+smcsm+s
c|+scomun|o+ocs+|+|oouioo+sb|+ssc|oc+||z+m+|+st+oosoos||nc|+|smc|-
c+oosconsum|oo|csnoscxt|cmostc|||to||+|soo|+|s||ontc||+s+g||co|+sou||m|tcso+s
o|cst+souoc|csc|v+s+mb|cnt+|scomo+g||cu|tu|+s|+m|||+|csouoccucn+csc+|+O
ncgoc|om+|so|g+n|z+oocnvo|vcum+||+n,o|oout|vo|oc+|||g+oo|oouioccomc|-
c|oocs|s+|n+|+||+
ôsoucoso||+s||+v+n+cmcsu|s+|occss+mcntoo+sb|+scocscnvo|v|mcntooc
nov+s+||c+ocsm+sosg|uos|c+|mcntc+t|vosnoscto|+|no+sccomocmoccomu-
n|o+ocs|oouto|+soc+|tcs+n+toccm|cs+s|onc||+sn+|csons+b|||o+ocsoc|+|
kecursos bumanos.|+|ocnt|c+iooccscc|csn+t|v+scn+cxt|+ioc|occss+mcnto
o+sb|+sg|+noc+|tcooscon|cc|mcntosc|uo|mcnt+|cniooocumcnt+o+ocv|oo+o
b+|xog|+uoc|o|m+ioo+mio-oc-ob|+cnvo|v|o+ncst++t|v|o+oc|+not|+t+mcntoo+s
b|+sc|oouiooccomos|toscm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscx|stcmg|uostccn|cosoc+|t+
|oout|v|o+oc tccno|og|c+ +tu+noo com cxcc|cntc |ntc|+io com + |noust||+ como o
Ccnt|oocC+|+ctc||z+ioc|cscnvo|v|mcntooc|+tc||+|s;||C+|||;ioC+||os(|)
|ngcn|+||+ oc |+tc||+|s;|ncs |mb|++ (|nst|umcnt+io ^g|occu+||+ c Cc||+oos)
|n+||;||n|c+m(|||)||||(|)cn+|cxtc|scv+||+s|sco|+soc^|u|tctu|+c
|cs|gn|noust||+|(||C;|||^|;|)cnt|cout|os+|cmoosCcnt|osoc|csu|s+o+smon-
t+oo|+soc+utomovc|scoco|vc|s+scm|cs+s||v+o+s+tu+noocmconst|uioc|v||mo-
vc|su|m|costcxtc|sc+utoc+s
Cesto.^|cocgovc|n+mcnt+|ocsc|v|oscoc+o|otccno|og|con+|o|m+ocC+s+soc
^g||cu|tu|++|+os|oouto|csocb|+scb+st+ntc|cst||t+ocv|oog|+nocm+|o||+oos
+||+n,os|oout|voscst+||oc+||z+o+n+s|cg|ocsoco|cst+||o,ctosocgcstiobcm-succ-
o|oosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|+stcms|oo|c+||z+oosn+su+m+|o|+|tco|cm|cs+s
||v+o+suc|ntc|mcoc|+mcsu|cmcconom|c+mcntc+s+ssoc|+ocsccooc|+t|v+soc
|oouto|cscosg|uos+c+ocm|cosoccsu|s+s+|+ucsc,+m|oouz|o+sb|+scom
+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s ocsc,+o+s +|+ +||c+ocs nob|cs |csmo com |cst||ocs n+ncc||+s
z7!
O|Cstcmt|oog|+nocssuccssosn+t|+ns|c|cnc|+occon|cc|mcntosooc+boc|o+|+o
csu|s+oo|cn++||c+iooctccno|og|+so|con|ccc||o|uno+mcntcc+|+ctc||st|c+s
cu|tu|+|sc|cg|on+|so+scomun|o+ocs
Osuccssoo+t|+ns|o|m+ioocum+b|+n+tu|+|cmum|nsumo+v+n+oooccnoc|+oocon|cc|-
mcntoocsu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scst|utu|+|scmccn|c+sco+sncccss|o+ocsn+|soocomos|to+|+
ucsc,+co||ct+mcntccsco|||o++cscc|c+sc|cx|o|+o+|ccnoc|+|gu+|mcntco+b|+|cs|st||
+os+g|css|vos|occssosoct|+t+mcntou|m|cocmccn|coscmc|oc|su+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so||c|cn-
c|+o+sc+|no++ss|mooc|sc|o|c|cc|o++um|cocomct|t|vocom+|+t|v+mcntcsb|+ss|ntc-
t|c+s^s|utu|+scsu|s+stccno|og|c+socvcmscconccnt|+|cmb|+s|cvcscocb+|x+socns|o+ocs
+|cm oc |cs|stcntcs vo|t+o+s cscc|+|mcntc +|+ comos|tos ocst|n+oos +|+ const|uio c|v|| ou
+|+|+b||c+ioocc+s+c|on+ut|c+sc+utomot|v+s
|nt|c+sncccss|o+ocstccno|og|c+s+|++|c+ncco+^gcno+oc|||cmb|+sn+tu|+|sooc-sc||st+|
1) Aumento da qualldade das bras brutas |ocnt|c+io o+s mc||o|cs +|tcs o+ |+nt+
+|+ + cxt|+io o+ b|+ c +|+ c||+| |occssos oc cxt|+io uc tcn|+m b+|xo |m+cto
mccn|co sob|c + mcsm+ oc mooo + m|n|m|z+| ucb|+s oc com||mcnto m+ntc| su+
o||cnt+io|c|c|cnc|+|cniomoo|c+|ocm+s|+o+mcntcsu+suc|||c|c+|cmocg+|+nt||
um+mcno|u+nt|o+ococc|o+sbom|cno|mcntono|occss+mcntococnv|oocmc-
no|u+nt|o+ococ|cs|ouos+|+ocsc+|tc
.) Melbora da adeso bra}matrlz. ^ +ocsio oc b|+s s su+s m+t||zcs cm comos|tos
+v+n+oos ooc sc| mc||o|+o+ c|o t|+t+mcnto u|m|co o+s b|+s |ntcnoc| o mcc+-
n|smoc+s|nucnc|+sc+us+o+sc|+sb|+sn+c||st+||n|o+oco+m+t||zou|+ntc+|o|m+io
ocumcomos|toccsu|s+|novos+gcntcsoc+ocsio;+co|+mcntoc|m|t||++c||+io
occomos|toscomb|n+oos|uno|oosoumo|o+oos+out|osm+tc||+|sucnioo||mc|os
comov|o|oscc|m|c+scmct+|s
!) Amaclamento. ||occssosc|ooutosucoss+m+m+c|+|+suc|||c|cc|cmovc|||gn|n+c
gom+sscmg+stoc|cv+oooc+gu+ooc|iooss|b|||t+|ousoocb|+svcgct+|sm+|s||g|o+s
cn+tu|+|mcntc+b|+s|v+s(comoo|+m|cn|+mocos|s+|)cmcomos|tos+v+n+oos
|nt|c+stccn|c+ssustcnt+vc|scocb+|xo|m+cto+mb|cnt+|||o||z+-sco+m+c|+mcnto
cnz|m+t|co^|cmoco|m|nu||+s||+tu|+so+b|+ou|+ntco|occss+mcnto|couz+u+n-
t|o+ocococ|+ocsoccnc|g|+ocmio-oc-ob|+coctcmoncccss+||o+|++|occss+-
b|||o+occ+umcnt++v|o+ut||ooscu|+mcntosocmo+gcmco|tcccxt|usiout|||z+oos
n+t|+ns|o|m+io
z7z

4) keslstncla cbama e ao calor|s|o|osocvcmsc|o||cc|on+oos+|+ocscnvo|v|mcnto
oc +o|t|vos +nt|ox|o+ntcs +nt|-c|+m+ c +nt|-ocg|+o+io +|+ oss|b|||t+| b|cno+s +v+n-
+o+s b|+;o||mc|o |cs|stcntcs + +|t+s tcmc|+tu|+s +m||+noo o |cuc oc +||c+ocs
cscc|+|mcntccmconst|uioc|v||
) Lncapsulamento. ^gcntcs |mc|mc+b|||z+ntcs +ocu+m + c++c|o+oc oc +bso|io oc
+gu+ c |couzcm + v+||+io o|mcns|on+| oos comos|tos c+us+o+ o| |ntumcsc|mcnto
cxccss|vo o+s b|+s Os |occssos c +gcntcs oc b+||c||+ o|son|vc|s +tu+|mcntc nio sio
v|+vc|s o|s +s substnc|+s us+o+s +|+ t|+t+| + suc|||c|c o+s b|+s sio oc +|to custo c
+|gum+sniosiob|oocg|+o+vc|su+|uc|+v+notccno|og|concstcscnt|oov|+b|||z+||+
nov+s+||c+ocsocnt|oocmc|c+oos|mo|t+ntcscomoooccmb+|+gcnsOcnc+su-
|+mcntoo|c|ccct+mbcmoss|b|||o+ocsoc|nco|o|+ioocsubstnc|+su|m|c+sou|+|-
m+ccut|c+sn+suc|||c|ccnoco|oocoo+sb|+s+t|+vcsocn+noc+su|+soc||bc|+io
cont|o|+o+occontcuooo|c|cccnooum+m|||+ococoss|b|||o+ocsoc|nov+io
o) 1lnglmento. ||b|+s vcgct+|s sio n+tu|+|mcntc o+c+s c tcm o|cu|o+oc oc t|ng|mcnto nio
scnoo+ss|vc|socusocm+|gum+s+||c+ocs+v+n+o+s|co|+ntcoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|o-
ccssosc|ooutoscscc|cos+b|+ooc|+|cccbc|umvc|n|zocb||||ocscto|n+||ust|os+
|+m|n+o+sc||c||+t+||+|uzou|o|og|+c++|cmocooc|sc|t|ng|o+cmo||c|cntcstons
|nvcst|mcntoscmcm|cs+socb+sctccno|og|c+ccm|o,ctoscnvo|vcnoocomos|toscm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oos|oouz|oos++|t||ocb|+sn+tu|+|ssio|om|sso|cscons|oc|+noo+g|+noc|ob+b|-
||o+oc oc conc|ct|z+io oos |o,ctos c um b+|xo tcmo oc |cto|no oo c+|t+| +||c+oo ^ c+oc|+
|oout|v++g|cg+|+v+|o|g|++s+osnovoscon|cc|mcntostccno|og|cosc+u+||c+io|oss|on+|
o+mio-oc-ob|+com|couioooscustosoc|oouioo+sb|+socv|oo+o+umcntooccsc+|+coc
|oout|v|o+ocComoconscucnc|+os|cosooscomos|toscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosooc|iosc|
s|gn|c+t|v+mcntcsuc||o|cs+os|coso+sb|+sou|ntc|mco|+||os
||st+| too+s +s +|tc|n+t|v+s o| ucstocs oc cs+o |o|t+nto scguc um+ b|cvc ||st+ + sc| +v+||+o+
comob+sc+|+sc+t|ng||osob,ct|vos+c|m+||st+oosou+|+|utu|o+|o|uno+mcntoooscstuoos
1) ^bc|tu|+ oc ||n|+s oc csu|s+ +|+ |ocnt|c+io oc cscc|cs +|tc|n+t|v+s ou mc||o|+-
mcntogcnct|cooccscc|cscon|cc|o+s|oss|b|||o+ocsC|os+m+zon|cos+|mc||+s+|-
vo|cs|oouto|+soc+|n+sg|+m|nc+soo|+nt+n+|coos||os+m+zon|coss|s+||+m|,ut+
cocob+mbu+g+vc+b+c+|cncucmcn|+mo||n|o+|gooiocu|+u+b|+oc+b+c+x|
b|+ oc b+n+nc||+ b|+ oc c+|n+ub+ b|+s oc |otc|n+s (o||uno+s o+ so,+ |c|tc +mcn-
oo|m m|||o c +|gooio) b|+s oc +m|oo sco+ c b|+s oc cn+s oc +vcs (un|vc|s|o+ocs
ub||c+sc||v+o+s||Csccnt|osoccsu|s+|mb|++)
z7!
.) C++c|t+iotccn|c+oos+||+n,os|oout|vos|oc+|s|oss|b|||t+||++|couioo+sc|o+sno
|occssooc|oouioocb|+s+umcnt+noo+u+||o+oco+smcsm+scomo|nsumos+|+
m+tc||+|s+v+n+oosugc|c-scucsc,+o||ct+mcntc|c+||z+o+n+scomun|o+ocsuccu|-
t|v+m c |occss+m +s cscc|cs b|os+s +t|+vcs oc oc|n+s cu|sos +t|v|o+ocs oc c+mo
cncont|ossuo|tcoc|n|o|m+io^|c+scst|+tcg|c+s|o|tcoo||(|+m|)V+|coo||bc||+;
|(b+n+n+)|^c||(s|s+|)|^c||to|+|ooscst+oosoo||(coco)V+|cn+;|^(|++v+)|^c
^|(,ut+m+|v+ccu|+u+)|+t+^t|nt|c+C+|(b+mbu)(||Ccb|+cO|Cs+gcnc|+s
oc|nov+ioun|vc|s|o+ocscm|cs+s||v+o+sconsu|to|csccxc|t|scsooscto|)
!) |+|nc|stccno|og|cossob|cb|+sn+tu|+|s^sc|cm|c+||z+oos+c+o+oo|s+noscom|n|-
c|+t|v+ govc|n+mcnt+| +|+ o|scussio oo cst+oo o+ +|tc c oc +|tc|n+t|v+s tccno|og|c+s
cnvo|vcnoo+scomun|o+ocsoc|oouto|cs+c+ocm|c+tccno|og|c+ccm|cs+||+|(|++
|C |oouto|cs oo scto| |n|c|+t|v+ ||v+o+ |Cs un|vc|s|o+ocs +gcnc|+s oc |nov+io
cm|cs+s||v+o+s)
4) C||+ioocum+||n|+occsu|s+cscc|c++|+ocscnvo|v|mcntooccomostos+v+n+-
oosb+scocb|+sn+tu|+|s+|+gcotcxtc|scconst|uioc|v||scgmcntosoc+tu+|g|+noc
|ntc|cssco+|noust||+(C|||uno+ocscst+ou+|soccsu|s+)
) ||n|+socc|co|tovo|t+o+s+|++u|s|iooc|n||+cst|utu|+ccu|+mcntos+v+n+oosoc|+-
bo|+to||o(m|c|osco|osot|coscc|ct|on|cosm+u|n+soccns+|omccn|coun|vc|s+||n,cto-
|+scxt|uso|+scu|+mcntos+|++n+||sctc|m|c+cnt|cout|os)c+|+c++c|t+ioocmio-
oc-ob|+tccn|c+(n|vc|mco|ocsuc||o|)+|+cst+bc|ccc|no|m+scmctooos+|++v+||+io
o+comos|ioo+u+||o+occooocscmcn|oocb|+sn+tu|+|scmcomos|tos+v+n+-
oos(||nc||||b+ncos|unooscto||+|sC|||uno+ocscst+ou+|soccsu|s+)
6.10. Produo de materiais avanados a partir de borracha
de ltex natural
^bo||+c|+n+tu|+|cobt|o+c|+co+gu|+iooo|+tcxuccxsuo+oot|oncoococtc|m|n+o+scsc-
c|csvcgct+|s+osum+|nc|sioo|ocn+o+o+c+sc+o+smcsm+s|mbo|+sc,+g|+noconumc|ooc
cscc|csuccxsuocm|+tcxsomcntc+|gum+s|oouzcmu+nt|o+occu+||o+ocsuc|cntcs+|+
cx|o|+iocmb+scscconom|c+sscnoo+||nc|+|oc|+s+sc||nguc||+ou Hevea brasiliensis.|ss++|-
vo|cco||g|n+|mcntcn+t|v+o+|cg|io+m+zon|c+csomcntcoocsc|cu|t|v+o+n+s|cg|ocst|o|c+|s
oo|+nct+o|soccnococum|cg|mcmu|tocscc|coocc|uv+sctcmc|+tu|+
O||+s|||o|o||nc|+||oouto|muno|+|oo|+tcxocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|+tc+,,o|+|+uc+cscc|cu-
ocsscsc|s+|v+oomal-das-folhas, cxcm|+|csocsc||nguc||+|o|+m|nt|oouz|ooscmio|+u|oonoco
|ungo+|no+nio|+v|+c|cg+oo^+|t||ocstcscxcm|+|cs|n|c|ou-sc+||mc||+cu|tu|+ocsc||ng+|s
z74

cmcsc+|+no+|s|o|vo|t+oc+,eoo mal-das-folhasc|cgou+ouocstcctcvc|n|c|oum|occsso
ococscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|coocmooo+to|n+|+sc||nguc||+|cs|stcntc+cst+cout|+soocn+s
|o|n|c|ooos+nos,o+|oouioooscst+oos+m+zon|cos|c|cscnt+v+mcnosoc,o/o+|oouio
n+c|on+|c|ocnoo+||oc|+n+o+|oouioocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|+|+io|+u|oOocscnvo|v|mcnto
o+tccno|og|+occ|on+gcmocsc||nguc||+sc|m|t|uc||+|cscc|csm+|s|cs|stcntcs+oocn+scom
m+|o||oout|v|o+oc|ongcv|o+occc++c|o+ococ+o+t+io+o||c|cntcsc||m+scso|oscx+no|noo
+cu|tu|++|+out|oscst+oosb|+s||c||oscnt|cc|cs|s|||to+nto|+||+c|+toC|osso
omosumoosm+|o|cs|mo|t+oo|csmuno|+|socbo||+c|+n+tu|+|scnooo|ooutooo+g|onc-
goc|ocomoscgunoom+|o|csocmnoss+b+|+n+comc|c|+|O||+s|||mo|tou..om||tonc|+o+s
ocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|cm.oo;uc|c|cscntouumg+stooc|,+b|||io+|++scont+soo+|s^
ocm+no+ocbo||+c|+t+nton+tu|+|u+ntos|ntct|c+c|cscccm+|+|c|o+o||||ogou+nooc|cscc
+cconom|+c|cscct+mbcmoconsumoocbo||+c|+cmtooososscto|cs|noust||+|sO|+nt|ooc
sc||nguc||+c|oouiooc|+tcxno||+s||c|cscc+um+t+x++nu+|oc|s,/cnu+ntooconsumo
|ntc|noocbo||+c|+c|cscc+e/+o+noOconsumo+nu+|b|+s||c||oocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|+tu+|mcn-
tccst+n+c+s+oc,|om||ton(e,/|mo|t+o+)ccm+.+nos(.o.o)ocvc|++t|ng||e,om||tonc|+-
o+sonoce,/(|,om||tonc|+o+s)sc|io|mo|t+o+sc+soniosc,+|cv|stoncn|um|og|+m+oc
|nccnt|vo|oouio
^ c+oc|+ |oout|v+ o+ bo||+c|+ n+tu|+| c const|tu|o+ c|os |oouto|cs c cxt|+to|cs (|cmoio oo
|+tcxv||gcmo+sc||nguc||+cbcncc|+mcntoo+bo||+c|+n+tu|+|)|o|ncccoo|csoc|nsumoscsc|v|-
os(m+u|n+sccu|+mcntos|ooutosu|m|cos+|+co+gu|+iocconsc|v+iooo|+tcxv|vc||os
ocmuo+s+g|onomos)|noust||+soct|+ns|o|m+io|cvc(+|tc|+tos)ccs+o+(ncus)co|st||bu|oo-
|cs(+t+c+o|st+sv+|c,|st+s|cc+uc|ut+gcnsbo||+c|+||+s)
^|noust||+ocncusc|csons+vc|o|;,/ooconsumomuno|+|ct+mbcmb|+s||c||oocbo||+c|+
n+tu|+|^scom+n||+socncusocvc|io|nvcst|||,.b|||ocscnt|c.o+oc.o+,n++m||+ioo+s
su+s|+nt+sc|nst+|+ioocnov+s|+b||c+sno||+s|||sso|c|o|++|mo|tnc|+ocss+|noust||+no
consumoooc|+stomc|on+tu|+|Os.,/|cst+ntcssious+oosc|+|noust||+oc+|tc|+tos|cvcscom-
ost+o|m+|soc+.oocm|cs+sno||+s||uccom|ccnoco|vc|sosscgmcntosconsum|oo|csoc
m+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|os|t+|+|(c+tctc|cs|otcscstubos|csc|v+t|vos|uv+sc||u|g|c+scc|c+|t|-
c|+|)b||nucoos(bcx|g+sbonccosm+sc+|+s)vcstu+||o(tcc|ooscmbo||+c|+oosmc|+sc|+st|cos)
c+|+oos (so|+oos +ocs|vos) const|uio c|v|| (|sos c |cvcst|mcntos |+c+s vco+ntcs) +utoc+s
n+v+|s+utomot|v+scoc+v|+io(cm+|+soc+|b+tcoo|cscox|nsgu+|n|ocs|ctcnto|csco||c|+s
z7
t|+nso|t+oo|+s)m+u|n+||o+g||co|+c|noust||+|(|cvcst|mcntos|ntc|nosocc|||no|os+|t|gos|cn-
s+ooscc+scmgc|+|)c|ct|ooomcst|coscc|ct|on|cos(b+scsocc||cu|tos)
^scono|ocsocmc|c+oo+|cscnt+o+s+c|m+most|+m+ncccss|o+ococucsc|c+|cscntcmno-
vos|og|+m+scst|+tcg|cosoccst|mu|o|cvc|cu|tu|++|+uco||+s||oss++omcnossu|||su+
|o||+ocm+no+oc|+tcxn+tu|+|+|+ncuscm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosc|cconu|stcsu+os|iooc
|oouto|cst|+tcg|conomc|c+oo|ntc|n+c|on+|cgucm+scctossob|comc|c+ooocbo||+c|+n+-
tu|+|no+|s+|+tom+o+ococc|socssob|csustcnt+b|||o+octccno|og|+cm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
Cenarlo. ^ bo||+c|+ n+tu|+| +|cscnt+ |cs|||cnc|+ c|+st|c|o+oc cx|b|||o+oc |cs|stcnc|+
+b|+sio +o |m+cto c co||osio |+c|| +ocsio + tcc|oos c +o +o |mc|mc+b|||o+oc +
||u|ooscg+scs|o||co+ocsc|ct||c+s|so|+ntcs+|t+c++c|o+ococo|sc|s+|c+|o|cm+-
|c+b|||o+oc + b+|x+s tcmc|+tu|+s |st+s |o||co+ocs sio un|c+s ocv|oo su+ cst|utu|+
|nt||nscc+su++|t+m+ss+mo|+|c|cscn+no|+tcxoccomoncntcsm|no||t+||os(|o-
tc|n+sc+|bo|o|+tos|||o|oscm|nc|+|s)|umm+tc||+|cst|+tcg|co+|+m+tc||+|s+v+n+-
ooso|scmoctc|m|n+o+s+||c+ocsniooocsc|subst|tu|o+c|+sbo||+c|+ss|ntct|c+s
(cst||cno-but+o|cno but|||c+ c|o|o|cno c o||-|so|cno) |oouz|o+s + +|t|| oc mono-
mc|oscxt|+|oosooct|o|co
^Hevea brasiliensiscum+cscc|c+t+|ccomos|ioocm+t+n+t|v+c+|+|o|m+-
iooc|csc|v+s|cg+|scmio|+u|ooc+co|oocom+|c|no+.,.;oc.,;o|;.oos
|ocu|t|vo|ntcns|voou|co|cst+mcntooc+|c+socg|+o+o+sus+noosc||nguc||+oc-
co||c+|otcioooso|ocoosm+n+nc|+|s,+uc+|ongcv|o+ococum|+nt|ococ
+|ox|m+o+mcntc,o+nos
^+|vo|cccxcc|cntcx+oo|+occ+|bonoscucst|+noocmmco|++o.otonc|+o+s
oc CO
.
cu|v+|cntc o| |cct+|c cont||bu|noo +|+ |couz|| + gc|+io oos g+scs oc
c|c|tocstu|+c+ucc|mcntog|ob+|Omct+bo||smoo+sc||nguc||+x+m|c|onut||cn-
tcs no so|o (cx z|nco) c mc||o|+ su+ |oout|v|o+oc |o||+s c g+||os occ|ouos n+
coc+ o+ scc+ (|un;^go |) sc +cumu|+m no so|o gc|+noo m+tc||+ o|gn|c+ uc
oocsc|t|+ns|o|m+o+cm|c|t|||z+ntco|gn|coc|o|oouto|
^|cmo+s+||c+ocsocsc||t+s+|+o|+tcxno|tcms++m+oc||+o+sc||nguc||+ooc
sc| comc|c|+|mcntc cx|o|+o+ c tcm t|oo ocst+uc n+ |oouio oc movc|s ||| c
+|+|oouiooccc|u|oscc+c|u+so|+o+s(ct;Out-|)siocxcc|cntcs+|++|-
cu|tu|+tcnooomc||o||co+ocstc|+cut|c+scg|+nocu+nt|o+ococ+uc+|cscs+|s
m|nc|+|su+sscmcntcs(|+|;|+|-|)oocmsc||cns+o+sgc|+nooo|cosscc+ntcs
+|++|noust||+oct|nt+scvc|n|zcscto|t++|+|+ocsc+||mcnt+io+n|m+|
Out|+s cu|tu|+s como uun|+ +b+c+x| m+mio c+c+u c+|c m|||o so,+ c +mcn-
oo|moocmsc||+nt+o+s|ntc|c+|+o+scom+sc+||c||+socsc||nguc||+s|stcss|stc-
z76

m+s+g|oo|cst+|s(conso|c|os)ot|m|z+mousoo+tc||+c|csu|t+mcm|cno+cxt|++o
|oouto|+|cmoccob|||cm+socscs+soc|+c|on+|soc|o|m+iooosc||ng+|
kecursos bumanos. C|uos+c+ocm|cosc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+ub||cosc||v+oostcm
+tu+oono+umcntoo+|oout|v|o+ocmc||o||+o+u+||o+ocoo|+tcxcocscnvo|v|mcntooc
m+tc||+|s+v+n+oosb+scocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|no||+s||com+|t+|oout|v|o+occ|cnt|c+
|cvc-sc ocst+c+| com |ouvo| o |og|csso c o succsso obt|oo nos ocscnvo|v|mcntos oc
c|oncs oc +|t+ |oout|v|o+oc c n+ +c||m+t+io oos mcsmos + o||c|cntcs c||m+s c so|os
|c+||z+oo c|os ccnt|os oc csu|s+s oc |oouto|+s oc c|+stomc|os como + ||c|c||n c
+|||c|||co|mo|t+ntc+o|oo+s+ssoc|+ocsoc|oouto|cscomoo||^+bo|^n|
^b|+|bc+^||+|++|||ocnt|oooscto|
Cesto Os scgu|ntcs |og|+m+s vo|t+oos +|+ + c+oc|+ |oout|v+ oc bo||+c|+ n+tu|+|
cstio +tu+|mcntc cm cu|so no ||+s|| ||o,cto |o||+c|+ |+tu|+| ||+s||c||+ ||og|+m+
c||nguc||+;|^C ||o,cto |u+ ||o,cto ccbo| ||og|+m+ |+c|on+| o+ |o||+c|+ |+tu|+|
(Cm+|+ cto||+| o+ C+oc|+ ||oout|v+ o+ |o||+c|+ |+tu|+|;|++) ||+no |cvc|cu|tu|+;
|(Cm+|+cto||+|oc|o||+c|+|+tu|+|cc|ct+||+oc^g||cu|tu|+c^b+stcc|mcntooo
|st+oooc|)||og|+m+||obo|cs;|||og|+m+c||nguc||+Co|cvc+;|mb|++c||o,cto
|+oc||+occ||nguc||+;|(|nst|tuto||o|cst+|cc|ct+||+|st+ou+|oo|c|o^mb|cntc)
6.!0.!. Agenda estrateglca e de U8l
O|+tcxocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|tcmumg|+nocotcnc|+|ocusocomo|nsumo+v+n+oo+|++ssc-
gu|ntcs+||c+ocstccno|og|c+s
1) Composltos e nanocomposltos preparados com argllas, slllca e outros mlnerals, celulose
e amldo. busc+ocnov+sc+|g+so|gn|c+scm|nc|+|s+gcntcs+nt|-c|+m+moo|c+oo|cs
ocv|scos|o+occ+o|t|vosucsc,+mcom+t|vc|scom+bo||+c|+n+tu|+|+|+|c+|+io
occomos|tos.
.) Copollmerlzaes de latex de borracba natural com monmeros naturals ou slntetlcos.
cx|o|+ioocnov+soss|b|||o+ocsocbo||+c|+sco||mc|osb|oocg|+o+vc|s
!) Mlcrobaterlas blologlcas. ||+|cs m|c|osco|cos contcnoo v||us +uto-o|g+n|z+oos sob|c
|+c+sm|c|omct||c+socbo||+c|+n+tu|+||o|m+nooc|ct|ooosuc|ntcg|+|ioo|sos|t|vos
b|omccn|cos|m|+ntcsmco|cosscnso|cs+|+mon|to|+mcntoo+s+uoccmtcmo|c+|
c+tcm|c|o|+bo|+to||osos|+bs-on-+-chip
4) Sensores vlbrotactels. gc|s oc s|||conc |nsc||oos o| b+|xo oc um+ c|c +|t|c|+| oc
bo||+c|+n+tu|+|u+nooumob,ctocsco||cg+sob|c+c|c+sv|b|+ocsn+mcsm+sio
t|+nsm|t|o+s+t|+vcsoogc|+|+scnso|cs+cust|cos|nst+|+oosnosossos+|t|c|+|socum
mcmb|ob|on|co|c|tooc+c||||coouout|oo||mc|o||g|oo
z77
) Clrcultos eletrnlcos exlvels.c||cu|tosn+|o|m+oct+su|t|+n+smont+oossob|cum+
+st|||+ocs|||c|oucc|cmov|o+csubst|tu|o+o|umm|c|o|mcocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|ô
scux+|c|ct||+|+bo||+c|+osc||cu|tosc|ct|on|cosc+mg|uo+oossobc|+||bc|+noo-sc
ost|csso+bo||+c|++t+occ||cu|tosc|ct|on|cos+ssumcum+|o|m+bcmocn|o+oc
ono+s ocnom|n+o+ c|ct|on|c+ c|+st|c+ oc +|to ocscmcn|o |st+ tccno|og|+ sc|+ us+o+
cm|ou+sc+ccsso||os+|+t|+nsm|ssiooc|n|o|m+ocs
o) Cels antlenvelbeclmento.|otc|n+scxt|+|o+so+sc|v+b|ut+o+|cvc+b|+s|||cns|so||ucm
s|n+|sootcmosob|c+c|cscnooc++zcsoc|cst+bc|ccc|oco|+gcnocc|+st|c|o+oco+
mcsm+
) roteses de orgos.|otcscsoccso|+go|o|+mocscnvo|v|o+scom|+tcxocsc||nguc||+c
|m|+nt+o+scm+n|m+|sscm|c,c|ioO|+tcxcst|mu|+oc|csc|mcntoocv+soss+ngu|ncos
coctcc|ooscoco||c|cconst|tu|iotot+|ou+|c|+|oocso|+go
c) Lmbalagens.comos|tosb|oocg|+o+vc|soc|+tcxn+tu|+|+m|oocb|+scc|u|os|c+soocm
subst|tu||tc|mo|+st|coscmcmb+|+gcnsb+noc,+sv+soscsubst|+tos+|+|+nt+s
) Construo clvll e transporte. bo||+c|+n+tu|+|cst+scnoous+o+cmb|cno+scm|stu|+s
comconc|ctoc+s|+|tos+|++umcnt+|+|cs|stcnc|+oosmcsmosu+noosubmct|oos+o
st|css |xcm|os bcm succo|oos oc uso sio cst|+o+s oc |oo+gcm c suo|tcs oc t||||os
|c||ov|+||os
10) Apllcaes txtels. tcc|oos cmbo||+c|+oos com bo||+c|+ n+tu|+| c out|os |ooutos
u|m|cos sc to|n+m tot+|mcntc |mc|mc+vc|s scm c|oc| + |cvcz+ c + cx|b|||o+oc
ocst|n+oos + csto|+oos m+|+s moc|||+s bo|s+s c +utoc+s +utomot|v+s n+v+|s c oc
+v|+io
11) Adeslvos.suscnsocs+uos+socm|c|ooun+no+|t|cu|+so||mc||c+socbo||+c|+n+tu|+|
|oo|c|on+mnovos+ocs|vosb|oocg|+o+vc|sccconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|scomcxcc|cntc
ooc|occobc|tu|+c|o|m+iooc|mcssubst|tu|noo+ocs|vosb+scocso|vcntcs
1.) Lncaucbados. cons|stc n+ |c-vu|c+n|z+io +|tcs+n+| oo |+tcx n+t|vo c n+ +o|io +o
mcsmoocb|+svcgct+|scu|t+sco|+ntcsn+tu|+|souout|ossubst|+tosb|osustcnt+vc|s
|o|m+nooumcomosto|omogcncoucoocsc|us+oo+|+|+b||c+|bo|s+s|ooutos
+|tcs+n+|s c out|os ob,ctos ^s comos|ocs gc|+o+s nio sio co+gu|+o+s |cns+o+s ou
c+|+no|+o+s c nio scc+m cm cstu|+ +o cont|+||o oo |occsso |noust||+| O +c|o oc
b|osustcnt+b|||o+oc c oc o|g+n|c|o+oc ocstcs |ooutos +|tcs+n+|s c cno|mc c +s c+s
|oouz|o+s tcm co|oc+io cc|t+ cm mc|c+oos oc +|to ooc| +u|s|t|vo no ||+s|| c no
cxtc||o|
1!) kecuperao de pneus e arteratos base de borracba natural para uso em pavlmentao
e mlsturas asraltlcas.ousoo+bo||+c|+cm+v|mcnt+io+s|+|t|c+|o|+|ov+oocm+,,,
o||cso|uioooCon+m+co|c+|ovc|t+mcntoocncus|nsc|v|vc|s(scmcono|ocsoc
|oo+gcm ou oc |c|o|m+) ooc c||+| um+ cxcc|cntc oo|tun|o+oc |noust||+| ocnt|o oo
z78

