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TRADUÇÃO, ADAPTAÇÃO
TRANSCULTURAL E PROPRIEDADES
CLINIMÉTRICAS DO INSTRUMENTO QUICK
EXPOSURE CHECK (QEC) VERSÃO BRASIL
São Paulo
2011
TRADUÇÃO, ADAPTAÇÃO
TRANSCULTURAL E PROPRIEDADES
CLINIMÉTRICAS DO INSTRUMENTO QUICK
EXPOSURE CHECK (QEC) VERSÃO BRASIL
Dissertação de mestrado
apresentada ao Programa de
Mestrado em Fisioterapia da
Universidade da Cidade de São
Paulo, como requisito para
obtenção do título de Mestre, sob a
supervisão da professora Dra.
Rosimeire Padula.
São Paulo
2011
Resultado: ____________________________
BANCA EXAMINADORA:
AGRADECIMENTOS
Primeiramente, agradeço a Deus por estar presente em minha vida durante esta
caminhada. Sem Ele esta conquista não seria possível;
E todos aqueles que permitiram que este trabalho pudesse ser concluído.
RESUMO
Contextualização: O expressivo número de trabalhadores acometidos pelos distúrbios
osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (DORT) tem estimulado a realização de
estudos que avaliem a exposição dos trabalhadores aos fatores de risco ocupacionais.
Esta exposição (intensidade, frequência e duração) pode ser avaliada por métodos
diretos, observacionais e questionários, sendo estes últimos os mais utilizados na prática
ocupacional. Contudo, a maior parte dos instrumentos destes instrumentos foi
originalmente desenvolvida na língua inglesa, e países que possuem sua própria língua
nativa, como é o caso do Brasil, acabam tendo dificuldade em utilizá-los. Este estudo se
propôs à traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e testar as propriedades clinimétricas do
instrumento Quick Exposure Check (QEC) para o português-brasileiro. Em seguida, a
eficácia deste instrumento, enquanto método observacional foi comparada com a
eficácia de questionários que também avaliam o risco ergonômico. Métodos: O QEC
foi traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para o Português Brasileiro e, junto com a versão
brasileira do Questionário de Fatores de Job e Questionário Nórdico, foi testado com
107 trabalhadores em dois setores de produção de uma fábrica têxtil por cinco
avaliadores com experiência em análise ergonômica. As propriedades clinimétricas,
testadas em um projeto de teste e re-teste, foram: consistência interna, reprodutibilidade
intra e inter avaliadores (confiabilidade e concordância), validade de construto e efeitos
de teto e piso. Os níveis de exposição aos fatores de risco e comportamento dos
sintomas osteomusculares foram analisados por estatística descritiva. O teste de
Wilcoxon foi utilizado para avaliar a existência de diferença significativa do risco
ergonômico entre setores. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para avaliar a
existência de diferença significativa entre setores para as pontuações das 4 regiões
corporais. O teste Qui-Quadrado foi adotado para verificar a existência de associação
entre as queixas osteomusculares e os níveis de exposição. Resultados: A versão
brasileira do Português QEC apresentou níveis adequados de consistência interna (α
Cronbach = 0,76). Confiabilidade intra-examinador moderada foi observada com
coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (ICC variando 0,41-0,60); confiabilidade inter
observador de moderada a substancial (ICC variando entre 0,62 e 0,86), o erro padrão
da medida (EPM) variou de 8,3 a 11,2 pontos. Níveis moderados de validade de
construto foram observados (r de Pearson = 0,38). Nenhum efeito piso-teto foi
vi
ABSTRACT
version of the QEC has appropriate clinimetric properties for measuring different levels
of exposure to risk factors and can be used by researchers and professionals in
Occupational Health. The observational methods and questionnaires classify the
severity of ergonomic risk, however, specific conditions of risk are scored differently
for one or the other. Thus, when selecting the most appropriate to their needs, the
professional should define the purpose of evaluation and its results will be used for
strategies to reduce ergonomic risk
SUMÁRIO
RESUMO .........................................................................................................................v
SUMÁRIO...................................................................................................................... ix
PREFÁCIO ...................................................................................................................10
CAPÍTULO 1 ................................................................................................................11
1. CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO ..........................................................................................11
1.1 CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O INSTRUMENTO QUICK EXPOSURE CHECK
(QEC) ..............................................................................................................................13
1.2 JUSTIFICATIVA ......................................................................................................14
1.3 OBJETIVOS..............................................................................................................14
1.4 MÉTODOS ...............................................................................................................15
1.4.1 Desenho do Estudo ...............................................................................................15
1.4.2 Procedimentos de Tradução e Adaptação Transcultural ................................15
1.4.3 Avaliação das Propriedades Clinimétricas ......................................................16
1.4.4 Instrumentos de Coleta de Dados .......................................................................18
1.4.5 Coleta dos Dados...................................................................................................20
1.4.6 Análise dos Dados .................................................................................................20
1.4.7 Aspectos Éticos......................................................................................................21
CAPÍTULO 2 ................................................................................................................22
CAPÍTULO 3 ................................................................................................................26
CAPÍTULO 4 ................................................................................................................45
CAPÍTULO 5 ................................................................................................................64
REFERÊNCIAS ...........................................................................................................65
ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................69
10
PREFÁCIO
11
CAPÍTULO 1
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO
12
tecidual3, 6, 7
. A combinação de fatores individuais e biomecânicos determina a
incidência das lesões e sua gravidade.
Os fatores de risco organizacionais estão relacionados aos métodos de
estruturação, supervisão e remuneração do trabalho, enquanto os fatores psicossociais
consideram os aspectos subjetivos da organização de trabalho e o modo como são
percebidos por cada trabalhador. Excesso de jornada de trabalho; ausência de intervalos
e pausas; altas demandas psicológicas; remuneração por produtividade; metas de
produção; e trabalho em turnos, estão entre os fatores de risco organizacionais e
psicossociais mais comumente citados3, 6, 7.
