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SO PAULO
ABRIL 2014
ETEC RAPOSO TAVARES
SO PAULO
ABRIL 2014
As classes gramaticais em ingls so conhecidas como Word Classes ou Part of
Speech. De modo bem simples, classe gramatical refere-se ao grupo ao qual as
palavras fazem parte.
De acordo com a gramtica, as classes gramaticais em ingls so: noun
(substantivo), pronoun (pronome), adjective (adjetivo), verb (verbo), adverb
(advrbio), preposition (preposio), conjuction (conjuno) e interjection
(interjeio).
2. PRONOUN (pronome)
Os pronouns (pronomes) servem para assumir o lugar de um substantivo (noun).
Por isso eles so chamados de pro nouns (algo como em favor dos nouns). Indicam
pessoas e coisas. Exemplos de pronouns so: I, you, he, she, it, e, they, someone,
anyone, his, hers, yours, mine, my, our, their, some, none, this, that, those, these e
outras.
Algumas gramticas tratam os pronouns (pronomes) como uma subclasse
gramatical pertencente classe dos nouns (substantivos).
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
I - eu
you - tu, voc
he - ele
she - ela
it - ele, ela (usado para coisas e animais)
we - ns
you - vs, vocs
they - eles, elas
I - eu
he - ele
she - ela
we - nos
PRONOMES POSSESIVOS
Os pronomes possessivos em Ingls so: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.
Indicam posse e so invariables. Nunca vo precedidos de um artigo.
PRONOMES OBLIQUIOS
Ex.: I saw Helen. (Eu vi Helen) -> I saw her. (Eu a vi)
I gave John a bicycle. (Eu dei a John uma bicicleta) -> I gave him a bicycle. (Eu lhe
dei uma bicicleta)
Cuidado! O pronome obliquo toma o lugar de um objeto = quem ama, ama algum
ou alguma coisa e, s vezes, esse objeto requer uma certa reflexo antes de se
transformar em pronome oblquo.
EX.: I love my book.
I = sujeito
love = verbo
my book = objeto
ento: I love my book = I love it. (sem o my)
PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
This is: usado para mostrar o objeto que esteja perto do falante. usado somente
no singular.
PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS
Whom significa quem (funo de objeto do verbo) EX.: Whom did she pay?
(A quem ela pagou?)
Whose significa de quem. Como resposta teremos sempre um nome com s
(apstrofo s), indicando que tal coisa de tal pessoa. A coisa que perguntamos de
quem , sempre deve vir depois do interrogativo.*Para estudar sobre Apstrofo
S Clique aqui!
EX.: Whose car is this?
(De quem este carro?)
What significa o que/qual. Usamos para perguntar o que tal coisa, o que algum
est fazendo, qual a opo corretaetc.
Ex.: What are you saying?
(O que voc est dizendo?)
Which significa qual/que. Este interrogativo usado qando se tem opes de
respostas.
EX.: Which dress do you prefer?
(Qual vestido voc prefere?)
When significa quando. Usamos para perguntar quando algo ocorreu, um tempo.
EX.: When is youre birthday?
(Quando seu aniversrio?)
Where significa onde. Usamos para perguntar algo sobre um lugar.
EX.: Where are you going next week?
(Onde voc vai na prxima semana?)
Why significa por que. Usamos para perguntar um motivo, uma razo que no
conhecemos.
EX.: Why are you so angry?
(Por que voc est to zangado(a)?
PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS
I myself
You yourself
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
*Repare que nas pessoas do plural (we, you, they), a terminao elves com V e
no elf. Isso ocorre por causa do plural.
(Mary fez a lio sozinha) indicando que Mary fez a lio sozinha, sem mais
ningum.
Peter drove all the time by himself.
(Peter dirigir sozinho o tempo todo) indicando que no havia mais ningum com
Peter no carro no momento em que ele dirigia.
Veja agora outros exemplos para ajudar na compreenso da matria:
Susan Will dress herself in Five minutes.
John is shaving himself.
They blamed themselves for the accident.
Bill fixed the car by himself
We bought ourselves a new car.
They used the umbrella to protect themselves from the rain.
The cat found its way home by itself.
Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
Alice burned herself on the stove.
The poor man shot himself.
I made the dinner by myself.
Paul cut himself on a piece of glass.
3. ADJECTIVE (adjetivo)
Adjective qualquer palavra usada para descrever algum ou algo, caracterizar as
coisas. As palavras big, small, old, new, beautiful, ugly, fat, slim, hot, cold,
ADJECTIVE
Canadian
Chinese
Greek
French
German
Spanish
Argentinian
Chilean
Brazilian
Swiss
Danish
English
Austrian
Czech
Japanese
Italian
Mexican
Russian
Australian
ADJETIVO SUPERLTIVO
O superlativo um grau de comparao usado para qualificar um substantivo.
utilizado para destacar algo dentro de um grupo (seja uma qualidade boa ou ruim). O
superlativo tambm indica uma caracterstica em um grau maior que qualquer outra
coisa com que se possa comparar num certo contexto.
This is the oldest building in town. [Este o prdio mais velho da cidade.]
Quando o y vem precedido por uma vogal adicionamos apenas a terminao est
Quando temos adjetivos mais longos, super fcil! Acrescentamos the + most =
adjetivo.
Note que, nos adjetivos terminados por -y, essa letra trocada por i e
ento adicionado o sufixo -er: happier, funnier.
Excees
H poucos adjetivos que formam o comparativo de maneira irregular
good e bad so dois deles, o que tambm se verifica em portugus (bom
melhor, ruim pior). H um terceiro adjetivo irregular far. Veja:
This computer is better than that one. (Este computador melhor que
aquele)
Carina plays football worse than her. (Carina joga futebol pior que ela)
Resumindo:
Nota: o comparativo de far tem duas formas. Quando se fala de distncias fsicas
(reais), pode-se usar tanto farther quanto further; em outros casos, costuma-se
usar apenas further.
Em ingls, h a seguinte expresso:
These books are no worse than I used to read.
Na traduo, ficaria: Esses livros no so piores do que eu costumava ler, por
questes de cultura.
As...as
As... as significa igualdade. A estrutura do uso : As + adjetivo + as. O verbo
sempre ficar antes do primeiro as. Veja nos exemplos:
This tart is as tasty as my grandma used to make. (Esta torta to saborosa quanto
que minha av costumava fazer)
My English book is as good as yours. (Meu livro de ingls to bom quanto o seu)
Alm de as... as, pode-se usar so... as:
She is as clumsy as me. (Ela to desastrada quanto eu)
He is as tall as you. (Ele to alto quanto voc)
Negao:
Na negao, fica assim: verbo + not + as + adjetivo + as.
She is not as clumsy as me. (Ela no to desastrada quanto eu)
He is not as tall as you. (Ele no to alto quanto voc)
ADJETIVOS POSSESIVOS
Adjetivos Possessivos so os famosos: meu, seu, dele etc
I
my
meu(s), minha(s)
You
Your
He
His
dele
She
Her
dela
It
Its
We
Our
nosso, nossos
You
Your
They
Their
deles, delas
EX.:
This is my bag
Is this your ruler?
His name is here
Her pen is different
Its name is First World
Whats our classroom number?
Their classroom number is 301B
IMPORTANTE:
Os adjetivos possessivos no mudam com o plural.
EX.:
These are my briefcase.
4. VERB (verbo)
Os verbs servem para indicar uma ao (algo que algum faz, fez ou far): run,
walk, study, think, go, stay, read, write, send, live, listen, speak, talk. Todas essas
palavras referem a uma ao; assim, elas pertencem classe gramatical dos verbs.
