WORDS OF CONNECTION

(CONECTIVOS)
Ricardo Schtz
Atualizado em 18 de
dezembro de 2010

To sum up, linking devices, in my view, serve to raise the standard of written as well
as spoken English and support the fluency and native-likeness of any verbal
discourse. (Irena Hulkov)

Linking words are essential for your writing to be natural and clear. (Viv Quarry)

Cohesive devices are crucial in writing, for they turn separate clauses, sentences, and
paragraphs into connected prose, signalling the relationships between ideas, and
making obvious the thread of meaning the writer is trying to communicate. (Vivian
Zamel)

... they can help to make clear the structure of what is being said; they can indicate
what speakers think about what they are saying or what others have said. (Michael
Swan)

Words of transition, words of connection, logical connectors, transition devices,

cohesive devices, linking words/devices, discourse markers ou connective adjuncts, so
algumas das muitas expresses usadas para identificar este aspecto de grande relevncia
no estudo, no s do ingls, como de todas as lnguas. So principalmente conjunes
ou locues conjuntivas, mas tambm advrbios, preposies, etc., que servem para
estabelecer uma conexo lgica entre frases e elementos da ideia. Em portugus essas
palavras so chamadas de articuladores ou palavras conectivas. O uso correto destas
palavras confere solidez ao argumento e consequentemente elegncia ao texto.

Vejam nas imagens abaixo uma representao da diferena entre um texto com ideias
bem articuladas e um texto desconexo.

Unconnected text
 Well-connected text

Writing clinics ou writing labs so departamentos nas universidades norte-americanas

aos quais os estudantes podem recorrer para obter auxlio e orientao sobre como
redigir corretamente seus trabalhos de pesquisa. Normalmente o primeiro e o mais
frequentemente ponto abordado nessas clnicas de redao o uso correto das palavras
conectivas. Words of transition so de fundamental importncia, uma vez que a beleza
do ingls moderno est na clareza e na integridade lgica.

As listas abaixo constituem-se numa ajuda decisiva para quem compe textos em ingls
ou em portugus, independente do nvel de capacidade do redator. Os conectivos abaixo
esto linkados a pginas com mais de 1200 exemplos no total.

Os conectivos, mais frequentemente usados, so:

INTRODUO INTRODUCTION

Em primeiro lugar, ... / Antes de tudo, ... /

First of all, ... / In the first place, ... /
Para comear, ... / Para incio de
To begin with, ...
conversa, ...

REFERNCIA REFERENCE

Com relao a ... / No que diz respeito Regarding ... / With regard to ... /
a ... / No que tange a ... Concerning ... / Considering ...

INTRODUO OPORTUNA DE NOVO ASSUNTO CHANGE OF SUBJECT

By the way, / Speaking of that, /

A propsito, / Por falar nisso,
Incidentally

COMENTRIO DE REFORO REINFORCEMENT COMMENT

Por sinal, ... / Alis, ... / Inclusive ... As a matter of fact ... / In fact ...
Pelo contrrio, / Na verdade, On the contrary / Actually

CONFORMIDADE AGREEMENT

De acordo com ... / Conforme ... / According to ... / In accordance

Segundo ... with ...

NFASE EMPHASIS

Principalmente ... / Sobretudo ... / Especially ... / Mainly ... / In particular

Especialmente ... / Ainda mais ... ... / More important ...

CAUSA E MOTIVO CAUSE

Porque ... / Por causa de / Uma vez

Because / Since
que / J que / Visto que ... / Pois

Em funo de / Em razo de ... / Por

motivos de ... / Em virtude de ... / Devido As a result of ... / Due to
a

DECORRNCIA RESULT, CONSEQUENCE

Levando isto em considerao, / Por

With this in mind, / For this reason
este motivo, ... / Por esta razo, / Por
/ That's why
isso

Desta forma, ... / Assim sendo (sendo

This way ... / In doing so ...
assim), ... / Nesse sentido, ...

De maneira (forma) (modo) que /

So that / As a result,
Como consequncia, ...

Diante do exposto, / Frente a ... In face of / In view of

CONCLUSO LGICA INFERENCE, CONCLUSION

Portanto, / Ento ... Therefore, / So,

PROPSITO PURPOSE

Com o objetivo de ... / A fim de ... / Para In order to ... / In order that / So
que ... / Para ... that ... / In an effort to ...

DEMARCADORES DE PERODOS ENTRE O PRESENTE

PROJECTING THE PRESENT INTO THE FUTURE
E O FUTURO

A partir de agora ... / De agora em

From now on ... / Henceforth ...
diante ... / Daqui para a frente ...

DEMARCADORES DE PERODOS PASSADOS SCANNING THE PAST INTO THE PRESENT

At agora ... / At hoje ... / At o

So far ... / Up till now ...
momento ...

Ainda ... Still ... / ... not ... yet.