É importante destacar que, conceitualmente, o risco é definido como a
probabilidade de um evento vir a acontecer, de modo que, quando um trabalhador é
exposto à presença de fatores de risco ocupacionais, maiores são suas chances em
desenvolver o evento9. Este risco aumenta quando há mais de um fator de risco e/ou
quando este se apresenta com grande magnitude e duração prolongada5.
Deste modo, avaliar a exposição aos fatores de risco ocupacionais é fundamental
para o desenvolvimento de estratégias e intervenções preventivas que reduzam o risco
para a saúde dos trabalhadores. A freqüência, intensidade e duração desta exposição
podem ser mensuradas por métodos diretos, observacionais e questionários10-12.
Os métodos diretos utilizam instrumentos mais complexos e especializados, tais
como, videocinematografia, dinamometria, eletrogoniometria e eletromiografia. A
hipótese é de que estes métodos avaliem o risco com maior precisão. No entanto, eles
apresentam consideráveis limitações, pois interferem na execução do trabalho e
demandam elevado custo de aplicação11, 13.
Por motivos opostos, ou seja, mínima interferência sobre as condições de
trabalho e baixo custo de aplicação, os métodos observacionais e os questionários são
apontados como os de maior vantagem para a prática ocupacional. Além disso, os
métodos observacionais permitem a avaliação de um considerável número de
trabalhadores e de diferentes atividades ocupacionais12, enquanto os questionários
conseguem captar a percepção dos trabalhadores frente aos fatores de risco aos quais
estão expostos13, 14.
Nos últimos anos, muitos métodos observacionais foram construídos11. Uma
recente revisão sistemática identificou 30 instrumentos que avaliam posturas
inadequadas, movimentos repetitivos e manuseio de materiais12. Os resultados
mostraram que a confiabilidade é melhor quando o instrumento avalia as posturas
13
14
1.2 JUSTIFICATIVA
A elevada ocorrência de DORT em trabalhadores brasileiros tem motivado o
desenvolvimento de estratégias para redução dos fatores de risco e melhorias das
condições de trabalho. Para tanto, é de fundamental identificar quais situações
necessitam de intervenção ergonômica. Assim, este estudo pretende, com a adaptação
transcultural de um instrumento que avalia fatores de risco ocupacionais e o teste de
suas propriedades clinimétricas, auxiliar profissionais e pesquisadores na análise
ergonômica do trabalho, e também contribuir para que os resultados obtidos possam ser
comparados entre diferentes países e culturas.
1.3 OBJETIVOS
O presente estudo se propôs à:
- Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o instrumento Quick Exposure Check
22
(QEC) para o português-Brasileiro;
- Avaliar as propriedades clinimétricas da versão adaptada culturalmente para o
português- brasileiro;
- Avaliar a eficácia de dois instrumentos, adaptados culturalmente para p
português-brasileiro, que mensuram níveis de exposição ao risco ergonômico.
15
1.4 MÉTODOS
1.4.2 Procedimento de Tradução e Adaptação Transcultural
O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural cumpriu as etapas de tradução,
síntese, retro-tradução, revisão do comitê de experts e pré-teste16, 23.
- Tradução do questionário para o português-brasileiro: O questionário e
as instruções foram traduzidos para o português-brasileiro por dois tradutores bilíngües,
cuja língua materna é o português-brasileiro. Um dos tradutores (T1) tem experiência na
área de saúde e estava familiarizado com os conceitos a serem examinados pelo
instrumento. O outro tradutor (T2) não tem experiência na área da saúde e não possui
conhecimento sobre o instrumento. Os dois tradutores produziram traduções
independentes (T1 e T2).
- Síntese das Traduções (T1+ T2): As versões traduzidas independentemente
foram comparadas e analisadas. Uma abordagem consensual foi adotada para resolver
quaisquer diferenças de interpretação e tradução. Esse processo resultou em uma única
versão traduzida (T12).
16
- Retro-tradução para a língua inglesa: A versão do QEC em português-
brasileiro, obtida na etapa anterior, foi retro-traduzida para o inglês por outros dois
tradutores independentes, bilíngües e com fluência em ambas as línguas. Os tradutores
não estavam familiarizados com os conceitos explorados no questionário e não tinha
conhecimento da versão original em Inglês do questionário.
- Síntese das retro-traduções (BT1 + BT2): Esta etapa resultou em uma
versão sintetizada do questionário retro-traduzido para o inglês (BT12). Esta versão foi
avaliada e comparada com a versão original, a fim de identificar possíveis discrepâncias
- Comitê de Experts: Todas as versões obtidas pelos processos de tradução
e retro-tradução foram avaliadas por um comitê de experts. Esta comissão foi composta
por seis profissionais bilíngües, especializados na área de conhecimento relacionada ao
questionário e/ou à metodologia adotada, e incluiu: duas fisioterapeutas com
experiência em saúde ocupacional, dois fisioterapeutas especializados em adaptação
transcultural e dois tradutores. Nesta etapa, as traduções foram comparadas e as
propriedades semântica, estrutural, idiomática da versão português-brasileira foram
analisadas. Poucas mudanças foram feitas na versão final a ser verificada pelo pré-teste.
Os formulários de avaliação e pontuação utilizados para o pré-teste estão apresentados
nos anexos C e D.
- Pré-teste: A versão final do questionário foi pré-testada por dois
avaliadores em 41 trabalhadores dos setores de malharia e expedição, não envolvidos na
coleta de dados do presente estudo. Cada participante completou o questionário
adaptado e foi individualmente entrevistado sobre o entendimento das questões e das
possíveis respostas.
