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2009 57

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1
Doutora em Historia Social pela Universidade de São Paulo, Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Educação da Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná. Contato: arikele@hotmail.com.
2
Doutor em Educação pela Columbia University, Professor da Sacredheart Univesity, Fairfield, Connecticut,
Estados Unidos. Contato: lorenzk@sacredheart.edu
58 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009

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3
Havia entusiastas da educação que acreditavam que a escolarização era o “problema vital” do país. Miguel
Couto (1927, p.19),por exemplo, depois de apontar que o povo brasileiro era “um dos mais ignorantes na face da
terra”, afirmava que resolvido o problema da educação do povo, acabaria a “ignorância popular”, considerada uma
das responsáveis pela pobreza de grande parte dos brasileiros ; Manoel Bonfim questionava e se opunha à teoria da
superioridade racial : Que vem a ser esta teoria?Como nasceu? A resposta a estas questões dirá que tal teoria não passa
de um sofisma do egoísmo humano, hipocritamente mascarado de ciência barata, e covardemente aplicada à exploração
dos fracos pelos fortes. ( ALVES,1979,p.33-38).
 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009 59

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4
Desde a segunda metade do século XIX, o Brasil era caracterizado pejorativamente como uma nação
mestiça e tido como exemplo dos males resultantes da “mistura racial”. Naturalistas europeus, em seus relatos
traçavam uma imagem sombria da “raça” brasileira em virtude da mestiçagem. Gobineau, que viveu quinze meses no
Brasil, como diplomata , ao referir-se à população brasileira assim a descrevia:”Trata-se de uma população totalmente
mulata, viciada no sangue e no espírito e assustadoramente feia”( RAEDER,1988, p.98 apud SCHWARCZ, 1993,p.13);o
pesquisador suíço Louis Agassiz, em 1868, relatava:[.... ]que qualquer um duvide dos males da mistura de raças, e inclua
por mal entendida filantropia, a botar abaixo todas as barreiras que as separam, venha ao Brasil. Não poderá negar a
deterioração decorrente da amalgama das raças mais geral aqui do que em qualquer outro pais do mundo, e que vai
apagando rapidamente as melhores qualidades do branco, do negro e do índio deixando um tipo indefinido, hibrido,
deficiente em energia física e mental”( AGASSIZ, 1868, p.71 apud SCHWARCZ, 1993,p.13).
60 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009

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5
Joaquim Maria de Lacerda, no inicio da década de 1880, em sua obra Curso Methodico de Geographia
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racial. “ A Raça caucasea é de todas a mais intelligente, activa civilizada e poderosa. [..]A raça mongólica [...] ou raça
amarella, que conta com povos de uma civilização muito antiga, como os chinezes, mas tem permanecido estacionários,
é incontestavelmente inferior à raça branca. A raça negra,muito menos civilizada e intelligente do que as duas
primeiras. ( LACERDA, 1929,p.33).
 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009 61

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7
Fernando de Azevedo, mineiro de Sapucaí, nascido em 1894, formou-se em Direito em São Paulo. Educador
reconhecido, foi um dos expoentes do movimento da Escola Nova no Brasil. Enquanto Diretor da Instrução Pública
do Distrito Federal de 1926 a 1930 e Diretor Geral da Instrução Publica do Estado de São Paulo em 1933, realizou
reformas radicais. Mentor e redator do Manifesto dos Pioneiros da Escola Nova, de 1932, escreveu várias obras de
vulto, entre elas A Cultura Brasileira (1942). É também reconhecido como o grande incentivador da introdução da
Educação Física no currículo escolar brasileiro.
8
Já em 1915, Fernando de Azevedo concorreu a uma cadeira de Educação Física no Ginásio do Estado de Minas
Gerais, com uma tese sob o titulo: Poesia do Corpo. Devido ao reconhecimento do trabalho pela Comissão Julgadora
e pela imprensa, foi feita uma 2ª edição revista e ampliada que foi publicada em 1920, com o titulo- Da Educação
Physica: o que Ella é- o que tem sido- o que deve ser. Também em 1920, publicou a obra: Antinoüs- Estudo da
CulturaAthletica, na qual incluía a Conferência pronunciada na Sociedade eugênica de São Paulo em 1919 intitulada:
O Segredo de Marathona: Apologia da Cultura Athletica.( AZEVEDO, 1920 b, p.8)
 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009 63

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Os intelectuais da campanha de saneamento, em geral médicos, adotavam uma tendência critica em relação
ao determinismo racial; trouxeram à tona outros elementos para o debate da formação da nacionalidade brasileira- a
doença do povo, principalmente do sertanejo. O reavivamento do conhecimento médico-higienista e os novos
conhecimentos dos médicos sanitaristas traziam ao debate novas questões. O brasileiro era indolente, preguiçoso e
improdutivo porque era doente e abandonado pelo governo. Agora a doença e não a “raça” passava a ser o principal
problema do país.
11
Grifos nossos.
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Deve-se destacar que o livro: Da Educação Física recebe uma terceira edição na década de 1960, que contém
em anexo, a Conferência proferida na Sociedade de Eugenia de São Paulo em 1919. Nesta edição refundida e ampliada,
os conceitos sobre a “raça” foram atenuados. Observa-se que o ultimo capitulo que na edição de 1920, tinha por titulo:
Regeneração étnico racial foi substituído por Organização Nacional e Educação Física, no qual utiliza uma linguagem
mais amena ao tratar das questões de eugenia e de “regeneração da raça”.No Prefácio da obra, sob o titulo:- Um
problema e duas épocas: confronto de idéias e situações, Azevedo faz um balanço comparativo de suas idéias em 1920
e em 1960 e conclui: “estou inclinado a pensar que, a esse respeito, há mais semelhanças do que diferenças”.
 Cadernos de História da Educação ² v. 8, n. 1 ² jan./jun. 2009 69

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