Maxwell’s Equations

and
the Principles of
Electrom agnetic
Phenomena
 CONSELHO EDITORIAL
Alexandre Gustavo Melo Franco Bahia
André Luís Vieira Elói
Bruno de Almeida Oliveira
Bruno Camilloto Arantes
Bruno Valverde Chahaira
Cintia Borges Ferreira Leal
Flavia Siqueira Cambraia
Frederico Menezes Breyner
Jean George Farias do Nascimento
José Carlos Trinca Zanetti
José Luiz Quadros de Magalhães
Leonardo Avelar Guimarães
Ligia Barroso Fabri
Luiz Carlos de Souza Auricchio
Marcelo Campos Galuppo
Marcos Vinício Chein Feres
Maria Walkiria de Faro C. G. Cabral
Marilene Gomes Durães
Rafael Alem Mello Ferreira
Rafael Vieira Figueredo Sapucaia
Rayane Araújo
Régis Willyan da Silva Andrade
Renata Furtado de Barros
Robson Araújo
Rogério Nery
Vitor Amaral Medrado
 Copyright  2020 by Editora Dialética Ltda.
Copyright  2020 by J. Felipe de Almeida.

Todos os direitos reservados. Nenhuma parte desta edição pode ser utilizada ou
reproduzida – em qualquer meio ou forma, seja mecânico ou eletrônico,
fotocópia, gravação etc. – nem apropriada ou estocada em sistema de
banco de dados, sem a expressão autorização da editora.

Capa: Marcel da Silva

Diagramação: Pedro Lire

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

Tuxped Serviços Editoriais
Bibliotecário Pedro Anizio Gomes CRB-8/8846

A447m Maxwell’s Equations and the Principles of Electromagnetic

Phenomena / J. Felipe de Almeida. – 1. ed. – Belo Horizonte:
Editora Dialética, 2020.
189 p.; il.; gráfs.; 14x21 cm.

Inclui bibliografia.
ISBN 978-65-81790-07-3

1. Eletromagnetismo. 2. Equações de Maxwell. 3.Filosofia da

Matemática. 4. Matemática. I. Almeida, J. Felipe de. II. Título.

CDD 510:530.14
CDU 501:537

/editoradialetica
@editoradialetica
www.editoradialetica.com
CONTENTS

Chapter 1 – Introduction..........................................................09

1.1 Wave Characterization

1.1.1 Movement Classification
1.1.2 Nature of Vibratory Movement
1.1.3 Wave Types (or Formats)
1.1.4 Elements of a Periodic Wave
1.1.5 Undulatory Phenomena
1.2 One-dimensional Progressive Waves (mathematical
analysis)
1.3 Harmonic Waves
1.4 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
1.5 Stationary Waves (1st part)
1.6 Mathematical Representations of Sound Waves
1.7 Stationary Waves (2nd part)
1.8 Odd Modes
1.9 Wave equation
1.10 Harmonic Representation by Complex Numbers

Chapter 2 – Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic

Induction................................................................37

2.1 Electricity
2.1.1 Magnitudes of Electricity
2.1.2 Ohm’s law
 12.1.3 Kirchhoff ’s Law
2.1.4 Voltage & Current Sources
2.1.5 Resistance and Resistors Association
2.1.6 Capacitance and Capacitor Associations
2.2 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
2.2 1 Magnetic Field: Ampère Rule
2.2 2 Faraday-Lenz Law
2.2 3 Inductance and Inductors Association
2.2.4 Equation of a Simple RLC Circuit
2.2 5 Impedance
2.2 6 Reactance
2.2.7 Stationary Current Analysis: Resonance

Chapter 3 – Maxwell’sTheory……….....………...….....….......65
3.1 The Vector
3.2 Coulomb Electric Force and the Electric Field
3.3 Surface Vector and Gauss’s Law
3.4 Divergence and the Divergence Theorem
3.5 The Gradient
3.6 The Laplacian
3.7 Rotation of a Vector and the Magnetic Field
3.8 Rotational of the Divergent and the Ampère-Maxwell Law
3.9 Faraday-Lenz Law
3.10 Maxwell’s Equations in Free Space