1.4.3 Avaliação das Propriedades Clinimétricas
Esta etapa destinou-se a verificação das propriedades clinimétricas do
instrumento Quick Exposure Check (QEC) versão Brasil. Para isso, foram selecionados,
por conveniência, 107 trabalhadores dos setores de confecção e acabamento de uma
indústria têxtil. A seleção destes setores deveu-se às suas características de produção e
às diferentes solicitações biomecânicas, tornando possível a avaliação de diferentes
17
tipos de riscos ergonômicos. Apenas os fatores de direção e vibração não puderam ser
mensurados, uma vez que, embora sejam considerados pelo instrumento, não fazem
parte da realidade destes setores.
Todos os trabalhadores participantes possuem mais de 18 anos e, no mínimo, 2º
grau completo, facilitando a capacidade de leitura e entendimento do questionário
testado. Foi considerado como critério de inclusão: tempo mínimo de trabalho na
indústria superior a 6 meses.
O teste das propriedades clinimétricas estão de acordo com os critérios de
qualidade propostos por Terwee et al.24 e considerou as seguintes propriedades
clinimétricas:
Consistência Interna
A consistência interna avalia a homogeneidade dos itens do questionário através
do índice Alfa de Cronbach. O valor ideal deverá estar no intervalo de 0,70 a 0.95.
Valores acima de 0.95 expressam redundância dos itens, enquanto valores abaixo de
0,70 mostram que os itens que compõe o questionário possuem baixa correlação entre
si24.
Reprodutibilidade
Reprodutibilidade é a propriedade que verifica a similaridade de resultados
através de medidas repetidas em uma amostra clinicamente estável17. Neste estudo, a
reprodutibilidade do Quick Exposure Check versão Brasil foi avaliada por meio da
estabilidade temporal em um delineamento de teste e re-teste. O questionário foi
aplicado para um mesmo grupo de trabalhadores em um intervalo temporal de 7 dias,
sob condições de trabalho similares. Este intervalo está de acordo ao recomendado pelas
diretrizes17.
O termo reprodutibilidade é um termo guarda-chuva para duas propriedades
denominadas confiabilidade (erro relativo da medida) e concordância (erro absoluto da
medida). Para análise da confiabilidade intra e inter-avaliador foi utilizado o Coeficiente
de Correlação Intraclasse tipo 2,1 (CCI2,1), tendo as seguintes interpretações de
reprodutibilidade: < 0,40 pobre; 0,40 a 0,75 moderada; 0,75 a 0,90 forte; > 0,90
excelente25. A concordância foi calculada pelo erro padrão da medida (EPM), que é
expresso pelo desvio padrão das diferenças do teste e do re-teste dividido pela raiz
quadrada de 224.
18
Validade do Construto
A validade do construto verifica se o instrumento avalia o construto para o qual
foi desenvolvido, através da correlação do instrumento testado com um outro
instrumento que avalie o mesmo construto16. Neste último caso, valores < 0,70 devem
em ser aceitos13. No presente estudo, a validade foi testada pela comparação entre os
resultados encontrados a partir da aplicação inicial do QEC versão Brasil e do Job
Factors Questionnaire15.
A validade também foi verificada comparando-se os resultados obtidos com
QEC versão Brasil e o Questionário Nórdico26, usando r de Pearson. A partir desta
comparação, esperou-se identificar uma relação entre a freqüência de indivíduos com
sintomas osteomusculares e a exposição aos fatores de risco ocupacionais. Estudos
anteriores também utilizaram este questionário com ferramenta para avaliar a validade15,
26, 27
.
Efeitos de Teto e Piso
Os efeitos de teto e piso foram medidos por meio do cálculo percentual dos
trabalhadores que indicaram a pontuação mínima ou máxima do questionário. Este fator
é considerado presente nas situações em que mais de 15% dos inquiridos atingem o
mais baixo ou mais alto possível da pontuação total24.
Para coleta de dados os trabalhadores preencheram os seguintes questionários:
a) Dados Gerais e Ocupacionais – Este questionário foi adaptado pela
autora do estudo com o objetivo de coletar os dados sócio-demográficos da população,
tais como: idade, gênero, função, setor de produção, atividade realizada, tempo de
trabalho na empresa e na atividade atual (Anexo E).
b) Quick Exposure Check (QEC) – Possui doze tópicos com um total de
dezesseis questões, distribuídas em duas seções. A primeira considera a avaliação feita
pelo observador ao analisar as posturas adotadas e a frequência dos movimentos
realizados pela coluna cervical (pescoço), coluna lombar, ombros e braços, punhos e
mãos. A segunda seção é respondida pelo próprio trabalhador e considera sua opinião
sobre a quantidade de peso manuseado, tempo de realização da tarefa; força exercida
19
20
A coleta de dados ocorreu no setor de trabalho dos participantes e foi realizada
por cinco avaliadores com formação em fisioterapia e experiência na área de Saúde e
Segurança do Trabalhado (SST). Todos foram instruídos sobre os procedimentos de
aplicação dos instrumentos.
Os trabalhadores selecionados foram contatados pela autora do estudo para
convite de participação e esclarecimentos sobre os objetivos e procedimentos da
pesquisa. Aqueles que aceitaram participar do estudo foram instruídos verbalmente
quanto ao preenchimento dos instrumentos.
Para responder a primeira seção do Quick Exposure Check versão Brasil, os
cinco avaliadores observaram, simultaneamente, as postura e frequência dos
movimentos realizados pelos trabalhadores durante a execução da atividade
ocupacional. Logo em seguida, a segunda seção do instrumento foi respondida pelo
trabalhador a um único avaliador. As observações foram registradas em fichas
individuais para cada avaliador/trabalhador e o intervalo para re-aplicação deste
instrumento foi de 7 dias.
