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Mario J. de Oliveira
p. 1
Walther Nernst (1864-1941)
p. 2
Max Planck (1858-1947)
p. 3
Sumrio
p. 4
Princpios de Nernst e Planck
Princpio de Nernst
Princpio de Planck
S0 = 0
p. 5
Entropia a baixas temperaturas
S0
T
isobricas
p. 6
Consequncias do Princpio de Nernst
Capacidades trmicas
S S
Cv = T 0, Cp = T 0 quando T 0
T V T p
F = U TS U quando T 0
G = H TS H quando T 0
p. 7
Calor especfico de slidos
0.8
0.6
cv/3R
diamante
aluminio
0.4 cobre
prata
chumbo
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
T/TD
p. 8
Consequncias do Princpio de Nernst
p. 9
Calor especfico de gases
7
CO2
H2O
6 CO
N2
H2
5
Ar
4
cp/R
1
(b)
0
0 200 400 600 800
T (K)
p = 1 atm
p. 10
Calor especfico do hidrognio
cp/R 3.5
100
10
1
2.5 0
(a)
2
0 200 400 600
o
T ( C)
p. 11
Capacidade trmica constante
C
Z
S= dT = C ln T + A
T
e
S quando T 0
p. 12
Teorema de Nernst
Considere uma tranformao termoqumica realizada a temperatura
constante. O critrio para a ocorrncia espontaneamente da reao
F = Fprod Freag < 0. Nernst observou que Berthelot usava o critrio
U = Uprod Ureag < 0 que, embora errneo funcionava em certos
casos, e que pode ser escrita como
U = F
dU dF
= =0 quando T 0
dT dT
p. 13
Teorema de Nernst
Exemplo vant Hoff, 1905
U U
U0 U0
F F
0 T 0 T
U = U0 + aT 2 U = U0 + cT
F = U0 aT 2 F = U0 c(T ln T T )
p. 14
Teorema de Nernst
Utilizando a relao
U F
F = U T S ou S =
T
tomando o limite T 0, e usando a regra de lHospital obtm-se
dU dF
lim S =
T 0 dT dT
Portanto
S 0 quando T 0
e
F U quando T 0
p. 15
Determinao calorimtrica da entropia
Cp
Z
S = dT
T
p. 16
Diagrama de fases da gua
p
agua
gelo
vapor
p. 17
Calor especfico da gua
10
6
cp/R
T (K)
p. 18
Calor especfico do enxofre
30
(a)
20
cp (J/mol.K)
S monoclinico
10 S romboedro
0
0 100 200 300 400
T (K)
p. 19
Diferena entre os calores especficos do enxofre
0.005
(b)
cp/T (J/mol.K )
2
0
0 100 200 300 400
T (K)
T0
cp
Z
s = dT = 0, 90 0, 17 s = = 1, 091 0, 005
0 T T0
p. 20
Determinao espectroscpica da entropia
p. 21
Entropia residual do gelo
A partir de
s = R ln w
Pauling
6 3
w = 4( )= s/R = ln(3/2) = 0, 4055 s = 3, 371J/molK
16 2
Nagle
p. 22
Entropia residual do gelo
p
gelo gelo I agua
XI
vapor
p. 23
Coexistncia slido-vapor a baixas presses
pv = RT u = cT, s = R ln p + (c + R) ln T + b
gG = u T s + pv
Slido: u0 , s0 , v0 independentes de T e p
gS = u0 T s0 + pv0
u0 + pv0
R ln p = (c + R) ln T + b R c s0 +
T
A parcela pv0 pode ser desprezada. Clausius-Clapeyron:
RT u0 + pv0
( v0 )dp = (c + R )dT
p T
p. 24
Diagrama de fases de substncia pura
p
liquido
solido
vapor
p. 25
Entropia e nmero de estados
Planck
s = k ln w
Classicamente
dxdp
Z
w=
R h
Z
Se dxdp < h w<1 s = ln w < 0
R
p2 dxdp
Z
= exp{ }
2m h
2 1/2
=( 2
)
h m
1 1
u= kB T c= kB = const
2 2
p. 26
Modelo de seis vrtices
Setas independentes:
W = 22N = 4N
Pauling:
N 6 3
W =w w=4 =
16 2
p. 27
Degenerescncia do estado fundamental
N
X N
X 1
H=J (i )2 J (i i+1 )2
i=1 i=1
i = +1, 0, 1
Estado i = 0 para qualquer i. Energia = 0.
Estado tal que i = +1 ou 1 mas no zero. Energia = J.
Nmero de estados 2N .
Z = 1 + 2N eJ
ln Z
lim = J + ln 2
N
f = J kB T ln 2 s0 = kB ln 2
p. 28
Significado e validade
p. 29
Significado e validade
p. 31
Significado e validade
p. 32
Significado e validade
p. 33
Significado e validade
Nernsts Heat Theorem strictly applied may or may not be true, but is
always irrelevant and useless ... the theorem though often true is
sometimes false, and failing in generality must be rejected altogether.
R. H. Fowler and T. E. Sterne, Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 537 (1932).
The main purpose of this paper is to attempt to lay to rest the Nernst
theorem as a law of thermodynamics.
The Nernst formulation of the third law does not hold at all in classical
physics, failing even for a classical ideal gas. R. M. Wald, Nernst
theorem and black hole thermodynamics, Phys. Rev. D 56,6467 (1997).
p. 34
Buraco negro
A
S= = 2[M 2 + (M 4 J 2 )1/2 ]
4
A temperatura calculada por meio de 1/T = S/M e vale
(M 4 J 2 )1/2
T =
4M [M 2 + (M 4 J 2 )1/2 ]
S0 = 2|J|
p. 35
Significado e validade
p. 38
Bibliografia
[1] Walther Nernst, The New Heat Theorem: Its Foundation in Theory
and Experiments, Methuen, London, 1926; Dover, New York, 1969.
Translation of the second german edition.
[2] Mas Planck. Treatise on Thermodynamics, Dover, New York, 1945;
3rd edition, translated from the seventh german edition.
[3] Max Planck, The Theory of Heat Radiation, Dover, New York, 1959;
republication of the Masius translation of the second edition of
Waermestrahlung as originally published by Blakiston, 1914.
FIM
p. 39
Some students of Walther Nernst claimed that in his lectures in Berlin in
the early 1900s Nernst said that the first law of thermodynamics had been
discovered by three scientists (students presumed them to be Mayer,
Joule and Helmholtz), the second by two scientists (Carnot and Clausius),
and, as for the third, Well, this I have just done by myself.
p. 40