Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
INGLS / ENGLISH
STUDENT:_____________________________
SUMARY
Diagrama dos verbos e Reviso__________________________________________03
If clauses_____________________________________________________________18
Present Perfect ________________________________________________________19
Prepositions __________________________________________________________22
Past Perfect __________________________________________________________23
Passive voice _________________________________________________________26
Indefinite Pronouns ____________________________________________________31
Relative Pronouns _____________________________________________________33
Modal Verbs _________________________________________________________36
Future Perfect ________________________________________________________39
Tabela de verbos ______________________________________________________41
Reported speech ______________________________________________________ 43
Legend
moment in time
period of time
Result
Course /
Duration
REVISO
1- ADVRBIOS
sobre, a respeito de , em torno de, cerca de, por, devido a.
ABOUT
Exemplos:
They were talking about politics, eles estavam conversando
sobre poltica.
She wore pearls about her neck, ela usava prolas ao redor
do pescoo.
The show began about midnight, o espetculo comeou
cerca de meia-noite.
We have been walking about the town all day, estivemos
andando pela cidade o dia todo.
They quarrel about trifles, eles discutem por minharias.
sobre, por sobre, mais de, acima de, superior a.
ABOVE
Exemplos:
We were flying above the clouds, ns estvamos voando
por sobre as nuvens.
There were above fifty pupils in the classroom, havia mais
de cinqenta alunos na sala de aula.
He is above suspicion, ele est acima de qualquer suspeita.
A major ranks above a captain, o posto de maior
imediatamente superior ao de capito.
ACROSS
Exemplos:
We swam across the river, nadamos atravs do rio.
There is a restaurant across the avenue., h um restaurante
no outro lado da avenida.
I came across this book yesterday, encontrei este livro
ontem.
AFTER
Exemplos:
They left after dinner, eles partiram aps o jantar.
After a storm comes a calm, aps a tempestade vem a
bonana.
The dog was running after the cat, o co estava correndo
atrs do gato.
He was named Henry after his uncle, deram-lhe o nome de
AGAINST
Exemplos:
The boat sails against the current, o barco navega contra a
corrente.
They voted against my proposal, eles votaram contra
minha proposta.
We took machinery against coffee, recebemos maquinaria
em troca de caf.
Please, lean the ladder against the wall, por favor, apie a
escada na parede.
Exemplos:
The horses galloped at full speed along the road, os cavalos
galoparam a toda a velocidade pela estrada.
AMID, AMIDST
Exemplos:
He was seen amid the throng, ele foi visto no meio da
multido.
They are amidst enemies, eles esto entre inimigos.
AMONG,
AMONGST
Exemplos:
We are among(st) friends, estamos entre amigos.
The Christmas gifts were divided among the children, os
presentes de Natal foram divididos entre as crianas.
The one-eyed are kings among the blind, na terra dos cegos
quem tem um olho rei.
Exemplos:
We planted a few trees around the house, plantamos
algumas rvores ao redor da casa.
AT
Exemplos:
He spent a few days at Curitiba, ele passou alguns dias em
Curitiba.
We are at home, estamos em casa.
The china was sold at auction., a loua foi vendida em
leilo.
They'll soon be at liberty, eles em breve estaro em
liberdade.
The car is at our disposal, o carro est a nossa disposio.
He is standing at the door, ele est em p porta.
He was at work when we arrived, ele estava a trabalhar
quando chegamos.
He'll go at midnight, ele ir meia-noite.
He'll come at noon, ele vir ao meio-dia.
The wreckage was at the bottom of the sea, os destroos do
naufrgio estavam no fundo do mar.
He shot at the target, ele atirou no alvo.
He was staying at the "Stevens Hotel", ele estava
hospedado no "Stevens Hotel".
They'll pay at the end of the month, eles pagaro no fim do
ms.
The tiger jumped at him, o tigre saltou contra ele.
The boy pointed at the toy, o menino apontou para o
brinquedo.
I was looking at the picture, eu estava olhando para o
quadro.
We laughed at him, ns nos rimos dele.
The children were mocking at us, as crianas estavam
zombando de ns.
I laughed at his jokes, eu me ri com suas pilhrias.
He is good at this game, ele bom neste jogo.