1.4.6 Análise dos Dados
Os dados do questionário sobre caracterização dos trabalhadores e os resultados
dos instrumentos aplicados na coleta foram analisados por estatística descritiva
(freqüências, médias, desvio-padrão). Os testes estatísticos aplicados para a análise das
propriedades clinimétricas foram descritos anteriormente.
O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para avaliar a existência de diferença
significativa do risco ergonômico entre setores. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado
para avaliar a existência de diferença significativa entre setores para as pontuações das 4
regiões corporais. O teste Qui-Quadrado foi adotado para verificar a existência de
associação entre as queixas osteomusculares e os níveis de exposição.
21
22
Capítulo 2
Abstract: Most instruments used by occupational safety and health professionals have been originally developed in
English. Cross-cultural adaptation enables the use of these instruments in other countries, cultures and languages in
countries like Brazil, where the official language is not English. This methodology ensures that the translation
process includes the cultural and linguistic equivalence between the original instrument and the translated version.
Therefore, this study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the instrument Quick Exposure Check (QEC) into
Brazilian-Portuguese. The process of cross-cultural adaptation followed the steps of translation, synthesis, back-
translation, expert committee review and pretesting. The final questionnaire was pretested by two raters in 40 workers
employed in an expedition of knitting and textile industry. All versions resulting from the translation process (T1, T2)
and back-translation (BT1, BT2) showed good agreement. During the pre-test was not presented any difficulty in
understanding or completing the instrument adapted QEC for Brazilian language.
1. Introduction
1.1 Quick Exposure Check (QEC)
A high occurrence of Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs) in workers in Brazil [2] has motivated the The QEC is an instrument that evaluates
de-velopment of strategies to reduce risk factors and occupational risk factors. It covers twelve topics
improvements in working conditions. It is important from a total of sixteen questions, which are
to develop risk analysis aiming to identify occupa- distributed in two columns. The first column
tional tasks which require ergonomic interventions. contains the observer’s evaluation of the postures
The best analysis would be observational protocols adopted and the frequency of movements performed
and questionnaires [9,4]. by the cervical spine (neck), lumbar spine, shoulders
However, most instruments used by occupational and arms, and wrists and hands. The second column
safety and health professionals have been originally contains the worker’s opinions about the amount of
developed in English. Thus, research in countries weight handled, the time necessary to complete the
like Brazil where the official language is not English task in question, the level of hand force exerted,
is hampered with regards to these instruments and visual demands, vibration, driving of vehicles, work
whenever these instruments were used just literal pacing and stress. The total QEC score combines the
translation was performed[3,6]. The best way would responses of the evaluator and the worker: posture
be by cross-culturally adapting these instruments, versus strength, duration versus strength, and
which will enable their use in other countries, posture versus duration, in addition to other specific
cultures and languages. In addition to being risk factors. The total score ranges from 46 to 269
economical, this procedure facilitates the points and can be classified in four categories of risk
comparison of results from the same questionnaire exposure: low (46-84 points), moderate (106-138
in different cultures[1]. points), high (168-198 points) and very high (187 -
This study, therefore, aimed to translate and 242 points)[4,5].
cross-culturally adapt the Quick Exposure Check
(QEC) instrument into Brazilian Portuguese
23
24
A total of 41 workers participated in the study, The reliability will be calculated using a test-retest
46.3% were female and 53.7% were men. The mean design and the validity will be assessed by
age of the participants was 27,8 years (SD 3,1). All comparing the adapted version of the QEC with the
participants had at least finished high school. Job Factors Question-naire[3].
All workers and evaluators participating in the The adapted version of the QEC for the
pre-test showed no difficulty in understanding the Portuguese spoken in Brazil proved to be easy to
Brazilian-Portuguese version of the QEC. The understand and practical. But it requires training and
evalu-ators reported that the options for response for experience to decision-making in the assessment of
spine and shoulder were not very objective for ergonomic risk.
assessing biomechanical risks.
References
3. Discussion
[1]
Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB.
Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of
Many instruments are available for assessing self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).
worker exposure to ergonomic risk factors[4]. There 2000;25(24):3186-91.
are 30 instruments (observational methods) for the [2]
Brasil. Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social 2009.
assessment of posture, movements and frequency of Available from:
material handling[10]. The instrument selected for http://www.mpas.gov.br/conteudoDinamico.php?id=989.
[3]
Coluci M, Alexandre N, Rosecrance J. Reliability and
this study, the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) is fast, validity of an ergonomics-related Job Factors Questionnaire.
sim-ple to use and applicable to a wide range of International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.
work tasks[5]. The process of translation and cross- 2009;39(6):995-1001.
[4]
cultural adaptation followed the guidelines David GC. Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk
factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Occup
recommended for this type of study following the Med (Lond). 2005;55(3):190-9.
steps of translation, synthesis, back translation, [5]
David G, Woods V, Li G, Buckle P. The development of the
review by a committee of experts and pre- Quick Exposure Check (QEC) for assessing exposure to risk
testing[1,7]. factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Appl
Ergon. 2008 ;39(1):57-69.
[6]
Giusti E, Befi-Lopes D. Tradução e adaptação transcultural
The translation and cultural adaptation process did de instrumentos estrangeiros para o Português Brasileiro
not require major adjustments or modifications in (PB). Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica.
QEC original version. This may be related to the 2008;20(3):207-10.
[7]
Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural
characteristics of the instrument, originally built adaptation of health-related quality of life measures:
with feedback from experienced professionals in literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol.
occupa-tional health[8]. The QEC instrument is easy 1993;46(12):1417-32.