concc|tooc|cc|c|+gcmcsustcnt+b|||o+ocnoos-consumo
|+|++tcnoc|cst+^gcno+oc||||o,ctosoc|nvcst|mcntocmocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|coocn-
t|oo+c+oc|+|oout|v+o+bo||+c|+n+tu|+|ooc||+msc|o|||g|oos+|++sscgu|ntcsncccss|o+ocs
1) |c||o|+mcntogcnct|cocb|otccno|og|+occ|on+gcm|cs|stcnc|++oocn+sc|ntcmc-
||cs|couioo++|c|gcn|c|o+ocoo|+tcx+o+t+io|oc+|occ|oncs|mo|t+oos+c||m+t+-
iooosc|oncscmnov+s|cg|ocsoo+|s+umcntoo+|oout|v|o+occ|ongcv|o+ocoos
c|oncsc|couioo+mo|t+||o+occc|o+s
.) |nvcst|g+ioocnov+s|ontcsoc|+tcxtcstcscomm+n|ob+cout|+scscc|cscsco||+oc
cscc|cscc|oncs+|o||+oosuc|nco|o|cmm|c|onut||cntcscscc|cos+o|+tcx+|+
umoctc|m|n+oot|ooc+||c+io
!) |c||o|+mcnto o+ u+||o+oc oo |+tcx cxt|+|oo c o+ bo||+c|+ |oouz|o+ co||ct+ ||cu-
cnc|+ocs+ng||+novos|occssosoccst|mu|+iog+sos+comcomostosocb+|x+tox|c|-
o+occouco|m+cto+mb|cnt+|novost|osocco|tco+c+sc+o+sc||nguc||+|occssos
oc co+gu|+io m+|s cc|cntcs nov+s tccn|c+s oc scc+gcm c oc cu|+ +|+ +umcnt+| +
u+||o+oco+bo||+c|+scc+
4) |o+s |+t|c+s +g||co|+s ||||g+io +ocu+o+ oo so|o ||cucnc|+s co||ct+s oc +oub+-
io u|vc||z+io cont|+ |nsctos |ungos c |cvcnio oc oocn+s conso|c|os com
out|+scu|tu|+s
) ^||c+ocs+|+os|c,c|toso+sc||nguc||+|c|O|coo|t+||om+ss+Cc|u|osc||ocom-
bust|vc|s|ovc|sccomcns+oos|+c|cCc|u|osc
|nt|c.o+oc.o+.|+vc|+um+utu+io|mo|t+ntcn+|oouio|ntc|n+ocbo||+c|+n+tu|+|o|s+
g|+nocm+|o||+oosnovossc||ng+|s|+nt+ooscnt|c.oo,c.oo,cst+|+|n|c|+noosu+s+ng||+|o,cos
+tu+|stcmosoctcstcocc+mosioc|omcnosocsctc+noso|s+|+tcstccncccss+||o+gu+|-
o+| o |n|c|o o+ |oouio oos sc||ng+|s Cons|oc|+noo cstc |+zo |nvcst|mcntos cm novos c|oncs
ccmnov+s|ontcsoc|+tcx+sc|cm|c+||z+ooscm.o+.+os+ss+ng||+ssomcntctc|io|oouio
cconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|c|cto|non+ncc||o++|t||oc.o+,|o|t+nto|og|+m+soc|||+sc|cm
ocscnvo|v|oos+|+mc||o|+sno|+tcx+|+usocmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|cc|s+||+msc||+|o+mcntc
|m|+nt+oos+|+ucoss+mos|otcgc|+c+oc|+|oout|v+coscto||noust||+|cocconsumooo
dcitmuno|+|ocbo||+c|+|cv|sto+|+css+o+t+
ûcstiooogc|cnc|+mcntooossc||ng+|sco++u|s|ioo+smuo+scc|oncscoccxt|cm+|mo|-
tnc|+ocv|oo+os+|tos|cosucoctc|m|n+oosc|oncscscus|+tcxcsooc|ioobtc|cm|unio
|cscct|v+mcntco+ssu+s|cs|stcnc|+ss|ntcmc||cscoocn+sc+ssu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s||s|co-u|m|-
c+s+|+usocmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosugc|c-scum+o||t|c+ococscontosn++u|s|iooosc|oncs
z79
oc+co|oocom+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socc+o+|cg|ioc+sncccss|o+ocsocc+o+|oouto||nvcst|mcntos
+|++umcntooonumc|oocv|vc||ost+mbcmsiomu|tobcm-v|noos+|+suo|t+|+|oouiooc
muo+s+|+++m||+iooossc||ng+|s
|csscnc|+|+|o|m+ioocumb+ncooco+ooscontcnoo|o||co+ocsu|m|c+soos|+tcxcsooso|-
vc|sosc|oncscx|stcntcsno+|s+|+ucoss+msc|co||ct+mcntcsc|cc|on+oos+|+usocomo|n-
sumos+|+m+tc||+|sccomos|tos+v+n+oos|+|+|sso|+ncccss|o+ococno|m+t|z+ioo+s+n+||-
scsoc+o|on|z+iooo|+tcxco+sbo||+c|+sOocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosmctooos+n+||t|coscoc
+v+||+iooctco|csocs+c+|osct|o|s|os|o|oouout|+ssubstnc|+soc|ntc|csscooc||+m|n|m|z+|o
tcmooc|csost++|++|ov+ioocumnovoc|oncc+|+sc|cioocumoctc|m|n+oo|+tcx
6.11. Concluso
Os|cccntcs+v+nosn+n+notccno|og|+b|otccno|og|+cn+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|sc||+mum
v+sto|cucocoss|b|||o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oosco++||c+ioocnovos
|occssos|oout|vosb+sc+oosnousoocm+tc||+s-||m+s|ovcn|cntcsoo+g|oncgoc|oco+cx-
|o|+ioocm|nc||os+buno+ntcs
Os|csu|t+oosobt|oos+tccstcmomcntoc+smu|t+sout|+soss|b|||o+ocsocut|||z+iom+c|+ocs-
t+sm+tc||+s-||m+s|o|m+mum+|ot++t|+cntcococscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|couccconvc|gcntc
comout|+s|mo|t+ntcso||ct||zcsoco||t|c+sub||c+s++m||+ioocc+oc|+s|oout|v+sc+scon-
scucntcsgc|+ocsoc|cno+coccm|cgososc|csc|mcntosn+o|c|t+oc+||mcntoscoccnc|g|+
ncccss+||os+|++|nc|usiosoc|+|+m|t|g+ioocc|c|tos+nt|o|cossob|c+smuo+n+sc||m+t|c+s
g|ob+|s c + +ooio oc +o|ocs |oout|vos sustcnt+vc|s uc cont||bu+m +|+ + mc||o||+ oo mc|o
+mb|cntccomooso+u|m|c+vc|oc
|+tc||+|s+v+n+oos|+b||c+ooscomm+tc||+s-||m+s+g||co|+scm|nc|+|s+buno+ntcssiooc|o|m+
s|m||+||mo|t+ntcsoo|tun|o+ocscconom|c+sc|csccntcmcntccx|o|+o+so|mu|t+so+sm+|o-
|cso|g+n|z+ocscconom|c+sg|ob+|sc||+noonovosmooc|ostccno|og|cosoc|occssococc|c|o
ocv|o+oos|ooutos
ôs|iob|+s||c||++|++cx|o|+ioocst+soo|tun|o+ocscmu|tov+nt+,os+o+o++c++c|o+oc
b|+s||c||+oc|nov+iono+g|oncgoc|o(|+nt|oc|noust||+soct|+ns|o|m+io)cxcm||c+o+c|oscs-
z80

|o|osc|og|+m+svo|t+oos+|+|oouioccx|o|+iooo+|coo|occ+n+coo+c|occuc+||to
ucsioou+s|cvo|uocs|nov+oo|+sc||+o+sno||+s||o|cmuct|ouxc|+m|m+ctosmuno|+|s
^|gunsoos|csu|t+oosobt|oossiosu||ccnocntcsc|+ntcocst+ooo++|tco+c|cnc|++tu+|c
|ovoc+mmuo+n+soc+|+o|gm+sc|cnt|||coscmummov|mcntooc|c+||mcnt+iouc||-
v||cg|+osc|cnt|st+sb|+s||c||osc||cso+nov+soo|tun|o+ocsocc||+iot|+ouz|o+scm|nov+-
ocs|mo|t+ntcs
|stc|occssoocvcsc||omcnt+ooo|o||t|c+sub||c+scx||c|t+scbcm|o|mu|+o+s|st+socvcm
+oot+|cst|+tcg|+s|o||zont+|scom|m+ctosob|cocon,untoo+scsso+sco+so|g+n|z+ocs|c|c-
v+ntcsct+mbcmcst|+tcg|+svc|t|c+|s|oc+||z+o+scm|ooutosouc+oc|+s|oout|v+scscc|cos
|stcoocumcnto+|cscnt+|oost+soosoo|st|oscsco|||o+socnt|oocumccn+||omu|to+m|o
cv+||o+o+so|um|occssoocconsu|t+ooCC||+umg|uo|c|cscnt+t|vooccsu|s+oo|csuc
+tu+mn++|c+ocm+tc||+|s
^s o|to |oost+s +|cscnt+o+s ncstc cstuoo nio cx+u|cm c nio cob|cm too+s +s oss|b|||o+ocs
v|su+||z+o+s o|t+nto oocm sc| cstcno|o+s +|+ out|+s c+oc|+s |oout|v+s cscc|+|mcntc +|+
+uc|+scom+su+|scx|stcum+s|nc|g|+n+tu|+|(cnc|g|+mc|o+mb|cntcs+uocct|+nso|tcscnt|c
out|+s) |nt|ct+nto |c|cscnt+m s|tu+ocs oc |oscct|v+ +mb|c|os+ um+ vcz uc sc +o|+m cm
um v|go|oso |+st|o oc |c+||z+ocs |n||+cst|utu|+ oc ||| +t|vos |oout|vos c |ccu|sos |um+nos
u+||c+oos+|+um+m|ocscct|ooc+t|v|o+ocsocsoc+csu|s+b+s|c++tc+comc|c|+||z+io
cm+m|+csc+|+oonovom+tc||+|
||n+|mcntcc|cc|so|cmb|+|uco||t|c+sub||c+s|oouzcm|csu|t+oosu+noosio+||c+o+scm
+mb|cntcs |o|c|os c tc||cnos |c|tc|s |ocumcntos govc|n+mcnt+|s |cccntcs scnoo um oc|cs o
||og|+m+|+c|on+|oos|||c|tos|um+nos(||||-,)tcmcv|ocnc|+ooum+|cocu+iocxccss|v+
cumt+ntou+nto||og|c+u+nto+os|m+ctoso+n+notccno|og|+cb|otccno|og|+sob|c+soc|co+-
oc|ss+|nu|ct+ioc+sovcn|++sc|t|+ns|o|m+o+cm+ocsooc|+tc|umc|c|toocst|ut|vosob|c
u+|uc|o||t|c+oc|nov+iocococscnvo|v|mcntoc|cnt|coctccno|og|co|nc|u|noo+s|oost+s
ccst|+tcg|+ssugc||o+sncstcoocumcnto
6.!!.!. 8ases de dados consultadas
CC|||+oos|st|+tcg|cossob|cccno|og|+s|mc|gcntcsoc^|ovc|t+mcntoustcnt+vc|
oc||om+ss+coc|ccu|sos|+tu|+|sc+|nov+iocm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oosoc|cs|c||v+-
oos|stuoo||oscct|vo|+sc|.oo;
z8!
CC|||+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+^||c+ocs^mb|cnt+|s|stuoo|oscct|vo|+sc|.oo;
CC|||+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+^||c+ocs|oton|c+s|stuoo||oscct|vo|+sc|.oos
CC|| |+tc||+|s ^v+n+oos +|+ ^||c+ocs ||bo|og|c+s |stuoo ||oscct|vo |+sc |
.oo;
CC|||+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|++|c|cs+ccgu|+n+|stuoo||oscct|vo|+sc|.oo;
CC|||+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|++Cc|+ioc^|m+zcn+mcntooc|nc|g|+|stuoo||os-
cct|vo|+sc|.oo;
CC|||+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+octo||s+c|+||stuoo||oscct|vo|+sc|.oo;
CC|| |stuoo ||oscct|vo oc |+tc||+|s ^v+n+oos |c|+to||o oc |c|scct|v+s - |+sc ||
.oos
CC||||oo||mc|osc|ntc|mco|+||osu|m|cos.oo,
|||||||C|^|^|||||||C^
|^|^-||n|stc||oo+^g||cu|tu|+|ccu+||+c^b+stcc|mcnto
|C||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+
||^-||n|stc||ooo|c|o^mb|cntc
|||||n|stc||oo+s||n+sc|nc|g|+
||n|stc||ooo|cscnvo|v|mcnto|noust||+cComc|c|o|xtc||o|
|^C||og|+m+oc^cc|c|+ioooC|csc|mcnto
|^C|-||+noocîoocC|cnc|+ccno|og|+c|nov+io+|+o|cscnvo|v|mcnto|+c|o-
n+|(.oo;-.o+o)
|^|C|||-||og|+m+ocô|o+o|cscnvo|v|mcntoC|cnt|cocccno|og|co
C||Consc||o|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntoC|cnt|cocccno|og|co
C||-||+t+|o|m+s|+ttcs;C+||osC|+g+s
C||||C
CO|^|^Consc||o|+c|on+|oo|c|o^mb|cntc
^|V|^^gcnc|+|+c|on+|ocV|g||nc|++n|t+||+
|||||c+|t+mcnto|+c|on+|oc||oouio||nc|+|
C|||Ccnt|oocccno|og|+||nc|+|
C||Ccnt|o|+c|on+|oc|csu|s+oco|os(||||^|ô|os)
C|||c|v|oCco|og|cooo||+s||(cx-Com+n||+oc|csu|s+oc|ccu|sos||nc|+|s)
||||^|^ - cm scus v+||os ccnt|os c g|uos oc csu|s+ |nst|umcnt+io Cc||+oos
||ut|cu|tu|+ctc
^|||||
z8z

|^|||
||||
|||||
|||^|
cc|ct+||+o+^g||cu|tu|+oo|st+ooocio|+u|o
|nst|tuto||||||
^|||^^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oc|+||ct|ng|u|+|coo^g|oncgoc|o
^||^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oc|ct+|u|g|+c|+tc||+|s
^|^|^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oo^|um|n|o
^C|OCO|||
^|CO^
^|^^ssoc|+iooos||stu|+oo|csocôubosoo||+s||
^||^-^ssoc|+io|+c|on+|+|+|||usioocôubos
^||||^ssoc|+io|+c|on+|oc|c|cs+Vcgct+|
^||^||+n,os||oout|vos|oc+|s
|||||c+|t+mcnto|+c|on+|oc|csu|s+||nc|+|
|||^|O|nst|tuto||+s||c||ooo|os|+to
|||^||nst|tuto||+s||c||ooc||nc|+io
||^|ntc|n+t|on+||c|t|||zc|^ssoc|+t|on
|ntc|n+t|on+|||+nt|ut||t|on|nst|tutc(cx-|O^|O^ss||+s||c||++|+|csu|s+o+|o-
t+ss+c|os|+t+oos)
|nst|tutoô||+s||(cx-|nst|tuto||+s||c||ooc|oc|u|g|+)
|O^|C
||||cc|ct+||+oc|o||t|c+sc||og|+m+soc|csu|s+c|cscnvo|v|mcnto
||Ccc|ct+||+oc|cscnvo|v|mcntoccno|og|coc|nov+io
|^C^||no|c+too+|noust||+ocôuboscCo||ct|vos^g||co|+soo|o|ocstc
|^C|||no|c+too+s|noust||+socôuboscCo||ct|vosoo|st+ooocio|+u|o
|^|C|no|c+too+|noust||+ocôubosoo||oC|+nocoou|
|||^C|no|c+too+s|noust||+socôuboscCo||ct|vos^g||co|+soo|st+oooc||n+s
Cc|+|s
||||^|||O|no|c+too+|noust||+ocôuboscCo||ct|vos^g||co|+soo|st+oooo
|+|+n+
||||||||-|no|c+to|+c|on+|o+|noust||+oc|+tc||+s-|||m+s+|+|c|t|||z+ntcs
z8!
||oc|co+oc|u|+|||+s||c||+
V^||^
^|^|||||^|O|^|
^||OV|-^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+o+s|noust||+socO|cosVcgct+|swww+b|ovccomb|
^|O|^-www+bo|ss+comb|
^CO|^-www+cso,+o|g+|
^C|O|^||^-www+g|o+|m+comb|
Ô^C-^ssoc|+t|ono|Oc|+|^n+|yt|c+|C|cm|sts-www+o+co|g
ÔC-^mc||c+nO||C|cm|stsoc|ctywww+ocso|g
^mc||c+noybc+n^ssoc|+t|onwwwsoyg|owc|scom
^|gcnt|ncO|||noust|yC|+mbc|(C|^|^)wwwc|+|+ccccom+|
^ssoc|+io|+c|on+|oos|xo|t+oo|csocCc|c+|s(^||C)www+ncccomb|
C+mcst|cwwwc+mcst|ccomb|
C+n+o|+nO||scco||occsso|s^ssoc|+t|onwwwco+on||ncnct
C+n+o|+noybc+n|xo|tc|s^ssoc|+t|onwwwc+n+o|+nsoybc+nscom
C^|-cc|ct+||+ o+ ^g||cu|tu|+ wwwc+t|sgovb|;C+t|;tccno|og|+s;o|c+g|nos+s;m+-
mon+_+|.oo.|
Con|coc|+ioo+^g||cu|tu|+c|ccu+||+oo||+s||(C|^)
|||^||;| |m|cs+ oc |csu|s+ ^ss|stcnc|+ c |xtcnsio |u|+| oo |st+oo oc |+to
C|osso
||O||+no||otc|n|c+||noust|y(||||O|)www|co|o|bc
!c|coc|+t|ono|O||sccos+no|+ts^ssoc|+t|onswww|os|+o|g
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oc|cst:+oo.|+cu|o+ococ|ngcn|+:|+Qu|m|c+o+U||C^||.iooo
z97
Materiais avanados para sade mdico-odontolgica
7. Materiais avanados para sade
mdico-odontolgica
1
7.1. Apresentao
|csocscm|co|omcmbusc++|mo|t+||o+occgunooo|n|io|cccntcooc|cnt|st+c|utu|o|ogo
|+ymon|u|zwc||otranshumanismo(|ntcg|+io|omcm-m+u|n+)oocsc||c+||o+occm.o+,o
+nos||utoo++||c+iocon,unt+octccno|og|+o+|n|o|m+iob|otccno|og|+cn+notccno|og|+^
csc|+n+ocv|o+oob|+s||c||ovcmscnoo+m||+o+oc|o|m+cons|stcntc||nc|+|mcntc++|t||
o+occ+o+oc|o|m.oos|o|+t|ng|o++cxcct+t|v+ocv|o++on+scc|oc;,+nos+]ccst|m+-sc+|+
.o.o,om|||ocsocb|+s||c||oscomm+|soceo+nosComo|nc|cmcntoo+|ongcv|o+occoct|+u-
m+socco||cntcsoc+c|ocntcsoct|ns|tocv|o|cnc|++umcnt+t+mbcm+ocm+no+o||ooutosc
tccno|og|+s|ov|oost+ntoc|o|stcm+|n|cooc+uoc(|)comoc|o|stcm+oc+uocu|c-
mcnt+|.]^ss|mc|uno+mcnt+|conso||o+|+|noust||+oc|ooutos+|++s+uocno||+s||como
|o|m+oc+tcnoc|ocm+no+c|csccntco||occo|mcntosoc+|t+com|cx|o+oc||cc|so+|no+
|ocnt|c+|n|c|osocoo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|osuccont||bu+m+|+o+umcntoo+scxo|t+ocs
cmvo|umcco|vc|s|c+io
|csu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+io(|||)cms+uocc|c|cv+ntc+|+o|m|nu||+vu|nc|+b|||o+oc
oo|c|c+|+|o+|s+|+novosocs+ostccno|og|cos^stcnocnc|+smuno|+|scm|ongo|+-
zo (.o.o-.o,o) |no|c+m |oco n+ mco|c|n+ o|+gnost|c+ c |cgcnc|+t|v+ |+tc||+|s s|ntct|cos n+tu|+|s
ou||b||oosn+nocst|utu|+oosouobt|ooso||ot+sb|otccno|og|c+s+ssoc|+oos+tc|+|+scc|u|+|cs
s|stcm+s oc ||bc|+io cont|o|+o+ oc |+|m+cos(drug delivery) ou gcncs sc|io |no|scns+vc|s +|+ +
g+|+nt|+o+u+||o+occo+cc|cnc|+o++ss|stcnc|+s+uoc|cst+o+c|o|cc|o|stcm+oc+u-
ocu|cmcnt+|
O|stuoo||oscct|vocm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+^||c+ocscm+uoc|co|co-Ooonto|og|c+
|n|c|+oocm.oo;noCC||cng|obout|cs|+scsc|csu|toun+||o||z+ioocsc|sto|cosm+tc||+|s
1 |stcc+,|tu|o|o|c|+bo:+oo,c|+cu|,ccom,ost+,o:|o:|+|u|ccoc^|mc|o+:o+:cs(coo:ocn+oo:+).Ccc|||+^mc||+ocC+:-
v+||oz+v+g||+(:cv|so:+).^||:coo||:+no+ococs.C+:|+V+|c:|+|+:t|ns|oo:|gucs.C:|st|n+1:|stiooc^no:+oc.|u|z:c:g|o
|+:cc||noomcs.|+:cc|o+nz+:o|||ocO||vc|:+.|+:|+||oc|+oc||m+|+v+::o.|+oov+n8o:o,cv|c.|ubcns8c||o:t|un|o:.1+|s
|un|oz|ocO||vc|:+(co-:c|+to:cs)
z98

+|+|m|+ntcso|toco|cosm+tc||+|s+|+|otcscscnoov+scu|+|cs(stcnts)m+tc||+|socnt+||osm+-
tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos+|+o|+gnost|coct|+t+mcntoocoocn+sm+tc||+|sc+||c+oo|cs+|+s|stc-
m+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(|C)cm+tc||+|s+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+||+um+c|+|+conco|onc|+
o+s||o||o+ocsocn|o+snos|c|+to||osoo|stuoocomuc|+s|cscntcsn+||st+comos+oo|o-
outoscst|+tcg|cosnomb|tooo|ocn|oosn+o|t+||+oo||n|stc||oo++uoc(|)numc|o
,;soc+e;o,;.oos
C+o+umoossc|sto|costccno|og|cosocstc+|t|go|o|o|su+vczsubo|v|o|oocmoo|s|tcnso||-
mc||ovo|t+oo(scm|cucoss|vc|)+|+cst|+tcg|+socmc|c+oocoscgunoo+|++ocsoc|||
cm suo|tc +t|v|o+oc |oout|v+ ^s cst|+tcg|+s oc mc|c+oo oocm sc bcncc|+| o+s ||n|+s oc
+io||st+o+sno||og|+m+oc^cc|c|+ioooC|csc|mcnto(|^C)oc|||oo||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+
cccno|og|+(|C),]cmcscc|+|o+uc|+suc|omovcm+|nov+iotccno|og|c+n+scm|cs+s
(+o|o|nov+iotccno|og|c+n+scm|cs+stccno|og|++|+|nov+ion+scm|cs+sc|nccnt|vo
c||+iocconso||o+iooccm|cs+s|ntcns|v+scmtccno|og|+)cscusocsoob|+mcntos^s||n|+s
oc +io oo |^C oo |C +|+ ||| cm +|c+s cst|+tcg|c+s cng|ob+m |nsumos +|+ + +uoc c +s
+|c+soc||otccno|og|+c|+notccno|og|++mb+scons|oc|+o+so|t+oo|+soc|utu|oousc,+com
c|cv+o+|ob+b|||o+ococ|omc|b+||c||+stccno|og|c+scmc|c+oo|og|c+s
7.!.!. Conslderaes
^ ||| |o||t|c+ oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto ||oout|vo |] uc tcm como ob,ct|vo ccnt|+| o+| sustcnt+-
b|||o+oc+o+tu+|c|c|ooccx+nsio|nc|u|oCom|cxo|noust||+|o++uoc(C|)nog|uooossc|s
||og|+m+s|ob|||z+oo|cscm^|c+s|st|+tcg|c+s|+|+oC||o|+mcst+bc|cc|o+s+sscgu|ntcsmct+s
|couz||oocc|tcomc|c|+|ooC|+|+|,||b|||ocs+tc.o+,cocscnvo|vc|tccno|og|++|+|o-
ouio|oc+|oc.o|ooutoscst|+tcg|cos+|+o|+tc.o+,|o|sout|os|og|+m+smob|||z+oo|cs
b|otccno|og|+cn+notccno|og|+t+mbcmscocst+c+mc|+g|+noc|c|cvnc|+uc+|cscnt+m
+|++|nov+ion++|c+o+s+uoc
|cstccontcxtocomct||++oC|uo|xccut|voooCom|cxo|noust||+|o++uoc(Ccc|s)c||+oo
cm.oosc|o||n|st|oo++uoc+|omoiooc+ocsconc|ct+sv|s+nooc||+ioocumm+|co
|cgu|+to||ob|+s||c||on++|c++|cmoc|couz||g+|g+|os|cg+|st||but+||oscn+ncc||os,]|ocn-
t+ntocss+s+ocs(b+s|c+mcntcon+nc|+mcnto+|++m||+ioo+c++c|o+ococ|oouioc+
cx+nsiooos|ccu|sos+|+|||cm+|c+scst|+tcg|c+s)+|no+nio|o|+mtot+|mcntccntcno|o+s
c|o scto| |oout|vo |o |ntu|to oc |cvc|tc| cssc u+o|o + |coc|+io o+s |noust||+s oo |st+oo
ocio|+u|o(||cs)|+noucm+b|||oc.oo,oc+oc|no|nt|tu|+oo|+nu+|oos|nst|umcntoso+
z99
|o||t|c+ oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto ||oout|vo uc |csumc os |nst|umcntos |nst|tu|ocs scto|cs con-
tcm|+ooscout|osoct+||cse]
^|cmoo+c||c|cv+ntcoo||n|stc||oo++uoc(|)coo|Ccomon+nc|+oo|csco+ocn|io
o+s|o||t|c+s|ub||c+scm+uoccCo|gioscomo+^gcnc|+|+c|on+|ocV|g||nc|++n|t+||+(^n-
v|s+) |nst|tuto |+c|on+| oc |ct|o|og|+ |o|m+||z+io c u+||o+oc |noust||+| (|nmct|o) c |nst|tuto
|+c|on+|oc||o||co+oc|noust||+|(|n|)sio|uno+mcnt+|sn+|cmoiooccnt|+vcsuc|csu|tcm
cm+t|+son+cxccuioo+s+ocssugc||o+sno|cscntc+|t|go^+bo|o+gcmt|+nsvc|s+|sob|cm+tc-
||+s||m+sctccno|og|+st+mbcmc|uno+mcnt+|o|s|+vo|ccco+ocns+mcntoo+c+oc|+|oout|v+
cont||bu|noo+|++v|+b|||z+ioo+smct+s|oost+sn+|||
OoocumcntoooCC|||+sc||oc|c|scct|v+s;]c+|tu|o,|||o||o+ocsoc|||cm|+tc||+|s
^v+n+oos+|+++uoc|co|co-ooonto|og|c+cst+bc|cccusobcncomcno+oo|C+s||o||o+-
ocsc+so|mcnsocsocm+|o||m+cto+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||||o|o|ocm
occ|csccntc oc |c|cvnc|+ |noust||+|
i
+|+ o +no |oscct|vo oc .o.. |o|+m ||st+oos os scgu|ntcs
to|cos mco|c|n+ |cgcnc|+t|v+ (|,) n+notccno|og|+ +||c+o+ +o t|+t+mcnto oc oocn+s c|on|co-
ocgcnc|+t|v+s c cngcn|+||+ oc suc|||c|cs +||c+o+ +os b|om+tc||+|s (|,) |otcscs cnoov+scu|+|cs
(stcnts)(|o)|otcscsocu+o||||ooutos+|+o|t+|mo|og|+|+c+s;+|+|usos|c+bso|v|vc|scm+tc-
||+|socnt+||os(,,)tcxtc|stccno|og|cos(,;)ctcxtc|s|ntc||gcntcs(,e)
ccosmct|cos(,.)^snot+s
cnt|c+|cntcscsc|co||cmum+csc+|+occ|ncon|vc|soc|c|cvnc|+
Os|csu|t+ooso+|+sc||+ont+|+m+|no+comoo|mcnsocsocm+|o||m+cto+|+oocscnvo|v|-
mcntooosto|costccno|og|cosocm+tc||+|s+|++s+uocmco|co-ooonto|og|c+|ccu|sos|um+nos
(||)ocm+no+ocmc|c+oocn+nc|+mcntoncss+o|ocmScale-up
|
ccxc||cnc|+cmgcstiocm-
|cs+||+||o|+mout|os+scctos+ont+ooso|cm|cs+||osccsu|s+oo|cscomoocs+os|mo|-
t+ntcs+sc|cmsuc|+oosC+o+umocsscs+ssuntossc|+sum+||z+oo+scgu||
2 |c|cvnc|+v+:|+oc1+.scnoo.cu|v+|cntc+|u|to|c|cv+ntc
1 Ostcxtc|stccno|og|cos:cuncmconcc|tosoccngcn|+:|+ocsu,c:||c|cs.n+notccno|og|+c||bc:+iocont:o|+o+csioocscnvo|-
v|oos,+:++tcnoc:cm+octc:m|n+o+s|uncs.como,o:cxcm,|o.mc||o:|+noocscm,cn|oocum+o+o+,:+t|c+cs,o:t|v+.
|nc|u|noot+mbcmtcc|ooscom+io+nt|m|c:ob|+n+c,:otciob+||st|c+1cxtc|s|ntc||gcntcscostum+m+g:cg+:c|cmcntosoc
tccno|og|+o+|n|o:m+iocomoscnso:cscs|stcm+soct:+ns|c:cnc|+oco+oos
4 :c+|c-u,cons|stccmum+sc:|cocct+,+s,+:++umcntooccsc+|+(,o:cxocum+csc+|+oc|+bo:+to:|oou,||otoococscnvo|v|-
mcnto.,+:+um+csc+|++m,||+o+oc,:oouio)ô|ongooooocumcntosc:+us+o++cx,:cssiocm|ng|cs
!00

