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A Estao Ecolgica do
Caiu (EEC) localiza-se
no Terceiro Planalto
Paranaense no municpio
de Diamante do Norte, a
2239S e 5251W, na
margem esquerda do rio
Paranapanema (fig. 1). O
clima do tipo subtropical
Cover photo: Crotopterus auritus
- Carlos Esbrard
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AGRADECIMENTOS
A equipe do Instituto Ambiental do Paran - Regional
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REFERNCIAS
AbSaber, A.N. 1977. Os domnios morfoclimticos
na Amrica do Sul: primeira aproximao.
Geomorfologia, 52:1-21.
Aguiar, L.M.S. 1994. Comunidade de Chiroptera em
trs reas de Mata Atlntica em diferentes estgios
de sucesso - Estao Biolgica de Caratinga, Minas
Gerais. ICB-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Dissertao de Mestrado. 90 p.
Aguiar, L.M.S. & Taddei, V.A. 1995. Workshop sobre
a conservao dos morcegos brasileiros. Chiroptera
Neotropical, 1(2):24-29.
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INTRODUCCIN
En las ltimas dcadas se ha venido reconociendo el
valor de los murcilagos para los ecosistemas donde
ellos estn presentes (Wilson 1996). Paralelamente
se ha visto que antes que se conozcan mejor a los
murcilagos estos se encuentran cada vez ms
amenazados por causas antropognicas,
principalmente por la destruccin del hbitat (Tuttle
1988, Richarz & Limbruner 1993, Wilson 1996).
En Bolivia han habido esfuerzos importantes
relacionados a la categorizacin de especies
amenazadas que sin embargo no han considerado a
los murcilagos, por ejemplo para la creacin del Libro
Rojo de los Vertebrados de Bolivia no se consideraron
a estos mamferos en el anlisis dejando el mismo
para un momento en que haya mas informacin
disponible (Tarifa 1996). El propsito de este trabajo
es proponer una lista de especies amenazadas de
METODOLOGA
Para conocer el estado de conservacin de los
murcilagos de Bolivia se emple una modificacin
del anlisis realizado para los murcilagos del Brasil
(Aguiar & Taddei 1996). Los criterios para este
anlisis fueron los siguientes:
Estado general de conservacin de los murcilagos
(Wilson 1997): basado en una larga experiencia del
autor y en cuestionarios enviados a varios especialistas
en el mundo este autor propone una lista extensa del
estado de conservacin de los murcilagos en el
mundo. Los parmetros seguidos de su puntaje fueron:
estable (0), potencialmente vulnerable (1), vulnerable
(2), en peligro (3), sin informacin suficiente (+).
Nivel de dependencia del bosque (Medelln & Redford
1992): se refiere al grado de plasticidad de los
murcilagos y para este anlisis se interpreta como su
capacidad de adaptarse a cambios en el ecosistema o
modificacin y destruccin del hbitat. Los parmetros
son: ocurren en ambientes abiertos o sabanas pero no
dependen de estos (0), ocurren en bosque pero no
dependen de este (1), nunca ocurre en bosque y son
sabana dependientes (2), dependiente del bosque, sin
este no estn presentes (3), sin informacin suficiente
(+).
Distribucin en ecoregiones (adaptado de Aguiar &
Taddei 1996): se refiere al tamao y tipo de
distribucin que los murcilagos presentan,
incluyendo por ejemplo a aquellas especies que
ocurren en varias ecoregiones o aquellas de
distribucin disyunta. Los parmetros son:
distribucin amplia, en mas de una ecoregin (0),
distribucin amplia en una sola ecoregin (1),
distribucin restringida o disyunta (2), sin informacin
suficiente (+).