[8]
to under-stand because it has a simple format, with Li G, Buckle P. Evaluating Change in Exposure to Risk for
small texts and easy-to-understand terms. This Musculoskeletal Disorders—A Practical Tool. Sudbury,
Suffolk: HSE Books; 1999.
characteristic eases the use of this tool by [9]
Stock SR, Fernandes R, Delisle A, Vezina N. Reproducibility
professionals with differ-ent scope of knowledge. and validity of workers' self-reports of physical work
The workers and evaluators had no difficulty in demands. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2005;31(6):409-37.
understanding the instrument during the pre-testing [10]
Takala EP, Pehkonen I, Forsman M, Hansson GA,
stage. However, the evaluators had doubts about the Mathiassen SE, Neumann WP, et al. Systematic evaluation of
observational methods assessing biomechanical exposures at
items related to the spine and shoulder work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(1):3-24.
biomechanical assessment. This result demonstrates
that the choice of any instrument is highly
dependent on the real work situation, which varies
widely. In this case, the experience of the technical
evaluator may have influenced the analysis of
occupational risk.The evaluation of the clinimetric
properties of the version adapted cross-culturally for
Brazil is being checked by the authors of this study.
25
Appendix 1
26
Capítulo 3
*Corresponding author:
email: rosipadula@gmail.com
M.L.C COMPER, L. O. P. COSTA and R.S PADULA designed the study as well as
analysed the data and have written the manuscript, M.L.C COMPER was responsible
for the data collection. The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest
27
Abstract
countries where English is not the primary language, as is the case of Brazil. This study
describes the clinimetric properties of the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) instrument in
adapted into Brazilian-Portuguese and tested with 107 workers in two production
ranging from 0.41 to 0.60); moderate to substantial inter rater reliability (ICC ranging
between 0.62 and 0.86) and moderate levels of construct validity (Pearson’s r=0.38).
The Brazilian version of the QEC has appropriate clinimetric properties for measuring
different levels of exposure to risk factors and can be used by researchers and
reprodutibility, validity
28
1. Introduction
factors. This exposure can be measured by direct methods, observational methods and
questionnaires (David, 2005; Li and Buckle, 1999a; Takala et al., 2010). Direct methods
evaluate risk with a higher precision (David, 2005). However, they involve important
limitations such as interference in work activities and high costs (Stock et al., 2005).
The minimal interference in work conditions and low costs, on the other hand, of
observational methods and questionnaires has led to their recommendation as the most
activities (Takala et al., 2010), whereas questionnaires can show the perception of
workers regarding the risk factors to which they are exposed (Barriera-Viruet et al.,
In recent years, many observational methods have been developed (David, 2005;
Li and Buckle, 1999a). A recent systematic review identified 30 valid and reliable
and material handling (Takala et al., 2010). Among these, the Quick Exposure Check
(QEC) stands out. The QEC is an instrument that allows the evaluation of occupational
demands and work conditions (David et al., 2008). The uniqueness of this instrument is
29
the scoring system, since the calculation is based on the interaction between the
Even though there is a variety instruments available for use by health and
which means that related research is hampered in countries where English is not the
primary language. When such instruments are used in non-English speaking countries, it
is most often in the form of a literal translation produced without appropriate methods
and test the clinimetric properties of the adapted version in the target country. A proper
testing of clinimetric properties will ensure that the adapted questionnaire can be used
with the same confidence as the original questionnaire. In addition to being economical,
this procedure facilitates comparisons between the results of the same questionnaire in
different cultures (Giusti and Befi-Lopes, 2008; Guillemin et al., 1993; Maher et al.,
2007). This study, therefore, aimed to test the clinimetric properties of the Quick
2. Methods
This study was carried out in two steps. The initial phase dealt with translation
and cross-cultural adaptation and the subsequent step tested the clinimetric properties of
the Brazilian Version of the QEC. Detailed description of the process of translation and
30
twelve topics from a total of sixteen questions, which are distributed in two columns.
The first column contains the observer’s evaluation of the postures adopted and the
shoulders and arms, and wrists and hands. The second column contains the worker’s
opinions about the amount of weight handled, the time necessary to complete the task in
question, the level of hand force exerted, visual demands, vibration, driving of vehicles,
work pacing and stress. The total QEC score combines the responses of the evaluator
and the worker: posture versus strength, duration versus strength, and posture versus
duration, in addition to other specific risk factors. The total score ranges from 46 to 269
points and can be classified in four categories of risk exposure: low (46-84 points),
moderate (106-138 points), high (168-198 points) and very high (187 - 242 points)
methodological guidelines recommended for this type of study (Beaton et al., 2000;
Maher et al., 2007) and involved translation, synthesis, back translation, review by a
workers (not included the main study sample) from the knitting and shipping sectors of
the same place where the main study was conducted. The participants completed the
31
The purpose of this step was to test the clinimetric properties of the Brazilian
version of the QEC. A convenience sample of 107 workers from the sewing and
finishing sectors of a textile manufacturing plant was recruited. The selection of the
tasks included in this study was based on different biomechanical demands such as
or great amount of force, and a standing or sitting postures. The workers from these
sectors were over 18 years of age and had at least finished high school, which facilitated
the reading and comprehension of the questionnaire. The inclusion criterion for the
The workers completed the Brazilian version of the Quick Exposure Check and
the Job Factors Questionnaire instruments (Coluci et al., 2009). In order to quantify
risks from the biomechanical postures and movements required in the respective work
tasks, five physiotherapists with previous experience in occupational health and safety
(OHS) were trained as evaluators. Data collection occurred in the work sectors,
beginning with simultaneous observation by the five evaluators. The results were
answered the questions regarding their opinions of the risk factors in the presence of a
All subjects were informed about the objectives and procedures of the study and
were invited to participate by signing an informed consent form that had been approved
The statistical program SPSS (version 17.0) was used for all analyses.