7.!.z. Uesaos em kl em materlals para a saude
Otcm+oc|ccu|sos|um+nostcms|oob+st+ntco|scut|oonosg|uosoct|+b+||o||g+oos+o|o|um
ocComct|t|v|o+occm||otccno|og|+ucocst+coucnt|cout|os+ncccss|o+ococ|o|t+|cc|mcnto
oocns|notccn|coco+cx|b|||z+ioooscu|sosocg|+ou+io
^|||ocn|uou+s+ocss|stcm|c+sn+o|mcnsioCapacitao e Treinamento em RH: o Plano Na-
cional de Educao,commct+oc.eom||c,oom||nov+sm+t||cu|+s|cscct|v+mcntcn+cou-
c+io|oss|on+|;tccno|og|c+cnocns|nosuc||o|+|+.o+oôut|++iooc|csons+b|||o+oc
con,unt+oos|stcm+cs|;cn+|;C||coo||n|stc||ooo|+b+||otcmcomomct++em|||ocsoc
m+t||cu|+ssob|ctuoonocns|no|oss|on+||ss+s+ocscstiocmconsonnc|+com+||n|+oc
îonumc|o.oo|^Coo|Cvo|t+o++|++|o|m+iocc++c|t+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
+|+C|cnc|+ccno|og|+c|nov+io(C|)O||+noocîotcmt+mbcmcomomct+c|cv+|o
numc|oocbo|s+sconcco|o+sc|oC||+tc.o.oo+noocn|+scscngcn|+||+sc+|c+scst|+tcg|-
c+s|ocnt+ntocomo+ucc|mcntoooscto||noust||+|onumc|ooccngcn|c||osbo|s|st+stcm
s|ooo|+st|c+mcntc|couz|oo
Oscu|sosocmct+|u|g|+cocm+tc||+|scx|stcntcsno+|s,+ossucmum+|tog|+uoc|ntcg|+iocom
+|c+so+s+uoccoscto|mco|co-ooonto|og|co|o|c|+noo+|o|m+iomu|t|o|sc|||n+|ocmcst|cs
coouto|csOnumc|oocoouto|cs|o|m+oostcm+umcnt+oom+s|+|t+mostosoct|+b+||o+|+
csscs||+|t+mcntcu+||c+oos|o||ssoosco|t+|s+|+conccssioocbo|s+ocos-oouto|+mcnto
n+s|Coun+scm|cs+ssio|mo|t+ntcsm+sos|o,ctosuc|nc|ucmos-oouto|+mcntosso||cm
g|+nocsocscont|nu|o+ocs|+|tcocsscscsu|s+oo|csniocom|ct+scuc|o+
o
+nooc|o,cto^
c||+ioo+c+||c||+occsu|s+oo|csn+sun|vc|s|o+ocs++m||+ioocv+g+snos|nst|tutos||g+oos
+o|Cc+|nsc|io|o|m+|n+scm|cs+ssiooocs|mo|t+ntcscnio-cxc|uocntcs+|+x+|os
||c+cc|c|+|+|nov+io
7.!.!. Uesaos quanto demanda de mercado e compras do Lstado
|moosocs+oso+|||+|+oC|cons|stccm+ocns+|+c+oc|+|oout|v+c|o|t+|ccc|+scm|cs+s
n+c|on+|s scnoo uc o ||nc|+| |nst|umcnto |oosto co||csonoc s com|+s govc|n+mcnt+|s
cst|m+o+scm|,+.b|||ocs+nu+|scnt|c.oos-.o++|]
Ousoooooc|occom|+oo|st+oo|c-
vct+mbcm+|cv|sioo+|cgu|+mcnt+iooccom|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s^||st+comosccm|ooutos
cst|+tcg|cosnomb|tooo|+ntc||o|mcntcmcnc|on+o+sc|vcocb+||z+mcnto+|+o|+nco|+-
s |io|o:+mcons|oc:+o+s,oss|vc|s+|tc:+csn+smct+soo|||cm|unioo+c:|scmuno|+|
!0!
c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto|conom|cococ|+|(||||)+v+||+|c||o||z+||o,ctossubmct|oos+o
||og|+m+ocô|o+o|cscnvo|v|mcntoooCom|cxo|noust||+|o++uoc(||o|+|m+)
|mm+|ooc.oos,]csu|s+oo|cscgcsto|cs|ocnt|c+|+m+o|cu|o+ococcooc|+ioo+s|nst|tu|-
ocsocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(|C)comcm|cs+so++|c+occu|+mcntoscm+tc||+|socusocms+u-
occomoog|+noccnt|+vc|nov+iocsugc|||+mc||tc||os+|+|+b|||t+|cm|cs+s+os|ox|mosco|t+|s
ocsubvcnioc;oun+nc|+mcntos+|+csu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+ioOsc||tc||os|nc|ucm
cnt|cout|os+ncccss|o+ococ+|cc||+com+s|Cc++|t|c|+ioocos-g|+ou+noosn+cm|cs+
7.!.4. Uesao em nanclamento
||cc|sog+|+nt||cont|nu|o+ococn+nc|+mcnto+|+g|+nocs|o,ctosoc|||comoo|cxcm-
|oos|nst|tutos|+c|on+|socC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(||C)On+nc|+mcnto+|+csu|s+umoos
|c-|cu|s|tos+|+sc+t|ng||+|nov+iotcm+umcnt+oos|gn|c+t|v+mcntcnosu|t|mos+nosm+s
+|no+cu|vc||z+oocmmu|t||osco|t+|sc||+|mo|t+ntc|co|scut||+|c|+ioo+s+gcnc|+sn+nc|+-
oo|+scomoscsu|s+oo|csosc||tc||osoc+v+||+iooos|o,ctosc++bc|tu|+occo|t+|scom|+zos
occxccuiooc|o,ctoscmmco|occm|ongo|+zo(e-+o+nos)com+v+||+ocs|ntc|mco|+||+s
On+nc|+mcnto+|++m||+ioo+c++c|o+ococ|oouioooC||nc|u|onovo||o|+|m+;||||
com|ccu|soso+o|ocmoc|,,b|||ocscnt|c.oosc.o+.+|cmoc|ccu|soso|+mcnt+||osoo||-
n|stc||oo++uococcc|c+oc|,,oom|||ocsnomcsmoc||ooo|ccu|sos+|+|||cm+|c+scs-
t|+tcg|c+sc+|+|n||+cst|utu|+c|cnt|co-tccno|og|c+t+mbcmcstioo|son|vc|sbcmcomoo+o|o
n+ncc||oc+c+|t+||z+io|oostosn+|||+|+n+notccno|og|+cb|otccno|og|+|]
|cnt|oo+s||o||o+ocscst|+tcg|c+soo|^Coo|C+||n|+oc+ionumc|oeuc|cvc|nccnt|vo
C||+iocConso||o+iooc|m|cs+s|ntcns|v+scmccno|og|+c|uno+mcnt+|+|+o|m|nu||+
vu|nc|+b|||o+ocooC||+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos+|c+bouos
o
+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|cs|stc-
m+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+siocxcm|osoc|ooutosctccno|og|+s|ntcns|v+scm|nov+iouc
occnocm|o|tcmcntcoos|ccu|sos|cv|stosno||+noocîooo|C
ôcso+||nc(|unooscto||+|csubvcniocconom|c+com|ccnocnoo|unoosnio-|ccmbo|s+vc|s
c|nst|umcntosocc+|t+|oc||scocomoc+|t+|scmcntcventure capital, private equityc+bc|tu-
|+occ+|t+|)+ocsoo||||(C||+tcccnt|cout|os)c++iocon,unt+oosm|n|stc||os|;|C
1+mbcm c|+m+oos oc tcm,|+tcs ou sc+o|os ,oocm sc: ocn|oos como su,o:tcs ,o:osos t:|o|mcns|on+|s ,+:+ cu|tu:+ oc
cc|u|+s
!0z

(|c|oc|nov+ioccncomcno+stccno|og|c+s)sio|nst|umcntos|uno+mcnt+|s+|++cc|c|+|+|nov+-
ion+s+uocC+bc+|no+ocst+c+|o+c|oos|o|t+|s||nc-cb|+c
ucn+nc|+m+busc+ocso|u-
ocsconc|ct+s+|+|ob|cm+soccucn+scmco|+scm|cs+sc|+s|Ccomo|o|m+ocsuc|+|
g+|g+|ostccno|og|cosn+c+oc|+oc|nov+ioco+c|o+s|uno+ocs|st+ou+|socô|o(|^|s)
7.!.. Uesao para scale-up
V+||os csu|s+oo|cs +ont+m o scale-up (|c + convc|sio oc um |occsso |noust||+| + +|t|| oc
congu|+ocs|+bo|+to||+|snoscnt|oooouso+m|oocmc|c+oo)comoo||nc|+|g+|g+|oo+c+-
oc|+oc|nov+ioo||+|t+(ouocscon|cc|mcnto)ocmcc+n|smosocn+nc|+mcntob+|x+|ntc|+io
comcm|cs+sc||nc|+|mcntc|+|t+oc|ccu|sos|um+noscscc|+||z+ooscmscale-up.|ss+st|+ns-
|c|cnc|+soccsc+|+(++oou++oo)ncccss|t+m+ntcsocm+|sn+o+oc+|cc||os|ntc|css+oos|o,ctos
occu|+mcntov+||o+ioo+mctooo|og|+csu||mcntoocm+tc||+||m+cmu+nt|o+occcusto
com+t|vc|como|oouto|n|c|+t|v+s+cxcm|oo+c||+ioooCcnt|ooc|cscnvo|v|mcntocc-
no|og|cocm+uocs]sio|mo|t+ntcs+|+|ccnc|c|css+s|+cun+sm+s+|no+siocmnumc|o
|nsuc|cntcccom|csu|t+ooscsc|+oos+|+mco|ocm|ongo|+zo
7.!.6. Uesao em gesto empresarlal
C|+nocs|o,ctosoc|||tcms|oocoo|ocn+ooscmsu++m|+m+|o||+o||o|csso|csc;ou
csu|s+oo|csocun|vc|s|o+ocsub||c+sscm|o|m+iocmgcstiocm|cs+||+||cssccontcx-
to+|+|mu|s|on+|oocscnvo|v|mcnto|ctcno|oosc|+|cc|so|o||ss|on+||z+|+sscgu|ntcs
||cntcsocgcstio
Ccstioo+|otciooocon|cc|mcnto|nc|u|noo+com+n|+mcntocmtoo+s+sct++sc
+obtcniooc+tcntcsnocxtc||o|
Ccstio|+bo|+to||+|com+|m|+nt+ioocno|m+s|Occom+t|b|||z+iocomousooos
|+bo|+to||oscm+t|v|o+ocsoccns|noc
Ccstiooos|o,ctos|o||+mcntco|tos
|cssccontcxto+gcnc|+soc|omcntocomo+Coo|ocn+iooc^c||c|o+mcntooc|csso+|oc||-
vc|uc||o|(C+cs)ouoConsc||o|+c|on+|oc|cscnvo|v|mcntoC|cnt|cocccno|og|co(C||)
ooc||+m |nccnt|v+| c n+nc|+| + +|t|c|+io oc csu|s+oo|cs cm os-g|+ou+io lato sensu n+
+|c+ocgcstiosc|cc|on+||oost+s+sc|cm+tcntc+o+sctc
!0!
7.2. Materiais para implantes ortopdicos
Og+stooos|st+oos|n|ooscm|ooutosmco|cos|o|occc|c+oc|,sob|||ocscm.oo;cconst|tu|
umooscomoncntcscomc|csc|mcntom+|s|+|oonosg+stos|os|t+|+|csOs|m|+ntcso|toc-
o|cos|c|cscnt+mum+subst+nc|+||oo|ioocsscsg+stos
;
scnoo|cv|stoum+umcntooc,s/
+o+notot+||z+noo|,.,b|||ocscm.o+.,]
|m.oo;osg+stosoo|com|occo|mcntosc||u|g|coso|toco|cossuc|+|+mcc|c+oc|, ,;,
m|||ocsco||csonocnoo+|,+|em|||ocsvo|t+oos+|+o|tcscsc|otcscso|toco|c+s+o]|o
mcsmo+noos|occo|mcntosoc+|t|o|+st|+ocu+o|||c,oc||o|o|+m|csons+vc|so|cc|c++;
m|||ntc|n+ocsgc|+nooumg+stotot+|comcsscs|occo|mcntosc||u|g|cosoccc|c+oc|,e,m|-
||ocstcnoos|oo+|ox|m+o+mcntc|,,sm|||ocs|c|+t|voscom|+oc|otcscsôcm+no+o|
|m|+ntcsocu+o|||c,oc||oom+|o|scto|oc|ooutoso|toco|costcmcxcct+t|v+oc|+|oo
c|csc|mcntoocv|oo+ocnvc||cc|mcntoo+ou|+iomuno|+|+ssoc|+oo+ooocst||oocv|o++t|vo
c+umcntooos+c|ocntcst|+um+t|cos|stuoos|no|c+mum+ocm+no+c|csccntcc+|no+|c||m|o+
ocstcs|occo|mcntosc||u|g|cosno||+s||um+vczuccm+|scsocscnvo|v|oos+cxcm|oo+u-
cc|+cc|c+oc+|o+|t|o|+st|+stot+|socu+o|||||m+||+s|o|+m|c+||z+o+so|+ooooo|+b|t+ntcs
cm.oo;++]
|mbo|+|+|g+mcntccm|cg+o+s|++|gum+socc+o+s+s|otcscstot+|socu+o|||coc,oc||osio
s|stcm+s com|cxos comostos o| +|tcs |cmo|+|s (|+stc c c+bc+ |cmo|+|s) uc sc +|t|cu|+m
com+|tcs+cct+bu|+|csn+|otcscocu+o|||out|b|+|sc+tc|+|csn+|otcscoc,oc||o|sscs
comoncntcs tcnocm + +|cscnt+| ou|+b|||o+oc |c|+t|v+mcntc b+|x+ o+ o|ocm oc +o + +, +nos
|uno|+|mcntcoocsg+stcoo+|cabea femoral componente acetabularucgc|++so|tu|++s-
sct|c+ o+ |otcsc c +ont+oo como c+us+ ||nc|+| o+ |+||+ o+ |otcsc tot+| oc u+o||| Out|+
c+us+oc|+||+||cucntcmcntc|co|t+o+no||+s||c+mct+|oscucscgunoo+^nv|s+sc|c|c|c
+o|occssoococsg+stco+|otcscocnt|oooo|g+n|smo|um+nocncc|oscoostcc|oosoo|oc+|
onoc+|otcsc|o||m|+nt+o+
cgunooo|cg|st|o|+c|on+|oc^|t|o|+st|+o+|o|ucg++.]uc+cumu|+o+oosocm+|soc+.o
m||cu+sc,om||+c|cntcssubmct|oos|cscct|v+mcntc+|t|o|+st|+ocu+o|||oc+,s;+.ooe
coc,oc||ooc+,,|+.ooe+scomb|n+ocsocsuc|||c|cs+|t|cu|+|csm+|sus+o+sn+s|otcscstot+|s
ocu+o|||n+uc|c+|scm.ooe|o|+mo||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|tocsomo|ccu|+|(|||^||cu|v+-
|cntc+UHMWPEocultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene)com+o|nox|o+vc|scgu|o+soc|||-
^||-||g+sCoC||o|||^||-+|um|n+c+|um|n+-+|um|n+^|cmo|sso|o|obsc|v+ooum+umcnto
1 :omcntc,:otcscsocu+o:||coc,oc||o:cs,onocm,o:.9òomc:c+ooocb|om+tc:|+|s,+:+o:to,co|+
!04

|mo|t+ntcnosu|t|mos+nosoousooc|otcscsnio-c|mcnt+o+s|+b||c+o+scm||g+soct|tn|o|c-
cobc|t+so|||o|ox|++t|t+
s
cscc|+|mcntccm+c|cntcs+t|vosc+ou|tos,ovcns
|c+co|oocomomcsmo|cg|st|o+ssuc|||c|cs+|t|cu|+|cscomm+|o|ocsg+tc+cumu|+oocmsctc
+nosos-c||u|g|+sio+smct+|-mct+|(||/)scgu|o+sc|+scc|m|c+-o||ct||cno(,,/)mct+|-o||c-
t||cno(,,/)ccc|m|c+-cc|m|c+(,+/)m+soocsg+stcc|o|tcmcntc+|ct+ooc|os|occssosoc
|+b||c+ioc+c+b+mcntooo+|cmcont+toûcc|+ucm+ntcmum|cg|st|on+c|on+|oc+|t|o-
|+st|+socu+o|||ocsoc+,s,scguc+o|ios|m||+|ocuso|c|c|cnc|+|ocm+tc||+|sccomb|n+ocs
ocsuc|||c|cs+|t|cu|+|csobsc|v+noo-scum+umcntoc|csccntcoousooo+|mct+|-o||ct||cno
ocu|t|+-+|t+csomo|ccu|+|+cs+|o+g|+noc|cocu+iocomoocsg+stcooscomoncntcs+|-
t|cu|+|cso||mc||cos
|+|o|ucg+ucc|+ûst|+||+C+n+o+c|st+oos|n|ooso+^mc||c+(||^)|+ocsoc.oo.um+tcn-
ocnc|+c|csccntcoousooc|otcscsoc||g+soccob+|to-c|omo-mo||bocn|o(CoC||o)cmc||u|g|+soc
resurfacing
p
oou+o||||ss+c||u|g|+cus+o+|c|c|cnc|+|mcntccm|omcns+ou|tos,ovcnscom||+-
tu|+sou+|t|oscocu+o|||ocb|||t+ntcccom|ong+cxcct+t|v+ocv|o+c+|ton|vc|oc+t|v|o+oc||s|c+
7.z.!. Ampllao da produo de lmplantes ortopedlcos
cgunoo + ^ssoc|+io ||+s||c||+ o+ |noust||+ oc ^|t|gos c |u|+mcntos |co|cos (^b|mo) +|o-
x|m+o+mcntc;,/oos|m|+ntcso|toco|cosut|||z+oosno+|ssiooc|+b||c+ion+c|on+|^|cm
o|sso cnt|c os |m|+ntcs o|toco|cos ut|||z+oos c|o | cm .oo| +|ox|m+o+mcntc ss/ c|+m
oc|occocnc|+n+c|on+|cnu+ntouc+cn+s+./co||csono|+m+|ooutos|mo|t+oos^^s-
soc|+io|c|+t++|no+ucss/oovo|umcocvcno+soos|m|+ntcso|toco|cosn+c|on+|sscocs-
t|n+m+omc|c+oo|ntc|noc+./+|+cxo|t+ocsncsscu|t|moc+so||m|t+oo++;,o+scm|cs+s
ooscto|+,]
Omooc|ooc|otcscocu+o|||c|mcnt+oom+|sus+oono+|sscgunooc||u|g|ocsb|+s||c||osoc
u+o|||cnt|cv|st+ooscm.oo,+,]cons|stcnomooc|o^||+c|mcnt+oo|+b||c+oocm+o|nox|-
o+vc|con|o|m+oomcc+n|c+mcntc|cssccontcxtoos|nvcst|mcntosgovc|n+mcnt+|sucv|scm+
+tcnoc|++|t+ocm+no+|c||m|o+o|c||u|g|+soc+|t|o|+st|+ocu+o|||cscc|+|mcntccm|oosos
8 ||o:ox|+,+t|t+cum+cc:m|c+oc|os|+toocc+|c|oc|+ss|c+o+comob|o+t|v+costcoconouto:+|o:m+|mcntccssctc:mocut|-
||z+oooc|o:m+gcnc:|c+cng|ob+nooout:+scc:m|c+soc|os|+toocc+|c|o.scnooucn+s1+bc|+soo:U:co+^|:cut|||z+o+
+ocnom|n+iooccc:m|c+s|os|o-c+|c|c+s
9 |csu:|+c|ngoou+o:||cons|stcnum,:occo|mcntoc|:u:g|conou+|+,cn+s+su,c:||c|co+c+:t||+gcm,unto+o|cmu:c:ct|:+o+
c+c+bc+oo|cmu::c|o:m+t+o+,+:+:cccbc:um+,:otcsc|css+c|:u:g|+.o+cct+bu|ot+mbcmctot+|mcntcsubst|tu|oo,o:
um+,:otcsc
!0
ocvcmsc|conccnt|+oosncsscsmooc|osum+vczuc+m+tc||+-||m+oocsc|su||o+c|+|n-
oust||+n+c|on+|
^socm+|sm+tc||+s-||m+smct+||c+scm|cg+o+sn+|+b||c+iooc|otcscsocu+o|||c,oc||oou
sc,++s||g+soct|tn|oc+socCoC||osio|mo|t+o+s
+o
||+ntco+tcnocnc|+muno|+|cno+|soo
+umcntooousooc|otcscsnio-c|mcnt+o+socu+o|||cm||g+soct|tn|obcmcomoousooc||-
g+sCoC||ocmc||u|g|+socresurfacingoou+o|||coc+|t|o|+st|+soc,oc||osc||+|mo|t+ntcuc
+|noust||+n+c|on+||ccuc|+sscsu+c++c|o+ococ|oouz||||g+scscc|+|scmmco|+;|+|g+csc+|+
|oc+sooo|csu+s||g+st+nto+|noust||+mco|co-|os|t+|+|como+|noust||+cs+c|+|+|]coc
oc|cs++,]+bso|vc||+m|+|o+mcntco+umcntoo+csc+|+oc|oouioocsscsm+tc||+|s
u+nto +o m+tc||+| o||mc||co cm|cg+oo no comoncntc +cct+bu|+| oc |otcscs oo t|o o-
||mc|o-mct+| c |mo|t+ntc + oio c|o o||ct||cno oc u|t|+-+|to cso mo|ccu|+| (|||^|| ou
UHMWP)como|o|m+ocsccv|t+|com||c+ocs|c|cv+ntcs+cxcm|oo+so|tu|+o+|otcscgc-
|+noo+ncccss|o+ococnov+c||u|g|+t|oc+ooscomoncntcso+|otcscccustoscxccss|vos+|+o
s|stcm+ocs+uoc|oss|vc||c+||z+|t|+t+mcntosuc|c|+|noo||mc|ocomoob,ct|vooc+umcn-
t+|+|cs|stcnc|++oocsg+stcO|||^||,+|o|ocscnvo|v|oono+|sscnoo|mo|t+ntcnocnt+nto
|nvcst||n+ct++ocu||c+io+|+scuusoscgu|ocomob|om+tc||+|
++
|ccomcno+ocs
1) ^m||+|+|oouiooc|m|+ntcso|toco|cosno+|scomv|st+s+su|||omc|c+oo|n-
tc|noc+cx+nsioo+scxo|t+ocs
.) ||oouz|| ||g+s CoC||o c ||g+s oc t|tn|o no +|s (cm con,unto com out|os scto|cs) v|-
s+noo+|+b||c+iooc|otcscso|toco|c+sn+c|on+|scmmco|+;|+|g+csc+|+
!) |+c|on+||z+|ct++soo|occssooc|+b||c+ioc+c+b+mcnto+cxcm|ooo|ccob||mcnto
o|osomct+||coouoc||o|ox|++t|t+o|+sc|siotc|m|c+(|+sm+s|+y)o+s|otcscsoc
u+o|||nio-c|mcnt+o+s
+i
|+|+t+|c|cc|so|cun||comctcnc|+scconso||o+|+|n||+cst|u-
10 O|+|s,+,ossu|u|now-|ow,+:++,:oouiooc||g+scs,cc|+|s.ocscnvo|v|oo,:|nc|,+|mcntc,c|oC1^.m+s+:ccst:utu:+iooo
scto:mct+|u:g|co-mccn|con+occ+o+oc90:csu|toun+ocs+t|v+ioocv+:|+s||n|+soc,:oouio
11 |c|s.|C|oo|c+iooo|o||ct||cnoocU|t:+-^|to|cso|o|ccu|+:(||U^||c+bc+oo|cmu::c|o:m+t+o+,+:+:cccbc:um+
,:otcsc|css+c|:u:g|+.o+cct+bu|ot+mbcmctot+|mcntcsubst|tu|oo,o:um+,:otcsc
O|+|s,+,ossu|u|now-|ow,+:++,:oouiooc||g+scs,cc|+|s.ocscnvo|v|oo,:|nc|,+|mcntc,c|oC1^.m+s+:ccst:utu:+iooo
scto:mct+|u:g|co-mccn|con+occ+o+oc90:csu|toun+ocs+t|v+ioocv+:|+s||n|+soc,:oouio)V|s+noo^|c||o:|+o+
|cs|stcnc|+ô|csg+stc|o:|:|cio1991csc(|outo:+oocm|ngcn|+:|+|ccn|c+)-Un|vc:s|o+oc|st+ou+|ocC+m,|n+s
12 |mconsu|t+c|ct:on|c++comun|o+ococcs,cc|+||st+s.oto,|co|ngcn|+:|+ocsu,c:||c|cscb|om+tc:|+|s:csu|toucomn|vc|
!06

tu|+ncccss+||++|+|c+||z+iooct|+t+mcntosocsuc|||c|cno+|sc
4) Conso||o+|ccx+no||+|n||+cst|utu|+||s|c+o+s|nst|tu|ocsub||c+sc||v+o+suctc-
n|+m como m|ssio + +v+||+io oc con|o|m|o+oc oc |m|+ntcs o|toco|cos + cxcm|o
o+|coc|u|t|ccnt||c+oc^v+||+iooc|m|+ntcsO|toco|cos(|||Ô)o|mc|ooc
+ocst|+nsvc|s+|s
7.z.z. Agenda de U8l em blotrlbologla para lmplantes ortopedlcos
^t||bo|og|+cum++|c+occsu|s+uccstuo+oocsg+stc|||cioc|ub||c+ioocsuc|||c|cs+|t|-
cu|+o+scmmov|mcnto|c|+t|vo+e]cnoc+soo+b|ot||bo|og|+umoosob,ct|vosc+umcnt+|+v|o+
ut||oc|m|+ntcsc|ooutoss|m||+|cs+;]Oscns+|ost||bo|og|cossiocsscnc|+|s+|+++v+||+ioo+
ou|+b|||o+ocoosmooc|osoc|otcscsocu+o|||c,oc||ocm|occssoococscnvo|v|mcntoou|n-
co|o|+iotccno|og|c+no+|s
|mu|+ocst||bo|og|c+st+mbcmoocmsc|gc|+o+soc+co|oocomc|scst|+t|c+ooso+ou-
|+io|nc|u|noo|o+ocscxocn|vc|oc+t|v|o+oc||s|c+um+vczucoctc|m|n+o+scomb|n+ocsoc
m+tc||+|soocmsc|m+|s|no|c+o+s+|+ou|+ocscomoctc|m|n+o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s|o|cxcm-
|o|otcscsocu+o|||t|occ|m|c+-cc|m|c+oc+|tocustocomb+|xococc|cntcoc+t||tocb+|-
x+t+x+ococsg+stcsc||+mm+|s|no|c+o+s+|+|omcns+ou|tos,ovcnscom|ntcns++t|v|o+oc||s|c+
cmcom+|+ios|otcscsoot|oo||mc|o-mct+|uctcnocm++|cscnt+|m+|o|ocsg+stcoo
m+tc||+|o||mc||co|+oosconc|ctosncsscscnt|oo|ovc||+m|c|cv+ntcsubs|o|o+|++c|+bo|+io
oc|otoco|osc||n|cosc|o||n|stc||oo++uoccc|ct+||+soc+uoccst+ou+|scmun|c|+|ssoc|c-
o+ocsmco|c+sc+^gcnc|+|+c|on+|oc+uocu|cmcnt+|(^|)vo|t+oos+|+ousoscgu|ooc
|otcscsocu+o|||c,oc||ono+|s
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |nvcst|| n+ +u|s|io c ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc cu|+mcntos o| |nst|tu|ocs c|cnt|c+s c
tccno|og|c+s+|++v+||+io t||bo|og|c+ oc|m|+ntcso|toco|coscmocscnvo|v|mcntoou
comc|c|+||z+oosno+|s
.) |nvcst||no ocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosmctooosc;ouso|tw+|css|mu|+oo|cst||bo|og|cos
^m||+||n||+cst|utu|+mu|t|usu+||occ|t|c+|c+c|co|t+||+bo|+to||osn+c|on+|svo|t+oos
+|++|c+||z+iooccns+|osb|ot||bo|og|cos
oc:c|cvnc|+|noust:|+|su,c:|o:+4
!07
7.3. Materiais para prteses endovasculares (stents)
^soocn+sc+|o|ov+scu|+|csconst|tucm+||nc|+|c+us+ocmo|t+||o+occmo|b|o+ocno||+s||c
nomunoocgunooo+ooso+O|g+n|z+io|uno|+|oc+uoc(O|)cm.oo.nomunooootot+|
oc+e;m|||ocsocob|tos;.m|||ocsoco||c|+mo|oocn++|tc||+|co|on+||+n+(|^C)|st|m+-sc
+|+.o.ouccsscnumc|ooss+scc|cv+|+v+|o|cscnt|c,,c|om|||ocs|o||+s||cm.oo,|ou-
vc+,e|;||ntc|n+ocscs|,|,ob|tos|cg|st|+oosno|stcm+oc|n|o|m+iooc|o|t+||o+oc(||)
o||^C+s]
Ousoocstents(|otcsccnoov+scu|+|)+ssoc|+oos+ng|o|+st|+co|on+||+n+|couz+oco||cnc|+oc
cvcntos+ovc|sos|ccstcnosc
+
+ng|og|+c+c|coc|usiocmcom+|+io+ng|o|+st|+convcnc|o-
n+|+,]cvcmsusbt|tu|noog|+ou+|mcntc+sc||u|g|+soc|cv+scu|+||z+io^+ng|o|+st|+cum|o-
cco|mcntonio-c||u|g|conio-|cst||to+|c+co|on+||+ucocsobst|u|+|tc||+souv+soso|mc|ooc
umc+tctc|c|nt|oouzum+|otcsc+|+m+ntc|oo|mct|oo||g|n+|oov+so;+|tc||+|o||+s||sio
|c+||z+o+s+nu+|mcntc,oooo+ng|o|+st|+scont|+,ooooc||u|g|+soc|cv+scu|+||z+ioscnoouc+
m+|o||+oos|occo|mcntosoc+ng|o|+st|+|nc|u|+co|oc+ioocumoum+|sstcntsôc|co+oc
||+s||c||+oc|cmoo|nm|c+cC+|o|o|og|+|ntc|vcnc|on|st+(||C|)cst|m+ucsc,+m|m|+nt+oos
no||+s||eom||stcntso|+no.o]C+bc+|no+ocst+c+|ucomc|c+ooocstcntscoom|n+ooo|
umnumc|o|couz|ooocg|+nocscm|cs+s
|x|stcm oo|s g|uos oc stcnts convcnc|on+|s (scm mco|c+mcnto) c |ccobc|tos (|) t+mbcm oc-
nom|n+oosdrug-eluting stents oustents|+|m+co|og|cos|oc+sooosstcnts|+|m+co|og|cossio
ut|||z+o+s||o||t+||+mcntcou+so|og+scom+io+nt|-|o|||c|+t|v+|++m|c|n+c+c||t+xc|+mb+s
,+ +|ov+o+s +|+ uso no ||+s|| c|+ ^nv|s+ O | |ccmbo|s+ + ut|||z+io oo stcnt convcnc|on+|
+o|cooc|,.o,|,o+un|o+octcnts|ccobc|toso|mco|c+mcntos(com|cov+||+noooc
|, e,oooo+|,+,ooooo).o]oocmsc||ov|oosc|os|+nosocs+uocoo|stcm+oc+uocu-
|cmcnt+|ocsocucocv|o+mcntc,ust|c+ooousoc+v+||+oosos||scoscbcnc||c|osco||cson-
ocntcso|cu|ctccn|c+comctcntc
|stuoosoccusto-c|ct|v|o+ococstents|ccobc|toscom|+|m+cos|no|c+muco||o|m+|s|+vo|+-
vc|cm+c|cntcsoc+|to||scooc|ccstcnosccomc|cv+oocustooom+nc,ooc|ccstcnosccsob+
c|scct|v+nio-ub||c+.+]^|cmooc|cv+oocusto+cont|ovc|s|+cmto|noo+scgu|+n+oos|
11 Obst:uioocco::cntco+|o:m+ioocnovost:ombosn+s,+:cocsoosv+sosou+:tc:|+s
!08

|cvouo US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)+sc|onunc|+|cmsctcmb|ooc.ooesob|c+s|n-
o|c+ocs+|+usooosstcntsc+convoc+|um+|nc|comcscc|+||st+s+|+o|scut||oss|vc|s||scos
+ssoc|+oos+os|+|m+cosut|||z+oosnosstcnts..]
|cv|sios|stcm+t|c+conouz|o+c|oCcnt|oCoc||+ncoo||+s||cm.oossobcncomcno+oo||n|s-
tc||oo++uocconc|u|uucosstcnts|ccobc|toscom|++m|c|n+c+c||t+xc|u+noocom+|+oos
comosstcntsconvcnc|on+|snio+|tc|+mocmooocst+t|st|c+mcntcs|gn|c+ntc+st+x+socmo|t+-
||o+oct|ombosc|n|+|tooom|oc+|o|ococ|cv+scu|+||z+ioc||u|g|c+m+so|m|nucms|gn|c+ntc-
mcntc+t+x+oc|ccstcnosc.,]
7.!.!. Ampllao da produo de stents
Con|o|mc |c|+t+oo no |stuoo ||oscct|vo oc |+tc||+|s |+sc | (.oos) o|vc|sos m+tc||+|s tcm s|oo
ut|||z+oos +|+ + |+b||c+io oc stcnts ocst+c+noo-sc o +o |nox|o+vc| ,+e| ||g+ Co-C| (|eo,) c o
n|t|no| (||g+ ||| com suc|c|+st|c|o+oc c mcmo||+ oc |o|m+) ^|guns |+b||c+ntcs cont|+-|no|c+m
osstents|+b||c+ooscm||g+sCo-C|++c|cntcs+|c|g|cosou||c|scns|vc|s+oscomoncntcso+||g+
.|]tcntscmo||(+c|oo|+t|co)+ssoc|+oos+|+|m+cosco||mc|oscommcmo||+oc|o|m+cstio
scnooocscnvo|v|ooscomosubst|tutos+osmct+|s
^||g+n|t|no|nioc|oouz|o+no+|sm+sctcm+oc|||cmun|vc|s|o+ocsct+mbcmcm|ns-
t|tutosm|||t+|csum+vczuccss+s||g+s+|cscnt+mg|+nocc+mooc+||c+ion++|c+|s+c|+|
+|]coc|c|cs++,]
|ccomcno+ocs
1) ^m||+|+|oouiono+|socstentscnoov+scu|+|csmct+||cosconvcnc|on+|s+|++tcn-
o|mcntoocm+no+oo|c+|+cxo|t+io
.) |o|t+|ccc|+scm|cs+sn+c|on+|s|oouto|+socstentsoc|o|m+++m||+|+su+comct|-
t|v|o+ocnomc|c+oooc|ooutos+|++s+uoc
!) |cscnvo|vc|tccno|og|++|+|+b||c+iono+|so+||g+|||(n|t|no|)cm+|cc||+comou-
t|osscto|csucocm+nocmcss+m+tc||+-||m+c
4) ^m||+| + |n||+cst|utu|+ |+bo|+to||+| +|+ + c+|+ctc||z+io oos m+tc||+|s c +v+||+io o+
scgu|+n+cc|ct|v|o+ococss+tccno|og|+cmmco|oc|ongo|+zo
!09
7.!.z. Agenda de U8l em stents convenclonals e os recobertos com rarmacos
|nvcst|mcntosgovc|n+mcnt+|scm|||cmstcnts|ccobc|toscom|+|m+costcms|oo|c+||z+ooscon-
tuoosiocsscnc|+|st+mbcm|nvcst|mcntos+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoou+||mo|+mcntoocct++sb+-
s|c+so+c+oc|+oc|oouiooosstcnts|c|+c|on+o+scomcngcn|+||+ocsuc|||c|ccn+notccno|og|+
iocxcm|osocto|costccno|og|cos+|+|nvcst|mcntos
cxtu||z+iocom|+sc|o+ssuc|||c|csoosstcnts
C+|+ctc||z+ioocsuc|||c|cs
||ct|oo||mcntoct|+t+mcntou|m|cocnt|cout|os.,]
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |ocnt|c+| g+|g+|os cm |c|+io o|son|b|||o+oc oc m+tc||+-||m+ tccno|og|+s cu|+-
mcntosc|ccu|sos|um+nos+|+++m||+ioo+|oouioocstcntsno+|s
.) |nvcst||cm|||vo|t+o++|+so|uc|on+|+so|cu|o+ocs|ocnt|c+o+sno|tcm+ntc||o|
!) c|cc|on+| |+|m+cos ||o||t+||os +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc stcnts n+c|on+|s |ccobc|tos
o||+|m+cos|nc|u|nootcstcstox|co|og|cosc
4) ^t|+||ccnt|osoc|||occm|cs+scst|+ngc||+s
7.4. Materiais dentrios
ôu|+iob|+s||c||++ss+o|ummomcntooct|+ns|ioo+u+||o+oco+s+uocbuc+|||u-
too+|m|+nt+iot+|o|+oco||t|c+sub||c+sn++|c+ocs+uocbuc+|.e]ôu|+io|oos+
+|no++|cscnt++|tos|no|ccsocc|o+socnt+|scnu+nto+ou|+io|n|+nt||,+sc+|ox|m+
o+smct+so+O|g+n|z+io|uno|+|o++uoc(O|)uc|cvc,o/o+sc||+n+scnt|cosc|n-
cocsc|s+nos||v|csocc+||cs
O mc|c+oo g|ob+| oc s|stcm+s oc |m|+ntc |cst+u|+io c |cgcnc|+io +|+ subst|tu|io oc ocn-
tcsc|o|oostot+|ou+|c|+|mcntcccst|m+oocm|,,b|||ocscm.ooso|v|o|ooscm||,++sc
;/+|+|cscct|v+mcntc|u|o+|st+oos|n|oos^s|+;|+c|coc|+|scs|||C
+|
.;]|o||+s||cssc
14 8||Cs|g|+uccng|ob+8:+s||.|uss|+.|no|+cC||n+
!!0

