Magmatismo alcalino Continental

As rochas alcalinas ocorrem em todos os

ambientes, incluindo as bacias oceânicas.
 O magmatismo nos continentes pode ser

variado: do toleítico ao calco-alcalino;

 As rochas alcalinas compõem um aespectro

de magmas que ocorrem predominantemente

em porções anorogênicas nos terrenos
continentais;
 As rochas Alcalinas têm geralmente mais alcális (Al2O3 , N
CaO, Na2O e K2O) que as rochas que a quantidade total
desses compostos nos feldspatos
 O excesso dos alcális aparece nos feldspatóides, nas
piroxenas sódicas ou em outras fases “alkali-rich”
 No sentido mais restrito as rochas alcalinas são
deficientes em SiO2 em relação aos Na2O, K2O, and CaO, ou
seja, elas são “critically undersaturated” em SiO2, e Nefelina
ou Acmite aparecerem como minerais normativos;
 Alternativamente, algumas rochas podem ter défice de
Al2O3 (e não necessariamente SiO2) do que Al2O3 e não
contém alcális nos feldspatos normativos. È o caso das
rochas peralcalinas.
 Table 19-1. Nomenclature of some alkaline igneous rocks (mostly volcanic/hypabyssal)

Basanite feldspathoid-bearing basalt. Usually contains nepheline, but may have leucite + olivine
Tephrite olivine-free basanite
Leucitite a volcanic rock that contains leucite + clinopyroxene  olivine. It typically lacks feldspar
Nephelinite a volcanic rock that contains nepheline + clinopyroxene  olivine. It typically lacks feldspar. Fig. 14-2
Urtite plutonic nepheline-pyroxene (aegirine-augite) rock with over 70% nepheline and no feldspar
Ijolite plutonic nepheline-pyroxene rock with 30-70% nepheline
Melilitite a predominantly melilite - clinopyroxene volcanic (if > 10% olivine they are called olivine melilitites)
Shoshonite K-rich basalt with K-feldspar ± leucite
Phonolite felsic alkaline volcanic with alkali feldspar + nepheline. See Fig. 14-2. (plutonic = nepheline syenite)
Comendite peralkaline rhyolite with molar (Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3 slightly > 1. May contain Na-pyroxene or amphibole
Pantellerite peralkaline rhyolite with molar (Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3 = 1.6 - 1.8. Contains Na-pyroxene or amphibole
Lamproite a group of peralkaline, volatile-rich, ultrapotassic, volcanic to hypabyssal rocks. The mineralogy is
variable, but most contain phenocrysts of olivine + phlogopite ± leucite ± K-richterite ± clinopyroxene ± sanidine.
Table 19-6
Lamprophyre a diverse group of dark, porphyritic, mafic to ultramafic hypabyssal (or occasionally volcanic), commonly
highly potassic (K>Al) rocks. They are normally rich in alkalis, volatiles, Sr, Ba and Ti, with biotite-phlogopite and/or
amphibole phenocrysts. They typically occur as shallow dikes, sills, plugs, or stocks. Table 19-7
Kimberlite a complex group of hybrid volatile-rich (dominantly CO2), potassic, ultramafic rocks with a fine-grained
matrix and macrocrysts of olivine and several of the following: ilmenite, garnet, diopside, phlogopite, enstatite,
chromite. Xenocrysts and xenoliths are also common
Group I kimberlite is typically CO2-rich and less potassic than Group 2 kimberlite
Group II kimberlite (orangeite) is typically H2O-rich and has a mica-rich matrix (also with calcite, diopside, apatite)
Carbonatite an igneous rock composed principally of carbonate (most commonly calcite, ankerite, and/or dolomite),
and often with any of clinopyroxene alkalic amphibole, biotite, apatite, and magnetite. The Ca-Mg-rich carbonatites
are technically not alkaline, but are commonly associated with, and thus included with, the alkaline rocks. Table 19-3
For more details, see Sørensen (1974), Streckeisen (1978), and Woolley et al. (1996)
Figure 19-1. Variations in alkali ratios (wt. %) for oceanic (a) and continental (b) alkaline series. The heavy
dashed lines distinguish the alkaline magma subdivisions from Figure 8-14 and the shaded area represents the
range for the more common oceanic intraplate series. After McBirney (1993). Igneous Petrology (2nd ed.),
Jones and Bartlett. Boston. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
Exemplo do Magmatismo
Alcalino Continental:
“East African Rift”
Rifte do Leste Africano

Figure 19-2. Map of the East African Rift system (after

Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic

evolution and petrogenesis in the East African
Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T.
Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional
Settings, the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Table 19-2. Representative Chemical Analyses of East African Rift Volcanics