32
calculating the Cronbach's alpha (α). The ideal α should range between 0.70 and 0.95.
Values above 0.95 express redundancy of items, whereas values below 0.70 indicate
that the items have low a correlation among themselves (Terwee et al., 2007).
2.4.2 Reproducibility
clinically stable samples. The term reproducibility is an umbrella term for two
measurement error). For analysis of the intra and inter rater reliability, the Intraclass
Correlation Coefficient (ICC) type 2,1 was used with the following interpretations of
reproducibility: <0.40 poor, 0.40 to 0.75 moderate, 0.75 to 0.90 strong; > 0.90 excellent
(Streiner and Norman, 1995). Agreement expresses the variability of the scores in
repeated measures and is calculated by the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM). The
SEM is expressed by the standard deviation of the differences of the test and retest
This property analyzes whether the instrument can measure the construct for
which it was developed (Maher et al., 2007). In this study, validity was tested by
comparing the results of the initial application of the Brazilian version of the QCE and
the Job Factors Questionnaire (Coluci et al., 2009) using the Pearson’s correlation
coefficient (r). Considering the scoring characteristics of the instruments, values < 0.70
were expected (Terwee et al., 2007). The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
33
workers with a minimum or maximum score on the adapted questionnaire. These effects
are present when more than 15% of the evaluated subjects have the lowest or highest
3. Results
In general, all versions resulting from the translation (T1, T2) and back-
translation (BT1, BT2) steps showed good agreement, requiring only simple
A total of 107 workers participated in the study. During the application of the re-
test, nine were absent from work for a variety of reasons including vacation, medical
leave or firing. Thus, a total of 99 workers were included for the reproducibility tests.
assessed group included mostly women, whose mean age was 27.6 (SD = 7.5 years) and
The internal consistency of the Brazilian version of the QEC was appropriate,
with a Cronbach’s α of 0.76. Reliability analysis considered the answers of the observer,
the worker, and the questionnaire scores. Since there was no statistically significant
difference between the scores, the results of this study refer to a combination of the
34
coefficients varying from 0.41 to 0.60 for the total questionnaire score. This result was
similar for most items scored by body region (spine, shoulders/arms, wrists/hands,
Insert Table 2 here
The intra-examiner reliability was higher than previously presented values. The
ICCs ranged from 0.62 to 0.86, reaching moderate to substantial reliability (Table 3). In
addition, the results for agreement were also high with SEMs ranging from 8.3 to 11.2
points.
version of the QEC and the Job Questionnaire (r =0.38). No floor-ceiling effects were
4. Discussion
The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of this instrument did not
require major adjustments or modifications to its original version. This is due to the fact
that the QEC is simple and quick to use, that it is applicable to a wide range of work
tasks, and that its original development was based on the opinions of occupational
health professionals about the available instruments and their preferences regarding the
format and approach of a tool for analyzing occupational risk factors (Li and Buckle,
1999b).
In some aspects the QEC is different from other tools used to assess
occupational risk. It allows both evaluations of different risk factors such as posture,
35
visual and psychosocial demands of the task, as well as considers both observer’s
technical evaluation and worker's opinion when calculating the risk score (David et al.,
2008).
The selection of a textile plant as the setting for this study allowed the
measurement of different risk factors. Previous studies have shown that workers in such
setting present a high prevalence of spine and upper limb-pain associated with frequent
organizational (overwork and lack of breaks) and psychosocial risk factors (Kaergaard
consistency. The inter rater reliability results were higher than those obtained by the
intra-rater reliability. This was due to the fact that the variability between answers was
low even though the examiners had different experience levels. The low SEM between
On the other hand, the experience acquired by the examiners during test
between answers over time, influencing the final risk score and intra rater reliability
estimates. Other factors, including the capacity of the workers to judge their work
conditions, the formulation of the questions and the scale of options for answering could
cannot be compared with the original (David et al., 2008) version because the authors
36
only tested the examiner’s reliability for items about the postures and movements
required to perform the work activity (Li and Buckle, 1999b). Nevertheless, the
instrument was developed to consider the opinions of both a technical professional and
The construct validity was confirmed by the moderate correlation between the
Brazilian version of the QEC and the Job Factors Questionnaire (Coluci et al., 2009). In
the absence of a gold standard (Terwee et al., 2007) and considering the valid and
reliable instruments available for use in Portuguese, the Job Factors Questionnaire was
considered the most appropriate, since like the QEC it assesses occupational risk factors
and considers the perception of workers in its scores. Nevertheless, it scores risk in a
different manner (e.g., it does not evaluate biomechanical exposure by body part),
The results of this study indicate that the QEC can contribute in a satisfactory
classification. However, as with other related instruments, weak arguments are used to
select the items used for risk exposure measurement. This may be due to either a
The clinimetric properties observed for the Brazilian version of the QEC,
(Takala et al., 2010). Therefore, we stress the need to perfect existing instruments to
Further studies should also be carried out with the Brazilian version of the QEC to
37
5. Conclusion
applicability, and moderate results for clinimetric properties, which was consistent with
Thus, even though its clinimetric properties were moderate, we conclude that
Variable
Gender
Female 102 (95.3)
Male 5 (4.7)
Age (years) 27.6 (7.5)
Employment Time in the Company (months) 19.5 (24.7)
Time in the Same Function (months) 13.3 (17.7)
Work Sectors
Finishing 55 (51.4)
Production 52 (48.6)
Activity Performed
Silicone Application 4 (3.7)
Finishing 4 (3.7)
Sewing 20 (18.7)
Quality Control 5 (4.7)
Packing 12 (11.2)
Shaping/Pairing 12 (11.2)
Flaming 9 (8.4)
Machine Sewing 6 (5.6)
Marking 4 (3.7)
Turning 10 (9.3)
Reworking 10 (9.3)
Reviewing 7 (6.5)
Separation 4 (3.7)
Continuous data are mean (SD), categorical data are N (%).