Tamao poblacional: Aguiar & Taddei (1996) sugieren
que a falta de informacin sobre las poblaciones de
murcilagos se utilice la abundancia relativa sugerida
en bibliografa. En este anlisis se considera el estatus
de las especies segn los rangos de distribucin en el
neotrpico propuestos por Emmons y Feer (1997) y
Koopman (1982). Los parmetros son: muy comn,
especie muy frecuente en su rea de distribucin (0),
comn, especie frecuente en su rea de distribucin
(1), poco comn, especie poco frecuente en su rea de
distribucin (2), rara, especie rara en su rea de
distribucin o disyunta (3), sin informacin suficiente
(+).
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RESULTADOS
A partir del anlisis detallado anteriormente a
continuacin se muestra la lista de las especies de
murcilagos consideradas como amenazadas y de bajo
riesgo para Bolivia segn una adaptacin a los criterios
de la UICN (1996):
Amenazadas-en peligro:
Familia Phyllostomidae
Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Especie de distribucin restringida a las sabanas de
los llanos de Moxos, considerada una de las regiones
mas amenazadas por presentar hbitats muy frgiles
como son las islas de bosque y los bosques de galera.
Los dos ejemplares encontrados hasta el momento
provienen de esa regin y fueron colectados con un
intervalo de tiempo muy largo entre el primer y el
segundo ejemplar (5 aos). Se presume su presencia
en otras regiones de Bolivia. No se encuentra
representada en unidades de conservacin.
Amenazadas-vulnerable:
Familia Phyllostomidae
Lonchorhina aurita Tomes, 1863
Hasta la fecha se ha encontrado un solo individuo en
las sabanas del Pantanal, siendo este ecosistema muy
frgil y susceptible a perturbaciones.
Micronycteris daviesi (Hill), 1964
Presenta distribucin restringida en reas de alta
presin antrpica en los Yungas (bosque montano y
pie de monte) de La Paz.
Micronicteris nicefori Sanborn, 1949
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Familia Molossidae
Familia Molossidae
Eumops glaucinus glaucinus (Wagner), 1843
DISCUSIONES
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BIBLIOGRAFA
Aguiar, L.M.S. & Taddei, V.A.1996. Workshop sobre
a conservao dos morcegos Brasileiros. Chiroptera
Neotropical, 1(2): 24-30.
Anderson, S. 1997. Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy
and Distribution. Bulletin of the American Museum
of Natural History, 231: 1- 652.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Este trabajo se basa en la obra de toda una vida del
Dr. Sydney Anderson a quien le estoy profundamente
agradecido. Agradecimientos a Isabel Galarza, Nuria
Bernal, Teresa Tarifa, Aide Vargas, Aida Espinoza y
a todas aquellas personas que me permitieron utilizar
Tabla 1. Puntajes y parmetros para el establecimiento del estado de conservacin de los murcilagos de
Bolivia.
Puntuacin
(sumatoria de los puntos
obtenidos en la matriz)
Menor a 5 puntos o menos de 5 cruces (+)
Entre 6 a 8 puntos o mas de 5 cruces (+)
Entre 9 a 15 puntos
Mas de 16 puntos
Categora
Estable
Potencialmente Vulnerable Bajo Riesgo-Prximo a
amenazado (LRnt)
Vulnerable
Amenazado-Vulnerable (VU)
En Peligro
Amenazado-En peligro (EN)
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INTRODUCTION
Studies in New World tropics are only now beginning
to assess the true diversity of Neotropical bats, but
sampling has been confined to a handful of welldocumented sites where research stations happen to
be located (Voss & Emmons 1996, Simmons & Voss
1998). This approach has left unexamined vast areas
of Neotropical forests, for which there are very few
comprehensive mammalian inventories. One such
critical information gap corresponds to the Colombian
Choc (Voss & Emmons 1996). Based on its high
endemism and threats from human disturbance, the
Choc tropical rainforest has been identified as a
global biodiversity hotspot (Olson & Dinerstein 1996).
Early mammal collections from the Pacific slopes of
the West Andes in Cauca list no bats for the nearby
locality of El Cocal, at 1200 m elevation (Allen 1916).