Tempo verbais em ingls:
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Verbo REGULAR: play (jogar)
Verbo IRREGULAR: think (pensar)
Present
he/she/it plays
we play
I play
you play
you play
they play
Present continuous
I am playing
you are playing
he/she/it is playing
we are playing
you are playing
they are playing
Simple past
I played
you played
he/she/it played
we played
you played
they played
we were playing
you were playing
they were playing
Present perfect
I have played
you have played
he/she/it has played
we have played
you have played
they have played
Present perfect
continuous
I have been playing
you have been playing
he/she/it has been
playing
we have been playing
you have been playing
they have been playing
Past continuous
I was playing
you were playing
he/she/it was playing
Future continuous
I will be playing
you will be playing
he/she/it will be playing
we will be playing
you will be playing
they will be playing
Future perfect
I will have played
you will have played
he/she/it will have
played
we will have played
you will have played
they will have played
Future perfect
continuous
I will have been playing
you will have been
playing
Conditional present
I would play
you would play
he/she/it would play
we would play
Past perfect
I had played
you had played
he/she/it had played
we had played
you had played
they had played
Past perfect
continuous
I had been playing
you had been playing
he/she/it had been
playing
we had been playing
you had been playing
they had been playing
Future
I will play
you will play
he/she/it will play
we will play
you will play
they will play
you would play
they would play
Conditional perfect
I would have played
you would have played
he/she/it would have
played
we would have played
you would have played
they would have played
Conditional present
progressive
I would be playing
you would be playing
he/she/it would be
playing
we would be playing
you would be playing
they would be playing
Conditional perfect
progressive
I would have been
playing
you would have been
Past perfect
subjunctive
I had played
you had played
he/she/it had played
we had played
you had played
they had played
Present
I think
you think
he/she/it thinks
we think
you think
they think
Present continuous
I am thinking
you are thinking
he/she/it is thinking
we are thinking
you are thinking
they are thinking
Simple past
I thought
you thought
he/she/it thought
we thought
you thought
they thought
playing
he/she/it would have
been playing
we would have been
playing
you would have been
playing
they would have been
playing
Present subjunctive
I play
you play
he/she/it play
we play
you play
they play
Past subjunctive
I played
you played
he/she/it played
we played
you played
they played
Future subjunctive
Imperative
you play
we Lets play
you play
Past continuous
I was thinking
you were thinking
he/she/it was thinking
we were thinking
you were thinking
they were thinking
Present perfect
I have thought
you have thought
he/she/it has thought
we have thought
you have thought
they have thought
Present perfect
continuous
I have been thinking
you have been thinking
he/she/it has been
thinking
we have been thinking
you have been thinking
they have been thinking
Present participle
Playing
Past participle
played
Past perfect
I had thought
you had thought
he/she/it had thought
we had thought
you had thought
they had thought
Past perfect
continuous
I had been thinking
you had been thinking
he/she/it had been
thinking
we had been thinking
you had been thinking
they had been thinking
Future
I will think
you will think
Future continuous
I will be thinking
you will be thinking
he/she/it will be thinking
we will be thinking
you will be thinking
they will be thinking
Future perfect
I will have thought
you will have thought
he/she/it will have
thought
we will have thought
you will have thought
they will have thought
Future perfect
continuous
I will have been thinking
you will have been
thinking
he/she/it will have been
thinking
we will have been
thinking
you will have been
thinking
they will have been
thinking
Past perfect
subjunctive
I had thought
you had thought
he/she/it had thought
we had thought
you had thought
they had thought
Conditional present
I would think
you would think
he/she/it would think
we would think
you would think
they would think
Conditional perfect
I would have thought
you would have thought
he/she/it would have
thought
we would have thought
you would have thought
they would have
thought
Conditional present
progressive
I would be thinking
you would be thinking
he/she/it would be
thinking
we would be thinking
you would be thinking
they would be thinking
Future subjunctive
Imperative
you think
we Lets think
you think
Conditional perfect
progressive
I would have been
thinking
you would have been
thinking
he/she/it would have
been thinking
we would have been
thinking
you would have been
thinking
they would have been
thinking
Present subjunctive
I think
you think
he/she/it think
we think
you think
they think
Past subjunctive
I thought
you thought
he/she/it thought
we thought
you thought
they thought
Present participle
Thinking
Past participle
thought
5. ADVERB (advrbio)
Adverbs servem para adicionar informao extra a um adjective, a um verb ou a
um outro adverb. Quando dizemos she is very beautiful a palavra very (muito)
adiciona uma informao extra ao adjetivo beautiful (bonita). Logo, very um
exemplo de adverb. De modo geral, em ingls, a maioria dos advrbios so
formados com -ly. Mas, no se engane, h ainda outras palavras que se encaixam
nessa classe: not, just, very, too, soon, just, etc.