Table 2: Intra-examiner Reliability of the Brazilian version of the Quick Exposure Check
41
Table 3: Inter-rater Reliability of the Brazilian version of the Quick Exposure Check
(n=107)
42
References
Barriera-Viruet, H., Sobeih, T.M., Daraiseha, N., Salem, S., 2006. Questionnaires vs
Beaton, D.E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., Ferraz, M.B., 2000. Guidelines for the
3186-3191.
Coluci, M., Alexandre, N., Rosecrance, J., 2009. Reliability and validity of an
David, G., Woods, V., Buckle, P., 2005. Further Development of the Usability and
David, G., Woods, V., Li, G., Buckle, P., 2008. The development of the Quick
Exposure Check (QEC) for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related
David, G.C., 2005. Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-
43
Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., Beaton, D., 1993. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-
related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin
Kaergaard, A., Andersen, J.H., 2000. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and
Li, G., Buckle, P., 1999a. Current techniques for assessing physical exposure to work-
674-695.
Li, G., Buckle, P., 1999b. Evaluating Change in Exposure to Risk for Musculoskeletal
Maher, C.G., Latimer, J., Costa, L.O.P., 2007. The relevance of cross-cultural
Stock, S.R., Fernandes, R., Delisle, A., Vezina, N., 2005. Reproducibility and validity
of workers' self-reports of physical work demands. Scand J Work Environ Health 31,
409-437.
Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., 1995. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to
their development and use, 2 ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
Takala, E.P., Pehkonen, I., Forsman, M., Hansson, G.A., Mathiassen, S.E., Neumann,
W.P., Sjogaard, G., Veiersted, K.B., Westgaard, R.H., Winkel, J., 2010. Systematic
44
Terwee, C.B., Bot, S.D., de Boer, M.R., van der Windt, D.A., Knol, D.L., Dekker, J.,
Bouter, L.M., de Vet, H.C., 2007. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement
Westgaard, R.H., Jansen, T., 1992. Individual and work related factors associated with
CAPÍTULO 4 45
*Corresponding author:
email: rosipadula@gmail.com
46
Resumo
47
Abstract
48
Introdução
49
Métodos
Desenho do estudo
Quick Exposure Check (QEC)
50
51
Setor de Confecção
52
Resultados
53
54
55
Setor de
Variáveis
Produção
Idade 29,9 (8,3)
Sexo
Masculino 5,8 (3)
Feminino 94,2 (49)
Tempo de trabalho na mesma função (meses) 16,8 (19)
Confecção
Tempo de trabalho na empresa (meses) 10,7 (9,1)
Postura adotada
Em pé 32,7 (17)
Sentado 42,3 (22)
Alternância Postural 25,0 (13)
56
Tabela 2 – Comparação dos resultados obtidos pelo Job Factors Questionnaire entre os setores de Confecção e Acabamento ( n=107)
57
58
Tabela 4 - Escores parciais e totais dos instrumentos de avaliação do risco ocupacional por setor de trabalho (n=107)
59
Tabela 5 - Comparação entre os níveis de exposição obtidos pelo Quick Exposure Check e o percentual de trabalhadores com sintomas
osteomusculares (n=107)
60
Referências
1. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workplace Injuries and Illnesses - 2009. U.S. Department
of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2010; Available from:
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/osh_10212010.pdf.
2. Brasil. Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social 2009. 2010 [cited. Available from:
http://www.mpas.gov.br/conteudoDinamico.php?id=989.
5. da Costa BR, Vieira ER. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A
systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. Am J Ind Med. 2010; 53(3):285-323.
7. Takala EP, Pehkonen I, Forsman M, Hansson GA, Mathiassen SE, Neumann WP, et
al. Systematic evaluation of observational methods assessing biomechanical exposures
at work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010; 36(1):3-24.
8. David GC. Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-
related musculoskeletal disorders. Occup Med (Lond). 2005; 55(3):190-9.
61
13. David G, Woods V, Li G, Buckle P. The development of the Quick Exposure Check
(QEC) for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Appl Ergon. 2008; 39(1):57-69.
14. David G, Woods V, Buckle P. Further Development of the Usability and Validity of
the Quick Exposure Check. Sudbury, Suffolk: HSE Books; 2005 [cited. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr211.pdf.
15. Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM. Symptoms of musculoskeletal
disorders among apprentice construction workers. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2003;
18(1):57-64.
16. Rosecrance JC, Ketchen KJ, Merlino LA, Anton DC, Cook TM. Test-retest
reliability of a self-administered musculoskeletal symptoms and job factors
questionnaire used in ergonomics research. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2002;17(9):613-
21.
17. Barros EN, Alexandre NM. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Nordic musculoskeletal
questionnaire. Int Nurs Rev. 2003; 50(2):101-8.
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18. Westgaard RH, Jansen T. Individual and work related factors associated with
symptoms of musculoskeletal complaints. II. Different risk factors among sewing
machine operators. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49(3):154-62.
19. Maciel ACC, Fernandes MB, Medeiros LS. Prevalência e fatores associados à
sintomatologia dolorosa entre profissionais da indústria têxtil. Rev bras epidemiol.
2006; 9(1):94-102.