mc|c+oocc|csccntcc|om|sso|^|cmoo+ccsso+|+nos||v+oosoct|+t+mcntoooonto|og|co+
ou|+iocont+|o,ccomo||og|+m+oc+uoc|uc+|ooCovc|no|coc|+|ucsc|ooc+cstcn-
oc|osc|v|ooc|m|+ntcs+umm+|o|numc|oocCcnt|osoc|scc|+||o+ocOoonto|og|c+(C|O)
|+cm|cs+sn+c|on+|s|oouz|noo|m|+ntcsocnt+||osgc|+|mcntccmt|tn|oou||g+s|-^|-V|s-
s+scm|cs+sooc||+mt+mbcmsc|bcncc|+o+sc|os|csu|t+oosoc|oost+sucv|s+mt|+ns|c-
|cnc|+octccno|og|+ocout|osscto|cscomo|ccob||mcntos|oouiooc||g+soct|tn|on+c|on+|s
ccstuooscmb|ot||bo|og|+|+tc||+|s+|+cnxc|tos(oco||gcmbov|n+ous|ntct|c+)tcms|oo|oou-
z|oosccm|cg+ooscmc||u|g|+sbuco-m+x||o-|+c|+|sccomo+|c+bouos+|++cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
ossc+ucsc|++ont+o++o|+ntc
|ub||c+iooc.oo,oo||C|sob|c|csu|s+|noust||+|o|||ooutoo|son|b|||z+|n|o|m+ocsso-
b|c os |ooutos |+b||c+oos c|+ |noust||+ b|+s||c||+ ut|||z+noo + nomcnc|+tu|+ +|t|cu|+o+ cnt|c +
C|+ss|c+io|+c|on+|oc^t|v|o+ocs|conom|c+s(C|^|)co|c|cosu||+c+tcgo||+oc|oouto
n+c|on+|sio|nc|u|oos|ooutos|mo|t+oos|c|occss+oosc;oucmb+|+oosno||+s||scnoo|+-
t|c+mcntc|moss|vc|ocst+c+|+|oouioc|ct|v+mcntcn+c|on+|.]^comctcnc|+oo||+s||cm
ooonto|og|+c|ccon|cc|o+muno|+|mcntc|cccntcmcntc+C+cs|no|cou++|c+uc|cuncooon-
to|og|+ c||u|g|+ o|+| c mco|c|n+ como um+ o+s ||oc|cs cm ub||c+ocs |nocx+o+s com |oouio
o+o|ocmoc|vczcs+|oouiomco|+b|+s||c||+|nt|ct+ntocssccon|cc|mcntotcmc|cg+oo
|noust||+oc|o|m+|cnt+
|o|sm+tc||+|sooonto|og|cosmc|cccmocst+ucnoun|vc|sooos|ox|mos+,+nos.]
C|mcntosoc|onomc|oocv|o|o(C|V)c
Cc|m|c+sooonto|og|c+s
C+o+umoc|csocst|n+-scocmooo+|t|cu|+|+mc||o|+|+u+||o+ococv|o+o+ou|+io
7.4.!. Agenda de U8l em clmento lnomero de vldro (Clv)
|nt|c +s oocs oc m+tc||+|s ocnt+||os o|son|vc|s no mc|c+oo o c|mcnto |onomc|o v|o|o (C|V)
t+mbcm c|+m+oo ocglass ionomer sc ocst+c+ c|+ |+c|||o+oc oc +||c+io +ocu+io cstct|c+ c
oss|vc|||bc|+ioocuo||o|cstcscout|osmot|vososC|Vcstio|cscntcsn+m+|o||+ooscon-
su|to||osooonto|og|cosoomunooscnooo|t+ntoumm+tc||+||c|cv+ntccconom|c+mcntccu
otcnc|+|oc+||c+io|o|c|+ss|c+oocomo,cmum+csc+|+oco+,.]
!!!
^s+||c+ocsoosC|Vsiov+||+s|nc|u|noouso+|+c|mcnt+||otcscscb|+c|ctso|tooont|coscm
|cst+u|+ocstcmo|+||+sccomob+scoc|cst+u|+ocsmu|to|o|uno+scmsc|+ntcsc+|no+n+mc-
o|c|n+comoc|mcntososscos|cst+uc-sct+mbcm+|no|c+ioooC|V+|+|cst+u|+ionio-t|+u-
m+t|c+s(^|-atraumatic restorative technique)ocscnvo|v|mcntooco|||oon+occ+o+oc,ov|s+noo
+omc|c+oooc+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcntocsubocscnvo|v|oos|m+|c+s|cmot+scn++uscnc|+oc
csso+|u+||c+oocoss|vc|cst+nc+|o|occssooc|o|m+ioo+c+||ccom++||c+ioooC|V
Osc|mcntos|onomc|osocv|o|o(C|V)|o|+mocscnvo|v|oosnos+nos;oc|o,ccng|ob+mu+t|o
g|+nocsg|uosconvcnc|on+|moo|c+oocommct+|s(cc|mcts)moo|c+ooscom|cs|n+sccom-
omc|os tot+||z+noo m+|s oc ,o |ooutos comc|c|+|s .s] ^s ||nc|+|s cm|cs+s |+b||c+ntcs oc
C|Vssccncont|+mn+|u|o+|+io||^cûst|+||+|o||+s||os|onomc|ossiocmsu++m|+
m+|o||+|mo|t+oosccmb+|+ooscmtc|||to||on+c|on+|s|m||+|mcntc+oucoco||ccmout|os+-
|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto
|ccomcno+ocs
1) c|cc|on+|ou+sout|cscomos|ocsocc|mcntos|onomc|osocv|o|o(C|V)cm|unio
ooknow how cx|stcntcn+s|Co+socm+no+soo|coco|son|b|||o+ococm+tc||+-
||m+no+|s
.) |cscnvo|vc|+scomos|ocsocc|mcntos|onomc|osocv|o|osc|cc|on+o+sno|tcm+ntc-
||o||nc|u|noo+ct++octcstcstox|co|og|cosc
!) |nvcst||cm|||cmgapscx|stcntcsno|occssooc|nov+ioc Scale-up.
7.4.z. Agenda de U8l em ceramlcas dentals
^scc|m|c+socnt+|svcm+m||+nooscumc|c+oocmooonto|og|+n+mco|o+cmucmu|tos+v+n-
os cm tc|mos oc |o||co+ocs mccn|c+s c cstct|c+s |o|+m +|c+n+oos ^s o|cc|+n+s ocnt+||+s
siout|||z+o+sno|ccob||mcntoocsubcst|utu|+smct+||c+s(copings)+|+|c+b|||t+iooc+c|cntcs
comc|o+svo|umos+so+cst|utu|+ocnt+||+os|stcm+oc|otcscscc|m|c+s||v|cocmct+|(metal-
free) |o| ocscnvo|v|oo +|+ s+t|s|+zc| + c|csccntc tcnocnc|+ o+ ooonto|og|+ cstct|c+ c||m|n+noo o
mct+|o+s|otcscsc|cst+u|+ocs|cstcc+sosubst|tu|-sc+subcst|utu|+mct+||c+o|umco|o
cc|m|co(oc+|um|n+z||con|+oucs|nc||o)sob|cou+|sc|+|n|t|+o++o|cc|+n+^||nc|+|c+u-
s+oc|+||+ocstcss|stcm+scst++ssoc|+o+b+|x+tcn+c|o+ocoosm+tc||+|scc|m|cos.,]+mbcm
!!z

oocsg+stcococntcs+nt+gon|st+sc;ouo+o|cc|+n+cumtcm+ocg|+noc|ntc|csscucoccnoc
occstuoos+|o|uno+ooscmb|ot||bo|og|+
^ o|cc|+n+ ooonto|og|c+ gc|+|mcntc com|ccnoc um+ |+sc v|t|c+ c um+ |+sc c||st+||n+ c tcm
comocomoncntcs||nc|+|s|c|os+tou+|tzo+|um|n+z||con|+cc+u||m|mocs+o|mo|t+n-
tc+vcncc|c+|+b||c+ioo+ssubcst|utu|+scc|m|c+s(copings)+ss|st|o+o|C^|;C^|
+
^tcc-
no|og|+C^|;C^|c+m|+mcntcut|||z+o+cmo|vc|sosscto|csm+sn++|c+occc|m|c+socnt+|s
+us|n+gcmooscopings tcms|oo|c|t+cm|+bo|+to||osnocxtc||o|cnc+|cccnooo|occo|mcntoc
+umcnt+noootcmooct|+t+mcnto
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |cun||comctcnc|+scmC^|;C^|cx|stcntccmout|osscto|cs+|+t|+ns|c|||tccno|o-
g|++|+oscto|ocm+tc||+|scc|m|cos
.) |+zc|o scale-up oo|occssooc|oouiooco|cc|+n+socnt+|s
!) |cscnvo|vc| cc|m|c+s com+t|b|||z+noo |o||co+ocs ot|c+s oc t|+ns|uc|ocz com +s
|o||co+ocsmccn|c+sncccss+||+s
7.5. Materiais nanoestruturados para diagnstico e tratamento
de doenas
^soocn+sc|on|c+sgu|+mcomo||nc|+|c+us+ocmo|t+||o+occ|nc++c|o+ocnomunoo|cs-
ons+vc|o|,,/oos,e,m|||ocsocob|tos+nu+|sioosc|+m+oos+g|+vosnio-t|+nsm|ss|vc|s
uc|nc|ucmoocn+sc+|o|ov+scu|+|cso|+bctcsobcs|o+occncc|coocn+s|cs||+to||+s,o]c-
gunoo+O|g+n|z+io|uno|+|o++uoc(O|)cx|stcmm+|soc+b|||iooccsso+s|n|cct+o+scom
um+oum+|soocn+sncg||gcnc|+o+s,+]Osuccssooot|+t+mcntoc+c||+o|c+ioocoocn+s
ncg||gcnc|+o+s(||)occnocmoc|numc|osccom|cxos|+to|csm+s+|nov+iotccno|og|c+cm
s+uoccum|tcm|uno+mcnt+|
^n+noc|cnc|+c+n+notccno|og|++b|cmnovosc+m|n|os+|+oo|+gnost|coct|+t+mcntoocoocn-
+sc|on|co-ocgcnc|+t|v+scncg||gcnc|+o+soss|b|||t+nooucsccvo|u+o+mco|c|n+cu|+t|v++|++
mco|c|n+o|+gnost|c+cusooctc|+|+smcnos|nv+s|v+s^com|cx|o+ococss+stccno|og|+scg|+n
1s |+nu|+tu:++sss|st|o+,o:com,ut+oo:.occom,utc:-+|ocoocs|gn;com,utc:-+|ocom+nu|+ctu:|ng
!!!
oco|sosm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oossiono|m+|mcntc+ssoc|+oos+s|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o-
|+o+oucngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|oucv+|cx|g||c|cv+oos|ccu|sosc||+|t+mcntcu+||c+oos
||ooutos|oton|cos|c|cscnt+mcc|c+oc.o/(cmv+|o|)ooscto|occu|+mcntosc|ct|on|cos,.]
C|omo|o|os(comostos|oto+t|v+vc|s)contosunt|cossiosubstnc|+soun+no+|t|cu|+suc
cx|bcmuo|csccnc|+u+noo|||+o|+ooscom|uzoccom||mcntoocono++ocu+oo|oocmsc|
+ssoc|+oos+o||mc|osoumo|ccu|+s|unc|on+|s(comoct|ocos)tcnoo+||c+iocomom+|c+oo-
|cscm||ts+|+o|+gnost|cono|m+gc+mcntob|o|og|cocn+mco|c|n+^|gunsm+|c+oo|cs|c+gcm
com+|uzcoox|gcn|o|o|m+nooox|gcn|os|ng|ctouc|cv+mo|tccc|u|+|^tc|+|+|otoo|nm|c+
(||ouPDTocphotodynamic therapy)+|+t|+t+mcntooc+|gunst|osoccncc|ut|||z+cssc||n-
c||otcnoocomo|nsumomo|ccu|+s|oto+t|v+vc|sc|ontcsoc|uz(|+sc|ou|||s)Osc|omo|o|os
b+sc+ooscmo|||n+stcms|oosubst|tu|ooso|um+scguno+gc|+iooc+gcntcs|ototc|+cut|-
coscomo+s|t+|oc|+n|n+suc+|cscnt+m+iom+|sc|ct|v+oocnoosc|+om|n|st|+o+scmmcno-
|csoos+gcnsnot|+t+mcntoocnco|+s|+s
|ontosunt|cos(quantum dots)sio+|t|cu|+sn+nomct||c+su+sccs|c||c+scomo|mcnsocso+
o|ocmoc+onm+o|ongoocc|omcnosoo|sc|xosooc||st+|ouc|csu|t+cm+|t|cu|+scom.oo
++oooo+tomos|ontosunt|cosocox|oooc|t||oousc|cnctoocc+om|osio|oostoscomo
comoncntcsoc||tso|+gnost|cos+|++octccio|ccoccoctumo|csOmc|c+oog|ob+|ocon-
tosunt|coscm.o+,ccst|m+oocm|,;oom|||ocs,,]^|ot+oc|+b||c+ioocsscsn+nom+tc-
||+|sgc|+|mcntccnvo|vc|occssoso|-gc|cno||+s||o|vc|sosg|uosoccsu|s+tcmscoco|c+oo
+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocsscsm+tc||+|s
|c||ou|oosouu|oosm+gnct|cosb|ocom+t|vc|ssiocsscnc|+|mcntcsuscnsocsco|o|o+|scst+vc|s
contcnoo n+no+|t|cu|+s oc ox|oo oc |c||o |sscs |mis n+nosco|cos oocm +tu+| como m+|c+-
oo|csousc|cmus+oosno|occo|mcntoocnom|n+oom+gncto||c|tc|m|+|c|o|m+|csum|o++
m+gncto||c|tc|m|+cons|stcn+|n,ciovcto||z+o+ocn+no+|t|cu|+scomt+m+n|oo+o|ocmoc,
nm+co|+o+s+substnc|+sb|o+t|v+s^+||c+ioocumc+mom+gnct|co+|tc|n+oo|ovoc++u-
mcntooctcmc|+tu|+|oc+|ucooc|cv+|+cc|u|+mo|tc,|]+mbcmc|oost+n+||tc|+tu|+
ousoocou|oco|o|o+|(n+no+|t|cu|+socou|ocmsuscnsio)scnoouccsu|s+oo|csoo|nst|-
tutooc|csu|s+scm|+to|og|+s|o|c+|s(||||^|O)ocscnvo|vc|+mums|stcm+ococtcciocom
ou|oco|o|o+|+|+o|+gnost|coocm+|+||+falciparum, ,,]
O|c|+to||ooc|c|scct|v+scm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos(|+sc||)|no|couotcm+n+notccno|og|++||c+-
o++ot|+t+mcntoocoocn+sc|on|co-ocgcnc|+t|v+scomoumoos|tcnscmuco||+s||sccncon-
t|+m+|s+|+st+oooocst+g|ooc||cx|stcntcnos+|scsoc||mc||omunooO+t|+socx|stcntcso-
!!4

m+oosc+|+ctc||st|c+soc|ntcns|v|o+octccno|og|c+co|oc+o||+s||||cntc+oocs+ooc|ocnt|c+|
n|c|os+|+|nvcst||m+c|+mcntccomo|o|m+occonst|u||comct|t|v|o+ocncst++|c+cst|+tcg|c+
|m.oo|o|C+t|+vcsocco|t+|soos|unooscto||+|sC-|nc|g|+cC-||otccno|og|+n+nc|ou
|o,ctosv|s+noo|+b||c+ioc+|+ctc||z+iocut|||z+ioocontosunt|coscomom+|c+oo|csb|o-
|og|cosccmgcnom|c+;|otcom|c++mbcmos||Cs+|ov+ooscm.oos;.oo,tc|ioum+c|
|c|cv+ntcn++m||+ioo+|nov+iono+|scn+conso||o+ioococtc|m|n+o+stccno|og|+sscnoo
uc c|o mcnos oo|s ocsscs |o,ctos tcm como |oost+s o uso oc m+tc||+|s n+nocst|utu|+oos
+|+o|+gnost|coc;out|+t+mcntooccncc|
^|||cum+o+s|nst|tu|ocs||oc|csn++||c+ioo+tc|+|+|otoo|nm|c++|+t|+t+mcntooccn-
cc|ocboc+cc|c,e]^csu|s+cmcncc|occ|c,+conc|u|u+||mc||+|+scc||n|c+no|os|t+|
|cg|on+|o+^s+|o|tc-||^|cm||+s|||+||^|nov+ioncsscc+socn+vc|cu|+io(c+||c+io)
oos|otoscns|b|||z+oo|cscmcst|utu|+sn+nomct||c+sn+no+|t|cu|+sm+gnct|c+s||ossom+scn+-
noc+su|+s^csu|s+cmcncc|ocboc+,+conc|u|u+|+scoctcstcs|c-c||n|cosut|||z+noo|oto-
scns|b|||z+oo|cso|son|vc|snomc|c+oocnu+ntoucousoocu|oosm+gnct|cossccncont|+cm
|+sc|c-c||n|c+cumoos||nc|+|sg+|g+|os+ont+oosc|oscsu|s+oo|csco scale-upo+|oou-
ioocstcsu|oos
|u|tosocsscsm+tc||+|soutccno|og|+sut|||z+mm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos+ssoc|+oos+s|stcm+s
oc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(drug delivery)|+o+|c|cvnc|+ootcm+c|ncoconvcn|osoccooc|+io
C+cs-Co|ccubcstiocm+no+mcntocsiocoo|ocn+ooso|csu|s+oo|cso+|||||||C||C
|ncs-|c|n||m|unioo++|c+oc+t|v|o+oco+cu|coo|o,ctooccsu|s+omcsmotcm
comoob,ct|vo||nc|+|+s|ntcscocn+no+|t|cu|+s+c|nct|c+oc||bc|+ioocsubstnc|+s+t|v+so
t|+t+mcntoocoocn+s|o||+mcntco|toou+|ntc|+ion+no+|t|cu|+-c+||c+oo|-|+|m+co
O||nc|+|cnt|+vcou|+||z+ioocss+stccno|og|+sc+t|+ns|c|cnc|+o+|oouioocm+tc||+|sc
|occssoso+csc+|+|+bo|+to||+|+|++csc+|+||otococss++|++csc+|+|noust||+|(|cscale up)
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |+zc|o Scale-upoo|occssoocvc|cu|+iooo+gcntc|otoscns|b|||z+oo|com+c||+iooc
c|omcnosum+cm|cs+|ncub+o+
.) |ncub+|+omcnosum+cm|cs++|++|oouioocu|oosm+gnct|cos
!) ^m||+||n||+cst|utu|+occ+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+ooscoctcstcs|c-
c||n|cos
!!
7..!. Agenda de U8l em materlals nanoestruturados para dlagnostlco e
tratamento de doenas
cgunoocscc|+||st+sum++gcno+ocvcscconccnt|+|cmm+tc||+|s(monomc|os+|t|cu|+socox|-
ooscomo|mcnsocsn+nomct||c+s,;]c+|g||+sn+nocst|utu|+o+s)|occssosoccnc+su|+mcnto
bcmcomoso|uc|on+|os|ob|cm+s|ocnt|c+oosn+sct++socscale-up
|ccomcno+ocs
||n+nc|+||o,ctos+|+suc|+iooosg+|g+|osnoscale-upocm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos|ocnt|-
c+noonoso|vc|sosg|uosoc|||comctcnc|+s+|++so|uioooscnt|+vcstccno|og|cos
1) ||n+nc|+||o,ctosoc|||cmontosunt|cosoc|o|m++g+|+nt||u+nt|o+ocs|c|o-
out|b|||o+oc+ocu+o+sc
.) ^m||+||n||+cst|utu|+mu|t|usu+||o+|+c+|+ctc||z+ioocm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oosc
tcstcs|c-c||n|cos
7.6. Materiais carreadores para sistemas de liberao controlada (slc)
|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(|Coudrug delivery systems - DDS)||bc|+m|+|m+cosouout|+s
substnc|+s+t|v+scm|oc+|s|cc|sosc+o|ongoocumo+ootcmoob,ct|v+noo+cc+c|+tc|+cu-
t|c+O||nc||o+t|vooc|ntc|csscc|nc|u|oocmumm+tc||+|(c+||c+oo|)ou+c|c||g+oococon-
,unto||nc||o-+t|vo;c+||c+oo|c+o|c|on+oo+umvc|cu|ocomoo|cxcm|oumgc|o||mc||co
^s|o|m+sconvcnc|on+|soc+om|n|st|+iooc|C(o|+||n+|+vc||n,ct+vc|cto|c+)tcms|oo+m|+-
mcntccx|o|+o+sc|+|noust||+|+|m+ccut|c+coccosmct|cos
^ +ssoc|+io oos |C (ou DDS) com n+noc|cnc|+ c n+notccno|og|+ con,ug+ con|cc|mcntos oc ||s|-
c+ u|m|c+ cngcn|+||+ |+|m+c|+ ctc n+ c|+m+o+ c|cnc|+ convc|gcntc |o munoo |ntc||o vu|tosos
|ccu|sos tcm s|oo ocst|n+oos + csu|s+s ncst+ +|c+ +|+ o t|+t+mcnto oc cncc| ||V
+o
c o|+bctcs
cnt|cout|osO|m+ctoo+n+notccno|og|+||nc|+|mcntcnoss|stcm+s|m|+nt+vc|sccno|mcccs-
t|m+-scucomc|c+oog|ob+|ocdrug deliveryb+sc+oocmn+notccno|og|++t|n,+|, ;oo-soob|||ocs
cm.o+,,s]|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(m|c|ooun+nocst|utu|+oos)oocm+|no+sc|ut|||z+-
1 |c|um+n|mmunoocc|cncyv|:us
!!6

ooscmcon,untocom+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|scnoo|c|+t|v+mcntccomum+|nc|usioocsubstnc|+s
+nt|m|c|ob|+n+sou+nt|b|ot|cos++|c+bouos.-ou,-|+|+ostc||o|||bc|+ionos|t|ooc|ntc|cssc
Os c+||c+oo|cs oo t|o s|stcm+-|csc|v+to||o sio |+|g+mcntc cm|cg+oos c|+ |noust||+ mooc|n+
occosmct|coscoc+||mcntos+|+|otcgc|+substnc|++t|v+oosc|c|toso+|+o|+iou|t|+v|o|ct+
um|o+ocouoocont+tocomox|gcn|o.]|+mco|c|n+|+|m+cossiocnc+su|+oosou+ssoc|+oos
t+mbcm+|mcsoumcmb|+n+so||mc||c+s^|cmoco||mc|os|os|+tosocc+|c|o+|g||+scn+no-
comos|tos(gc|+|mcntcocm+t||zo||mc||c+)tcms|oout|||z+ooscomoc+||c+oo|cscms|stcm+s
ocdrug delivery. |+o++m||oioootcm+css+scioscconccnt|+noso||mc|osb|oocg|+o+vc|s
cm|cg+oosnocnc+su|+mcnto(m|c|ooun+no)ocsubstnc|++t|v+scn+|oouiooccu|+t|vos
tcxtc|s|nt|ct+nto+s|ccomcno+ocs|oost+soocmsc|cstcno|oos+out|+s+||c+ocs
Cu|+t|voscscc|+|ssiocm|cg+ooscmuc|m+ooscu|cc|+ocsc|on|c+soco||gcmo|+bct|c+ouvc-
nos+,,]|st|m+-scuccm.o++omc|c+oo+mc||c+no+|+tccno|og|+s+v+n+o+snot|+t+mcnto
oc|csocso+c|c+t|n,+|,|eb|||ocs|o]scnooucncsscv+|o|cstio|nc|u|o+st+mbcm+stc|+|+s
cc|u|+|cs
+;
|c+co|oocomo+oosoo||n|stc||oo++uococ.oooo|g+st+cc|c+oc|,,,m|||ocs;
+nocomot|+t+mcntoocuc|m+oos^su|cc|+ocsc|on|c+ssioum|ob|cm+c|csccntccm|oosos
cn+ou|+ioo|+bct|c+uc|o|cst|m+o+cm+|ox|m+o+mcntc+om|||ocscm.oo||+]|m||+|-
mcntcs|o,cocsmuno|+|s|cvc-scc|csc|mcntooonumc|ooco|+bct|cosno||+s||cconscucn-
tcmcntc+umcntooosg+stosub||coscomot|+t+mcntooccom||c+ocsocco||cntcso+oocn+
iob+st+ntccomunsoscu|+t|vosucut|||z+mc+||c+oo|cscomos|tosmu|t|-c+m+o+s^+ssoc|+-
ioocc+m+o+scomo||c|cntcsg|+usoc||o|o|ob|c|o+ocm+||+scom+bc|tu|+so|vc|s+s(cmt+-
m+n|oc|o|m+to)cocm|cgoocosoub|+sn+nomct||c+sc|m|tcm+|+b||c+ioocum|cuc
cno|mcoc|ooutos^gcntcs+nt|m|c|ob|+nos
+s
c+nt|b|ot|cosoocmsc||nco|o|+oos+css+sc+-
m+o+s|o||+s||o|||so|cnooco||gcmvcgct+||ooutoso||unoosocc+n+-oc-+uc+|c+cct+to
occc|u|osctcms|oocm|cg+oosnoocscnvo|v|mcntooccu|+t|voscsubst|tutoso+c|c
|+||tc|+tu|+c|cnt|c++buno+m|oost+socusoocu|tos+n++|g|n+tocco|+gcnocomob+scoc
cu|+t|vos+|+|cgcnc|+|+c|cu|tos+n+cumm+tc||+|scm|c||st+||nooc||v+ooo+u|t|n+oscgun-
ooo||ss+c+||ocom+|s+buno+ntcn+n+tu|cz+cncont|+o+cm+n|m+|sm+||n|os|ungosc|nsctos
iov+||+s+s|n|c|+t|v+s+|++|oouioocu|tos+n+no+|s|.]|,]|nc|u|nootcstcscmcsc+|+-
||oto+|++|oouioo+u|t|n+co+u|tos+n+++|t||oc|cs|ouoso+|noust||+csuc||+||]
11 1c:+,|+scc|u|+:csou+|ntc:+ioootcc|oob|o|og|co(ous|ntct|co)comcc|u|+scum+o+s+:c+so+mco|c|n+:cgcnc:+t|v+uc
sc:++bo:o+o+n+:cio
18 Os+gcntcs+nt|m|c:ob|+nos.b+ctc:|c|o+sc+nt||ung|cos.como+,:+t+.sc+o+,t+m+usoso|vc:sos.|nc|u|noo|:+|o+socsc+:t+-
vc|sctcxtc|scs,o:t|vosc:cccbcmonomcgcnc:|coocs||vc:-co+tcoo:css|ngou:C|
!!7
|+cx|stcm|ooutosnomc|c+oob+scocu|tos+n+ucus+mos||nc||osoc||bc|+io|oc+||z+o+
csustcnt+o+|,]+mbcmco|+gcnoouco|+gcno+ssoc|+oou|tos+n++|cmoc+|g|n+tos||os-
som+s o||(+c|oo |+t|co)-||^ c o||(+c|oo |+t|co-co-+c|oo g||co||co) -||C^ cnt|c out|os tcm s|oo
cxtcns|v+mcntccx|o|+oos+|++|m+zcn+|c||bc|+|oc|o|m+cont|o|+o+o|vc|sos||nc||os+t|vos
comoo|cxcm|o+|nsu||n+|e]
^+|c+oc||cmoocn+so+c|ccootcc|oosubcutncocst+|nc|u|o+cm|o|t+|
+p
uctcmcomo
ob,ct|vo o |o|t+|cc|mcnto o+ |coc ||+s||c||+ oc ^v+||+io oc ccno|og|+s cm +uoc ||||^
|cssccontcxto|nvcst|mcntos|o|+mo||cc|on+ooscscc|c+mcntc+|+o|cv+nt+mcntomco|+ntc
|cv|sios|stcm+t|c+o+cv|ocnc|+o|son|vc|sob|c+ut|||z+iooccu|+t|voscontcnooc+|box|mct||-
cc|u|osccom+|+oo+out|+s+|tc|n+t|v+s+|+t|+t+mcntooc|c||o+scuc|m+ou|+s+mbcmcst+
|cv|stoo|cv+nt+mcntomco|+ntccstuooc|ocm|o|og|coo+s|+t|c+s+oot+o+snossc|v|osoo
|stcm+|n|cooc+uocOs|csu|t+oosoo|o,ctocmocscnvo|v|mcntoo|csu|s+oo|cso+|||
c||||no|tc+|io+c|+bo|+iooc|ccomcno+ocs+|+o||n|stc||oo++uocnouct+ngc+ouso
scgu|occc+zoccu|+t|vosnot|+t+mcntooc|c||o+scuc|m+ou|+s
7.6.!. roduo de pollmeros blorreabsorvlvels para slstemas de llberao
controlada
|o||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|ssiocmsu++m|+m+|o||+|oouz|oos++|t||ocum+|ontcocc+|bo-
no|cnov+vc||nt|cosb|om+tc||+|so||mc||cosscocst+c+mcomoosocm+|o||mo|tnc|+ccono-
m|c+o||(+c|oo|+t|co)-||ô||||o|ox|+|c+no+to-||ô||mc|osoc+m|oocx+nt+n+X+n|;]
|o||+s||ocv|oo+o|coc|cv+ooooo||(+c|oo|+t|co)-||^co||(+c|oog||co||co)|C^tcms|oo
ut|||z+oos os o||||o|ox|+|c+no+tos (||^) como o o||||o|ox|but||+to (|||) o o||||o|ox|v+|c|+to
(||V)cscuscoo||mc|os+|++|oouiooc|+c+sc+|+|usosb|oocg|+o+vc|sc+|++||c+ocs
cmcngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
|ccomcno+ocs
1) ^m||+|+|oouiooc|||no+|s
.) |cun||comctcnc|+sno+|scm|||+|+vc||c+|+v|+b|||o+ococscale-up+|++|o-
ouiooc||^no+|scmcon,untocomout|osscto|cscconom|cos
!) Ot|m|z+|+ct++ocu||c+ioooso||mc|osb|oocg|+o+vc|sv|s+noos+||c+ocsn+
+|c+ocs+uoc
19 |o|t+||C1;C||;C1-:+uoc;|:;:C1||;||C|1|0;.009
!!8