He was driving his car at 80 mph, ele estava dirigindo o
carro a 80 milhas por hora.
We are selling these articles at a loss, estavamos vendendo
estes artigos com prejuzo.
Dogs bark at strangers, ces latem para os estranhos.
She stared at him, ela o encarou fixamente.
We were surprised at seeing him, ficamos surpresos ao vlo.
BEFORE
Exemplos:
They were sitting before the fireplace, eles estavam
sentados diante da lareira.
The tanks were seen before the infantry, os carros de
combate eram vistos frente da infantaria.
The poor and rich are alike before God, o pobre e o rico
so iguais perante Deus.
The culprit appeared before a court of justice, o ru
compareceu perante um tribunal.
He'll arrive before noon, ele chegar antes do meio-dia.
BEHIND
Exemplos:
The broom is behind the door, a vassoura est atrs da
porta.
All his friends are behind him, todos os amigos o apiam.
He came behind his hour, ele veio depoisi da hora.
BELOW
Exemplos:
The garage is below the ground floor, a garagem est
abaixo do andar trreo.
He is below his schoolfellows, ele est abaixo de seus
colegas.
It is the third shop below the post office, a terceira loja
para baixo (da agncia) do correio.
BENEATH
Exemplos:
There was a bench beneath the tree, havia um banco sob a
rvore.
His conduct is beneath contempt, sua conduta (ou est)
abaixo da crtica.
REVISO
2 - PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
PRONOMES
PESSOAIS
I , eu
thou , tu
he , ele
she , ela
it , ele, ela
we , ns
you , vs
they , eles, elas
PRONOMES
POSSESSIVOS
my, mine , meu, minha, meus, minhas
thy, thine , teu, tua, teus, tuas
his, his , seu, sua, seus, suas (dele)
her, hers , seu sua, seus, suas (dela)
its, its , seu, sua, seus, suas (dele, dela)
our, ours , nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
your, yours , vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas
their, theirs , seu, sua, seus, suas (dles, delas)
Paul wrote to
Mary wrote to
Paulo escreveu a
seu irmo
sua irm
seus irmos
suas irms
her brother
her sister
Maria escreveu a
her brothers
her sisters
seu irmo
sua irm
seus irmos
suas irms
his brother
his sister
his brothers
his sisters
their brother
their sister
Paulo e Maria escreveram a
their brothers
Paul and Mary wrote to
their sisters
seu irmo
sua irm
seus irmos
suas irms
REVISO
3- PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
a) Os demonstrativos:
this , este, esta, isto;
these , estes, estas;
that , esse, essa, isso, aquele, aquela, aquilo; e
those , aqueles, aquelas
So usados:
REVISO
4- PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
10
5- VERBOS
Present Continuous tense
Affirmative
Negative
- I am + verb+ing
- I am not + verb+ ing
- You are + verb+ ing
- You am not + verb+ ing
- He is + verb+ ing
- He is not + verb+ ing
- She is + verb+ ing
- She is not + verb+ ing
- It is + verb+ ing
- It is not + verb+ ing
- we are + verb+ ing
- We are not + verb+ ing
- you are + verb+ ing
- You are not + verb+ ing
- they are + verb+ ing
- they are not + verb+ ing
Interrogative
- Am + verb+ ing I ?
- Are + verb+ ing you?
- Is + verb+ ing he?
- Is + verb+ ing she?
- Is + verb+ ing it?
- Are + verb+ ing you?
- Are + verb+ ing they?
Exemplos:
Affirmative
Negative
I am sleeping
I am not helping
You are cooking
He is not cooking
They are visiting
She is not visiting
We are walking
They are not studying
You is playing baseball
We are not fining
Interrogative
Are you reading letter?
Is he a good cooking?
Is she good singer?
Are we tall?
Are they beautiful woman?
Simple past
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
11
Affirmative
- I was
- You were
- He was
- She was
- It were
- We were
- You were
- They were
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I was not
- You were not
- He was not
- She was not
- It were not
- We were not
- You were not
- They were not
Exemplos:
- Was I?
- Were you?
- Was she?
- Was he?
- Was it?
- Were we?
- Were you?
- Were they?