Collections by Kjell von Sneidern in the 1930s at five
localities in west Cauca left a gap in elevation between
900 and 1700 meters (Tamsitt and Valdivieso 1966).
Modern bat surveys in southwest Colombia have been
spotty, with only a handful of noteworthy records
resulting in publication (e.g., Alberico 1987, 1994).
The picture that emerges from these previous works
is still fragmentary one. So far, the only sustained
effort to inventory the middle elevation bat faunas of
the Choc has taken place in Nario (south of Cauca,
bordering Ecuador) at Reserva Natural La Planada,
1,525 m elevation (Ospina-Ante & Gmez 1995). Our
survey lays ground for future in-depth study of a
montane bat fauna from the middle elevations of the
Pacific slopes of the West Andes in Cauca, Colombia.
ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes a first account of the bat fauna
in the middle elevations of the Tambito Nature Reserve
in the Colombian Choc. A month-long survey using
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METHODS
Ground-level (0-3 m) mist-netting and specimen
preparation followed standard methods described in
Simmons & Voss (1998) and Handley (1988)
respectively. Each captured bat was identified in the
field using Emmons (1997), Reid (1998), and
Koopman (1994). We also used unpublished
dichotomous keys for bats of the Choc kindly
facilitated by Drs. C.O. Handley (Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.) and M.S. Alberico
Microhabitat
Secondary
Primary
Edge
Secondary
Secondary, edge
Primary, secondary, edge
Primary, secondary
Secondary, edge, stream
Primary, secondary, edge
Secondary, edge
Edge
Primary, secondary
Secondary, edge
RESULTS
In 24 nights of netting we captured 90 bats of 13
genera. A definitive account, comprising at least 26
species recorded is in progress (Dvalos & Guerrero
in prep.). All, except one (Myotis), of the 13 genera
recorded were Phyllostomids.
Taxonomic account
The preliminary taxonomic list resulting from our
sampling is summarized in Table 1.
Community ecology
A summary of relative capture abundance for different
diet-based guilds is presented in Table 2. As expected
from our sampling bias, most captured bats
(stenodermatines and carolliines) correspond to the
under-story frugivore guild. Size varies greatly among
the frugivores from large, e.g., Platyrrhinus, to
Number captures
71
11
8
1
Percent captures
76.3%
12.0%
8.6%
1.1%
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Figure 1. Parametric and non-parametric estimation by extrapolation from limited capture data. Observed captures
randomized 100 times are in black dots with error bars, adjusted Michaelis-Menten curve in black with maximumlikelihood upper-boundary in squares, non-parametric estimators: jackknife and Chaos in crosses and triangles,
respectively.
DISCUSSION
Pending definitive identification, the bat species
richness recorded at Tambito is relatively high, when
compared with sites of similar elevation. For the
middle elevations of Nario, 12 species have been
definitely recognized by Cadena et al. (1998), five of
which are also reported by Ospina-Ante & Gmez
(1995) in their species list that rises to 20. The results
of the latter, however, are inconclusive, as their
taxonomic account is still being revised (L.G. Gmez
pers. comm.).
Even with the limitations inherent to mist-net
sampling (Remsen & Good 1996), there was no sign
of saturation in capture for our survey (Figure 1) and
the number and range size of species suggests a rich
and ecologically diverse understory bat community.
Although estimation by extrapolation from capture
data is still in its infancy (Colwell & Coddington
1994), the use of parametric and non-parametric
estimators indicate that real understory richness would
be somewhere between 30 and 45 species as seen in
Figure 1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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REFERENCES
Alberico, M.S. 1994. First record of Sturnira mordax
from Colombia with range extensions for other bat
species. Trianea, 5: 335-341.
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ews
MORCEGOS
Carlos Esbrard
Cardoso, T. C.
Wagner A. Pedro
Rahal, P.