7.6.z. Agenda de U8l em materlals carreadores para slstemas de llberao
controlada
|mocs+o|mo|t+ntccmo||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|sc+ocu+|otcmoococg|+o+ioooo-
||mc|o |cgcnc|+io oo tcc|oo ou ||bc|+io cont|o|+o+ ocsc,+o+ um+ vcz uc o mct+bo||smo
|um+nocmu|tov+||+vc|c+co||c|+ioo+s|o||co+ocs||s|co-u|m|c+scom+t+x+ococg|+o+io
+|no+ ouco con|cc|o+ |o| |sso mu|tos g|uos oc o|vc|s+s |Cs tcm sc oco|c+oo +o ocscnvo|v|-
mcntooccoo||mc|os+,ust+noo+comos|ioco|occss+mcnto+os|cu|s|tos||o||t+||os+|+
um+o+o++||c+ioComocmout|+s+|c+sos|csu|t+oosobt|ooscm|||tcms|ooub||c+ooscm
|cv|st+s|c|cv+ntcsm+s+|ntc|+iocomoscto||oout|vo+|no+c+ucmo+|oc+|
^|cmooso||mc|osc|t+oos+ntc||o|mcntc+|g||+scscc|+|stcms|oosugc||o+scomoc+||c+oo|cs
+|+s|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+^+g|cg+ioocv+|o|++|g||+smontmo|||on|t+sc+|g||+sb|o-
s+scomo++t+u|g|t+oocsc|um+oioocm+tc||+|c+||c+oo|ocb+|xocusto+|+uson+|nous-
t||+|+|m+ccut|c+coccosmct|cos|s]
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |+c+|+sncccss|o+ocsoco||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|s
n++|c+ocs+uoccmtc|mosoc
vo|umcoc|oouiocomos|ioc|occss+mcnto
.) |+zc| scale-upoccoo||mc|oscomb|oocg|+o+b|||o+occont|o|+o+
!) ^m||+|+|oouioocu|tos+n++|+usocm+||c+ocsmco|c+s
4) ^g|cg+|v+|o|++|g||+sb|+s||c||+scomotcnc|+|usocomoc+||c+oo|
) |cscnvo|vc|mctooo|og|++|+octc|m|n+ioocc|c|tosco|+tc|+|soutox|cosocco||cntcs
o+ ocg|+o+io in vivo oos c+||c+oo|cs ut|||z+oos cm s|stcm+s oc ||bc|+io cont|o|+o+
Scale-up+|++|oouiooccoo||mc|oscomb|oocg|+o+b|||o+occont|o|+o+
7.7. Materiais para engenharia tecidual
Oto|cocmmco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+tc|+|+scc|u|+|csccngcn|+||+tcc|ou+||o|cons|oc|+ooom+|s
||o||t+||onooocumcntoucocn|u+s||o||o+ocsoc|||ocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|++s+uoc
mco|co-ooonto|og|c+ ;] O +|to n|vc| oc ||o||o+oc +t||bu|oo mco|c|n+ |cgcnc|+t|v+ (||) nio
su||ccnocc|+tcnocnc|+occvo|uioo+mco|c|n+n+o||cioo+|cgcnc|+iooco|giosctcc|oos
ocum+|o|m+c|son+||z+o+
!!9
^mco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+cum++|c+o|t+oo|+oc|utu|ouctcmcomoob,ct|vocont|o|+|c+m-
||+|+c++c|o+ocn+tu|+|oc|cgcnc|+iotcc|ou+|+oot+nooum+o||c|cntc+bo|o+gcmnot|+t+-
mcntooc|csocscoocn+s|co|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+cng|ob+v+||ostcm+s|c|cv+ntcscomo
||sos|t|vosmco|cosco|gios+|t|c|+|s
|ngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|cb|om+tc||+|s
c|+|+cc|u|+|ctcstcsc||n|cos|,]
|os||ûcg+st+mm+|soc|,+,t||||ocs;+nocms+uoc+mco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+cv|st+como
so|uio +|+ comb+tc| o +umcnto cont|nuo oos g+stos occo||cntcs oo cnvc||cc|mcnto ou|+-
c|on+|,o]Ooocumcnto.o.o^|cwV|s|on-^|utu|c|o||cgcnc|+t|vc|co|c|nc,o]oo|
|c+|tmcnto||c+|t|+no|um+nc|v|ccs(||)cst+bc|ccc+smct+s|cv|st+s+|+oocscnvo|-
v|mcntoo+mco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+nos|ox|mos+nosOs+uto|cscons|oc|+muccm+o+nos+s
tc|+|+soc||ocvcmcst+|o|son|vc|s+|+ot|+t+mcntooc+c|cntcscb+scsoc||||nst+|+o+s
cmcm|cs+s|mv|ntc+nosocvcsc+t|ng||o|cnootcnc|+|ocss+stc|+|+sm+scssc|+zoooc
sccstcnoc|o|m+|s.o+,o+nosc+sonio|+,++o|osuc|cntc(o||t|c+sub||c+sc|ccu|sosn+n-
cc||os)oogovc|no+mc||c+no
^ cngcn|+||+ oc +|guns tcc|oos como c+|t||+gcm c osso occnoc oc um b|om+tc||+| uc s||v+
como+|c+bouo+|++cu|tu|+occc|u|+scoocscnvo|v|mcntooonovotcc|oo
io
O|o,ctooc
um+|c+bouoob,ct|v+m|mct|z+|o|unc|on+mcntoo+m+t||zcxt|+cc|u|+|(||C)cmum+cst|u-
tu|+coo|ocn+o+notcmoco|g+n|z+o+nocs+oscnooncccss+||ocoo|c+|oss|n+|sb|o|og|-
cosocnt|ooo+|c+bouo+|+cont|o|+|++ocsiom|g|+io|o|||c|+ioco||c|cnc|+iocc|u|+|
|+|+|ssoc|cc|socst+bc|ccc|umcom|om|ssocnt|c+s|o||co+ocs||s|co-u|m|c+scb|o|og|-
c+soo+|c+bouo,.]
||vc|sosm+tc||+|stcms|oo|oostoscomo+|c+bouosn+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|+cxcm|ooco-
||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|s|os|+tosocc+|c|ocomos|tosoco||mc|os(n+tu|+|sous|ntct|cos)com
|os|+tosocc+|c|ocomoncntcso+||Cu||c+o+(co|+gcno+c|oo||+|u|on|cocb||n+)+|g|n+to
cu|tos+n+|m+ct++|mo|t+ntcnoocscnvo|v|mcntooc+|c+bouoscons|stccmcntcnoc|o+-
c|o+s|o||co+ocs||s|co-u|m|c+scocsuc|||c|cn++ocsiooc|otc|n+s+om+tc||+|um+vczuc
+|ntc|+iom+tc||+|-|otc|n+socn||+ot|ooc|ntc|+iom+tc||+|-cc|u|+s(outcc|oo)oss|vc|,,]
20 |oc+|mcntc.cc|u|+soo,+c|cntcsiocu|t|v+o+s|nv|t:ono+:c+bouoc.+,os+|gumtcm,o.ocon,unto(+:c+bouom+|scc|u|+s)
c|nsc:|oono,+c|cntc.subst|tu|noocm,+:tc.outooo.otcc|oo|cs+oo
!z0

7.7.!. lnovao tecnologlca para produo de arcabouos z e !U
||vc|sosg|uostcmscoco|c+oocsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|occ|m|c+scb|om+tc||+|s
b+scoc|os|+toocc+|c|o|mm+|ooc.oo,|+v|++,c++g|uosoccsu|s+c+t+|og+oosnoo||cto-
||oocg|uosoccsu|s+ooC||com++|+v|+-c|+vcbiocermica(s)oufosfato(s) de clcio,|cs-
cct|v+mcntc|oucsc|c|c|ccscc|c+mcntc|oouiooc+|c+bouos+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou-
+|no+|scx|stcm+|gum+souc+s|n|c|+t|v+soccm|cs+s|ncub+o+scmo|osoc+|t+tccno|og|+
|o||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|st+mbcm+|cscnt+mg|+nocotcnc|+|oc|nov+io|oouioc+bso|-
ioc|oscto|oc|ooutos+|++cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|cmco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v++|t|cu|+|mcntccm
subst|tu|io+tcc|oosmo|cscomoc|ccc+|t||+gcm|csu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+iotccno-
|og|c+ncsscsm+tc||+|ssio|c+||z+ooscme;g|uosoccsu|s+oo|csnoC|||+,,s.+tcntcs
|cg|st|+o+sno||||c.o|ooutosmco|cos|cg|st|+oosn+^nv|s+|os.o|ooutosmco|cos+cn+s
umt|n|+comoob,ct|vo+||c+iocmcngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|ossc+o|cm+|cscnt+|cg|st|ovcnc|oo
ocsoc.oo+^g|+nocm+|o||+o+s+tcntcssc|c|c|c+o||mc|osut|||z+ooscm+||c+ocsmco|c+s
out|+sucnio+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+||cst+|o|m+obsc|v+-scuc+cs+|o+|ntcns++t|v|o+ococ
csu|s+|+umg|+nocg+|g+|on+|nov+ioct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+
|nt|c+s+ocsco||t|c+scscc|c+svo|t+o+s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoc|oouiocmmco|+csc+|+
oc+|c+bouos+|+tc|+|+cc|u|+|c|t+-sc+|o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcntoo+||otccno|og|+o|mc|o
oo|cc|cto|c|neo|+ocsoc|cvc|c||ooc.oo;cms|nton|+como|^Coo|C. |+c|t+o+o||t|-
c+++|c+ocb|om+tc||+|s|o|cons|oc|+o+um+o+s||o||t+||+socnt|ooocontcxtoocs+uoc|um+n+
cnu+ntouc+n+nob|otccno|og|+c+tc|+|+cc|u|+|comousooccc|u|+s-t|onco|o|+mcons|oc-
|+o+s+|c+soc||ontc||+o+b|otccno|og|+
|m.oos|o|c||+o++|coc|bc|o-^mc||c+n+oc||o|+b||c+iocm|+tc||+|s||occssosc|mu|+io
(||o|+b)cm+|s|cccntcmcntco||C||o||+b||s+|+cnt|cout|osc|+bo|+||o,ctosocb|o|+b||c+-
iococscnvo|vc|so|tw+|c+|++|c+bouos+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |+c+|+sncccss|o+ocsoc+|c+bouos+|++cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|cmtc|mosocm+tc-
||+|s|+b||c+iocomctcnc|+scscale-up;
.) Ot|m|z+|+|cs|stcnc|+mccn|c+o|os|o+occ+ocg|+o+iooo+|c+bouocm|unioo+
+||c+ioocsc,+o+
!z!
!) |omcnt+||o,ctoso|mc|oocco|t+|oc+|cc||+un|vc|s|o+occcm|cs++|++o|-
|usioct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+n++|c+ocb|om+tc||+|s+|++|c+bouoscmcn-
gcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
4) |ocnt|c+|g+|g+|oscx|stcntcsnos|occssosoc|nov+iocscale-up
) C||+|b+scno|m+t|v++|+cc|t|c+ioocb|om+tc||+|s+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
7.7.z. Agenda de U8l em arcabouos e terapla celular
|csu|s+oo|csb|+s||c||ostcmscoco|c+oob+s|c+mcntc+t|csg|+nocstcm+s
^||mo|+mcntooosb|om+tc||+|s+|++|c+bouos
^ssoc|+io oc b|om+tc||+|s + cc|u|+s |u|| ou tot|otcntcs (stem cells) c;ou + |+to|cs oc
c|csc|mcnto+|++|oouiooctcc|oosco|giosc
c|+|+cc|u|+|+|++|cgcnc|+iotcc|ou+|
|mgc|+|ouccst+scnoocsu|s+oon+s|Csno||+s||cb+st+ntcs|m||+|+oocscnvo|v|oocmou-
t|os+|scsnio|+vcnoocmn|vc|occsu|s+umgap tccno|og|com+|c+ntc
|+t||zcsocscc|u|+||z+o+s(|C|)xcnogcn|c+s(oco||gcm+n|m+|)ou+|ogcn|c+s(no|m+|mcntcoc
b+ncooctcc|oos)t+|scomov+|v+sc+|o|+c+sbcx|g+u||n+||+csubmucos+|ntcst|n+|+ssoc|+o+s
ou nio + t|os cc|u|+|cs cscc|cos vcm scnoo ocscnvo|v|o+s no +|s Contuoo +|guns +uto|cs
+|c|t+m+|+oscuotcnc|+||munogcn|cocont+m|n+ioo|||c||cscc|c+ioc+|+ctc||z+ioc
|c|oout|b|||o+oc,,]
||occ|m|c+sm+tc||+|sostco-m|mct|coso||mc|osn+tu|+|scs|ntct|cos|otc|n+scst|utu|+|sb|o-
m+tc||+|scono|o-m|mct|coscomb|n+oosouniovcmscnoocstuo+ooscomv|st+s|oouiooc
+|c+bouoscomc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|c+s|nt|ct+ntocsscs+|c+bouossio|oouz|ooscmcuc-
n+su+nt|o+ocscocmooo+|tcs+n+|occnocnoomu|t+so+svczcsoc|nsumos|mo|t+oos (c+|os
ccomb+|x+o|son|b|||o+occomoo||^co|C^)^|cmo|sso+com+t|b|||z+ioo+s|o||co+ocs
mccn|c+scom+sb|o|og|c+socumscaold nio|o|+|c+n+o+|cn+mcntc
||vc|s+s +ocs govc|n+mcnt+|s |o|+m ocscnvo|v|o+s nos u|t|mos o|to +nos com v|st+s +o ||-
n+nc|+mcntooccsu|s+sn++|c+ocb|otccno|og|+cn+notccno|og|++|+oocscnvo|v|mcn-
to oc novos b|om+tc||+|s c csu|s+s cm tc|+|+ cc|u|+| mu|t+s oc|+s sob + |o|m+ oc +ocs
t|+nsvc|s+|sO|cm+|cc||+como|C|+nouum+||mc||+c|+m+o+ub||c+cm.oos
+|+ o ||n+nc|+mcnto oc csu|s+s cscc|||c+s cm tc|+|+ cc|u|+| sob + |o|m+ oc um+ |coc
!zz

|+c|on+|occ|+|+Cc|u|+|(||C)comoob,ct|vooccst|utu|+|ocs|o|on+c|on+|occs-
u|s+cmtc|+|+cc|u|+|+m||+|+gc|+iooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|oocum+m+|o||ntc|+-
iocnt|c+comun|o+occ|cnt|||c+cu+||||c+|novos|o||ss|on+|sc|couz||osg+stosoo|
com|occo|mcntosc+|o|+cost|+ns|+ntcs+|c|ntc|n+ocse,]
|+noocont|nu|o+oc+c||+ioocum||+no|+c|on+||ntcg|+oooc|||cm|co|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+
comost+o|um+|coc|+c|on+|oc|ngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|(|||)|ntcg|+o+cx|stcntc||C|o-
movc||+um+|mo|t+ntc|c-cst|utu|+ioo+csu|s+b+s|c+c+||c+o+ncss++|c+|v|+vc|+|no+
cm|utu|o|ox|mo+|noccnocnc|+tccno|og|c+oo+|sn+|oouioococtc|m|n+oos|ooutos
occngcn|+||+b|+s||c||+c|++ssoc|+iooos+|c+bouoscm|||com+s||n|+gcnscc|u|+|csn+c|o-
n+|soc|o|m++|o|c|+|+|cgcnc|+iotcc|ou+|co|giost||o|mcns|on+|s+cxcm|oooossoc+|t|-
|+gcm||g+oonc|c+sctc
|ccomcno+ocs
1) |+c+|+socm+no+s|utu|+soo|cmtc|mosoc|||cmcngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
.) |ocnt|c+|g+|g+|os+|++|nov+iotccno|og|c+cm+|c+bouos
!) |omcnt+|+c||+ioocum+|coc|+c|on+|oc|ngcn|+||+cc|ou+|
4) C||+|um||+no|+c|on+||ntcg|+oooc|||cm|co|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+o|mc|oo+|n-
tcg|+ioo+s|cocs|+c|on+|occ|+|+Cc|u|+|(,+cx|stcntc)coc|ngcn|+||+cc|ou+|(+
sc|c||+o+)
) C||+||n||+cst|utu|+occ+|+ctc||z+ioc+b+scno|m+t|v++|+cc|t|c+ioocb|om+tc||+|s
coc||n|+gcnscc|u|+|cs+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
7.8. Concluso
O|stuoo||oscct|vocm|+tc||+|s^v+n+oos+|+^||c+ocscm+uoc|co|co-Ooonto|og|c+
conouz|oo c|o CC|| |o| o|g+n|z+oo cm sc|s c+|tu|os uc oct+||+m os to|cos ocn|oos como
||o||t+||os+|+oocscnvo|v|mcnto|noust||+|ooscto|no|o||zontcoc.o..
1) |cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+|m|+ntcso|toco|cos
.) |cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+|otcscscnoov+scu|+|cs(stcnts)
!) |cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|socnt+||os
4) |cscnvo|v|mcnto oc m+tc||+|s n+nocst|utu|+oos +|+ o|+gnost|co c t|+t+mcnto oc
oocn+s
!z!
) |cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|sc+||c+oo|cs+|+s|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(|C)c
o) |cscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+|+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
7.8.!. kecomendaes gerals
Lm recursos bumanos.C|uc|+|s+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocu+|uc|scto|+s+ocs+sc|cmc|ct|v+-
o+sn++|c+oc||ocvcm|nc|u||t+mbcmcscc|+||z+ocsccu|sostccn|coscmscale-upccmgcstio
tccno|og|c+|ncccss+||o+m||+|+so||t|c+socx+iooc||cmcm|cs+sc|Cscontcm|+noo
|nc|us|vccsso+|ocn|vc|tccn|co
Lm demanda de mercado.|s+|oooc|occom|+oo|st+oo+|+cst|mu|+|+|oouion+c|on+|
ocb|om+tc||+|s+|++s+uoc|o,ct+nooo|o|occom|+soos|ox|mos+nos
Lm nanclamento.
1) ||n+nc|+mcnto o+ +m||+io o+ c++c|o+oc oc |oouio n+c|on+| oc |ooutos +|+
s+uoccst|+tcg|cosouocusocm|+|g+csc+|+nomb|tooo|(|ovo||o|+|m+c|ccu|-
sosoo|)
.) |x+nsiooos|ccu|sos+|+||cmto|coscst|+tcg|cos(||o,ctoscm+|c+s||o||t+||+s
||||||o|+|m+c|untcc||ncC-+uoc|C|n||+cst|utu|+)|sooos|ccu|sosocst|-
n+ooss+|c+scst|+tcg|c+socb|otccno|og|+cn+notccno|og|+scm|cucc|t|ncntc
!) ||n+nc|+mcntooc|o,ctosocscale-up, obtcniooc+tcntcsnocxtc||o|c|m|+nt+io
ocno|m+s|Ocm|+bo|+to||osub||cosc
4) |st|mu|oooocscnvo|v|mcntooccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+cmcst|c|t++|t|cu|+io
comcm|cs+s|nov+oo|+sn+s+|c+soo|stcm+||+s||c||oocccno|og|+(|b|+tcc)
|scc|+|ocst+ucco+oo+osm+tc||+|sctccno|og|+s+ssoc|+o+sucsc|cvc|+m|uno+mcnt+|s+|+
+|nov+ioc+sustcnt+b|||o+ocooocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|coooscto|occnocntcocm+tc||+|s
+v+n+oos+|++||c+ocscms+uocmco|co-ooonto|og|co
Lm llgas metallcas.||g+socCoC||oc||g+soct|tn|osio|c|cv+ntcs||nc|+|mcntcn+o|toco|+
+|++|+b||c+iooc|otcscsnio-c|mcnt+o+sOocscnvo|v|mcntoco|occss+mcntooc||g+scom
mcmo||+oc|o|m+como||g+s|||(n|t|no|)siooc|ntc|cssco+ooonto|og|+ctcm+||c+ion+|+-
b||c+ioocstcntscotcnc|+|como+tu+oo|csc|ct||cos
!z4

Lm pollmeros lnertes e pollmeros blodegradavels.||otcscsmct+|-o||mc|ooocmsc|+||mo|+-
o+scomousooco||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|tocsomo|ccu|+|(|||^||)comt|+t+mcntosuc|c|+|
+|++umcntoo+|cs|stcnc|++oocsg+stc|o||mc|osb|o||c+bso|v|vc|ssio|uno+mcnt+|s+|++cx-
+nsioocs|stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+(drug delivery)ccngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|
Lm ceramlcas avanadas.^|oouiocus|n+gcmoccc|m|c+s+v+n+o+so|C^|;C^|cumn|-
c|oocmc|c+oon+ooonto|og|+|o,c|cst||t++|occss+mcntonocxtc||o|Oocscnvo|v|mcntoocc|-
mcntos|onomc|osocv|o|oct+mbcm|c|cv+ntc+|++||c+ocs||nc|+|mcntcnomb|tooo|
Lm composltos pollmerlcos.Comos|tos|+mc|+|csou+ssoc|+ocsoco||mc|oscomb|occ|m|c+s
sio|mo|t+ntcscomo+|c+bouos.ou,|+|++cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|ccms|stcm+soc||bc|+io
cont|o|+o+Oocs+oncst++|c+cons|stccm+,ust+|+b|oocg|+o+b|||o+ococsscsm+tc||+|ssncccs-
s|o+ocsoc|cgcnc|+iooostcc|oos
Lm engenbarla de superrlcles e blotrlbologla.Ocon|cc|mcntocx|stcntccmout|+s+|c+soocsc|
t|+ns|c||oo+|+mc||o|+|oocscmcn|ooc|ooutoscomo|otcscs(o|toco|c+soucnoov+scu|+|cs)
cm+tc||+|socnt+||os||occss+mcnto+|+sc|ou|+sm+t|+t+mcntosocsuc|||c|ccmcsc+|+m|c|oou
n+nomct||c+c|ccob||mcntosb|o+t|vossiocxcm|osoc|occssos|c|cv+ntcs+|+++|c+ocs+uoc
Lm nanotecnologla. ^ n+notccno|og|+ c |uno+mcnt+| ||nc|+|mcntc cm s|stcm+s oc ||bc|+io
cont|o|+o+n+mco|c|n+o|+gnost|c+cn+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+||cst+ucoocsc||c|to+|+osc|o-
mo|o|os |unc|on+|s ontos unt|cos n+no+|t|cu|+s (o||mc||c+s ox|oos mct+||cos ou m+gnct|-
c+s)|mcs+|+cont|o|coc||o|o||c|o+occnt|cout|osm+tc||+|sn+nocst|utu|+oos
Lm slstemas de llberao controlada.||uno+mcnt+|+m||+|ocntcno|mcntoo+|ntc|+iocnt|c
osm+tc||+|sc+||c+oo|csc+ssubstnc|+s+t|v+so+,ustcococg|+o+b|||o+ocin vivo coocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc|occssosoc|+b||c+io|c|oout|vc|s
Lm engenbarla tecldual.C|+noc+|tco+s+||c+ocso+cngcn|+||+tcc|ou+|occnococ+|c+bou-
os.ou,||cstcc+soc|cc|so+|o|uno+|ocstuooo+|ntc|+iooosm+tc||+|succomocmo
+|c+bouocom|otc|n+scc|u|+sougcncs+|cmoo+,ustco+b|oocg|+o+b|||o+ocoub|o|c+bso|io
co+g+|+nt|+oc|occssosoc|+b||c+io|c|oout|vc|s
!z
Co|+bo|+oo|cs
^|||coo|||+no+ocCocs|||C
^|o|s|o|c|mo||c|n||C
Cc|so||ntooc|c|o||||
C||st|n+||stiooc^no|+oc||||
|o|son||ttcncou|t^||
C||bc|toCo|ss|s||^|||||omco|c+
|u|zc|g|o|+|cc||noComcsC|-|C|O
|+|cc|oC+nz+|o|||ocO||vc||+|||C^||
|+|c|o|os|o^|||O
|+||+||oc|+oc||m+|+v+||o||
|+u|oCcs+|oc|o|+|s|||
|+oov+n|o|o,cv|c||||c|||||O
|oss+n+|+|+o+||v+|o|c||+!||c||||
|ubcns|c||o|t|un|o|||||||
||v+n+V+|g+so+||v+Co|ss|s||otcc|||omco|c+
y|v|o|+o||^||
+|s|un|oz|+c|+ooC+|c|+ocO||vc||+||||noust||+cComc|c|o;^
!z6

kerernclas
|8|.,outub:oioo,||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www|bgcgovb:;|omc;,:cs|ocnc|+;not|c|+s;not|c|+_
v|su+||z+,|,|o_not|c|+=+|;o8|o_,+g|n+=+.^ccssocm+o|cvc:c|:oio+o
C|||+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+:+uoc|co|co-Ooonto|og|c+|stuoo|:os,cct|vo|+sc|||ooc|+nc|:o.
,,,ioo;
||||:1|||O||C|||C|^|1|C|O|O|^C|cnc|+.1ccno|og|+c|nov+io,+:+o|cscnvo|v|mcnto
|+c|on+|||+noocîoioo;-io+o8:+s|||+.||.,+,-ioioo;
OV|||O|||||^||o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto|:oout|vo-|||8:+s|||+.||.,i,,ioos
||C|1;|:Oc|n+oc|:|o:|o+ocsoc|csu|s+cm:+uoc:|]ioos
|||:||+nu+|oos|nst:umcntoso+|o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto|:oout|vo:|]ioo,
C|||stuoo|:os,cct|vooc|+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos.|c|+to:|ooc|c:s,cct|v+s-|+sc||8:+s|||+.||.,
;,-,+ioos
|^|||||^||||.i,,+nc|:oioo,||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www|+,c:,b:;bo|ct|m_|ntc:n+,|tm|ob,_
|o=,+,o.^ccssocmi,m+|oioo,
8U||:.||ct+||m,|+ntvcnoo:s+no|os,|t+|sCom,ct|ng|nucnccsovc:,:oouctc|o|ccby
o:t|o,co|csu:gcons|c+|t|C+:c|+n+gcmcnt|cv|cw.,|.ioo,i-+s
||||:1|||O|^:Û|||^1^:U:||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwo+t+susgovb:.^ccssocmoo
,un|oioo,
1||:v|||:||||^|1||O||^:1:|||:1|:^nnu+||c,o:t:|]ioo;
1|||O|v||^|^|1||O||^:1:|||:1|:^nnu+||c,o:t:|]ioo;
|O|||U|:.CV||:otcscs1ot+|socQu+o:||||+gnost|cooo|+no:+m+|+c|on+|c||+bo:+iooc
|o||t|c+s|ub||c+s1cscoc|outo:+oo||ooc|+nc|:oCO|||;U|||.iooo
C|||+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+o:cto:|s,+c|+||stuoo|:os,cct|vo|+sc|.ioo;
C|||+tc:|+|s,+:++|c|cs+c:cgu:+n+|stuoo|:os,cct|vo|+sc|:|]ioo;
C|||+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+^,||c+cs1:|bo|og|c+s|stuoo|:os,cct|vo|+sc|.ioo;
C^|O||U:.O1:|bo|ogyo|,:ost|ct|c,o|ntsV+||o+t|ono|wc+:s|mu|+t|onmct|oos1cscoc
|outo:+oo^ct+|o|ytcc|n|c+:c+no|n+v|c+.iooioi
!z7
^|V|:^8o|ct|m8:+s||c|:ooc^v+||+iooc1ccno|og|+scm:+uoc8:+s|||+.||ioos
Ô:1O||.|ct+|C||n|c+|ccct|vcncsso|b+:c-mct+|stcnt|ngcom,+:cow|t|b+||oon+ng|o,|+sty|n
tot+|co:on+:yocc|us|ons|ns|g|ts|:om+systcm+t|covc:v|cwo|:+noom|zcot:|+|s|n||g|to|t|c
o:ug-c|ut|ngstcntc:+^mc:|c+n|c+:t|ou:n+|.ioooosi-os,
|O||^||:Ô|Û|O.ioo,||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www+|o||+uo|comb:;|o||+;c|cnc|+;
u|t,oou,|s|,,s|tm|.^ccssocmis|cvc:c|:oio+o
|O|^|Cz:|.C^.v^||:1|||.|V.||8|||O.||Custo-c|ct|v|o+ocoos:tcnts|ccobc:tos,o:
|+,+m|c|n+cm|:occo|mcntos|c:cutncosCo:on+:|+nosno8:+s||^:8:+sC+:o|o|.ioo;|o|-|;|
U:||^||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www|o+gov;co:|;ncws;o,+|oo|tm|.^ccssocm+,outub:oioo;
C||1|OCOC||^|||O8|^:|||cv|sios|stcm+t|c+occns+|osc||n|cos:+noom|z+oossob:cstcnts
:ccobc:toscom:+,+m|c|n+ou,+c||t+xc|vc:susstcntsconvcnc|on+|sCoc|:+nc|+t+b+sco|
:ystcm+t|c|cv|cws.ioos
8O:1O|:C|||1|||C||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwbostonsc|cnt|ccom;tcm,|+tco+t+;|m,o:ts;
co||+tc:+|;c||U;,:omus_o|u_oi_us,o|.^ccssocm,m+:oio+o
8|||:||:cm|n+:|osob:coCom,|cxo|noust:|+|o+:+uoc:|]wwwbnocsgovb:;con|cc|mcnto;
scm|n+:|o;s+uoci_;,o|
||||:1|||O|^:Û|||o:t+|:+uoc||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;,o:t+|s+uocgovb:;,o:t+|;s+uoc;
v|su+||z+:_tcxtoc|m|otxt=i++i,.^ccssocmo+m+|oioo,
:1|Û|^||||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwst:+um+nncom;com_|nocx;c|_com,+ny;c|_ocnt+|_
|m,|+nt_m+:|ct|tm.^ccssocm,om+|oioo,
|^^|^|Û|^||:^.|..||+ss|onomc:Ccmcnt!c||c:cntcnc:+t|ons1:cnos8|om+tc:
^:t||O:g+ns.+s.ioo,
:^|Ov:|:.:|^novc:v|cwo|t:c+tmcntcons|oc:+t|ons|o:cst|ct|c:csto:+t|ons^:cv|cwo|t|c
||tc:+tu:c!c|ou:n+|o||:ost|ct|c|cnt|st:y.,o.iooo|,,-||i
O|^||z^Ô|^|-^||||C^|^||:Û||||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwo,+so:gb:;s|stcm+;
+:u|vos;o_c:on|c,o|.^ccssocm+|,un|oioo,
||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û|||ocn+sncg||gcnc|+o+soocs+||o8o|ct|m|n|o:m+t|vo.,,.
+b:||ioo,
C|||+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+^,||c+cs|oton|c+s|stuoo|:os,cct|vo|+sc|8:+s|||+.||ioos
!z8

|^|O1|C|v|||||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwn+notcc|w|:ccom;ncws+s,n|o=os,;8nt|o=+ss8,g=+
.^ccssocm+om+|oioo,
U|8||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwunbb:;|b;cn+no;,:o,ctos|tm.^ccssocm+novcmb:oioo;
||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û|||:o,ctoocscnvo|vc||t:+,|oooco|+gnost|coocm+|+:|+,+:+o:U:
8o|ct|m|n|o:m+t|vo.,i.|cvc:c|:oioo,
U||V||:||^||||8|^:|||Û|8||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;vs|tcsunbb:;|b;cn+no;,:o,ctos|tm.
^ccssocmi+|cvc:c|:oio+o
|^|OX||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwn+noxcomb:;n+nox||o:occ||+s,.^ccssocmo,un|oioo,
1||||||C^|||v:.ioos||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwncws-mco|c+|nct;|o=|+,,|.^ccssocmii
+b:||ioo,
O|::|:.Oc|n+ocV+||o+iooos|c|+to:|oso+|+sc|8:+s|||+C||ioo;
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||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwn+noco:ccomb:.^ccssocmi,un|oioo,
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sc:um,:otc|n+oso:,t|on+noostcob|+st+o|cs|on+,i,o;i,+o||+tc::c||+tc:|co.+,.ioos
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C||1O:^|+no^|g|n+tcvouno|:css|ngs^:|o:t|cv|cw1:cnos8|om+tc:^:t||O:g+ns.+s.
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|os,|t+|+:,|,8mcnu=o8coo_scc+o=s.^ccssocm;,un|oioo,
8|OC:C||||s,on|vc|cm|tt,wwwb|ocyc|ccomb:.^ccssocm,+m+|oioo,
|^.|X8|om|mct|cm+tc:|+|s|o:t|ssuccng|ncc:|ngôv+ncco|:ug|c||vc:y|cv|cws.oo.ioos
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:||V|:1|||^8:||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwws||vcst:c|+bscomb:;|m,:cns+;not|c|+_oct+||c+s,|o=;.
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|^||:|.ioo;||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www+gcnc|+|+,cs,b:;m+tc:|+;;,,i;not|c|+s;nc,-,:cm|+-
|nov+cocs-oo-suocstc|tm.^ccssocm+,m+|oioo,
|||^||^||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwcu:+t|vo+gccomb:;+gc,o:+yon +s,x.^ccssocm,
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||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û|||ocn+sncg||gcnc|+o+sc|omcnto+,csu|s+no||n|stc:|oo+:+uoc
8o|ct|m|n|o:m+t|vo.,,.+b:||ioo,
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|^||:|||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;www+gcnc|+|+,cs,b:;m+tc:|+;;,,i;not|c|+s;nc,-,:cm|+-|nov+cocs-
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||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwcu:+t|vo+gccomb:;+gc,o:+yon+s,x.^ccssocm,,un|oioo,
U|||||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;+cou|:,b:;~|v|:,;|v|on||nc;co|c+o_oo+i;v|t+m|n+_^|tm|.^ccssocm+,
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||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;wwwscc:|u:gb:;o,s;|nocx,|,;om;+:t|c|c;v|cw|||c;i,|;s,.^ccssocm+,
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CO|U|||^|||U|O|||^||s,on|vc|cm|tt,;;cccu:o,+cu;cntc:,:|sc;||b:+:y;cntc:,:|sc-cu:o,c;
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^ccssocm+,m+|o
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||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û||C|cnc|+.1ccno|og|+c|nov+iocm:+uoc.|cvc:c|:oioo,
||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û||C|cnc|+.1ccno|og|+c|nov+iocm:+uoc.oczcmb:oioo,
||C|1;||||:1|||O|^:Û||C|cnc|+.1ccno|og|+c|nov+iocm:+uoc.+b:||ioo,
:^|1O:.|^ct+|:u:|+cccnc:gyo||yo:oxy+,+t|tc+nob-t:|c+|c|um,|os,|+tccc:+m|cso:|v|ng
sc:um,:otc|n+oso:,t|on+noostcob|+st+o|cs|on+,i,o;i,+o||+tc::c||+tc:|co.+,.ioos
i,o;i,+o
!!z