Negative
I was one
I was not a gardener
She was marking reports
My brothers where not a
She was busy the police
plumber
station
Those boys were not painters
It was awful
She was not a nurse
School was out earlier today
She was not a bus driver
Interrogative
When was the girl at the park?
Where were the two friends last Sunday?
Who was at home last night?
When were the girls in Paris?
Who was at school yesterday?
12
Affirmative
Negative
- I was + verb + ing
- You were + verb +
- I was not + verb + ing
ing
- You were not + verb + ing
- He was + verb + ing
- He was not + verb + ing
- She was + verb + ing
- She was not verb + ing
- It were + verb + ing
- It were not + verb + ing
- We were + verb + ing
- We were not + verb + ing
- You were + verb +
- You were not + verb + ing
ing
- They were not + verb + ing
- They were + verb + ing
Interrogative
- Was + verb + ing I?
- Were + verb + ing you?
- Was + verb + ing she?
- Was + verb + ing he?
- Was + verb + ing it?
- Were + verb + ing we?
- Were + verb + ing you?
- Were + verb + ing they?
Exemplos:
Negative
Affirmative
I was not cooking
He was not dancing
She was not eating
We were not playing basketball
They were not talking on
telephone
Interrogative
Simple future
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
13
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I Will
- You Will
- He will
- She will
- It will
- We will
- You will
- They will
- Will I?
- Will you?
- Will he?
- Will she?
- Will it?
- Will we?
- Will you?
- Will they?
Affirmative
- I will not
- You will not
- He will not
- She will not
- It will not
- We will not
- You will not
- They will not
Exemplos:
Negative
She will go to
beach
He will go
tomorrow
He will not a
librarian
He will go to
garage
We will not an
electrician
We will ho next
week
Interrogative
Where will they
try?
Where will she go?
When will he go?
Where will Sonia
go?
Where will Ruan
go?
Negative
Interrogative
I am boy
I am not happy
Is it a dog?
You are a girl He is not beautiful
Is she not style?
She is a woman She is not style Are we not good singer?
He is a man
We are not good
Is He a man?
It is a dog
They are not bad Is she a beautiful girl?
14
- To watch watches
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
15
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I have
- You have
- He has
- She has
- It has
- We have
- You have
- They have
- I have not
- You have not
- He has not
- She has not
- It has not
- We have not
- You have not
- They have not
Exemplos:
- Have I?
- Have you?
- Has he?
- Has she?
- Has it?
- Have we?
- Have you?
- Have they?
Affirmative
Negative
What
What is your name?
What color is it?
What is the mater?
What about?
What now?
Where
Where is the light switch in this room?
Where will we go on vacation?
Where will they spend the weekend?
Where have gone recently?
Where have you taken the children?
When
16
17
18
(Source: WWW.time.com)
I would grab
( ) my money
( ) my dog or
( ) _________________
I would live in
( ) Natal
( ) Paris
( )____________________________
If you could be another person for one day, who would you be?
I would be
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
19
( ) a superstar
( ) a politician
( ) ___________________
If you could change one thing in the world, what would you change?
I would change
( ) violence
( ) poverty
( ) _________________________
I would
( ) share it
( ) keep it
( ) ____________________________
Present Perfect
Technology
In our days man has achieved a tremendous progress in science and technology.
With technology man has almost occupied all parts of the Earth. He lives in the
most torrid climates as well as in the coldest places of the world. He can live on the
little islands lost in the ocean as well as in the desert.
Man has built modern bridges, dams, power stations and has dominated some
forces of nature such as the water of rivers, lakes and seas.
Man has invented many types of machines and modern devices to improve his
life on the Earth.
Man has sent space ships to other planets and little by little he is conquering the
universe.
Man has already controlled some bad diseases by means of modern resources of
medicine.
But there are so many things to do in the future!
20
Man hasnt solved the problem of hunger and many other social problems.
Man hasnt learnt to protect nature from pollution and destruction yet.
GRAMMAR
We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the
present. The time when these actions happened is not important.
We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.
EXERCISES
21
A) Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. Mother: I want to prepare dinner. (you / wash)____________________ the dishes
yet?