Chapter 4 – Maxwell’s Equations in Frequency-Domain......137

4.1 Development of Maxwell’s equations in Frequency-Domain
4.2 The Sensitivity Function

Chapter 5 – Maxwell’s Equations in Time-Domain…….........153

5.1 Yee’s Algorithm

5.1.1 Analytical Formulation
5.1.2 Centered Differences
5.1.3 Leapfrog
5.2 Numerical solution
5.2.1 Numerical Stability
5.2.2 Numerical Dispersion
5.2.3 Gaussian Pulse
5.2.4 Additional FDTD Method Considerations

Chapter 6 – Boundary Conditions on the Electric and

Magnetic Field...............................................167

6.1 Computational Domain

6.2 Material Medium with Uniaxial Anisotropy
6.3 Uniaxial PML (UPML)
6.3.1 Isotropic Homogeneous Region
6.3.2 Uniaxial Anisotropic Homogeneous Region
6.3.3 Reflection and Total Transmission Condition
6.3.4 Constitutive Parameters of an UPML Dissipative
Medium
6.3.5 Numerical Solution for an UPML

References..................................................................................184
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The main topic of this book is Maxwell’s equations. Supported

by this formalism, these texts were elaborated with the purpose of
serving as a didactic instrument to the study of the electric and magnetic
interactions. Furthermore, it starts from a verification that considers the
difficulties and curiosities of a student on this subject. Although what is
being presented has been thought of in this way, we are perfectly aware
of a difficult task to be accomplished. However, the great ally to reach
the end of this first task were the students of the Engineering courses
themselves, during the Electromagnetism classes, taught in the last
years. This can only be achieved from your questions and suggestions.
The aim of this text is to provide self-learning aids on
electromagnetic theory. Nor is it intended to present a self-sufficient
treaty on this subject. Therefore, a prior knowledge of the notions of
differential and integral calculus should be accompanied in parallel to
the systematic development of beginning students. Thus, this material is
aimed for both students starting an undergraduate degree in Engineering
or Physics as well as those who are in more advanced studies on
electromagnetic theory. It is hoped in this work that, from this first
version, the present discussions can be both comprehensive and capable
of undergoing several modifications, within what is being suggested.
The division of Chapters was made in such a way that allows a
view of the scientific initiation in computational electrodynamics. This
book commences in Chapter1 with a review of the introductory concepts
of vibratory motion and its harmonic version. Chapter 2 deals with
electricity, magnetism and electromagnetic induction applied to the
elements of electrical circuits, i.e. an introduction to circuit theory and
the definition of its conceptual laws. Chapter 3 is the main focus of this
explanation, for in which Maxwell's electromagnetic theory is presented,
although Weber's electromagnetic theory is also mentioned and to this it
is therefore worth making a brief comment about this part. The way this
theory is being shown has a different modesty methodology. For this
purpose, the work presents a rich theoretical documentation through a

9
 J. Felipe de Almeida

historical revision of each conceptual discovery. It is considered that this

treatment given to the subject is fundamental for the establishment of
quite complicated concepts, especially for those who intend to start with
this study.
In the remaining chapters, Maxwell's equations are solved in
frequency-domain and in time-domain. Thus, in Chapter 4 it was
reserved to obtain the solutions of these equations in the frequency
domain using the concept of the Sensitivity function, which leads to an
application in electromagnetic tomography. The finite difference time
domain method - FDTD method - is presented in Chapter 5. This method
is one of the most accurate ways of computationally solving Maxwell's
equations, with wide application in engineering and physics problems. It
is also noted that the great advantage of using numerical techniques is
that they solve electromagnetic problems which are beyond the reach of
analytical solutions. Finally, Chapter 6 shows an advanced
electromagnetism problem, which deals with uniaxial anisotropy. In this
chapter, the perfectly matched anisotropic layer technique, known as the
Uniaxial Perfect Matched Layer (UPML), is shown as an application of
Maxwell's equations in the representation of a virtual anechoic chamber.

1.1 Wave Characterization

In general, the dynamics of observable interactions in the Nature

manifest in the form of waves. In an introductory study on this subject
[1-6], the description of this movement is easily understood when made
for situations involving waves in material media. In fact, it is less
complicated to understand situations related to other forms of
manifestations that are also undulatory, but full of abstractions - such as
electromagnetic interactions. Therefore, this chapter deals with the basic
concepts that relate to wave motion.

1.1.1 Movement Classification

• UNIDIMENSIONAL: vibration along a single dimension.

• BIDIMENSIONAL: vibration along a surface.
• THREE-DIMENSIONAL: vibration in free space, in three
dimensions.

10
https://url.gratis/QZBIx