Slglas e abrevlaturas
^|||
^gcnc|+||+s||c||+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto
|noust||+|
|O
International Organization for
Standardization
^|||||
^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oos|mo|t+oo|csoc
|u|+mcntos||ooutoscu||mcntos
|co|co-|os|t+|+|cs
|C ||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+
^|||O
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c|u|+mcntos|co|cos
||C m+t||zcxt|+-cc|u|+|
^| ^gcnc|+|+c|on+|oc+uocu|cmcnt+| || mco|c|n+|cgcnc|+t|v+
^|V|^ ^gcnc|+|+c|on+|ocV|g||nc|++n|t+||+ | ||n|stc||oo++uoc
^| atraumatic restorative technique || |co|coscm||ontc||+s
^|C
+ng|o|+st|+t|+ns|um|n+|c|cutnc+
co|on+||+n+
O| O|g+n|z+io|uno|+|o++uoc
||||
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|||C ||+s|||uss|+|no|+cC||n+ || |csu|s+c|cscnvo|v|mcnto
C| C|cnc|+tccno|og|+c|nov+io ||| |csu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+io
C^|;
C^|
computer-aided design / computer-aided
manufacturing
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C||| Ccnt|o||+s||c||ooc|csu|s+s||s|c+s ||| |o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto||oout|vo
C|
Ccnt|ooc|cscnvo|v|mcntoccno|og|co
cm+uoc
|| photodynamic therapy
C|O Ccnt|osoc|scc|+||z+ioOoonto|og|c+ |||^|| o||ct||cnoocu|t|+-+|tocsomo|ccu|+|
C||| Ccnt|oocccno|og|+||nc|+| ||^ o||||o|ox|+|c+no+to
CC|| Ccnt|oocCcstioc|stuoos|st|+tcg|cos ||| o||||o|ox|but||+to
C| Com|cxo|noust||+|o++uoc |||-|V o||(||o|ox|but||+to-||o|ox|v+|c|+to)
C|V c|mcntooc|onomc|oocv|o|o ||V o||||o|ox|v+|c|+to
C||
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||^ o||(+c|oo|+t|co)
CO||C||
Comit Franais dEvaluation de la
Coopration Universitaire avec le Brsil
||C^ o||(+c|oo|+t|co-co-+c|oog||co||co)
C^ Ccnt|occn|co^c|ocs+c|+| ||O|^||^
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|+u|o
|| drug delivery systems ||||^
|coc||+s||c||+oc^v+||+ioocccno|og|+s
cm+uoc
!!!
||C|
|c+|t+mcntoocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+oo
||n|stc||oo++uoc
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|m|+ntcsO|toco|cos
|| oocn+sncg||ccnc|+o+s ||| |coc|+c|on+|oc|ngcn|+||+cc|ou+|
|C| m+t||zcsocscc|u|+||z+o+s ||C |coc|+c|on+|occ|+|+Cc|u|+|
||^ |st+oos|n|ooso+^mc||c+ ^;|
cc|ct+||+oc^tcnio+uocoo||n|stc||o
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|^||||
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C+|o|o|og|+|ntc|vcnc|on|st+
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||^ US Food and Drug Administration |||^|
c|v|o||+s||c||oocô|os||c|oc
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||||
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C|C|
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o++uoc
|C |stcm+soc||bc|+iocont|o|+o+
||
US Department of Health and Human
Services
| tcnts|ccobc|toscom|+|m+cos
||V Human immunodeciency virus | |stcm+|n|cooc+uoc
||^| |os|t+||cg|on+|o+^s+|o|tc || c|+|+|otoo|nm|c+
|^| |n|+|to+guoooom|oc+|o|o ||
||og|+m+occcno|og|+|noust||+||+s|c+
cc|v|osccno|og|cos+|++|nov+ioc
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||C| |nst|tuto||+s||c||oocCcog|++c|st+t|st|c+ ||| |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|||um|ncnsc
|C
|nst|tu|ocsocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+
(|n|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tutosoc|csu|s+)
||C |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|ocCo|+s
|||C |nst|tuto|+ntc|+zz+ncscocC+|o|o|og|+ |||C |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oc||n+sCc|+|s
||C |nst|tuto|+c|on+|ocC+|o|o|og|+ |||| |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oc|c|n+mbuco
|nCo| |nst|tutoooCo|+io |||C |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oo||oC|+nocoou|
||C |nst|tutos|+c|on+|socC|cnc|+cccno|og|+ |||| |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oo||ooc|+nc||o
|||||O
|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc|ct|o|og|+
|o|m+||z+iocu+||o+oc|noust||+|
||C |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oc+nt+C+t+||n+
|||| |nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc||o||co+oc|noust||+| ||C+| |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|ocioC+||os
|| |nst|tuto|+c|on+|occcno|og|+ ||| |n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oc|bc||no|+
!!4

|O
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o+||
|||\|| ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene
||||^|O
|nst|tutooc|csu|s+scm|+to|og|+s
|o|c+|s
||| |n|vc|s|o+ococ||+s|||+
||||-|
|n|vc|s|o+oc|st+ou+||+u||st+C+musoc
|||+o|tc||+
|||C^|| |n|vc|s|o+oc|st+ou+|ocC+m|n+s
|| |n|vc|s|o+ococio|+u|o
!!
Oportunidades Econmicas para Materiais Avanados na Tribologia1
8. Oportunidades Econmicas para Materiais
Avanados na Tribologia
11
8.1. Introduo:
^||bo|og|+ocn|o+n+occ+o+oceocomo+C|cnc|+ctccno|og|+ocsuc|||c|cs|ntc|+g|noo
cmmov|mcnto|c|+t|voco+s|+t|c+sc+ssuntos+ssoc|+oos(|O+,ee)cm|unioocsu+com-
|cx|o+oc cm +|t|cu|+| su+ n+tu|cz+ mu|t|o|sc|||n+| tcm s|oo un|vc|s+|mcntc ocscons|oc|+o+
+o|ongoo+||sto||+
|osu|t|mos.o-,o+nos+|mo|tnc|+o+||bo|og|+vcmscnoo|ccon|cc|o+||nc|+|mcntcc|os
+|scs|noust||+||z+oos(|O+,,o)onoco+ssuntoccons|oc|+oooc|c|cvnc|+n+c|on+|c|nc|u|oo
cnt|c+stccno|og|+soc|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+
|oto||+c|oscuc+|+tc|noc|vo+ssoc|+oot+ntoocg|+o+ioocs|stcm+smccn|cosc|++iooo
ocsg+stccmsu+so|vc|s+s|o|m+su+ntoo|ss|+iooccnc|g|+c|o+t||to+t||bo|og|++|cscnt+
nocnt+ntot+nto+scctosos|t|vos+ssoc|+oos|ub||c+iou+nto+ut|||z+iooc|cnomcnost||-
bo|og|coscomonos|occssosocm+nu|+tu|+
^sc|o+scconom|c+sco|m+cto+mb|cnt+|gc|+oosc|oc|c|toncg+t|vooos|cnomcnost||bo|o-
g|costcms|ooconst+ntcmcntc+n+||s+oosn+||tc|+tu|+|st+t|st|c+s|c+||z+o+scm+|scsocscnvo|v|-
oosmost|+muccc|c+oc++e/oo|||siog+stoscomocsg+stc(Cz|C|Oc|^||C+,,.)|m
+|+|c|ocst|m+-scuc.o/ocst+sc|o+soocmsc|cv|t+o+scom+||c+iooocon|cc|mcnto,+
cx|stcntcsob|cocsg+stc+t||toc|ub||c+io
^||||oc|m||(|||||||.oo,)cm+|cst|+conv|o+o++|cscnt+o+noe|Cong|csso+nu+|o+^||
+|mouucoscustosococsg+stcc+t||tococsg+stcnos|st+oos|n|ooso+^mc||c+c||+zcm+
|m|css|on+ntcc|||+ocmc|ot||||ioocoo|+|cs;+noComo+oosoc.oos|stos|gn|c+umtc|o
oo|||b|+s||c||o^|no++|+.oos+cn+s+|+o||+s||tc||+mosocsc|o|c|osoc.,++;|b|||ocsoc
|c+|s;+noccconom|+soss|vc|scnt|c,sc,|sb|||ocsoc|c+|s
1 |stcc+,|tu|o|o|c|+bo:+oo,c|+cu|,ccom,ost+,o:^|o|s|o|c|mo||c|n(coo:ocn+oo:).|osc|+n|c|8|+so||oc|c||o(:c|+to:).
^m||ton:|n+to:+(:cv|so:).|cn+:+|||||+nCost+.|obc:to8|noc:(co-:c|+to:cs)
!!6

^||tc|+tu|+most|++|no+uco|cto|nooos|nvcst|mcntoscmcsu|s+s+ssoc|+o+s||bo|og|+c
+|t+mcntccomcns+oo|+|+c+o+un|o+ocmonct+||+|nvcst|o+cst|m+-scum|cto|nooc|o+;e
un|o+ocsn+s|noust||+ss|oc|u|g|c+scocc+|vioo|cxcm|o
|stcs|+tosocvc||+mo|s|sosc|suc|cntc+|+mot|v+|toooum|og|+m+n+c|on+|n++|c+oc
t||bo|og|+
ô|c|on+|mcntc|+ocsc|css+|t+|+|o|tct|+nsvc|s+||o+oco+t||bo|og|+uc+co|oc+como|c||+-
mcnt+cst|+tcg|c+c||v||cg|+o+c+gcntcoc|nov+ionoocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos
^ |couio o+ o|ss|+io oc cnc|g|+ c|o +t||to ooc c ocvc||+ sc| cons|oc|+o+ nio +cn+s como
um |+to| oc +umcnto oc cc|cnc|+ oc s|stcm+s mccn|cos m+s t+mbcm com um +gcntc otcn-
c|+|n+ot|m|z+ioo+m+t||zcnc|gct|c+n+c|on+||o|cxcm|o+cn+s+./o+cnc|g|+o|son|vc|no
combust|vc|co|son|b|||z+o++|+mov|mcnt+|+s|oo+scmumc+||omco|ooc+ssc|o|+cnc|g|+
tot+|cc|c+oc+,/cc|o|o+mcc+n|c+mcntc||nc|+|mcntco|+t||to(|OV||CO|ct+|+,,,b)
omc-sc+|sto+|cs|stcnc|++o|o|+mcntooosncuscsctc|++|ox|m+o+mcntcum+c|o+oc.o/
o+otcnc|+ut|||z+vc|^cn+snomoto|oovc|cu|o|s/o+cnc|g|+consum|o++|+mov|mcnt+-|o
co|ss|+o+n+|o|m+occ|o+so|+t||to
Os|m+ctos+mb|cnt+|s+ssoc|+oost||bo|og|+siocom|ccns|vc|mcntccno|mcso+o++m+gn|tu-
oco+smov|mcnt+ocsocm+tc||+n+|noust||+cmcscc|+|cmscto|cscconom|coscomo+m|nc-
|+ioc+s|oc|u|g|+|cnt|c+so|vc|s+s|o|m+soc|m+cto+mb|cnt+|+|gum+soocmsc|+ssoc|+o+s
o||ct+mcntc+oocsg+stc(+t||toc|ub||c+io)Out|+ssiooocsc+|tcoc|ub||c+ntcsoconsumo
oc|ccu|sosnio|cnov+vc|scomoc|cmcntosoc||g+ucscox|o+mouocg|+o+mocout|+|o|m+c
+cm|ssiooco|ucntcs
|u|tocmbo|+cm|cg+o+oc|ong+o+t++cn+s|cccntcmcntc+otcnc|+||o+oco+ut|||z+iooc
|cnomcnost||bo|og|coscomo|occssosocm+nu|+tu|+tcms|oocn|+t|z+o+c|ccon|cc|o+n+||tc-
|+tu|+(||C|||C.oo+||C|||C.oo,)|n|c||zmcntcnio|o|+mcncont|+ooso+oosccono-
m|cos|c|+t|vos+os+scctosos|t|voso+t||bo|og|+m+scstcssiocc|t+mcntccons|oc|+vc|sc+u-
mcnt+m+|mo|tnc|+cconom|c+oo+ssunto
|+t||bo|og|+comocmu+|uc|c+mooocon|cc|mcnto+c||+ioc+t|+nsm|ssiooocon|cc|-
mcntosio+scctos|mo|t+ntcsOs+|scsccnt|+|s|nst|tu||+mocsoc+occ+o+oc+,eo|og|+m+s
uccnvo|vcmcns|noocg|+ou+iocns|nocmn|vc|ocosg|+ou+ioc|+bo|+iooc||v|osc|o-
g|+m+soccsu|s+govc|n+mcnt+|scmt||bo|og|+|stcsontossiocomuns++|scscomo|ng|+-
!!7
tc||+^|cm+n|+|+iocmcsmo++nt|g+|n|ioov|ct|c+|+Comun|o+oc|u|oc|+cstc|occo|-
mcnto|o|gcnc|+||z+oo+tooosos+|scs|ntcg|+ntcs|ooc-scvc|cmu+|uc|+|scu|tooomunoo
+|c+||z+iooccncont|osc|cnt|cossob|ct||bo|og|++mbcmooc-scobsc|v+|ucnos+|scs|n-
oust||+||z+oosscc|cn|z+|+mccnt|osoccsu|s+ncst+s+|c+socmccn|c+m|nc|+io+g||cu|tu|+
cs|oc|u|g|+|ov+vc|mcntc+|+m|n|m|z+|oc|c|too+smoo+soccsu|s+bcmcomo+|++sscgu-
|+|+o|oc|cnt|co+cstcsscto|csv|t+|s|o|out|o|+oo+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcntov|vcmocc|c|os
cso|+o|cosoc|nccnt|vo+|oouioc|cnt|c+ncstcsc+mos
|o||+s|||cv+nt+mcnto|cccntc(||||||O.oo,)most|ouuc+t||bo|og|+cst+|cscntccmonzc
|nst|tu|ocsoccns|noccsu|s+scnooucbo++|tcoc|+s+|cmo+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+ocscn-
vo|v|mcntoc|nov+ioo|c|cccmcns|noocos-g|+ou+iocg|+ou+iooc|o|m+|cgu|+|cnvo|vcn-
oocc|c+oc+;ocsso+s+cn+sn+s+t|v|o+ocs+|c|t+s+csu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nov+io
|css+|t+-sct+mbcmo|n|c|oo+c|cn|z+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocst||bo|og|c+sno+|s+t|+vcso+c||+io
cm.oo,o+||v|sioccn|c+oc||bo|og|+^ssoc|+io||+s||c||+oc|ct+|s|+tc||+|sc||nc|+ioc
+|c+||z+ioo+|||st|ntc|n+t|on+|||+z|||+nCon|c|cnccon||bo|ogy-||bo||-.o+o+sc||c+||z+o+no
||ooc|+nc||ocmnovcmb|ooc.o+o
c|um|og|+m+oc|ongo|+zovo|t+oo+|++csu|s+|uno+mcnt+|cmt||bo|og|+|cun|noo
||s|cos u|m|cos mco|cos b|o|ogos c cngcn|c||os c + mc||o| g+|+nt|+ oc succsso n+ +bo|o+-
gcmoc|ob|cm+scnocn||cnt+mcntooos|numc|osccn+||oscsbo+oosncstccstuoo|+|ccc
cxt|cm+mcntc|mo|t+ntc|css+|t+|o+scctosoc|+|+u|t|+t+ooooontoocv|st+o+couc+-
ioco+csu|s+cm|c(cnio+cn+sncstcs+nos|n|c|+|soosccu|oXX|)v|vcmoscm|ntcn-
s+muo+n+Ouco|st|ngucosucv|vcm+smuo+n+scomsuccssoco+|ovc|t+mcntouc
c|cs |+zcm ocst+s muo+n+s |+|+ +|ovc|t+-|+s c ncccss+||o cst+| |c+|+oo | cst+| scm|c
cxc|c|t+noo + c++c|o+oc oc vc| c +|ccnoc| + |c+||o+oc t+nto +t|+vcs oc cstuoo u+nto oc
csu|s+|ntioscum+|socsc,++|ovc|t+|+soo|tun|o+ocst||bo|og|c+scmtooososc+m-
os t|+t+oos ncstc cstuoo |+ uc tc| um ou|+oou|o |og|+m+ oc csu|s+ c conscucntc-
mcntcoccns|nocmt||bo|og|+
^n+||s+-scn+scucnc|+c|ncotcm+ssc|cc|on+oosoo|c|+to||oocs|tu+io|nt|tu|+ooOo|tun|o+-
ocscm||bo|og|+como^gcntcoc|nov+iono|cscnvo|v|mcntooc|+tc||+|s|stc|c|+to||o|o|
v+||o+oo++|t||ocum+oc|n+cum+consu|t+c|ct|on|c+cst|utu|+o+ucc+|+ctc||zousctcto|cos
cmm+tc||+|s+v+n+oos+|+||bo|og|+
!!8

|+ccsccu||+||o+ocso++|c+otou-sco||+zc|++|cscnt+ioocc+o+tcm+|no|v|ou+|mcntcc
n+scucnc|++|cscnt+|+so|vc|s+s+gcno+s(+ocscst|+tcg|c+scsu|s+ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|no-
v+io)bcmcomoos|omcntoscst|utu|+ntcsocm+nc||+con,unt+
8.2. Temas relevantes:
8.z.!. Oportunldades estrateglcas em trlbologla.
^|cscnt+io
^||c+ocst||bo|og|c+socm+tc||+|socvcmsc|+n+||s+o+snumcscct|om+|s+m|oocv|oo+o|+to
ocuc+t||tococsg+stcniosio|o||co+ocs|nt||nscc+soosm+tc||+|sm+ssioc+|+ctc||st|c+soos
s|stcm+st||bo|og|coscons|oc|+oosscnooc|+|oucc+|+ctc||st|c+st||bomct||c+s+t||tococsg+stc
occnocmnio+cn+soosm+tc||+|scms|m+st+mbcmoo+mb|cntccoos+|mct|osoc|+c|o-
n+|scoc|ntc|+io,ust|c+nooocst+|o|m++|nc|usioocstctcm+comoumoosm+|s|c|cv+ntcs
+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|s+v+n+ooscmt||bo|og|+
ô|c|on+|mcntc|cnomcnost||bo|og|cossio|cnomcnossuc|c|+|s|o|t+ntocmt||bo|og|+o|oco
ocvcsc|||nc|+|mcntcn+suc|||c|cooscomoncntcsOsubst|+tot+mbcmcxc|cc+c||mo|-
t+ntco|scc|cuc|o|nccc+sustcnt+ioc+m+o+suc|c|+|oom+tc||+||o|cmcn+suc|||c|c
ucos|cnomcnosoc|ntc|cssccmt||bo|og|+tcmsu+gcncsc
O|o|tcc+|+tc|s|stcm|cooo+t||tocooocsg+stc+ssoc|+oocom|cx|o+ocn+tu|cz+cvo|ut|v+csu-
c|c|+|c|||cvc|s|b|||o+ocoos|cnomcnost||bo|og|cos|+zcmcomuc++bo|o+gcmoc|ob|cm+s
t||bo|og|cos|nc|us|vcccm+|t|cu|+|oocscnvo|v|mcntocot|m|z+iooct||bom+tc||+|soc+|tooc-
scmcn|oncccss|tcmocum++bo|o+gcmmu|t|csc+|+|;o|sc|||n+|+|+sc|cmbcmsucco|oos
Comoconscucnc|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|st||bo|og|cosvo|umct||cosoc|cvcst|mcntos;
moo|c+ocssuc|c|+|soc|ub||c+ntcscoc+o|t|vosbcmcomoocont|o|co+toog|++ocsu-
c|||c|ct+mbcmocvcmncccss+||+mcntccnvo|vc|+|ntc|+iocnt|ccsso+s;g|uoscomo||c|cn-
tcs |o|m+ocs t||bo|og|st+s c|cnt|st+s c cngcn|c||os oc m+tc||+|s cngcn|c||os mccn|cos ||s|cos
u|m|cosmco|cosb|o|ogosocnt|st+sctc
!!9
|oontoocv|st+o+cngcn|+||+os|stcm+t||bo|og|cotcmocsc|cons|oc|+oocomoumtooo|o|
cxcm|o o cocc|cntc oc +t||to mco|oo cm um o+oo s|stcm+ |nc|u|noo su+s |cst||ocs somcntc
ooc|+sc|c|ct|v+mcntcmooc|+ooscosn|vc|soc|ntc|+io|o|cmcons|oc|+oos+ocu+o+mcntc
||+u(||^|+,,+)o|st|nguct|csn|vc|soc|ntc|+io|on|vc||+ssumc-scucoc|s+||+mcnto|nou-
z|ooc|o+t||toc+comoo+oon+|ntc||+cccnt|cco|occont|+-co|ocomococ+soocs|stcm+s
cc|cntcmcntc|ub||c+oosOcomo|t+mcntoocc+m+o+smo|ccu|+|csc|mcs|ntc||+c|+|so|t+|+
+csc+|++ocu+o+(subn+nomct||co+tcoczcn+socn+nomct|os)|on|vc|||oc|ntc|+ioscoc|-
s+||+mcnto|o|t|+nsm|t|oocnt|c+ssuc|||c|cs|ntc|+g|noocmmov|mcnto|c|+t|voousc,+co|o
ccont|+-co|o+s|o||co+ocsocstcscm+|t|cu|+|+s|o||co+ocssuc|c|+|scsub-suc|c|+|s
ocvc|io sc| |nc|u|o+s cm um mooc|o |c+||st+ o+ |ntc|+io ^s |o||co+ocs oo mc|o +mb|cntc c
su+s|ntc|+ocscomosout|oscomoncntcsoot||bos|stcm+t+mbcmocvc|iosc|cons|oc|+o+s^s
o|mcnsocs o+s +sc||o+ocs cm cont+to +c|csc|o+s o+s o|mcnsocs o+s c+m+o+s moo|c+o+s sub-
suc|c|+|mcntcb+||z+|io+so|mcnsocs+sc|cmmooc||z+o+s(m|c|omct|os)||n+|mcntcnon|vc|
|||c+soco|occont|+-co|oniocons|g+mv|+uxo|+st|co+comoo+|com|ct+mcntcoc|s+||+-
mcnto|nouz|ooc|o+t||to|o|+ssc|iot|+nsm|t|o+s+|+oo|sos|t|voucncccss+||+mcntcocvc-
|+sc||nc|u|oo,unt+mcntccomos|stcm+mccn|conomooc|o|cstcc+so+so|mcnsocsncccss+-
||+s+|+mooc||z+|s+t|s|+to||+mcntcos|stcm+ooc|iosc|o|ocnsocg|+nocz+m+|o|csoouc+s
ncccss+||+snon|vc|||(m|c|omct|os+tcccnt|mct|os)
^s|c|+ocscnt|c|o||co+ocst||bo|og|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+cou|cz+oosm+tc||+|ssiomu|tocs-
tuo+o+s |nt|ct+nto + u+nt|c+io o+ |mo|tnc|+ oos o|vc|sos |+to|cs nio mc|cccu + mcsm+
|ntcns|o+oc oc cs|o|os Os cstuoos cob|cm n+ su+ u+sc tot+||o+oc +cn+s +|tc o+s v+||+vc|s
cnvo|v|o+snos|cnomcnost||bo|og|cosOmc|o+mb|cntcco+c|oos|ooutosococsg+stcsio
ouc+svczcscons|oc|+oos+ss|mcomo+s|ntc|+ocsu|m|c+sn+|ntc||+ccococsg+stc|o|msio
csc+ss+s+s|+c|on+||z+ocsoos|csu|t+ooso|mc|oocmooc|osuccons|oc|cm+ocu+o+mcntc
osmcc+n|smosococsg+stcc|o||co+ocs|uno+mcnt+|soos|stcm+t||bo|og|co|mocco||cnc|+
mu|t+so+sco||c|+ocso+||tc|+tu|+oocmsc||o|tu|t+scniogcnc|+||z+vc|s+|cmocnioc|m|t|-
|cmconc|||+|+mooc|+gcmo+||s|c+co+u|m|c+com+so+cngcn|+||+
|moos|+to|csucm+|so|cu|t+m+com|ccnsiooos|cnomcnost||bo|og|cosco|+too+|ntc|-
|+ccococs||z+mcnto(onoctuoo+contccc')sc|cntc||+o+ccxt|cm+mcntco|||c||ocsc|+ccss+o+
cxc||mcnt+|mcntc|+|+cstuo+|cst+|ntc||+ccost||bo|og|st+st|+o|c|on+|mcntctcmucsc+|+|
co|occont|+-co|o+ntcsoc+n+||s+-|os|st++bo|o+gcmcxs|tuoocscbcncc|+|o+sm+|so|-
vc|s+stccn|c+s+n+||t|c+s|st+tccn|c++m+|st|+o|c|on+|c|+|g+mcntcut|||z+o+mcsmo|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|mcntctcmc|m|t|ooocstuoooosmcc+n|smosococsg+stc|o|m+iocst|utu|+ccomos|io
u|m|c+o+|ntc||+ccctc|+|+m|n|m|z+|+cont+m|n+ioc;oucon|ccc|oc|c|tooomc|o+mb|cntc
!40

nocomo|t+mcntot||bo|og|cooscns+|osoocmsc|conouz|ooscmcm+|+sucoss|b|||tcmo
cont|o|coomc|o+mb|cntc|+scucnc|+++n+||scccxccut+o+comon++bo|o+gcmcxs|tu|st+
+bo|o+gcmcb+st+ntc|ccon|z+o+u+noo+comos|iou|m|c+o+|ntc||+cctcm+c||mo|-
t+ntcnocomo|t+mcntot||bo|og|co
|cmm+|sooc|os+++bo|o+gcm|ns|tu+|no+uc||m|t+o+++|gum+stccn|c+stcms|oout|||z+o+
comb+st+ntcsuccsson+c+|+ctc||z+iot||bo|og|c+|cnt|cout|+stcms|oomon|to|+oos|ns|tu+
|cs|stcnc|+ c|ct||c+ oo cont+to cm|ssocs oc |n||+vc|mc||o (s+|o+s oo s|stcm+) cscct|osco|+ |+-
m+ncoc|n||+vc|mc||om|c|osco|+ot|c+cc|ct|on|c+ocv+||cou|+ctc(tccn|c+s+n+||t|c+s)|c|+
comb|n+iooc+|gum+tccn|c+cscct|osco|c+comm|c|osco|+ot|c+c|cg+-sc+bo|o+gcmt||-
bomct||c+|ns|tuooc|os+|c||+mcnt+mooc|n+ucc|m|tc+octc|m|n+ioo+comos|iou|-
m|c+o+t||boc+m+o+n+|ntc||+cccco||c|+c|on+-|+comout|os|cnomcnost||bo|og|cos^|no+m+|s
ooc|os+sc||++comb|n+ioo+t||bomct||+|ns|tu|c+||z+o+comtcmc|+tu|+c+mb|cntccont|o-
|+oo|ovosmooc|oscmctooo|og|+socc+|+ctc||z+iot||bo|og|c+cmtcmo|c+|sio|uno+mcnt+|s
+|++mc||o|+o+cc|cnc|+ocm+tc||+|soc+|toocscmcn|o
cnocnc|+|cccntcnoccn+||omuno|+|c+busc+ocum++bo|o+gcmmu|t|-csc+|+|+ss+nooncccs-
s+||+mcntcc|o+co|+mcntooc+n+||scsn+csc+|++tom|st|c+commooc|osoocont|nuo+t|+vcs
oc+bo|o+gcns||b||o+s||c|+|u|z+o+scmuct+ntocxc||mcnt+|(^||n+no|nocnt+io|||-||-
||)u+ntotco||c+mcntc(||nm|c+mo|ccu|+|)|ocu|+-sccx||c+|+scctosm+c|ot||bo|og|cos
comb+scn+com|ccnsiooos|cnomcnoso|ss|+t|vosoccnc|g|+n+|ntc||+cccnt|cso||oosbcm
comoosmcc+n|smosococsg+stc
|v|ocntcmcntcc||mo|o|+|+cx|stcnc|+oc|o|tcsv|ncu|oscnt|cosocs+oscxc||mcnt+|sctco-
||cosocsc||tos|+|sc|+|+mcntc+v+nosc|ct|vossosc|io+|c+n+oossc|csu|t+ooscxc||mcnt+|s
con+vc|sc|cc|sos|o|cmo|son|b|||z+oos+|+v+||o+|osmooc|ostco||cos|+mcsm+|o|m++
com|cx|o+ocoos|occssost||bo|og|coscx|gcoocscnvo|v|mcntoocmooc|oss|m|cscbcmc+-
|+ctc||z+oosnosu+|sscocn+mtooosos+|mct|osoos|stcm+t||bo|og|co^cx|stcnc|+ocstcs
mooc|oscc|uc|+|+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooctco||+sgcnc|+||z+o+suco|su+vczocvc|iosc|to-
t+|mcntcv+||o+o+sc|oscxc||mcntos|+|+um++v+||+iooosmooc|oscmt||bo|og|+vc||cngc
|uocm++,,,(|||C||||||^+,,,)
||n+|mcntc|css+|t+-scucoocscnvo|v|mcntoncst+s+|c+s+|no+c|nc||cntc|nc|us|vc|ntc|n+c|o-
n+|mcntcc|m|t|noooo|tun|o+ocsocv+nt+gcmcomct|t|v++|+o|+|s
!4!
^|no+ uc + C|cnc|+ c + |ngcn|+||+ oc |+tc||+|s tcn|+m cont||bu|oo oc |o|m+ cx|css|v+ +|+ o
+v+nooocon|cc|mcntocm||bo|og|+como|co|t+ooo||ctc||ost|]uccons|oc|+uc|o/
ocstccon|cc|mcntoco||unooo++|c+ocm+tc||+|s+m+|o|+|tcocstccs|o|otcms|ooconccnt|+-
oon+com|ccnsioo+s|o||co+ocsvo|umct||c+su+noon+|c+||o+oco|cnomcnocsuc|c|+|
ô|c|on+|mcntccucn+tcms|oo+cont||bu|iooct||bo|og|st+sn+com|ccnsiooc|cnomcnos
cm|ncntcmcntc t||bo|og|cos ut|||z+oos como |occsso oc m+nu|+tu|+ ^ss|m um cs|o|o +|no+
m+|o|ocvc|+sc|ocscnvo|v|oo+|++gc|+iooccon|cc|mcntoncst++|c+um+vczucmcsmo
+|+osmct+|s+|c+||nucnc|+ocsu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sn+s|o||co+ocsoc+t||tococsg+stc+|no+
coucocntcno|o+
|v|ocntcmcntccst+oc|+s+gcmc+|no+m+|o|noc+mooos|occssoscm+tc||+|s|nov+oo|csoc
+|toocscmcn|oonoc+scvc||o+oco+sso||c|t+ocsc+vc|oc|o+ococ|nt|oouioocnovos|o-
outoscbcmsuc||o|t+x+ocgc|+iooccon|cc|mcntosccom|ccnsio|cc|s+t+ntoocsu+s
|o||co+ocst||bo|og|c+su+ntoo+|nucnc|+ocst+snos|cnomcnoscnvo|v|oos
|cst+ c|gunt+| o|uc suc|||c|cs |ntc|+g|noo cm mov|mcnto |c|+t|vo tcm t+nt+ |mo|tnc|+
cconom|c+c+|ct+mt+ntonossoo|+
|m+|csost+|+us|vc|sc||+|ntc|+ocssuc|c|+|scont|o|+mcgovc|n+mo|unc|on+mcntooc|+-
t|c+mcntctoooo|sos|t|voocscnvo|v|ooc|o|omcm
|ccomcno+ocs
|cst+|o|m+|ccon|z+-scucc|ov|cso+|nov+ioocco||cntco+soo|tun|o+ocscocs+os|ocn-
t|c+ooscmt||bo|og|++ssoc|+o+t|+nsvc|s+||o+occst+bc|c+-scum+cst|+tcg|+uc+umcntccom-
ct|t|v|o+ocoo+|soc|o|m+o||c|cnc|+o+scmnocnt+nto+b+noon+|ocstuoooocomo|t+mcnto
t||bo|og|coocm+tc||+|sc|+ss|cosnosm+|so|vc|soss|stcm+s|stcscstuoosoocm+ux|||+|n+sc|cio
ocm+tc||+|sut|||z+oosn+con|cciooccomoncntcsct+mbcmn+ocn|iooccono|ocs|oc+|soc
t|+b+||oucoss|b|||t+|io+|couiooccustosocm+nutcniococ|cos|ioocc+s+|cmoccco-
nom|+ocv|oo+o+umcntoo+v|o+ooscomoncntcscoo|o||ocu|+mcnto|m+|t|cu|+|
+) |m|cmcnt+| +ocs uc |cvcm +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc t||bomct|os c|m|t|noo t+nto cm
n|vc|ocum+un|c++sc||o+ocu+ntom|c|ocm+c|osco|c+mcntc++n+||sc|ns|tuooc|c|to
oo+mb|cntcoos|ooutosococsg+stcco+s|ntc|+ocsu|m|c+sn+|ntc||+ccococsg+stc
!4z