2. Daughter: I (wash) ____________________the dishes yesterday, but I (have / not)
____________________the time yet to do it today.
3. Mother: (you / do / already) ____________________your homework?
4. Daughter: No, I (come / just) ____________________home from school.
5. Mother: You (come) ____________________ home from school two hours ago!
6. Daughter: Well, but my friend Lucy (call) ____________________when I (arrive)
____________________and I (finish / just) ____________________the phone call.
7. Mother: (you / see / not) ____________________Lucy at school in the morning?
8. Daughter: Yes, but we (have / not) ____________________ time to talk then.
B) Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. A: (you / play / already)______________________ the new computer game?
2. B: No, not yet. I only (buy) ______________________ it yesterday and I (have /
not) ______________________ the time yet.
3. A: (you / go) ______________________ to the cinema last night?
4. B: Yes. I (be) ______________________ there with Sue and Louis. (you / be)
______________________ to the cinema recently?
5. A: I last (go) ______________________ to the cinema two weeks ago.
6. B: So you (see / not) ______________________ the new action film yet.
7. A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy) ______________________ it?
8. B: Oh, I really (love) ______________________it. But Sue (like / not)
______________________it - too much action!
9. A: But why (you / take) ______________________ her with you? She (tell)
______________________ me last week that she (hate) ______________________
action films.
22
10. B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She (try) ______________________to flirt
with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate / not) ______________________on the
film.
Prepositions
23
Passive voice
GRAMMAR
to be + past participle
24
EXERCISES
A) Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice).
1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) ____________________
his provinces in Britain.
2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) ____________________________ him that
Pixyish tribes from Britain's north (attack) them.
3. So Hadrian (give) ____________________________ the order to build a protective
wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country.
4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) ____________________________ in
128.
5. It (be) ____________________________ 117 kilometers long and about 4 meters
high.
6. The Wall (guard) ____________________________ by 15,000 Roman soldiers.
7. Every 8 kilometers there (be) ____________________________a large fort in
which up to 1,000 soldiers (find) ____________________________ shelter.
25
Past Perfect
The Canterville Ghost Level: lower intermediate
The ghost did not appear for the rest of the week. The only strange thing that
happened was the blood-stain, which they found on the library-floor every morning. It
was also quite strange that the colour of the stain changed from time to time. Some
mornings it was red, then brown or purple, or even green. These changes amused the
family very much, and bets on the colour were made every evening. The only person
who did not enter into the joke was Virginia. For some unexplained reason, she was
rather annoyed at the sight of the blood-stain, and nearly cried the morning it was green.
The second appearance of the ghost was on Sunday night. Shortly after the
family had gone to bed they heard a fearful crash in the hall. A suit of armour had fallen
on the floor and in a chair sat the Canterville ghost and rubbed his knees, which seemed
to hurt. When the twins started shooting peas at him with their pea-shooters, the ghost
26
stood up with an angry growl and passed through them like a mist. He also blew out the
candle, leaving them all in total darkness. On top of the stairs the ghost turned around
and, in order to frighten the Otis boys, laughed his most horrible laugh. Just then, a door
opened and Mrs Otis came out of her bedroom. I am afraid you are not well, she said,
I have therefore brought you this bottle of medicine. The ghost looked at her
furiously, and then he disappeared.
When he reached his room, he was completely exhausted. This American family
was extremely annoying. But what annoyed him most was, that he had not been able to
wear the suit of armour. The weight of it had made him fall and hurt his knees.
For some days after this the ghost only left his room to renew the blood-stain.
However, on Friday, the 17th of August, he tried to frighten the Otis family again. At
half-past ten the family went to bed. For some time the ghost heard the twins laugh, but
at a quarter past eleven all was still. So, at midnight he left his secret chamber and
glided through the corridors, when suddenly, behind one corner, a horrible ghost stood
right in front of him. As the Canterville ghost had never seen another ghost before, he
was terribly frightened. He quickly hurried back to his room. But then he thought that
he should go and and speak to the other ghost. After all, two ghosts were better than
one, and his new friend might help him to frighten the twins. However, when he came
back to the spot, he found that this 'other ghost' was not real, but only a white sheet
which the twins had hung there to play a trick on him. Very upset the Canterville ghost
went back to his chamber.
GRAMMAR
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle:
had + past participle*
* regular verbs: infinitive + ed or irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the
irregular verbs.