Series 1: Alkaline Series 2: Ultra-alkaline Series 3: Transitional Basalt-Rhyolite Series 4

Oxide 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SiO2 45.6 51.7 46.2 33.1 44.1 55.4 47.6 61.8 70.3 72.5 50.8
TiO2 2.4 0.9 1.6 2.6 2.8 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.2 1.4
Al2O3 15.6 19.3 18.6 11.3 17.0 20.8 14.8 14.2 7.6 10.3 14.9
FeO* 11.3 5.9 8.9 12.4 10.0 4.6 11.4 6.4 8.4 4.0 10.1
MnO 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2
MgO 6.9 1.1 2.3 7.3 3.7 0.5 6.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 6.9
CaO 10.4 4.1 7.3 17.2 8.4 2.9 11.5 1.8 0.4 0.2 9.8
Na2O 3.2 8.9 9.3 3.2 4.3 9.2 2.7 6.2 7.3 5.9 2.6
K2O 1.3 4.6 4.2 3.6 7.2 5.5 0.8 5.2 4.3 4.4 0.4
P2O5 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.9 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4
Total 97.5 97.0 99.1 92.9 98.9 99.7 97.7 97.6 98.8 97.6 97.4
CIPW NORM
q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 9.0 41.7 35.8 9.1
or 8.9 29.8 27.5 0.0 31.0 34.2 5.5 33.7 28.1 27.8 2.6
ab 31.4 28.6 8.0 0.0 0.0 30.2 26.5 48.3 16.7 30.4 25.2
an 28.3 0.0 0.0 7.3 6.5 0.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.9
lc 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.7 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ne 0.0 28.3 39.1 18.2 22.2 27.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
di 14.2 6.5 13.7 15.0 16.7 2.8 20.8 2.9 0.1 0.0 12.7
hy 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.8
wo 0.0 3.9 5.7 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.0
ol 9.4 0.0 0.0 10.9 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
il 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.5
ti 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.8 0.1 0.5 3.3
ap 1.6 0.8 1.3 5.5 3.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.0 1.0
pf 1.0 1.3 2.6 4.8 4.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ns 0.0 0.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.1 12.0 5.3 0.0
cs 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1. Ave. 32 alkaline basalts, Kenya (B) 2. Ave. phonolite (B) 3. Ave. Kenyan nephelinite (B) 4. Melilitite, W. Rift (KM) 5. Leucitite, W. Rift (KM)
6. Ave. of 55 phonolites, Uganda (B) 7. Ave. of 31 transitional basalts (B) 8. Ave. 40 trachytes (B) 9. Pantellerite (KM) 10. Comendite (KM)
11. Ave. of 26 Tholeiitic basalts (KM). KM = Kampunzu and Mohr (1991), B = Baker, 1987.
Figure 19-3. 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr for East African Rift lavas (solid outline) and xenoliths (dashed). The “cross-
hair” intersects at Bulk Earth (after Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the
East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the
Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Figure 19-4. 208
Pb/204Pb vs. 206
Pb/204Pb (a) and

Pb/204Pb vs.
207 206
Pb/204Pb (b) diagrams
for some lavas (solid outline) and
mantle xenoliths (dashed) from the East
African Rift . The two distinct Virunga
trends in (a) reflect heterogeneity
between two different samples. After
Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic
evolution and petrogenesis in the East
African Rift system. In A. B.
Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.),
Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the
Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter
(2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Figure 19-9. Hypothetical cross sections
(same vertical and horizontal scales)
showing a proposed model for the
progressive development of the East African
Rift System. a. Pre-rift stage, in which an
asthenospheric mantle diapir rises
(forcefully or passively) into the lithosphere.
Decompression melting (cross-hatch-green
indicate areas undergoing partial melting)
produces variably alkaline melts. Some
partial melting of the metasomatized sub-
continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) may
also occur. Reversed decollements (D1)
provide room for the diapir. b. Rift stage:
development of continental rifting, eruption
of alkaline magmas (red) mostly from a deep
asthenospheric source. Rise of hot
asthenosphere induces some crustal anatexis.
Rift valleys accumulate volcanics and
volcaniclastic material. c. Afar stage, in
which asthenospheric ascent reaches crustal
levels. This is transitional to the development
of oceanic crust. Successively higher
reversed decollements (D2 and D3)
accommodate space for the rising diapir.
After Kampunzu and Mohr (1991),
Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the
East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu
and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in
Extensional Settings, the Phanerozoic African
Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136
and P. Mohr (personal communication).
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Continental Alkaline Magmatism.
Carbonatites
Table 19-4. Some Minerals in Carbonatites.