INDICADORES DE PERODOS PRESENTES INDICATING PERIODS IN THE PRESENT

For the time being ... / ... for some

Por enquanto ...
time.
SIMULTANEIDADE SIMULTANEITY

Nesse meio tempo, ... / Enquanto isso, ... In the meantime, ... / Meanwhile, ...

Enquanto (durante o tempo em que) ... While (during the time) ...

INDICADORES DE CIRCUNSTANCIALIDADE DEFINING CIRCUMSTANCES

Em meio a ... In the midst of ...

GENERALIZAO E REGULARIDADE GENERALIZING

Em geral, In general,

Via de regra, As a rule,

EVENTOS COINCIDENTES COINCIDENTAL EVENTS

Sempre que Whenever

PROPORCIONALIDADE EM RELAO AO TEMPO TIME RELATIONSHIP

medida que (o tempo passa,) / Com

As (time goes by,)
o passar (decorrer) do tempo,

INDICADORES DE DESTINATRIO ADDRESSING

A quem interessar possa / Para sua To whom it may concern / For your
informao, ... information, ...

ENFRAQUECEDORES WEAKENERS

As far as I know, / As far as I can

Que eu saiba, / Pelo que eu sei, /
tell, / To my knowledge / To the
Pelo que me consta,
best of my knowledge,

Se no me engano, / Se eu no estiver
If I'm not wrong, / If I remember
enganado / Se no me falha a
well
memria,

Na minha opinio, In my opinion, / In my view

EXCLUSO EXCLUSION

No que se refere a mim, / No que

As far as I'm concerned, / As for
depender de mim, / Quanto a mim, /
me,
De minha parte,

POSICIONAMENTO POSITION DEFINERS

Do ponto de vista de / Do (sob) meu From the standpoint of / From my

ponto de vista / Partindo do standpoint / From my point of view
pressuposto (de) que / Based on the assumption that

CERTEZA ASSURANCE

Sem dvida / Certamente / Com certeza / Of course / For sure / Definitely /

Evidentemente Certainly / Without a doubt

EQUIVALNCIA, PARALELISMO EQUIVALENCE, PARALLEL IDEAS

Da mesma forma que / Assim como In the same way that / By the same
/ Tal como token / Likewise

CONDIO CONDITION

Se / Desde que / Enquanto / If / As long as / On condition

Contanto que that / Provided (that)

CONTRASTE CONTRAST

Enquanto que / Ao passo que / J While / Whereas / By contrast

Mas / Entretanto, / No entanto, /

But / However, / , though.
Todavia, / Porm, / Contudo,

Even so / Nevertheless, /
Mesmo assim, / Ainda assim,
Nonetheless, / Still,

In spite of / Despite /
Apesar de (disso) / No obstante
Notwithstanding

Embora / Ainda que / E isso que Although / Even though

Mesmo que Even if

(Por um lado, ...) Por outro lado, / Em (On (the) one hand, ...) On the other
compensao, hand, / Conversely

Ao contrrio de Unlike

REITERANDO, DETALHANDO REITERATING, GIVING DETAILS

Em outras palavras, / O que eu quero In other words, / What I'm trying to

dizer / Quer dizer, / Ou seja, say / I mean / That is, / i.e.,

EXEMPLIFICANDO PROVIDING EXAMPLE

Por exemplo, For example, / For instance,

tais como such as

SINALIZAO DE LINGUAGEM METAFRICA INDICATING METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE

so to speak / if you will / if

por assim dizer / como que
you like / like

ALTERNNCIA ALTERNATION

Por sua vez, / Por seu turno In his/her/its turn,

LIMITAO DE APLICABILIDADE APPLICABILITY LIMITATION

Em ltimo caso, As a last resort,

If worse comes to worst (If worst

Na pior das hipteses, / Se acontecer
comes to worst) / At worst / In a
o pior,
worst-case scenario

Na melhor das hipteses, At best

Pelo (ao) menos / No mnimo / Nem At (the) least / If nothing else /

 que seja (para) To say the least

Para no dizer / Isso se no for If not

ACRSCIMO ADDITION

No apenas , mas (tambm) / No

s como (tambm) / Tanto como Not only , but (also)

Besides (that), / In addition to

Alm disso, / Ainda por cima, / (that), / On top of that, /
Alm do mais / Afora (isso), Moreover / Apart from (that), /
Aside from (that),

EXCEO EXCEPTION

Apart from (that), / Otherwise /

A no ser por (isso), / Com exceo
Other than that, / Except for /
de / Afora (isso) / seno
Aside from (that),

A no ser que / A menos que Unless

SUBSTITUIO SUBSTITUTION

Em vez de / Em lugar de / Ao invs

Instead of / In place of
de

De preferncia Rather (than)