b) ô|+| +ocs +|+ cst|mu|+| + +n+||sc t||bo|og|c+ cm o||c|cntcs csc+|+s oc o|mcnsocs cm
+|t|cu|+| c|o +co|+mcnto oc +n+||scs n+ csc+|+ +tom|st|c+ com mooc|os oo cont|nuo
+t|+vcsoc+bo|o+gcns||b||o+s||c|+|u|z+o+sbcmcomoc|+cxtcnsioo+c++c|o+ococ
c+|+ctc||z+iooct||bomct|oso|too++|+|x+occsc+|+s
c) ^||mo|+|+|ntc|+iooco||c|cntcsg|uosoc|o|m+uc+mu|t|o|sc|||n+||o+ocsc,+
|+vo|cc|o+cm+|t|cu|+|c|+cx|stcnc|+oc|o|tcsv|ncu|oscnt|cosocs+oscxc||mcn-
t+|sctco||cos
^gcno+oc|||;|omcntos
|c+||z+|um+oc|n++|+|ocnt|c+|otcnc|+|s+|t|c|+ntcssu+scomctcnc|+scotcnc|+||o+ocsc
cmconscucnc|+um++v+||+iom+|s|c+||st+oos|ccu|sosncccss+||os+|++|nouioocum+|coc
n+c|on+|oct||bo|og|+(mu|t|o|sc|||n+|||v||cg|+noo+|ntc|+iocnt|c+t||bo|og|+c+cngcn|+||+c
c|cnc|+oosm+tc||+|s)cnvo|vcnoo++c+ocm|+ccnt|osoccsu|s+coscto||oout|vo
Osmcmb|oso+|cococvc|ioc|cgc|umcom|tcconsu|t|vouccst+bc|ccc|+c||tc||os+|++sc|cio
octcm+s|c-comct|t|vosucsc|ion+nc|+oosc|+|coc
||o,ctoscscc|cosooc|io(ocvc|io)sc|ocscnvo|v|ooso|cmcombusc+ocn+nc|+mcntoc|os
+|cc||os
|oontoocv|st+o+|n||+-cst|utu|+sugc|c-scucc|omcnosoo|sg|uosn+c|on+|ssc,+m|o|t+|c-
c|oosn+su+c++c|o+ococ+n+||sct||bo|og|c+|nc|us|vco|sonoooccu|+mcntosmu|t|usu+||os
o|son|b|||z+oos+|+too++|coc
|ccomcno+-sc+|no++t|+vcsoon+nc|+mcntooc|n||+-cst|utu|+b+s|c++conso||o+io;|nouiooc
c|o+omcnosm+|st|csg|uos+c+ocm|cos+|c|toso||ct+mcntc+t||bo|og|+^|n||+-cst|utu|+b+s|c+
ocvc|+ cont+| com c|o mcnos cu|+mcntos oco|c+oos + cx|o|+io o+ comctcnc|+ oo g|uo
ugc|c-scuccstcsg|uossc,+msc|cc|on+oos;|nouz|ooscomv|st+s+com|cmcnt+||o+oco+scom-
ctcnc|+sniosc|c||c+noo+scomctcnc|+s;|n||+-cst|utu|+,+cx|stcntcsnosg|uos||oc|cs
cmouv|o+como|nst|umcntooc|nouioo+mu|t|;|ntc|o|sc|||n+||o+oc+o|+|+t|+vcsoon+n-
c|+mcntooc|n||+-cst|utu|+c|omcnossc|sg|uos+|c|tos+cngcn|+||+;c|cnc|+soosm+tc||+|suc
ocvc|ioocscnvo|vc|+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|o|m++ssoc|+o+s|nc|g|c+ccom|cmcnt+|+osg|uosoct||-
bo|og|+o+|coc|cv|oo+o|vc|s|o+ococ+ocsoss|vc|sc+o|||c||(|moss|vc|)+o|+nt+|u+|uc|
csccu|+iosob|c+|n||+-cst|utu|+ncccss+||++|+c+o+g|uo
!4!
ô|c|on+|mcntc|m|cmcnt+|um|og|+m+cst+vc|oc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscmt||bo|o-
g|+comocst+bc|cc|mcntoocmct+s+sc|cmcum||o+sc|osg|uos+c+ocm|coso+|cocucoc-
vc|iooc|o|m+o||c|cnc|+o+|cccbc|+o|on+ncc||oo+s+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s
|st+s +t|v|o+ocs ocvcm sc| cntcno|o+s como oc |c|cvnc|+ n+c|on+| c |nc|u|o+s cnt|c +s tccno|o-
g|+s oc |mo|tnc|+ cst|+tcg|c+ c cons|oc|+o+s um |nvcst|mcnto +|t+mcntc comcns+oo| c++z
oct|+zc|v+nt+gcnscomct|t|v+s+|+o+|s+|cmoc|mo|t+ntcsbcnc||c|ossoc|+|scco|og|cosc
cconom|cos
8.3. Tribomateriais para sistemas mecnicos energeticamente mais
ecientes:
8.!.!. Apresentao.
^ cc|cnc|+ oc s|stcm+s mccn|cos ooc sc| o|+st|c+mcntc +umcnt+o+ c|+ +||c+io oc |cvcst|-
mcntost||bo|og|cosbcmcomoc|+|ub||c+ioso||o+c|+vcs+|+s|stcm+scnc|gct|c+mcntcm+|s
cc|cntcs|o|cxcm|o+|couiooc+/n+s|o|+soc+t||to|m||c+|mco|+t+mcntcnog+n|ooc
+tc+/+m+|soccnc|g|+comomcsmocustocmu+|uc|s|stcm+ocgc|+ioocsoc||o|oc|ct||c+s
+tcmoto|csoc+utomovc|s
^scm|cc|csccntcncccss|o+ococs|stcm+scnc|gct|c+mcntcm+|scc|cntcstcm+umcnt+oocon-
s|oc|+vc|mcntc+scvc||o+ocooscont+tost||bo|og|cos^|ub||c+iocum+s|o|m+sm+|scc|cntcs
oc|couz||+t||tococsg+stc|mcont+toscxt|cm+mcntcscvc|osoucm+||c+ocsucnioc|m|-
t+m+ut|||z+iooc|ub||c+ntcs||u|oosconvcnc|on+|sum+o+s+|tc|n+t|v+sm+|s|om|sso|+stcm
s|oo+|ub||c+ioso||o+conscgu|o++t|+vcsocm+tc||+|s+uto|ub||c+ntcsucoocmsc|t+nto+||-
c+oosn+suc|||c|coocomoncntcu+nto|nco|o|+oosn+su+|o||+comos|io
|cum+m+nc||+gc|+|os|cvcst|mcntost||bo|og|cosoocmsc|c|+ss|c+oosu+nto+ousocm|c-
vcst|mcntos+|+|c||+mcnt+socco|tc|cvcst|mcntos+|+mo|ocscm+t||zcsc|cvcst|mcntos+|+
comoncntcsmccn|cos(|OC|^||.oo|)
!44

|+sou+s||mc||+sc|+sscso|cvcst|mcntocmgc|+|ou|osc|++||c+oocont|+umsubst|+tot+m-
bcmou|o|+c|||t+noocno|mcmcntco|occssocomo+tcst+o|o|tcoom|n|otccno|og|cocsuccsso
|+t|coo+s|c||+mcnt+socco|tc+|+us|n+gcm|cvcst|o+scom||ocsoc+,e,^tu+|mcntccc|c+
oc;,/o+s|c||+mcnt+scomc|c|+||z+o+ssio|cvcst|o+s
|o|ocscm+t||zcssioo||g|n+|mcntct|+t+ooso|n|t|ct+iocox|o+io^+|t||oc+,,otcmc|csc|oo+
ut|||z+iooc|c||+mcnt+s|cvcst|o+so|||C||cout|os|cvcst|mcntoso||V|ocus|n+gcmctc
|oc+soooscomoncntcsmccn|cosc|mc||oso ousoocsubst|+tosmo|cs+|+|+c|||t+|+su+
|+b||c+io|cstcss|stcm+s+|cvcniooco+nossuc|c|+|s+ssoc|+o++|t+c++c|o+ococc+|g+
b+|xo+t||toc+|t+|cs|stcnc|++oocsg+stc|c|cscnt+umg|+nococs+otccn|co-c|cnt|coscnoocs-
c+ssososcxcm|os|+t|cosoccomoncntcs|cvcst|oosconst|tu|noo-sccmumg|+nocotcnc|+|
ococscnvo|v|mcntocum+cno|mcoo|tun|o+oc
|+|++obtcnioocst+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s|m+|cstcm-sc|ccon|z+ooousooc|occssomu|t||unc|o-
n+|soccngcn|+||+ocsuc|||c|ccomb|n+nooc+m+o+scomob,ct|voscscc|cos(ûmcntoo+c+-
+c|o+ococc+|g++umcntoo+|cs|stcnc|++oocsg+stco|m|nu|iooococc|cntcoc+t||to)
|+c+tcgo||+oos|ub||c+ntcsso||ooscnu+o|+m-scv+||osm+tc||+|scomooso|c+|cogcn|osog|+-
tcosmct+|smo|csoso||mc|oscm+|s|cccntcmcntcos||Cs(o|+mono|||cc+|bon)os|u|c|cnos
ctc |sscs m+tc||+|s oocm sc| o|sc|sos n+s suc|||c|cs |unc|on+|s o| um+ g|+noc v+||co+oc oc
mctooos|+|smooc|n+mcntctcmscus+oo|c|c|cnc|+|mcntc|mcscomos|toscn+no+|t|cu-
|+soc|ub||c+ntcsso||oos(+o|t|vos)
^|no+uc|ntcns+mcntccstuo+ooscc|c+oc.,oo+|t|gosub||c+oosnosu|t|mos.,+nosniocx|stc
umun|co|ub||c+ntcso||ooc++zoc|omovc||o||co+ocst||bo|og|c+ss+t|s|+to||+snum++m|+
g+m+octcmc|+tu|+c+mb|cntcComotoo+|o||co+oct||bo|og|c+t+nto+ou|+b|||o+ocu+ntoo
cocc|cntcoc+t||tosio|o|tcmcntcoccnocntcsoos|stcm+t||bo|og|cocm+|t|cu|+|oo+mb|cntc
ô|c|on+|mcntcnovosocs+os++|cccmu+ntou+||o+ocsuc|c|+|(|||mcs)o|st||bu|iooc
|+scs(comos|tos)cot|m|z+iom|c|ocst|utu|+|;toog|+c+comv|st+s+ocst+bc|cc|mcntooc
|csc|v+to||os+|++sn+no+|t|cu|+s(+o|t|vos)
|u|tocmbo|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|mcsb+scocn+nocomos|tossuc|-|cocscg|+o|cntcs
tcn|+m|coom|n+oon+u|t|m+occ+o+nov+scst|utu|+smonocomoncntcscont|nu+m+sc|oc-
scnvo|v|o+sc+||c+o+s^vc|s+t|||o+oco+stccn|c+sococos|io+v+cuotcmc|m|t|oo+obtcn-
!4
iooccomos|ocsu|m|c+sb+st+ntccom|cx+scmgc|+|mu|t||+s|c+soumcsmonov+scomo-
s|ocscomococ+sooos|cvcst|mcntosb+scocc+|bon|t|ctosnioconvcnc|on+|s
|ocnt+ntonioobst+ntcos|og|cssoc|cn+mcntosnos|occssosococos|io+v|o+ocmu|-
tos|ub||c+ntcsso||oos+|no+cb+st+ntc||m|t+o+ocv|oocscssu|+n|t+oo|mc|+|++umcnt+|
+ou|+b|||o+oc|occssosoc|c+b+stcc|mcntoou|c|o|ncc|mcntooc|ub||c+ntccomooco||cnos
s|stcm+sv|vossioncccss+||osm+s+|no+b+st+ntco|||cc|socsc|cmobt|oos
u+nto+o|occss+mcnto+|nt|oouiooc|occssos||b||oost+mbcmc|+m+oosocou|cxou
t|||cxtcmc|m|t|oo+obtcnioocumcon,untoun|cooc|o||co+ocs|moss|vc|ocsc|obt|oo
o|umun|co|occssocomocxtcns|v+mcntc||ust|+ooo||^||\(|^||\.oo.)
Os|occssosocos|iooc|mcsncccss|t+moctcmc|+tu|+sv+||+nooocsoc+tcmc|+tu|++mb|cn-
tc+tc+oooC|cst+|o|m++|cs|stcnc|+tcmc|+tu|+oosubst|+toooc||m|t+|cons|oc|+vc|mcntc+
v+||co+ococ|occssos+||c+vc|s+umoctc|m|n+oosubst|+toum+vczucooc-sc|nouz||t|+ns|o|-
m+ocsoc|+sc+mo|cc|mcntooumcsmoo|sto|ocso|mcns|on+|scgcomct||c+s^ss|moocscnvo|-
v|mcntooc|occssosut|||z+noob+|x+stcmc|+tu|+stcmmu|t+|mo|tnc|+ncst++|c+
^|no+uc+||tc|+tu|+sc,++buno+ntccmnovoscscns+c|on+|s|cvcst|mcntos+g|+nocm+|o||+oc-
|cs|o|+||c+o+cm+most|+scucn+socgcomct||+s|m|cscmcsc+|+|+bo|+to||+|^t|+ns|c|cnc|+
ocst+s tccn|c+s +|+ comoncntcs +|cscnt+noo o|mcnsocs m+|o|cs c gcomct||+ m+|s com|cx+
|oouz|oos cm |+|g+ csc+|+ com to|c|nc|+s cst|c|t+s c |c|oout|b|||o+oc +|no+ c o m+|o| ocs+o
t+ntotccno|og|cou+ntocconom|co
|cv|oosu+g|+nocvc|s+t|||o+ocumg|+nocvo|umcoct|+b+||otcms|oooco|c+oo+osm+tc||+|s
c+|bonososcm+|t|cu|+|+os||Cs|st+scst|utu|+s+mo||+scontcm||b||o+ocss
.
cs
,
ctco|cs
oc||o|ogcn|ov+||+vc|soc++,o+t/|cnt|cos|ub||c+ntcsso||oosos||Cscx|bcm+m+|o|vc|-
s+t|||o+occ|+|x+occomo|t+mcntot||bo|og|cos|||mcsoco|+m+ntcgc|+|mcntc|oouz|ooso|
CV|siocxt|cm+mcntcou|os+|cscnt+noocxcc|cntcs|o||co+ocsmccn|c+s|nc|c|+u|m|c+
cbo+s|o||co+ocst||bo|og|c+s|||mcscomg|+nocs|oo|ocsoc||g+ocsoct|os
.
como|-
t+m-scm+|scomog|+tcou|+ntc|cnomcnost||bo|og|cos+o+ssouc+uc|cscontcnoom+|o|cs
|oo|ocsoc||g+ocss
,
tcmtcnocnc|++sccomo|t+|comoo|+m+ntc
^v|o+ocmu|tos|mcs|ub||c+ntcsso||oos+|no+cb+st+ntc||m|t+o+ocv|oocscssu|+n|t+c
cucn+||m|t+o+c|+stcnsocs|cs|ou+|scc|+u+||o+oco+stccn|c+sococos|iooo|mc|+|+
+umcnt+|+ou|+b|||o+oc|occssosoc|c+b+stcc|mcntoou|c|o|ncc|mcntosioncccss+||os|cstc
!46

scnt|oo tccn|c+s c|+ss|c+s como mct+|u|g|+ oo o ou |uno|io +|+ + |oouio oc comos|tos
contcnoo|ub||c+ntcsso||ooscmsu+cst|utu|+++|cccmcomoum++|tc|n+t|v+s|m|cscccono-
m|c++|+o+v+nooocon|cc|mcntoConcc|tot||bo|og|cos+||c+ooscmcon,untocomcon|cc|-
mcntosoccngcn|+||+m|c|ocst|utu|+|c|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|soocmconst|tu|||c||+mcnt+
ooc|os+noocscnvo|v|mcntocot|m|z+ioocm+tc||+|s+uto|ub||c+ntcs|m|cscconom|c+mcn-
tcv|+vc|scuc+|cscntcmocv|oo+oconst+ntc|c+b+stcc|mcntooo|ub||c+ntcso||ooum+v|o+
ut||b+st+ntcg|+noc
|cccntcmcntc|+oo|tct+|(|||C||||ct+|.oo||^|O|O|ct+|.oo,+|^|O|O|ct
+|.oo,b|^|O|O|ct+|.oo,)cv|ocnc|+|+mum+subst+nc|+||couiooo+t||tococsg+stcocv+-
||osm+tc||+|smct+||coscmo||c|cntcscono|ocst||bo|og|c+sc|++o|iooc+|t|cu|+sscmc||+ntcs
+|u|c|cnosobt|o+soco|c+|cogcn|ocosmct+||cos|X
.
(|=|o\cX=c)^||c+o+s+m+tc||+|s
|oouz|ooso|mct+|u|g|+ooo(|^|O|O|ct+|.oo,+)cst+sn+nocs|c|+s|o|+m|nco|o|+o+s
n+|cococo|osg+|+nt|nooumcont|nuocg|+ou+|su||mcntooc|ub||c+ntcn+|ntc||+ccmos-
t|+nooog|+nocotcnc|+|o+ot|m|z+ioo+m|c|ocst|utu|+ocm+tc||+|ss|ntc||z+ooscomo+gcntc
ocot|m|z+iot||bo|og|c+
|ccomcno+ocs
+) ô|+||n|c|+t|v+succ|+|ntc|+ios|nc|g|c+cnt|c+||bo|og|+c+|ngcn|+||+cC|cnc|+s
oc|+tc||+|s|cvcm+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|cvcst|mcntosmu|t||unc|on+|s+||c+oos+|c-
vcst|mcntosmo|cs
b) |nouz|||n|c|+t|v+suc|omov+m+t|+ns|c|cnc|+ooscon|cc|mcntosobt|oosn+o+csc+|+
|+bo|+to||+|+|+comoncntcs+|cscnt+nooo|mcnsocsm+|o|cscgcomct||+m+|scom-
|cx+|oouz|ooscm|+|g+csc+|+comto|c|nc|+scst|c|t+sc|c|oout|b|||o+oc
c) |nouz||+t|v|o+ocsuc+||c+nooconcc|tost||bo|og|coscmcon,untocomcon|cc|mcntos
occngcn|+||+m|c|ocst|utu|+|c|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|socscnvo|v+mcot|m|zcm
m+tc||+|s+uto|ub||c+ntcss|m|cscconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|scuc+|cscntcmocv|oo+o
const+ntc|c+b+stcc|mcntooo|ub||c+ntcso||ooum+v|o+ut||b+st+ntcg|+noc
!47
ôs|c+||z+ioo+oc|n+|ccon|z+o+no|tcm+ntc||o|cconscucntc|ocnt|c+ioocotcnc|+|s
+|t|c|+ntcssu+scomctcnc|+scotcnc|+||o+ocs|nouz||co|t+|s|cv+noo+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc
m+tc||+|s+|+s|stcm+scnc|gct|c+mcntcm+|scc|cntcs
8.4. Biotribomateriais:
8.4.!. Apresentao.
||ot||bom+tc||+|soocmsc|+gcntcsocs+uoc|ntcg|+|Oco|o|um+nocontcmumg|+nocnumc-
|oocsuc|||c|cs|ntc|+g|noocmmov|mcnto|c|+t|vocuccstiosu,c|t+s+ocsg+stcc|ub||c+io
|cstcc+soo+mb|cntc+uoso|cscntc|mocumscmnumc|oocv+||+vc|scu,osc|c|tos+|no+nio
siobcmcon|cc|oosccntcno|oosc|+t||bo|og|+c|+ss|c+oucto|n+oocscnvo|v|mcntooosb|o-
t||bom+tc||+|sum++|c+ocg|+noc|mo|tnc|+cotcnc|+||o+oc|mcntcno|mcntocom|ctooo
ocscmcn|ooccomoncntcsb|omccn|cosucoss+msubst|tu||o|giosn+tu|+|ssomcntcooc
sc|conscgu|oo+osccon|ccc|o+t||too|cg|mcoc|ub||c+iooc|+ntccosmcc+n|smosococs-
g+stct+ntonoso|giosn+tu|+|scm|unc|on+mcntoocnt|oooco|o|um+nou+ntonoso|sos|-
t|vosb|omccn|cos+|t|c|+|sbcmcomosu+b|ocom+t|b|||o+oc
|m++bo|o+gcmmu|t|o|sc|||n+|cnvo|vcnooconcc|tosmco|cob|o|og|cos+ssoc|+oosc|cnc|+ccngc-
n|+||+ocm+tc||+scom|cmcnt+oosc|+ut|||z+ioocc+|+ctc||st|c+sb|om|mct|c+sct||bo|og|+cc|t+-
mcntc|cv+|io+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|ot||bom+tc||+|socm+|o|ocscmcn|ocmcno|custo
O|m|+ntcoc|otcscsossc+scmcscc|+|oc|otcscsocu+o|||coc,oc||occons|oc|+oocomo
og|+noc|c|too+c||u|g|+o|toco|c+nosccu|oXX|o|+|ox|m+o+mcntc|o+noscstcc+mo|o|
|+t|c+mcntcoom|n+ooc|ousooc|m|+ntcscons|st|nooocc+bc+s|cmo|+|smct+||c+sc+cct+-
bu|oso||mc||coscon|cc|oos|m|+ntcsC|+|n|cy||^(|ow|||ct|on^|t||o|+sty)|o|cmm+tc||+|s
+|tc|n+t|vostcms|oo|oostosctcst+oosnosu|t|mos+noscomosubst|tutossuc||o|cs+os|m-
|+ntcsc|+ss|cossoboontoocv|st+oc|ongcv|o+oco+|otcsc(|||ct+|.oo+)
|+|+ |couz|| +s t+x+s oc ocsg+stc c conscucntcmcntc + |o|m+io oos |cs|ouos uc c+us+m +
ostco||sctcm|+v|oonosu|t|mos+noso|cxcm|oum+|cssu|gcnc|+oc|ntc|cssccm|c|+ios
!48

,unt+smct+|;mct+|cmcont|+stccom+s,unt+st|+o|c|on+|so||mc|o;mct+|(|||ct+|.oo+)
^smc||o|+s|m|cmcnt+o+sgc|+|mcntcob,ct|v+m+umcntoocou|cz++umcntooc|cs|stcnc|+
+o ||sco c cont|o|c o+ toog|++ o+s suc|||c|cs O cont|o|c o+ toog|++ o+s suc|||c|cs o+s
|otcscs t+mbcm ooc sc| um out|o |+to| oc cont|o|c o+ ostco||sc C+so + toog|++ sc,+ |o|-
m+o+o|v+|csuccons|g+m+comoo+|+s+|t|cu|+sococsg+stc+ntcsucc|+ssc,+m||bc|+o+s
noco|o|um+nocoss|vc||ct+|o+|oscuc|c|tooc|oouz|||+goc|tosc^|cmo|sso+|cscn+
oos bo|sos uc const|tucm + tcxtu|+ c|m|tc cont|o|+| o t+m+n|o c + |o|m+ o+s +|t|cu|+s oc
ocsg+stc+ntcsucc|+scnt|cmcmc||cu|+ionoco|ooucooc|couz||b+st+ntc+|c+iooc
|+goc|tosc(CO^.oo,|^|Cct+|.ooe)
|cv|oosu+m+|o|ou|cz++sc+bc+s|cmo|+|scc|m|c+stcnocm+so||c|mcno|ocsg+stcuc+s
mct+||c+scomocom|ov+ooo|cxc||cnc|+sc||n|c+s(|||ct+|.oo+)^z||con|+o|tc|um+
tcn+c|o+oc||+tu|+suc||o|o++|um|n+tcms|oot+mbcmout|o|o|tcc+no|o+tocomom+tc||+|
o+sc+bc+s|cmo|+|s
|o|out|o|+oo+o|nvcso+ut|||z+ioocum+c+bc+|cmo|+|ou|+sob|cum+cct+bu|omo|ctcm-sc
t+mbcm|nvcst|g+oo+|cscomouc+o||c|cn+ocou|cz+oc|o|m++|couz||oocsg+stcoo+cc-
t+bu|oc+ss|m|couz||+ostco||sc|stotcm|cv+oo+oum|ntc|cssc|cssu|gcntcn+s|otcscsmct+|;
mct+|scnoouccscc|+||ntc|csscco+oout|||z+ioocnov+s|o|m+so+s||g+sCoC||o^tc+,,e
v+||+s oczcn+s oc m|||+|cs oc |otcscs mct+|;mct+| |o|+m |m|+nt+o+s cscc|+|mcntc n+ |u|o+
(||||C|+no\|||||+,,;)||+stcm+|cscnt+oob+|x+st+x+sococsg+stcucno|m+|mcntc
c+cmcomotcmoouctcms|oo+t||bu|oo+umc||ooooc+m+c|+mcntoscmc||+ntc+ouc
oco||ccm+utomovc|s|nt|ct+nto|cccntcmcntco|vu|g+|+m-sccv|ocnc|+suc+nu+|mcntcoc++
,/(soo+.|ooc+sos)ocstct|ooc|otcscstcmt|+z|oo|ob|cm+s++c|cntcsno|tc+mc||c+nos
(||\O|||||.o+o)
Como+,unt+s|nov|+|n+vc|o+occumm+nc+|+uto-cont|oooc|nc||vc|ocscmcn|o+v+nosno
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovosm+tc||+|s+|+|otcscsossc+s+|t|cu|+o+ssomcntcsc|iosubst+nc|+|ssc
++bo|o+gcmoc+v+||+ioo+su+ocscmcn|o|o|mu|t|o|sc|||n+||nc|u|noo+t||bo|og|+
^|o|mu|+t||bo|og|c+cncont|+o+c|+n+tu|cz++|+|oouz||um+,unt+s|nov|+|cb+sc+o+nouso
ocumm+tc||+|ocm+nc+||c|+t|v+mcntcmo|cco|oso+c+|t||+gcmo++|t|cu|+iocom|ub||c+-
iooc|mccont|nuoc|ub||c+io||m|tccxt|cm+mcntccc|cntcs+|+m|n|m|z+|oocsg+stc|sso
tcm |ns||+oo o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc m+nc+|s com||+ntcs c|+m+oos oc m+nc+|s t|o +|mo|+o+
(||\O||ct+|+,s;)^+|t+con|o|m|o+ocoocont+to|o|c|++scono|ocsncccss+||+s+|+
ocscnvo|vc|-scum|mcoc|ub||c+io||o|oo|nm|cocont|nuoOsoo|sm+tc||+|suctcm+t|+|oo
!49
m+|s+tcnioncstcscnt|oosiooso||u|ct+nosnioo|ososcos||o|ogc|so|osos|moosg|+nocs
ocs+osocstcsm+nc+|scons|stccmcncont|+|umm+tc||+|ucoss+scbcncc|+|o+sc+|+ctc||st|-
c+soc|ub||c+io||m|tcucou|oos|nov|+|ooccon|c|||
O^|| (O^|| .o+o) +|cscnt+ no mb|to o+ ^gcno+ |st|+tcg|c+ cm |+tc||+|s ^v+n+oos
CC||(Ccnt|oocCcstioc|stuoos|st|+tcg|cos)umt|+b+||ob+st+ntccom|cto|no|c+nooc+m|-
n|os+|+osb|ot||bom+tc||+|sno||+s|||ocnt+ntoocntcno|mcntocom|ctoooocscmcn|ooc
|otcscssomcntcoocsc|conscgu|oo+osccon|ccc|o+t||too|cg|mcoc|ub||c+iooc|+ntc
cosmcc+n|smosococsg+stct+nton+s,unt+ss|nov|+|sn+tu|+|su+nton+s|otcscsouc|m||-
c+ n+ |mc||os+ ncccss|o+oc oc um+ +bo|o+gcm mu|t|o|sc|||n+| cnvo|vcnoo concc|tos mco|co-
b|o|og|cos +ssoc|+oos c|cnc|+ c cngcn|+||+ oc m+tc||+|s |nst|umcnt+io b|omccn|c+ c m+nu-
|+tu|+ com|cmcnt+oos c|+ ut|||z+io oc c+|+ctc||st|c+s b|om|mct|c+s c t||bo|og|c+s |cv+noo +o
ocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|ot||bom+tc||+|socm+|o|ocscmcn|ocmcno|custo|xcm|o|cccntc|o|
oocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+|otcsc+|cscnt+nooc+bc+|cmo|+|cmcc|m|c+cco|ocm||g+oc
|tn|oOco|oo+|otcsccococcontcmumcom|cxos|stcm+oc|nst|umcnt+ioc|m|t|noo+
mon|to|+iov|+|+o|o+t|+vcsoco|toscnso|csoc|o|c+scvc|oc|o+ocs+tu+noo|ns|tuc|nv|vo
^t||bo|og|+o|+||nc|u|cstuoos|c|+c|on+oos+osocntcs,unt+cmo|om+no|bu|+|(||)s+||v+
c+ostcc|oosmo|cso+c+v|o+ocbuc+||cst++|c+c|uno+mcnt+|ocon|cc|mcntooosmcc+n|smos
b+s|cos+ssoc|+oost||bo|og|+o|+|+|+ucsc,+oss|vc|+sc|cioocm+tc||+|s+ocu+oos+|++
|cst+u|+ioo|+|
|oc+soooocsg+stcocnt+||ocncccss+||o|nvcst|g+|-scocomo|t+mcntocmocsg+stcoostcc|oos
ocnt+||oscoosm+tc||+|soc|cst+u|+io|csg+stccxccss|voooc|mco||umcont+tooc|us+|c|-
|c|tocscc|+|mcntcn+ssuc|||c|csocmo|ocou|+cm+st|g+ioc|o+occc|cnc|+ocm+st|g+io
ob||tc|+ioo+suc|||c|cocm+st|g+ioocnt|cout|osc|c|tosOs||nc|+|st|osococsg+stcoco|-
|cntcscmocnt|st|c+sio+b|+siocc|osio(z|O|+noz|||C.ooe)Ocstuooo+toog|++o+s
suc|||c|csocnt+||+sto|n+-sccntiocxt|cm+mcntc|mo|t+ntc+|+ocntcno|mcntoooscucom-
o|t+mcntot||bo|og|co|scc|+|cn|+scocvcsc|o+o++tccn|c+succ|m|t+mum+c+|+ctc||z+io
,|c+|++su+|snio|+,+cont+tocomo++|+oo|oc|o|m++m|n|m|z+|oscuc|c|toou|+ntc+
mco|iocomococ+soo+|ntc||c|omct||++|+sc|(||||||Oct+|.oo,O|+no||||+,,,
|^|OOct+|.ooe)|st+stccn|c+soocm+|no++ux|||+|n+mco|ioooocsg+stcso|||oo
Os b|ot||bom+tc||+|s m+|s ut|||z+oos cm |cst+u|+ocs ocnt+||+s sio os mct+|s os cc|m|cos c os
comos|tos O scu ocscnvo|v|mcnto c sc|cio |cuc|c|cm um con|cc|mcnto +|o|uno+oo oos
oss|vc|smcc+n|smosococsg+stcocnt|oo+c+v|o+ocbuc+||m+g|+noctcnocnc|+ut|||z+iooc
!0

m+tc||+|scc|m|costcms|ooobsc|v+o+nosu|t|mos+nosocv|oosu+++|cnc|+scmc||+ntcsu-
c|||c|cn+tu|+|ooocntccsu+ou|+b|||o+ocu|m|c+|o|cmoscc|m|cossio+b|+s|voscotcn-
c|+|mcntcocst|ut|voscm|c|+io+osocntcsn+tu|+|souout|+s|cst+u|+ocscont|+osu+|sc|cssc
oon|+m(|^C||ct+|+,,,)
|mout|o+scctot||bo|og|co|mo|t+ntcn+ocnt|st|c+c+c++c|o+oc|ub||c+ntco+s+||v+|stu-
oos |cccntcs ut|||z+noo m|c|osco|+ oc |o|+ +tom|c+ tcm most|+oo uc + |cscn+ oc c||cu|+s
s+||v+|cscnt|csuc|||c|csou|+s|couzococc|cntcoc+t||too|um|+to|oc.o|mcon|cc|mcnto
|uno+mcnt+|oosmcc+n|smosoc|ub||c+io+tu+ntcsn+c+v|o+ocbuc+|co+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s|ub||-
c+ntcso+s+||v+ocvctc||m||c+ocsocc|s|v+snoocscnvo|v|mcntoocsubst|tutos+|t|c|+|s+|++
s+||v+um+vczucumnumc|oc|csccntcoccsso+sso||coco|s|unocss+||v+|cs
^t||bo|og|+t+mbcmoocsc|+||c+o+c|cnc|+oos+||mcntosO+t||to|ntc|-o|+|t+mbcmtcm++-
|cntcmcntcumg|+nocc|c|ton+c|ccioo+tcxtu|+oos+||mcntosc|o|omcmcmcscc|+|no
c+sooc+ost||ngcnc|+(|||Cct+|.oo,)^+ost||ngcnc|+cum+t||butoc|ccb|oocomoum+scn-
s+ioscc+ucoco||c+|+um+|+|g+|+|x+oc|ooutoscomococ+sooov|n|ot|ntococout|os
|ooutos||coscmt+n|no|stcs|ooutos++|cntcmcntc|ovoc+mum+|couion+|ub||c+io
cum+umcntono+t||toc+us+oosc|+|cscn+oc+|t|cu|+s|csu|t+ntcst+ntoo+|cc||t+iooc
|otc|n+ss+||v+|csu+ntoo+ocu|+iooccc|u|+smo|t+s
^ cons|oc|+io oc +scctos t||bo|og|cos no ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc m+tc||+|s + sc|cm ut|||z+oos cm
|nst|umcnt+ioc||n|c+cc||u|g|c+t+mbcmccxt|cm+mcntcncccss+||++|++ot|m|z+ioocscuoc-
scmcn|oOcont|o|co+toog|++o+suc|||c|ctcm+,uo+oonoocscnvo|v|mcntoocsuc|||c|cs
+sc|cmco|oc+o+scmcont+tocomos+nguccom|couz|o+|ocnsio+com||c+ocst|ombocm-
bo||c+s(||||^\^ct+|.oo+)ct+mbcmoc|c||+mcnt+s+|+||mcz+ocnt+||+com+t||to+umcn-
t+oouc|cuc|cmmcno|cs|o|ooo|oss|on+|oc||g|cn|z+iobuc+|(|^|OC||ct+|.oo;)
Osocs+osc||u|g|cosc||n|coscoccngcn|+||+noc+moooocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|o-t||bom+tc||+|s
g+|+ntcmum+m|ocscoo+|+co|+bo|+iocnt|ct||bo|og|st+sb|o-cngcn|c||oscc||u|g|ocscm
cscc|+|n+|nvcst|g+ioocnov+scongu|+ocsocm+nc+|scomomct+|;mct+|cc|m|co;mct+|c
m+nc+|st|o+|mo|+o+^bo|o+gcnscomoocont|o|co+toog|++ocsuc|||c|cso+s+mco|ioc
ocont|o|coot+m+n|oc|o|m+o+s+|t|cu|+s+b|+s|v+s;|cs|ouosococsg+stccoocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocm+tc||+|succons|g+m|c+g||u|m|c+mcntccomou|oos|nov|+|+|+|o|m+|um+c+m+o+oc
|ub||c+io||m|tcsioc+mosoc|nvcst|g+io+|+b|o-t||bo-m+tc||+|s+sc|cmus+ooscmn+s|o-
x|m+socc+o+s
!!
|ccomcno+ocs
+) |ov+scongu|+ocsocm+nc+|scomomct+|;mct+|cc|m|co;mct+|cm+nc+|st|o+|-
mo|+o+^bo|o+gcnscomoocont|o|co+toog|++ocsuc|||c|cso+s|otcscs+mco|-
iococont|o|coot+m+n|oc|o|m+o+s+|t|cu|+s+b|+s|v+s;|cs|ouosococsg+stcco
ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc m+tc||+|s uc cons|g+m |c+g|| u|m|c+mcntc com o u|oo s|nov|+|
+|+|o|m+|um+c+m+o+oc|ub||c+io||m|tcsioc+mosoc|nvcst|g+io+|+b|ot||bo-
m+tc||+|s+sc|cmus+oosn+s|ox|m+socc+o+s
b) |omcnt+|+ocsv|s+nooocst+bc|cc|mcntooc|o,ctoscnvo|vcnoocu|csmu|t|o|sc|||n+-
|cscomv|st+s+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|ot||bom+tc||+|soc+|toocscmcn|ocb+|xocusto
c) |nouz|||n|c|+t|v+suc|omov+m+t|+ns|c|cnc|+o+csc+|+|+bo|+to||+|+|+comoncntcs
+|cscnt+nooo|mcnsocsm+|o|cscgcomct||+m+|scom|cx+|oouz|ooscm|+|g+csc+|+
comto|c|nc|+scst|c|t+sc|c|oout|b|||o+oc
o) Out|+s|ccomcno+ocsconst+ntcscmO^||(O^||.o+o)
8.4.z. Agenda de U8l}|omentos.
b|ot||bom+tc||+|scm+|t|cu|+|+uc|cs,+c|t+ooso|O^||(O^||.o+o)
8.5. Tribomateriais estratgicos para setores primrios da economia:
8..!. Apresentao.
^+||c+ioocconcc|tosoct||bo|og|+oococscnvo|vc|m+tc||+|sm+|scconom|cosccc+zcs+|+
scto|cs||m+||oso+cconom|+como+|noust||+mccn|c+cs+o++m|nc|+io+s|oc|u|g|+cos
scto|cs+g||co|+csuc|o-+|coo|c||o
cto|cs|uno+mcnt+|so+cconom|+n+c|on+|cstcsg|g+ntcsoocm|unc|on+|+ocu+o+mcntcso-
mcntccomousoocm+tc||+|st||bo|og|c+mcntc+v+n+ooscocst+|o|m+m+ntc|+m||+|cto|n+|
m+|s|oout|v+comct|t|v+c|cnt+vc|+|oouiooosscto|cs||m+||osno||+s|||csmou+noo
!z