Carbonates Sulfides
Calcite Pyrrhotite
Table 19-3. Carbonatite Nomenclature Dolomite Pyrite
Ankerite Galena
Alternative Siderite Sphalerite
Name
Coarse Med.-Fine Strontanite Oxides-Hydroxides
Calcite-carbonatite sövite alvikite Bastnäsite (Ce,La)FCO3) Magnetite
Dolomite-carbonatite rauhaugite* beforsite * Nyerereite ((Na,K)2Ca(CO3)2) Pyrochlore
Ferrocarbonatite * Gregoryite ((Na,K)2CO3) Perovskite
Natrocarbonatite
Silicates Hematite
* Rarely used, beforsite may be applied to any grain size.
Pyroxene Ilmenite
Aegirine-augite Rutile
Diopside Baddeleyite
Augite Pyrolusite
Olivine Halides
Monticellite Fluorite
Alkali amphibole Phosphates
Allanite Apatite
Andradite Monazite
Phlogopite
Zircon
Source: Heinrich (1966), Hogarth (1989) * only in natrocarbonatite
Continental Alkaline
Magmatism.
Carbonatites
Figure 19-10. African carbonatite
occurrences and approximate
ages in Ma. OL = Oldoinyo
Lengai natrocarbonatite volcano.
After Woolley (1989) The spatial
and temporal distribution of
carbonatites. In K. Bell (ed.),
Carbonatites: Genesis and
Evolution. Unwin Hyman,
London, pp. 15-37. Winter (2001)
An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
Carbonatites
Figure 19-11. Idealized cross
section of a carbonatite-
alkaline silicate complex with
early ijolite cut by more
evolved urtite. Carbonatite
(most commonly calcitic)
intrudes the silicate plutons,
and is itself cut by later dikes
or cone sheets of carbonatite
and ferrocarbonatite. The
last events in many
complexes are late pods of Fe
and REE-rich carbonatites.
A fenite aureole surrounds
the carbonatite phases and
perhaps also the alkaline
silicate magmas. After Le
Bas (1987) Carbonatite
magmas. Mineral. Mag., 44,
133-40. Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
 Table 19-5. Representative Carbonatite Compositions

Calcite- Dolomite- Ferro- Natro-

% carbonatite carbonatite carbonatite carbonatite

Continental Alkaline Magmatism. ppm

Li 0.1 - 10 -
Be 2 <5 12 -
Carbonatites Sc
V
7
80
14
89
10
191
-
116
Cr 13 55 62 0
Co 11 17 26 -
Ni 18 33 26 0
Cu 24 27 16 -
Zn 188 251 606 88
Ga <5 5 12 <20
Table 19-5. Representative Carbonatite Compositions Rb 14 31 - 178
Y 119 61 204 7
Zr 189 165 127 0
Calcite- Dolomite- Ferro- Natro-
Nb 1204 569* 1292 28
% carbonatite carbonatite carbonatite carbonatite Mo - 12 71 125
SiO2 2.72 3.63 4.7 0.16 Ag - 3 4 -
TIO2 0.15 0.33 0.42 0.02 Cs 20 1 1 6
Hf - 3 - 0
Al2O3 1.06 0.99 1.46 0.01 Ta 5 21 1 0
Fe2O3 2.25 2.41 7.44 0.05 W - 10 20 49
FeO 1.01 3.93 5.28 0.23 Au - - 12 -
Pb 56 89 217 -
MnO 0.52 0.96 1.65 0.38
Th 52 93 276 4
MgO 1.80 15.06 6.05 0.38
U 9 13 7 11
CaO 49.1 30.1 32.8 14.0 La 608 764 2666 545
Na2O 0.29 0.29 0.39 32.2 Ce 1687 2183 5125 645
K2O 0.26 0.28 0.39 8.38 Pr 219 560 550 -
Nd 883 634 1618 102
P2O5 2.10 1.90 1.97 0.85
Sm 130 45 128 8
H2O+ 0.76 1.20 1.25 0.56 Eu 39 12 34 2
CO2 36.6 36.8 30.7 31.6 Gd 105 - 130 -
BaO 0.34 0.64 3.25 1.66 Tb 9 5 16 -
Dy 34 - 52 2
SrO 0.86 0.69 0.88 1.42
Ho 6 - 6 -
F 0.29 0.31 0.45 2.50 Er 4 - 17 -
Cl 0.08 0.07 0.02 3.40 Tm 1 - 2 -
S 0.41 0.35 0.96 Yb 5 10 16 -
SO3 0.88 1.08 4.14 3.72 Lu 1 0 - 0
Wooley & Kempe (1989), natrocarb. from Keller & Spettel (1995).
* one excluded analysis contained 16,780 ppm Nb.
Continental Alkaline Magmatism.
Carbonatites
Figure 19-12. Initial 143Nd/144Nd vs.
87
Sr/86Sr diagrams for young carbonatites
(dark shaded), and the East African
Carbonatite Line (EACL), plus the
HIMU and EMI mantle reservoirs. From
Bell and Blenkinsop (1987, Geology, 15,
99-102), (1989, in K. Bell (ed.),
Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution.
Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 278-300 ).
Also included are the data for Oldoinyo
Lengai natrocarbonatites and alkali
silicate rocks (from Bell and Dawson,
1995, in Bell, K. and J. Keller (eds.),
(1995). Carbonatite Volcanism: Oldoinyo
Lengai and the Petrogenesis of
Natrocarbonatites. Springer-Verlag.
Berlin, pp. 100-112 ). MORB values and
the Mantle Array are from Figure 10-15.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.
 Continental Alkaline Magmatism.
Carbonatites
Figure 19-15. Schematic
cross section of an
asthenospheric mantle
plume beneath a
continental rift
environment, and the
genesis of nephelinite-
carbonatites and
kimberlite-carbonatites.
Numbers correspond to
Figure 19-13. After Wyllie
(1989, Origin of
carbonatites: Evidence
from phase equilibrium
studies. In K. Bell (ed.),
Carbonatites: Genesis and
Evolution. Unwin Hyman,
London. pp. 500-545) and
Wyllie et al., (1990,
Lithos, 26, 3-19). Winter
(2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
 Table 19-8. Average Analyses and Compositional Ranges
of Kimberlites, Orangeites, and Lamproites.