Pilz, D & Silva, L.H.Q.
Laboratrio de Chiroptera, Dept de Apoio,
Produo e Sade Animal, UNESP-Araatuba, Cx.
Postal 341, CEP 16050-680-Araatuba, SP. e-mail:
tcardoso@fmva.unesp.br
A diagnostic capability that includes virus isolation
and identification in cell cultures is highly desirable,
even in countries where rabies is not endemic. The
potential use of CER in the diagnosis of rabies
infection has also been evaluated and this system can
be used to study the processes of infection. In this
study the challenge virus standard (CVS) and field
rabies strain isolated from a frugivurous bat Artibeus
lituratus Olfers, 1818, were propagated in CER
monolayer, and 72h post-infection the cytophatic effect
was observed. Than, the monolayer were fixed with
acetone:ethanol (3:2) and the goat g-globulin anti
rabies was added at 1: 2000 dilution, and incubated
over night. The immunoperoxidase technique was a
simple and relatively cheap technique, which can be
especially useful for epidemiological surveys. The
antigen could be visualized with an inverted
microscope, and carried out in laboratories that do
not have the necessary equipment for fluorescent
antibody. The RT-PCR was performed using the primer
304 and primer 10g for amplified the nucleoprotein
(NP) sequence of the genome. The RT-PCR results
demonstrated that the rabies isolation performed
infecting the CER monolayers was successful and
equaly sensitive. Moreover, it was possible to compare
the time needs to obtain the results, and it was
concluded that the mouse inoculation test was
more laborious to perform.
Caio Daemon
Projeto Morcegos Urbanos, Fundao RIOZOO,
Quinta da Boa Vista s.n, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
22.251-040, Brasil. E-mail :
morcegos@pcrj.rj.gov.br e celesb@uol.com.br
O uso de marcadores individualizados para morcegos
essencial para a realizao de pesquisas ecolgicas.
O mais empegado no mundo consiste no uso de anilhas
numeradas, metlicas ou plsticas. As mesmas so
adaptadas ao antebrao dos morcegos capturados,
podendo ou no ser necessria a realizao de cortes
no uropatgio. As anilhas podem apresentar algumas
desvantagens para os pesquisadores brasileiros, entre
as quais podemos citar o elevado custo final com a
adio de frete e impostos de importao. A
inexistncia de fabricantes nacionais de modelos
adequados aos morcegos brasileiros inviabiliza muitas
vezes sua utilizao.
Vrios outros mtodos j foram testados por nossa
equipe ou descritos na bibliografia, como tatuagens
ou furos no dactilopatgio, que apresentam pouca
durabilidade e necessitam ser refeitos com intervalos
regulares, impossibilitando seu uso em anlises de
longa durao.
Recentemente foi descrito o uso de colar de bolas de
ao inoxidvel, ao qual adaptado uma anilha
numerada. Tal mtodo, aparentemente menos
estressante para os morcegos que a realizao de cortes
no patgio para uso de anilhas ainda apresenta o
inconveniente do custo elevado, no entanto, as anilhas
a serem empregadas so mais simples e um nico
tamanho, dispensando o uso de vrios tamanhos e de
aplicadores especficos para cada tamanho.
Adaptamos o uso de coleiras plsticas para os
morcegos capturados. Aps experimentos com 3
modelos diferentes de amarras plsticas encontramos
um que se adapta s nossas necessidades e apresenta
as caracteristicas desejadas GI-5000 (Baumgarten)
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C ontributions
Valdir A. Taddei
Laboratrio de Chiroptera, Departamento de
Biologia - UNIDERP - Universidade para o
Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Regio do
Pantanal - CP 2153 - CEP 79003-010 - Campo
Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul. email:
vataddei@srv1-sjp.sjp.zaz.com.br
Chiroptera Neotropical home page
http://www.unb.br/ib/zoo/chiroptera
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