27
Affirmative sentences
regular verbs
irregular verbs
hockey.
home.
Negative sentences
regular verbs
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not played
hockey.
irregular verbs
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not gone
home.
Questions
regular verbs
irregular verbs
EXERCISES
28
29
F) Since or for?
1) ____12 o'clock
2) ____years
d) has had
b) had had
e) have had
c) has
e) last night
b) at the moment
f) usually
c) ever
g) yet
d) just
30
Relative Pronouns
GRAMMAR
31
EXERCISES
A) Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose from the
dropdown menu.
1) I talked to the girl ___________________car had broken down in front of the shop.
2) Mr Richards, ___________________ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich___________________ is in East Anglia.
4) This is the girl ___________________comes from Spain.
5) That's Peter, the boy___________________ has just arrived at the airport.
6) Thank you very much for your e-mail ___________________was very interesting.
7) The man, ___________________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
8) The children, ___________________shouted in the street, are not from our school.
9) The car, ___________________driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10) What did you do with the money___________________ your mother lent you?
32
Indefinite pronouns
GRAMMAR
Instead of I did not see anybody there, we can say I saw nobody there, but we
cannot use two negative words: I did not see nobody there.
Anybody, nobody and somebody mean the same as anyone, no-one and
nobody respectively. No-one can also be written no one.
Any can also mean "every" or "it does not matter which / who":
You can take any pencil.
Anybody can do it. It's very easy.
Somebody told me you were abroad.
Nobody came to the meeting.
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
33
EXERCISES
A) Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing,
somewhere, anywhere or nowhere.
1. I know __________ about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell you,
you must promise to keep it (a) secret.
2. __________ lives here. There is no water.
3. I spent the night __________ near the beach.
4. __________ could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It's very low.
5. __________ scares him. He's very brave.
6. There is __________ to park here. Let's go __________ else to park.
7. Would you like __________ to wash your hands?.
8. May I have __________ for dessert, please?
9. They took him __________ in London, and he never returned.
10. Please don't leave __________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight.
11. She needs __________ to love. She's very lonely.
12. They will not sing __________ in this city. They said that they would never come
back.
13. There isn't __________ you can do to help them. __________ can help them.
14. We do not need __________ else to run this department. We can do it ourselves.
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
34
Modal Verbs
What causes the Greenish color around the yolk of Hand-Boiled Eggs?
Many times when eggs are boiled, you can observe a greenish color around the
yolk. Experienced cooks know that eggs need to be boiled slowly, that boiling needs to
be carefully timed, in order to prevent this discoloration. After boiling, the eggs are
placed in cold water to arrest the cooking process. What is the green color that may
result when these precautions are not taken? Iron, in the form iron (II) ions, reacts with
sulfide ions from the white to form iron (II) sulfide:
Fe2+ + S2- = FeS
Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should, need. They express an
ability, permission, wish etc. to do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal
verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know the
substitutes to these modal verbs.
Modal Verb
Substitute
Example
35
must
to have to
must not
not to be allowed to
Can
to be able to
may
to be allowed to
need
to have to
need not
not to have to
shall /
I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am
to be supposed to / to be
should/ ought
supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I
expected to / to be to
to
am to swim.
EXERCISES
A) Choose the correct substitute for each modal verb.
1. We ought to win the race. We_________________ win the race.
2. I can swim. I _________________swim.
3. You must meet my best friend. You_________________ meet my best friend.
4. He should be in bed by now. He_________________ be in bed by now.
5. I must get up early. I _________________get up early.
6. They may stay up late. They _________________stay up late.
7. She needs to see the doctor. She _________________see the doctor.
8. We need not walk. We _________________walk.
9. You must not sleep You_________________ sleep.
10. Should I go to the cinema with them? _________________ go to the cinema
with them?
B) Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense,
use its substitute.
36
Future Perfect
Use: something will already have happened before a certain time in the future
Ex:
I will have written the letter by tomorrow.
Will the car have started?