CONSEQUNCIA DA NO-OCORRNCIA DE UMA

CONSEQUENCE OF NONFULFILLMENT
CONDIO

Seno / Caso contrrio, / Do

Otherwise / Or else / If not
contrrio, / Sob pena de

DESCONSIDERANDO DISMISSAL

De qualquer modo (forma) (maneira), /

Anyway, / In any case, /
Seja como for, / Seja qual for o
Whatever the case may be,
motivo,

RELEMBRANA REMINDER

Afinal / Afinal de contas, After all

FINALIZAO, RESUMO CLOSURE, SUMMARY

Finalmente, / Por fim, Finally, / At last,

Levando tudo isso em considerao, / All in all, / All things considered,

Em resumo, / In summary,

Abaixo segue uma lista mais abrangente de palavras e locues conectivas s do ingls,
agrupadas por tipo de ligao que estabelecem. Esta lista facilita a localizao rpida do
conectivo que se procura, sendo til especialmente para alunos avanados que possuem
boa familiaridade com o ingls escrito:
INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCE on the other hand

as referred to considering regarding

AGREEMENT in accordance with
(at) first first of all speaking of
by the way
according to in reference to to begin with
changing in agreement
as per the subject in the first place to start with
concerning in conformity
initially with regard to

COMPARISON in comparison (with)

comparing in the same way

likewise similarly

CONTRAST considering that still

in contrast
conversely then again
after (all) in (the) face of
despite
alternatively in (the) light of
even so though
although in spite of (that)
even though unlike
as opposed to meanwhile
for all that whereas
at the same time nevertheless
for (my, his, ...) part while
but nonetheless
yet
by contrast notwithstanding
given that
by the same token however on the other hand

EMPHASIS most important(ly) the basic cause

even more
the chief factor
in any event
above all most of all the key point
indeed
a key feature naturally unquestionably
in particular
a major concern particularly valuable to note
least of all
definitely positively without a doubt
let alone
especially (not) primarily
mainly
especially significant more important(ly) principally
specifically

ADDITION both ... and last but not least on top of that
either ... or likewise
again equally important moreover or
also neither ... nor plus
and (then) further next similarly
as well as furthermore not only ... but also together with
at the same time in addition (to) what's more
indeed not to mention
besides jointly not to speak of

ADDING A REMARK
 in fact
as a matter of fact on the contrary
incidentally
the truth is

EXPLANATION OF CAUSE in view of

now that
as
due to on account of
as a result of
for since
in order that that is because
because (of)

RESULT for this reason such ... that

for which reason
accordingly hence that is why
as a consequence in short then
so much (so) that thereby
as a result therefore
consequently so that thus

PURPOSE
in return for to the purpose of
in an effort to
so as to to this end
in order that so that with this in mind
in order to to with this purpose

TIME RELATIONSHIP now then

nowadays thereafter
after a while from now on presently throughout
afterward(s) henceforth shortly (after) thereupon
as time goes by immediately simultaneously until
in the meantime up until now
at last since while
at present lately so far yet at the same time
at this point later soon
currently meanwhile temporarily

ORDERING second then

secondly later
first third after that
firstly following
first of all last
in the first place next finally
CIRCUMSTANCES in my opinion
in terms of
as a last resort in the midst of
as a rule
from the standpoint of on the part of

ADDRESSING INFORMATION

for your information

to whom it may concern

ESTABLISHING A LIMIT as far as I'm concerned

as far as I can remember as far as I understand

as far as I can tell as well as I know
as far as I know for the time being
so far

CONDITION in the event (that) otherwise

if not
provided (that)
as long as in case of
on condition that providing (that)
even if in case (that)
only if
if in the event of
or (else) whether or not

DISMISSAL

anyway in any case

at any rate whatever the case may be

EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION

apart from (that) not ... yet

other than that
aside from
except for unless

EXAMPLE namely the following example

including
such as
for example in particular
take the case of to illustrate
for instance in this case
in another case in this manner that is

SUBSTITUTION / PREFERENCE
in place of rather (than)
instead of in exchange for

REITERATION / REFORMULATION

as I have said
or rather
I mean
that is
in other words
to put it another way
more simply

CONCLUSION
so
for this reason therefore

GENERALIZING by and large generally speaking

essentially
all in all for the most part in general
as a rule on the whole
basically generally overall

INTERMEDIATING
in doing so
by this way
by means of through (which)

CONCESSION
at the same time it may appear that
after all
although it is true that granted that naturally
although this may be true I admit of course

EVIDENCE
obviously
indeed
as you (anyone) can see it's no wonder of course
without question
naturally
certainly needless to say
evidently without a doubt

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY therefore

in short
after all in summary to conclude
at last last(ly) to summarize
all in all
finally on the whole
all things considered
in brief to sum up
in conclusion overall
as we have seen
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COMO FAZER UMA CITAO DESTA PGINA:

Schtz, Ricardo. "Words of Connection (Conectivos)" English Made in Brazil <

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html >. Online. 18 de dezembro de 2010.