Continental Alkaline
Kimberlite Orangeite Lamproite*
SiO2 33.0 27.8-37.5 35.0 27.6-41.9 45.5
TiO2 1.3 0.4-2.8 1.1 0.4-2.5 2.3

Magmatism. Al2O3
FeO*
2.0
7.6
1.0-5.1
5.9-12.2
2.9
7.1
0.9-6.0
4.6-9.3
8.9
6.0
MnO 0.14 0.1-0.17 0.19 0.1-0.6

Kimberlites MgO
CaO
34.0
6.7
17.0-38.6
2.1-21.3
27.
7.5
10.4-39.8
2.9-24.5
11.2
11.8
Na2O 0.12 0.03-0.48 0.17 0.01-0.7 0.8
K2O 0.8 0.4-2.1 3.0 0.5-6.7 7.8
P2O5 1.3 0.5-1.9 1.0 0.1-3.3 2.1
LOI 10.9 7.4-13.9 11.7 5.2-21.5 3.5

Sc 14 20 19
V 100 95 66
Cr 893 1722 430
Ni 965 1227 152
Co 65 77 41
Cu 93 28
Zn 69 65
Ba 885 3164 9831
Sr 847 1263 3860
Zr 263 268 1302
Hf 5 7 42
Nb 171 120 99
Ta 12 9 6
Th 20 28 37
U 4 5 9
La 150 186 297
Yb 1 1 1
Data from Mitchell (1995), Mitchell and Bergman (1991)
* Leucite Hills madupidic lamproite
 Chapter 19:
Continental Alkaline
Magmatism.
Kimberlites
Figure 19-20a. Chondrite-normalized
REE diagram for kimberlites,
unevolved orangeites, and phlogopite
lamproites (with typical OIB and
MORB). After Mitchell (1995)
Kimberlites, Orangeites, and Related
Rocks. Plenum. New York. and
Mitchell and Bergman (1991) Petrology
of Lamproites. Plenum. New York.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
 Chapter 19:
Continental Alkaline
Magmatism.
Kimberlites

Figure 19-20b. Chondrite-normalized spider

diagram for kimberlites, unevolved orangeites, and
phlogopite lamproites (with typical OIB and
MORB). After Mitchell (1995) Kimberlites,
Orangeites, and Related Rocks. Plenum. New York.
and Mitchell and Bergman (1991) Petrology of
Lamproites. Plenum. New York. Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Continental Alkaline Magmatism.
Kimberlites

Figure 19-20b. Hypothetical cross section of an Archean craton with an extinct ancient mobile belt (once associated with subduction) and
a young rift. The low cratonal geotherm causes the graphite-diamond transition to rise in the central portion. Lithospheric diamonds
therefore occur only in the peridotites and eclogites of the deep cratonal root, where they are then incorporated by rising magmas (mostly
kimberlitic- “K”). Lithospheric orangeites (“O”) and some lamproites (“L”) may also scavenge diamonds. Melilitites (“M”) are generated
by more extensive partial melting of the asthenosphere. Depending on the depth of segregation they may contain diamonds. Nephelinites
(“N”) and associated carbonatites develop from extensive partial melting at shallow depths in rift areas. After Mitchell (1995) Kimberlites,
Orangeites, and Related Rocks. Plenum. New York. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.