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
37
EXERCISES
38
to go
went
Gone
I go
I went
I have gone
he goes
he went
he has gone
I don't go
I didn't go
I haven't gone
he doesn't go
he didn't go
he hasn't gone
infinitive
simple past
past participle
Be
was/were
Been
I am
I was
I have been
he is
he was
he has been
we are
we were
we have been
Beat
Beat
Beaten
become
Became
Become
Begin
Began
Begun
bet*
Bet
Bet
break
Broke
Broken
Bring
Brought
Brought
Build
Built
Built
Buy
Bought
Bought
Catch
Caught
Caught
choose
Chose
Chosen
39
come
Came
Come
Cost
Cost
Cost
CUT
CUT
CUT
Deal
Dealt
Dealt
Do
Did
Done
Draw
Drew
Drawn
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Drive
Drove
Driven
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Feed
Fed
Fed
Feel
Felt
Felt
Fight
Fought
Fought
Find
Found
Found
Fly
Flew
Flown
Forget
Forgot
forgotten
Freeze
Froze
Frozen
Get
Got
got, gotten
Give
Gave
Given
GO
Went
Gone
Grow
Grew
Grown
Hang
Hung
Hung
40
Have
Had
Had
Hear
Heard
Heard
Hide
Hid
Hidden
Hit
Hit
Hit
Hold
Held
Held
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Keep
Kept
Kept
know
Knew
Known
Lay
Laid
Laid
Leave
Left
Left
Lend
Lent
Lent
Let
Let
Let
Lie
Lay
Lain
Lose
Lost
Lost
Make
Made
Made
Mean
Meant
Meant
Meet
Met
Met
Pay
Paid
Paid
Put
Put
Put
Read
Read
Read
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Run
Ran
Run
41
Say
Said
Said
See
Saw
Seen
Sell
Sold
Sold
Send
Sent
Sent
shake
Shook
Shaken
steal
Stole
Stolen
shine
Shone
Shone
shoot
Shot
Shot
show*
Showed
Shown
Sing
Sang
Sung
Sit
Sat
Sat
Sleep
Slept
Slept
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Spend
Spent
Spent
Swim
Swam
Swum
Take
Took
Taken
Teach
Taught
Taught
Tell
Told
Told
Think
Thought
Thought
Throw
Threw
Thrown
understand
understood
understood
wake*
Woke
Woken
42
Wear
Wore
Worn
Win
Won
Won
Write
Wrote
Written
Reported Speech
Reported Statements
When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example
"I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the
first person said.
Watch my reported speech video:
Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy.
We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person'
from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the
reported speech:
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
43
Tense
Direct Speech
I am living in London
past simple
I bought a car
past
continuous
street
past perfect*
Reported Speech
She said (that) she liked ice cream.
will
would*
can
could*
shall
should*
might*
must
weekend"
44
* doesn't change
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information
in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even
then usually we like to change the tense):
Reported Questions
So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative
sentences. But how about questions?
Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a
present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change
the verb to the past simple.
Another example:
The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present
simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change
them back before putting the verb into the past simple.
45
Direct Question
Reported Question
Where is the Post Office, please? She asked me where the Post Office was.
What are you doing?
So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't
have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':
Direct Question
Reported Question
Have you ever been to Mexico? She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Are you living here?
Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For
example:
All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when
we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':
46
Direct Request
Reported Request
Would you mind coming early tomorrow? She asked me to come early the next day.
Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in
English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:
In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell'
instead of 'ask':
Direct Order
Reported Order
Go to bed!
He told me to be on time.
47
Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time
expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we
heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech.
For example:
It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".
If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".
If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".
So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech
was said.
Here is a table of some possible conversions:
now
today
yesterday the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night
last week
Exercises
1) Put the sentences into the indirect speech. Supply the correct form of the verbs.
INGLS 3 ANO ENSINO MDIO 2015
48
j.
49
50
3. The indirect speech form of The teacher said: I am sure I have understood
you . is:
a. The teacher said you are sure you had understood him.
b. The teacher said I was sure he understood him.
c. The teacher said that he was sure he had understood me.
d. The teacher said I am sure I have understood you.
e. The teacher said he is sure he understands me.
51
BIBLIOGRAFIA:
Ingls para o ensino mdio: Volume nico / Mariza Timann Ferrari, Sarah Giersztel
Rubin - So Paulo: Scipione, 2002 Srie Parmetro.
Source: WWW.time.com
52