1. Frequency (advrbios de freqncia): Estes vm antes dos verbos comuns e so
colocados depois dos verbos auxiliares em uma frase.So eles, entre outros:
always- sempre
never- nunca
sometimes - s vezes
often - freqentemente
seldom - raramente
once - uma vez
twice - duas vezes
2. Manner (advrbios de modo): derivam de adjetivos e geralmente terminam por ly:
slowly- vagarosamente
quicly- rapidamente
carefully- cuidadosamente
fluently- fluentemente
patiently- pacientemente
kindly- gentilmente
really- realmente
hardly- mal
well- bem.
3. Time (advrbios de tempo):
now- agora
still- ainda
soon- logo
early- cedo
tomorrow- amanh
yesterday- ontem
tonight- esta noite
last month- no ms passado
next week- na prxima semana
on Saturday- no sbado
6. PREPOSITION (preposio)
As prepositions servem para expressar uma relao no tempo (quando algo
acontece) ou no espao (onde algo acontece). Determinam relaes entre as coisas
como: in the street (na rua) e at the station (na estao).
They left after six oclock. (after preposio e expressa aqui algo ao
tempo/quando)
*Cmodos da casa:
EX.: You stay in my badroom
*Pas:
EX.: My mother lives in Brazil
*Indicar algo dentro de alguma coisa:
EX.: My lipstick fall in my bag
*Estados:
EX.: I wanna live in So Paulo
*Anos:
EX.: My brother go to USA in 2014
ON: Usa-se para informar:
*Datas completas:
EX.: I was born on August, 26th of 1990
*Dias da semana:
EX.: On Saturday,I travel for Bahia.
*Algo no cho:
EX.: My photos are on the floor
*Endereo sem nmeros:
EX.: Ryan lives on Sherpey Street
*Para informar que algo est na parede:
EX.: There is a picture on the wall.
*Superfcies:
EX.: My clothes are on the bad
*Praas e avenidas:
EX.: Im on D. Pedro square
*Usamos tambm quando queremos falar que estamos de carro, nibus, trem etc:
EX.: I travel in my car every week
Porm normal que d um n na cabea quando aparece algo como: They are at
the restaurant. (Eles esto no restaurante.). Mas estas frases podem ser entendidas
como se estivessem escritas com a preposio IN. Isso quer dizer que tanto faz que
voc diga in the restaurant ou at the restaurant, um falante nativo ir te
entender. Porm no se deve levar isto como uma regra, pois existem casos em que
a preposio faz sim a diferena.
EX.: There is a butterfly in the box. (Tem uma borboleta na caixa) sentido de
dentro da caixa
There is a butterfly on the box. (Tem uma borboleta na caixa) sentido de em cima
da caixa (pousada).
7. CONJUNCTION (conjuno)
As conjunes tm um papel muito importante, tanto na lngua portuguesa quanto na
inglesa, pois elas conseguem fazer nosso discurso/fala ficar mais claro sem a
necessidade de vrias pausas desnecessrias. Temos, antes de mais nada, que
saber qual a proposta da frase ou texto para que possamos encaixar a conjuno
correta.
Vejamos:
Temos conjunes para conectar duas ideias similares. (conjuno: as).
Temos conjunes para conectar duas ideias diferentes. (conjuno: but).
Temos conjunes para conectar uma ideia alternativa. (conjuno: or).
Esses foram apenas alguns exemplos, vejamos agora o estudo de cada uma
separadamente.
ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNES ADVERSATIVAS
So conjunes que nos do ideias opostas. So elas:
but mas
however entretanto
nevertheless mesmo assim
8. INTERJECTION (interjeio)
As interjections so palavras usadas para expressar um sentimento ou uma
supresa, representar sons, falas, etc. Por exemplo, ouch a palavra em ingls
usada para expressar dor; equivale ao nosso ai em portugus. Portanto, ouch
uma interjection. Wow outro exemplo de interjection na lngua inglesa; em
portugus, pode ser traduzida como uau, nossa, caramba, eita, etc.