ut|||z+mn+su+oc|+iom+tc||+|sc|+ss|coscstcsscto|cs|oouzcmg|+nocsbcnc||c|ossoc|o-cco-
nom|cos|o|cmcstcsscto|cs||m+||oscstio|o|+ocmoo+c|cnt|c+mcntccomconscucntcs
||+tosc|cnt|costccno|og|coscmcsmooc|o|m+ioocmioocob|+cscc|+||z+o+cm|c|+io+
+|scscscto|cso+cconom|+m+|socscnvo|v|oostccno|og|c+mcntc|x|stcg|+nocoss|b|||o+ococ
+||c+ioocnov+smctooo|og|+succnvo|v+mconcc|tosoct||bo|og|+ucc|m|t|||+mumocscn-
vo|v|mcntos|gn|c+t|voo+s|noust||+socstcscto|
^s|c|+ocscnt|c|o||co+ocst||bo|og|c+sm|c|ocst|utu|+cou|cz+oosm+tc||+|ssiomu|tocstu-
o+o+s|nt|ct+nto+u+nt|c+ioo+|mo|tnc|+ooso|vc|sos|+to|csniomc|cccu+mcsm+|ntcn-
s|o+ococcs|o|osOscstuooscob|cmn+su+u+sctot+||o+oc+cn+s+|tco+sv+||+vc|scnvo|v|-
o+snos|cnomcnost||bo|og|cosOmc|o+mb|cntcco+c|oos|ooutosococsg+stcsioouc+s
vczcs cons|oc|+oos +ss|m como +s |ntc|+ocs u|m|c+s n+ |ntc||+cc oc ocsg+stc |m occo||cnc|+
mu|t+so+sco||c|+ocso+||tc|+tu|+oocmsc||o|tu|t+scniogcnc|+||z+vc|s+|cmocnioc|m|t|-
|cmconc|||+|+mooc|+gcmo+||s|c+co+u|m|c+com+so+cngcn|+||+cscc|+|mcntcnoucsc
|c|c|c+o+t||to|st+sconst+t+ocsoocmsc|+|cc|+o+scmoct+||cn+|cv|sio|c|t+o||||Cc
|||||^(|||C|||||^+,,,)
Otou-sco|t|+t+|oosm+tc||+|s|cs|stcntcs+oocsg+stccmscto|cscomo+|noust||+mccn|c+
+m|nc|+io++g||cu|tu|+c+s|oc|u|g|+cons|oc|+noo||mc||+mcntcscus|occssosoc|+b||c+-
ioomou-sccstcc+m|n|oo|sum+vczuccst+s+||c+ocscnvo|vcmv+st+su+nt|o+ocsoc
m+tc||+|scncccss+||ouc+|oouiocons|oc|c|occssosoc|+b||c+ioocb+|xocustoComo
cxcm|osc|t+m-scm+tc||+|s+|+|oouioocco|osmocoo|cs(bo|+s)cstc||+s+|+t|+to|cs
cng|cn+gcns+|+c+m|n|ioc|||no|os+|+|+m|n+iooc+oc|c||+mcnt+socco|tccoccon|o|-
m+io|+st|c+
|+tc||+|s|uno|oos
io |oouz|oos g|+nocs vo|umcs oc |c||os |uno|oos +|+ b|ocos oc moto|cs ||c|os cmb|c+gcns
ocnt|cout|oscomoncntcs+utomot|vosmo|ocs+|+cst+m+gcmocc+s+|++|noust||++u-
tomot|v++|+|n,ciooc|+st|cosctc|stcs|c||os|uno|oostcmcmsu+m|c|ocst|utu|++g|+t+
oug|+tcucsc|o|m+no|occssooc|+b||c+iooosmcsmos^cngcn|+||+ocstcsm+tc||+|scst+
b+st+ntc+v+n+o+co+|soctcmcomctcnc|+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+nosmcsmos|+cnt|ct+n-
toum||+ton+|o|m+ioocu+o|osc|cnt|cosocco||cntcsocum|+oooc+cst+gn+iooos+nos
+,sotc|+t|ng|oo|o|tcmcntccstcsscto|cscocout|ooo|+tooccstcsm+tc||+|sniosc|cmcons|oc-
|+oosmooc|nosncm+t|+t|vosooontoocv|st+occ+||c||++c+ocm|c+|mocco||cnc|++|o|m+-
!!
ioooscngcn|c||os+|++tu+|ncstcscto|t+mbcmcst+oc|+s+o+como||utoo+nio+tu+||z+io
oosooccntcsccsu|s+oo|csun|vc|s|t+||os
Out|os|c||os|uno|oosuccontcm|+scsou|+sosc+|bonctossio|+b||c+ooscmvo|umcs|c|+t|v+-
mcntcmcno|cs|o|cm+cs+|oomcno|vo|umcoc|oouioc|csossucmm+|o|v+|o|+g|cg+ooO
||+s|||oouz|c||os|uno|oosocstct|o+|++s|noust||+socm|nc|+ioc|mcntocs|oc|u|g|c+com|c-
|+t|vosuccssoCont||bu|+|+|sto+oio|c|t+nos+nos+,;oc+,soc|os+|scsm+|s|noust||+||z+oos
oc|nvcst||cmcmscto|cs|noust||+|sm+|snob|cst|+ns|c||noo+|+o||+s||su+sun|o+ocs|oout|v+sc
m+|s|cccntcmcntc+|tcocscuscs|o|osoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto|omb|toocstcsm+tc||+|s
|+||m|t+ocsc|+|+sn+||tc|+tu|+noucsc|c|c|c+su+ot|m|z+iot||bo|og|c++o|c|on+|mcntccsc+s-
sczocu+o|osc|cnt|cos^sc+us+so+s||m|t+ocssio+smcsm+s+c|m+c|t+o+s+c|csc|o+smcno|
|mo|tnc|+ cconom|c+ ocstcs |ooutos |cst+c+m-sc ||m|t+ocs no con|cc|mcnto o+ tc|moo|n-
m|c+ocs|stcm+scomm+|soct|cscomoncntcs(c|cmcntosu|m|cosn+comos|iooom+tc||+|)
bcmcomonocstuooo+comct|iocnt|c|o|m+so|st|nt+sc|+su+|soococo||c|+so||o|c+iooc
mu|tosocstcsm+tc||+|s(mct+cst+b|||o+oc)^cstcs|c||os|uno|oos,unt+m-scout|osm+tc||+|ssvczcs
c|+m+oosoc+ost+mbcmobt|ooso||uno|iocucoocmsc|+n+||s+ooso+mcsm+|o|m+|+|+
tooosc|cs|+mu|touc+v+n+|n+stccn|c+soccont|o|co+m|c|ocst|utu|+
^|guns +os cm|cg+oos o| cstcs scto|cs cconom|cos t+mbcm sio |uno|oos O con|cc|mcnto
ocstcsm+tc||+|scoo|occssooc|uno|io|o|b+st+ntccstuo+oonosccu|o+ss+oo^s||nc|+|s
||m|t+ocssioocco||cntcsoo|+tooccst++|c+oocon|cc|mcntosc|cons|oc|+o+ouco+t|+t|v+ou
oucoc|cnt|c+co||stosiooucosos|o|m+nooscomcon|cc|mcntosgc|+|ss+o|osnotcm+
|+ucsc+c|csccnt+|+cons|oc|+ioocuccstuo+|so||o|c+io|cuc|m+|scmc||o|cscu|+-
mcntosoc|+bo|+to||ooouc+|+cstuo+|t|+ns|o|m+ocsnocst+ooso||oo|o||stot+|vczcuc
niosc+ont+mncstccstuoo||m|t+ocssc||+snoucsc|c|c|c+ost|+t+mcntostc|m|cosncms
t|+ns|o|m+ocsnocst+ooso||oooosm+tc||+|s+c|m+
|+tc||+|scon|o|m+oos|+st|c+mcntc
iocscc|+|mcntc+oscm|cg+ooscomom+tc||+|ocs+c||||c|on+|otcioo|cxcm|oocc+-
+mb+socc+m|n|ocs|o|+occst|+o+uct|+nso|t+mm|nc||ocn+|otcioocs||osc+||+soutos
ctubosucncccss|t+m|cs|st||+oocsg+stcOs+ost+mbcmsiocm|cg+ooscm+||c+ocsscm
|cvcst|mcntoscomog|c||+scx+usto|csont+soccsc+v+oc||+|oo+soct|cmontcs|o|+ntcsou
v+gonctcs+|+cxt|+ioocm|nc||osct||||osOut|+svczcs+|++smcsm+s+||c+ocsos+os|c-
ccbcmt|+t+mcntosocsuc|||c|cb+st+ntcv+||+oosocsocvo|umosos|ccob||mcntoso|so|o++tc
!4

n|ss|moscsost|c+oost|+t+mcntoso||+sm+Os||nc|+|s|occssosoccon|o|m+io|+st|c+
+|++|oouioocstcs|ooutossio+|+m|n+ioo|o|,+mcntoc+cst+m+gcm^t||bo|og|+cm
+|t|cu|+|ocstuoooococc|cntcoc+t||tomco|ooo||ct+mcntc++|t||o+|o|+oc|cs|stcnc|++o
mov|mcntoocstcs|occssosoc|+b||c+iotcvcoucos+v+noscxc||mcnt+|scm|c|+io+ouc
|o||c|tono|n|c|ooosccu|oXXOs+v+noscxc||mcnt+|s|c+||z+oosn+occ+o+oc+,,ocsum+||z+-
ooso||noc|wooo(+,,.)sio|c|c|cnc|+sut|||z+o+s+tc|o,c
Ost|+t+mcntostc|m|cosctc|mou|m|costcm|mo|tnc|+s|gn|c+t|v++|+osm+tc||+|scon|o|-
m+oos|+st|c+mcntcum+vczuc|+um+ncccss+||+oos|iocnt|c+|+st|c|o+oc|cuc||o+n+
con|o|m+ioc+|cs|stcnc|++oocsg+stc|cuc||o+nousoiocomunsost|+t+mcntosoctcmc|+
c|cvcn|mcntobcmcomoosm+|so|vc|sost|+t+mcntosocsuc|||c|cucsio+bo|o+ooscmout|o
ontoocstct|+b+||oC+bc|cmb|+|+|mo|tnc|+uctcmost|+t+mcntosocccmcnt+iocn|t|c-
t+iocm+||c+ocstios|m|cscomo+|+b||c+iooccng|cn+gcns
^scc|m|c+stcmcno|mc|mo|tnc|+n+s|oc|u|g|+sob+|o|m+oc|c||+t+||osO+|svcmcst+bc-
|cccnoocomctcnc|+ncstcscto||ng|css+noonum+|+scoc+|cc||+c+t|oc|n|oo+csu|s+o|
+|tco+|noust||+|+co|||o+o|umcs+o+cu|to|+zonomc|c+oooc+o++utonom|+no
ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|c||+t+||osocvctc|umcsocx|css|voocv|oosg|+nocsu+nt|o+ocscv+|o-
|cs+ssoc|+oos+cstcs|nsumosbcmcomo+o|m+ctouc+|+o+s+|+t|oc+oosmcsmostcmn+
|oout|v|o+oco+ss|oc|u|g|c+s
|osscto|cscomo+|noust||+mccn|c++m|nc|+io++g||cu|tu|+c+s|oc|u|g|+siocm|cg+oos
mu|tosout|osm+tc||+|scmu+nt|o+ocs|c|+t|v+mcntccucn+scm|c|+io+os+n+||s+oos+c|m+
|stcsm+tc||+|ssioocn+tu|cz+mu|tov+||+o+Os|occssosoc|+b||c+iocost|+t+mcntostc|m|cos
ouocsuc|||c|csiomu|t+svczcsocc|s|vos+|+m+tc||+|scomoo|cxcm|oos+os+|+|o|+mcn-
tost|+nsm|ssocsmcs+scgu|+s|m+|t|cu|+|ost|+t+mcntosocsuc|||c|ccstioscnoomu|tocstu-
o+oosno||+s||cnomunoocmbo|+ovo|umcoc|nvcst|g+ioniotcn|+|csu|t+oocm+|tc|n+t|v+s
cconom|c+mcntcv|+vc|s+os|occssosus+oosc|osscto|cs||m+||oso+cconom|+n+c|on+|
O||+s||co+|sm+|s+v+n+ooooontoocv|st+tccno|og|con+|oouiocnousoooct+no|
comocombust|vc|scgu|ooc|os||^ccmmcno|csc+|+c|+^|gcnt|n+ucn|+|+|+w|cout|os
^|oouiomuno|+|oc+|coo|+|ox|m+-scoos|ob|||ocsoc||t|osoosu+|s|csumc-scuc+tc
.,b|||ocsoc||t|ossc,+mut|||z+oos+|+nscnc|gct|cosO||+s|||csonoco|+,b|||ocsoc||t|os
ocstctot+|O+|coo|cut|||z+oocmm|stu|+comg+so||n+no||+s||||^|||cx|co|no|+^|gcn-
t|n+Co|omb|+cm+|s|cccntcmcntcno|+ioOusocxc|us|vooc+|coo|comocombust|vc|cst+
!
conccnt|+oono||+s||O+umcntooccsc+|++|+t|c+cm|cs+||+|c+s|nov+ocstccno|og|c+sto|-
n+|+mo+|coo|comct|t|vocom+g+so||n+
O+|coo|oocsc|obt|oooco|vc|s+s|o|m+socb|om+ss+scnoo+c+n+-oc-+uc+|+|c+||o+occco-
nom|c++tu+|^c+n+-oc-+uc+|c+scguno+m+|o||ontcoccnc|g|+|cnov+vc|oo||+s||com+.e/
oc+|t|c|+ion+m+t||zcnc|gct|c++tu+||ossc|sm|||ocsoc|cct+|cscc|c+ocs,/o+c+n+-oc-
+uc+||oouz|o+no||+s||cst+n+|cg|ioCcnt|o-u|conccnt|+o+cmio|+u|ocomeo/o+|o-
ouiocos+,/|cst+ntcsn+|cg|io|o|tc-|o|ocstc
|o|n|c|oo+sus|n+s+ss+||+sou|+v+mcmto|nooct|csmcscsu+noo+sus|n+s|c+|mcntc|unc|o-
n+v+mO|cst+ntcootcmoc|+ocst|n+oo+o|+nc,+mcntocm+nutcnocsCom+|oss|on+||z+-
ioooscto|c|nvcst|mcntoscmv+||co+ocsocc+n+oc+uc+|m+|s|oout|v+sc|cs|stcntcs|o,c|+
um+|nvc|sioc+ss+||+sou|+m+tcnovcmcscsOtcmo+|+|c+|oscoucntiomu|to|couz|oo
|u|+ntc+s+|+o+so+sus|n+scst+ssio|+t|c+mcntcocsmont+o+s+|+m+nutcnio^s||nc|+|s
c+us+so+m+nutcniosio+co||osio+so|vc|s+s|o|m+sococsg+stc|no|v|ou+|mcntcou+ssoc|+o+s+
co||osiocoocsg+stc+b|+s|vo|stcu|t|mocmu|to|nucnc|+ooc|o+umcntoo+cc|cnc|+ooscu|-
+mcntosn+cxt|+ioooc+|oo+|cmoos+b|+s|voscomotc||+sc|nz+sc+||+suc+com+n|+m+
c+n+|stcs|+to|csncccss|t+moccstuoo+|+u+nt|c+|++|cc|++t||bu|o++c+o++gcntc
oo+o|c+|oo+c+n+ocsocoscu|cco|||mcntonoc+moct|+nso|tc+|++smocno+scnvo|-
vcocsg+stc+b|+s|voou+comb|n+ioocssccom+co||osio|mcomoncntcscomoos|o|oso+s
mocno+sosm+tc||+|ssiocscc|c+oos||nc|+|mcntc+|+|cs|st||cm+cn+s+b|+sioscvc|+|o
c+soo+|oouiooc+uc+|+|t|cu|+socs|cno|o+so|+b|+sioouco||osiooocmcom|omc-
tc|+u+||o+ocoo|ooutoo||g|n+nooo|ob|cm+con|cc|oocomoontos|ctos
|cstccontcxtocomotoo+s+sus|n+socum+|cg|io+|+mcmum+mcsm+coc++|+m+nutcn-
ioocv|oocnt|css+||+ccomtcmo|couz|oo|+|t+mio-oc-ob|+cscc|+||z+o+nomc|c+oo|m+
|o|m+oc|couz||oscustosoc+|+o+coscomm+tc||+|s+|cmoc+umcnt+|+cc|cnc|+o+s|+nt+s
+ss+ncccss+||+mcntco|ut|||z+|m+tc||+|scomm+|o|v|o+ut||
|o|t+nto+ocss|m||+|cs+uc|+s|no|c+o+s+ntc||o|mcntcsio|ccon|z+o+s+|++s|noust||+smcc-
n|c+m|nc|+io+g||cu|tu|+cs|oc|u|g|+cm+|t|cu|+|+suc|cvcm+oocscnvo|v|mcnto;ot|m|z+io
ocm+tc||+|s|cs|stcntcs+oocsg+stc+b|+s|vo+ssoc|+oo+co||osio
!6

|ccomcno+ocs
+) |st|mu|+|c|m|+nt+|um|og|+m+uccn|+t|z+noo+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
+v+ncc++||c+ioocnovosconcc|tost||bo|og|cosmu|t|o|sc|||n+|csnoocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocm+tc||+|soc+|toocscmcn|o+|+osscto|cs||m+||oso+cconom|+n+c|on+|
m+tc||+|s+|+osscto|cs||m+||oso+cconom|+n+c|on+|
8.6. Concluso e recomendaes:
|c+||z+|um+oc|n++|+|ocnt|c+|otcnc|+|s+|t|c|+ntcssu+scomctcnc|+scotcnc|+||o+ocsc
cmconscucnc|+um++v+||+iom+|s|c+||st+oos|ccu|sosncccss+||os+|++|nouioocum+|coc
n+c|on+|oct||bo|og|+(mu|t|o|sc|||n+|||v||cg|+noo+|ntc|+iocnt|c+t||bo|og|+c+cngcn|+||+c
c|cnc|+oosm+tc||+|s)cnvo|vcnoo++c+ocm|+ccnt|osoccsu|s+coscto||oout|voObs|ocsc-
,+vc|ucu|m|cosc||s|cos+|t|c|cmum+vczuccmt||bo|og|+|+c+|cnc|+oc+||c+iooc|un-
o+mcntosocc|cnc|+|ovcn|cntcsocst+s+|c+s
|m|cmcnt+|um|og|+m+cst+vc|oc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+noscmt||bo|og|+comocst+-
bc|cc|mcntoocmct+s+sc|cmcum||o+sc|osg|uos+c+ocm|coso+|cocucocvc|iooc|o|m+
o||c|cnc|+o+|cccbc|+o|on+ncc||oo+s+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s
|st+|coc;|og|+m+ocvcsc|cntcno|oocomooc|c|cvnc|+n+c|on+|c|nc|u|oocnt|c+stccno|og|+s
oc|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+ccons|oc|+ooum|nvcst|mcnto+|t+mcntccomcns+oo|c++zoct|+zc|
v+nt+gcnscomct|t|v+s+|+o+|s+|cmocbcnc||c|ossoc|+|scco|og|cosccconom|cos
|m+|t|cu|+|
1) ^||mo|+|+|ntc|+iooco||c|cntcsg|uosoc|o|m+uc+mu|t|o|sc|||n+||o+ocsc,+|+-
vo|cc|o+cm+|t|cu|+|c|+cx|stcnc|+oc|o|tcsv|ncu|oscnt|cosocs+oscxc||mcnt+|s
ctco||cos
.) ô|+| +ocs +|+ cst+bc|ccc| +n+||sc oc o||c|cntcs csc+|+s oc o|mcnsocs cm +|t|cu|+|
!7
c|o+co|+mcntooc+n+||scsn+csc+|++tom|st|c+commooc|osoocont|nuo+t|+vcsoc
+bo|o+gcns||b||o+s||c|+|u|z+o+sbcmcomoc|+cxtcnsioo+c++c|o+ococc+|+ctc||-
z+iocmt||bomct|oso|too++|+|x+occsc+|+s
!) |m|cmcnt+|+ocsuc|cvcm+oocscnvo|v|mcntooct||bomct|oscscc|+|sc|m|t|noo
t+ntocmn|vc|ocum+un|c++sc||o+ocu+ntom|c|ocm+c|osco|c+mcntc++n+||sc|n
s|tuooc|c|tooo+mb|cntcoos|ooutosococsg+stcco+s|ntc|+ocsu|m|c+sn+|ntc|-
|+ccococsg+stc
4) ô|+||n|c|+t|v+succ|+|ntc|+ios|nc|g|c+cnt|c+||bo|og|+c+|ngcn|+||+cC|cnc|+s
oc|+tc||+|s|cvcm+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|cvcst|mcntosmu|t||unc|on+|s+||c+oos+|c-
vcst|mcntosmo|cs
) |nouz||+t|v|o+ocsuc+||c+nooconcc|tost||bo|og|coscmcon,untocomcon|cc|mcn-
tosoccngcn|+||+m|c|ocst|utu|+|c|occss+mcntoocm+tc||+|socscnvo|v+mcot|m|-
zcmm+tc||+|s+uto|ub||c+ntcs
o) |nouz|||n|c|+t|v+suc|omov+m+t|+ns|c|cnc|+o+csc+|+|+bo|+to||+|+|+comoncntcs
+|cscnt+nooo|mcnsocsm+|o|cscgcomct||+m+|scom|cx+|oouz|ooscm|+|g+csc+|+
comto|c|nc|+scst|c|t+sc|c|oout|b|||o+oc
) |omcnt+| +ocs v|s+noo o cst+bc|cc|mcnto oc |o,ctos cnvo|vcnoo cu|cs mu|t|o|sc|-
||n+|cscomv|st+s+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocb|ot||bom+tc||+|soc+|toocscmcn|ob+|xo
custocnvo|vcnooconcc|tosmco|cob|o|og|cos+ssoc|+oosc|cnc|+ccngcn|+||+ocm+-
tc||+scom|cmcnt+oosc|+ut|||z+iooom|mct|smoct||bo|og|+
c) |st|mu|+|c|m|+nt+|um|og|+m+uccn|+t|z+noo+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
+v+nccn++||c+ioocnovosconcc|tosmu|t|o|sc|||n+|cs|nc|us|vct||bo|og|cosnooc-
scnvo|v|mcntoocm+tc||+|soc+|toocscmcn|o+|+osscto|cs||m+||oso+cconom|+
n+c|on+|
!8

kerernclas.
|||C|C||||^|||\+no^|||||^|(.oo,)|ub||c+t|ng||oc|t|cso|t|c|n|t|+|+||v+|y
|c|||c|c-+n^||tuoy||o|ou||ng+,(e),e,-,e,
|||||CC|^|C|+noCC^||||(+,se)^tom|c|o|cc||c|oscoc||ys|cv|ctt,e,,o-,,,
||^|||(+,,+)c+|c|ccts|ntc+oy-t+tc|||ct|on||bo|ogy|+ns+ct|ons,|(,),,,
|OV||CO|C|O|C||+noO|^|||os(+,,,b)!c|mo|t+ncco|t|ct||bcc|Cu|vc|nt|c
||n|m|z+t|ono||ng|nc|||ct|on|ub||c+t|on+tt|c||ont|c||O\O|||^||scv|c|.o,-.+|
CO^||(.oo,)|oo|c+t|ono|u||+ccoog|+|y|+nu|+ctu||ng|ct|oos+no^||c+t|ons|||
!cs|s|ng|ncc||ng|c+|tmcnt|n|vc|s|tyo|C+mb||ogc.|o
Cz|C|O|+no|^||C||(+,,.)||bo|og|c|+nobuc|-|c|bung|noVc|sc||c||||+unsc|wc|g
V|cwcgVc||+g
||||||O|||(.ooe)|ub||c+ioo||o+^||c+o++ubst|+tosoc|+|x+|cs|stcnc|++o||uxo||+st|co
|cs+os||c|scct|v+s|+|cst|+conv|o+o+\o||s|o|ub||c+ntcsso||ooscsu+s+||c+ocs
t||bo|og|c+s||||
||||||O|||(.oo,)||bo|og|+|nov+ioc|scct|v+s+|++o|v|siotccn|c+oct||bo|og|+o+^||
+|cst|+conv|o+o+^ssoc|+c+o||+s||c||+oc|ct+|s|+tc||+|sc||nc|+c+o+s|ovcmb|o.oo,
|O|||C+no|||||||^(.oo|)||sto||c+||cvc|omcnts+no|cw|cnos|n||bo|og|c+|+noo||o
|ub||c+ntCo+t|ngsu||+cc+noCo+t|ngscc|no|ogy+so-+s+;e-s|
|||||||^(.oo,)|nnov+t|vc|cs|gnConccts|o|t|c|cvc|omcnto|uc||+|o+no|ow-|||ct|on
|+no-comos|tcCo+t|ngs||cn+|y|cctu|ce|Cong|csso^nnu+|o+^|||c|o|o||zontc|C
|^|C|\|C||^|CC|+no^|CC|(.ooe)|nucncco|||o|og|c+||ub||c+ntont|c
|o||o|ogyo||||\||\c+||+|t|c|csCcnc|+tcow|t|||c|o|+b||c+tcou||+cccxtu|cs|+tc|
C|cm||ys,,(.-,).so-.ss
|||||||||||||||||C|^||O|||||^||^||+no||||||(.ooo)^|ovc||ow
\c+||ng||c|cnt|+||+|oncssCc|+m|con|ct+|||ost|cs|s|O|||ng|cct|ng
||||^\^|||||^|C|\OO|^|||C|OO||-\^|||||^+noC|||||||||(.oo+)
||u|o|yn+m|cso|+cxtu|co||ooo-Cont+ct|ngu||+cc|||omcc||ng-^||+.,(+),;-+o,
C|||^||(.oo;)|u|||u|t||unct|on+||+nocomos|tcs|o|^||+no+cc||bo|ogy||om|tt,;;
g:ovcucou;~wgs+wyc:;|U||;|U|||tm|
!9
|^|||1O|.|8.v^|Ov|1.|^+no^||||.C|(+,oo)^!co:yo||ub:|c+t|onby||c:o-
|::cgu|+:|t|cs1:+ns+ct|onso|^:||.|ou:n+|o|8+s|c|ng|ncc:|ng+;;-+s,
|O|^||.:(ioo|):u:|+cc|ng|ncc:|ng-v|+t^:ct|c+|ns|cynotcs,c+|c:.vo:|s|o,o|t|c
|u:o,c+nV|:tu+|1:|bo|ogy|nst|tutcC|+||cngcs|nsu:|+cccng|ncc:|ng.+nt.8c|g|um
|U1C|||:.||(ioo+)^b:+s|on|nvc+:+no|+nu|+ctu:|ng|:occsscsCon|c:cnc|+||cn+:|+CO8||ioo+
-|nco:,o:+noooV:cm|n+:|o8:+s||c|:o:ob:c|+tc:|+|s|cs|stcntcs+o|csg+stc.Ubc:|no|+;|
|U1C|||:.||(ioo,)vc+:+s+|+nu|+ctu:|ng|:occssCon|c:cnc|+||cn+:|+.+|t||ntc:n+t|on+|
Con|c:cncconvc+:o||+tc:|+|s-vO|ioo,.v+s||ngton|C
|O:1.||(+,oo)|ub:|c+t|on(1:|bo|ogy)-+|c,o:tont|c|:cscnt|os|t|on+no|noust:ys|ccos
|onoon.|c,+:tmcnto|couc+t|on+nosc|cncc+-;,
|O:1.||(+,,o)1:|bo|ogy-O:|g|n+no|utu:cvc+:+,o(+)+-+;
|||||.^||+tc:|+|o|o+t|coo+o|sc|,||n+ocmct+|u:g|+oo,ocm+tc:|+|ss|ntc:|z+oos.ioo,
|^|OC||.C.8^||.^.|O|.|+no||||||.|(ioo;)|ccto||cnt+|1oo|:u:|+cc1cxtu:c+no
|+tc:|+|on:t+t|c|:|ct|onv|t|+vct|ovco||ngc:t|,|8|omcc||o(,)o,;-;o+
|^|:||-8^::|.|(ioo,)8ouno+:y|ub:|c+tco|:|ct|on|x,c:|mcntsw|t|Co+:sc:u:|+cc1cxtu:cvo:|o
1:|bo|ogyCong:css|||.v+s||ngton.|C
||:|C|||:|:.V.|O|OV|1z-8||O.|.^|1:|^|.|.|O:||1:V||.|.|O:||8||.:.1||||.|
+no|^|O|O|1.|(ioo|)8c|+v|o:o|:o||o|ub:|c+nt|+no,+:t|c|csunoc:Com,:css|on|ou:n+|
o||+tc:|+|s:c|cncc,,(+,)|++,-|+i,
|^||.|.O|.v-:.|||1^|O.||+no|||O|.|(+,,,)vc+:o||n+mc|+noVcncc:|ng
Cc:+m|cs+|tc:|+bo:+to:y+noC|+|:s|oc||n|s||ng|:occou:cs||:ost|ct|cntsi(o)oo,-o;,
|^1|.C.|.|CC||||^||.|.|||^||::O|.|+noC||^|.:(+,s;)^tom|c-:c+|c|:|ct|ono|
+1ungstcn1|,on+:+,||tc:u:|+cc||ys|cv|ctt,,+,|i-+,|,
|^11||v:.^(iooi)|cvc|o,mcnts|n|V|1:|bo|og|c+|Co+t|ngs(|UV:1^||g|||g|ts:cm|n+:-
V+cuum|ct+||u:gy||v|s|on)V+cuumo,(i)i,;-i,s
|||.|C.|U|||^|Cvc+:mooc|s+no,:co|ct|vccu+t|onst|c|:|o:m+nocontcntvc+:.+s+-
+s,(+,,,)||,-|,;.
|cw:o:|1|mcs.o|ocm+:oocio+o((|tt,;;wwwnyt|mcscom;io+o;o,;o|;|c+|t|;o|mct+|||,
|tm|cmc=ct++)consu|t+oocm++-o|-io+o+;o+|
!60

|^|O|O|1.|.||:|C|||:|:.V.|VOV:|:.|.|^|:|||.|.:VO|OV||.|||||^|.:.|O|OV|1z-
8||O.|+no1||||.|(ioo,+):u,c:|o:1:|bo|og|c+||:o,c:t|cso||owoc:|+tc:|+|sv|t|so||o
|ub:|c+nt|+no,+:t|c|csvc+:i,,;,|-soo
|^|O|O|1.|.||:|C|||:|:.V.VO|OV||.:.|VOV:|:.|.|||O||:^:|C|:.O.|||||^|.:.
|O|OV|1z-8||O.|+no1||||.|(ioo,b)|oo|c+t|ono|Cont+ct:u:|+ccsby|u||c:cnc-|||c
:o||o|ub:|c+nt|+no,+:t|c|cs:u:|+cc8Co+t|ngs1cc|no|ogy+o,|o,-|+i
|^|O|O|1.|.O|||O||:^:|C|:.|.|^|:|||.^.V|||:^|.^.|O:||OV|C|.|||||^|.
:+no1||||.|(ioo,)8c|+v|o:o||u||c:cnc-|||cv:i|+no,+:t|c|csunoc::cvc:ccont+ct
Cono|t|onsvc+:i,,;o,-;o;
:||1|.:|.|Ov:O|.|+noO||:||1|.^^|(ioo+)!c|ub:|c+t|ono||ct+|-on-|ct+|1ot+|
||,|o|nts^:||oc|ownt|c:t:|bcc|Cu:vc|:oc|nst|cc||ng:si+,(|)|s,-|,,
:O^||:.|^(io+o):ubs|o|osC||cm|+tc:|+|s^v+n+oos,+:+:+uoc|co|co-Ooonto|og|c+no
8:+s||io+o-ioii.C||.8:+s|||+||.,i,
:1|^|O1O.|.||||:.8C.:O^||:.C|.||||||O.||8.||C||C||.|+no||||^|||:||1O.^
|(iooo)|stuooCom,+:+t|voo+1o,og:++|c:u,c:||c|coo|sm+|tc|um+noc8ov|no|cv|st+
oc|os-:+ou+io(U:|)+,ii,-iis
U||||vOO|.||.!c|o|||ngo||ct+|s.|onoon.+,,i
z|OU.z|+noz|||.|(iooo)O:+|1:|bo|ogy|:occco|ngso|t|c|nst|tut|ono||cc|+n|c+|
|ng|ncc:s|+:t|-|ou:n+|o||ng|ncc:|ng1:|bo|ogyiio(|s);,,-;,|
!6!

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Materiais Avanados | 2010-2022

Materiais Avanados | 2010-2022

2.3. Materiais para dispositivos

Consumo de energia (kW / capita)

(|u|ont) sio |csu|t+oos o+ co-o||mc||z+io oc um co-monomc|o oc

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