21. Armstrong TJ, Buckle P, Fine LJ, Hagberg M, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, et al. A
conceptual model for work-related neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders.
Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993; 19(2):73-84.
63
64
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
65
Referências
11. David GC. Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-
related musculoskeletal disorders. Occup Med (Lond). 2005;55(3):190-9.
12. Takala EP, Pehkonen I, Forsman M, Hansson GA, Mathiassen SE, Neumann
WP, et al. Systematic evaluation of observational methods assessing biomechanical
exposures at work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(1):3-24.
66
16. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process
of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).
2000;25(24):3186-91.
17. Maher CG, Latimer J, Costa LOP. The relevance of cross-cultural adaptation
and clinimetrics for physical therapy instruments. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia.
2007;11(4):245-52
18. Giusti E, Befi-Lopes D. Tradução e adaptação transcultural de instrumentos
estrangeiros para o Português Brasileiro (PB). Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização
Científica. 2008;20(3):207-10.
24. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al.
Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status
questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007 ;60(1):34-42.
67
25. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their
development and use. 2 ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
28. Merlino LA, Rosecrance JC, Anton D, Cook TM. Symptoms of musculoskeletal
disorders among apprentice construction workers. Appl Occup Environ Hyg.
2003;18(1):57-64.
29. Rosecrance JC, Ketchen KJ, Merlino LA, Anton DC, Cook TM. Test-retest
reliability of a self-administered musculoskeletal symptoms and job factors
questionnaire used in ergonomics research. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2002;17(9):613-
21.
Anexo A- Versão original do formulário de avaliação do instrumento Quick Exposure
Check (QEC)
Anexo B - Versão original do formulário de escores do instrumento Quick Exposure
Check (QEC)
Anexo C - Versão traduzida e adaptada culturalmente do formulário de avaliação do
instrumento Quick Exposure Check (QEC)
Anexo D - Versão traduzida e adaptada culturalmente do formulário de pontuação do
instrumento Quick Exposure Check (QEC)
Anexo E – Questionário Dados Gerais e Ocupacionais
Data:_____/_____/2010
Trabalhador: ______________________________________________
Função:___________________________________________________
Setor de Produção:___________________________________________
Anexo F – Questionário Nórdico para Sintomas Osteomusculares
Anexo G - Job Factors Questionnaire
Anexo H – Normas de Publicação do Artigo apresentado no Capítulo 2
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To produce the reference list at the end of the (when there is lettering); save as jpeg or tiff.
article, type the reference number in square brackets,
insert a tab and type the text. Use a hard return at the Color figures
end of each reference only. When the references are You can include color figures in your text. See
complete, select them all, and apply the style section 4.8.2 for the required file formats.
References from the template. For manual editing
choose Format/Paragraph, and from the Indentation Tables
Special menu select: left 0.5 cm, hanging 0.25 cm,
tab stop position 0.75 cm. Click OK. Number tables as Table 1, Table 2 etc, and refer to
all of them in the text. Each table should have a brief
Figures and self-explanatory title. Place table captions above
the table. Column headings should be brief, but
General remarks on figures sufficiently explanatory. Standard abbreviations of
The text should include references to all figures. units of measurement should be added between
Refer to figures in the text as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc., parentheses. Vertical lines should not be used to
not with the section number included, e.g. Table 3.2, separate columns. Leave some extra space between
Figure 2.3, etc. Do not use the words “below” or the columns instead. Any explanations essential to
“above” when referring to the tables, figures, etc. the understanding of the table should be given in
Do not collect figures at the back of your article, footnotes at the bottom of the table. SI units should
but incorporate them in the text. Position tables and be used, i.e., the units based on the metre,
figures at the top or bottom of a page, with at least 2 kilogramme, second, etc.
lines extra space between tables or figures and the
running text. Illustrations should be centered on the Equations
page, except for small figures that can fit side by side
inside the type area. Tables and figures should not Position equations flush left with the margin 0.7
have text wrapped alongside. cm, preceded as well as followed by one blank line.
Each figure should have a self-explanatory Number equations consecutively, not section-wise.
caption. Place the figure captions below the figure. Place the numbers in parentheses at the right-hand
margin, level with the last line of the equation. Refer other figures. If the copyright holder is not the author
to equations in the text as Eq. (1), Eqs. (3) and (5). of the quoted or reproduced material, it is
recommended that the permission of the author
should also be sought. Material in unpublished letters
Fine tuning and manuscripts is also protected and must not be
published unless permission has been obtained.
Type area Submission of a paper will be interpreted as a
statement that the author has obtained all the
Check once more that all the text and illustrations necessary permission. A suitable acknowledgement
are inside the type area and that the type area is used of any borrowed material must always be made.
to the maximum. You may of course end a page with
one or more blank lines to avoid ‘widow’ headings,
or at the end of a chapter. References
Copyright
Article structure
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature
survey or a summary of the results.
Theory/calculation
A Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the
Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a
practical development from a theoretical basis.
Results
Results should be clear and concise.
Discussion
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results
and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published
literature.
Conclusions
The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand
alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in
appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix,
Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.
• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid
abbreviations and formulae where possible.
• Author names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name),
please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was
done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after
the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each
affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing
and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area
code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details
must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.
• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was
done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a
footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained
as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract of between 100-150 words is required. The abstract should state briefly
the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often
presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References
should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or
uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention
in the abstract itself.
Graphical abstract
A Graphical abstract is optional and should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial
form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership online. Authors must provide images that
clearly represent the work described in the article. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a
separate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum of
531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 × 13 cm
using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files.
See http://www.elsevier.com/graphicalabstracts for examples.
Authors can make use of Elsevier's free Graphical abstract check to ensure the best display of the
research in accordance with our technical requirements. 24-hour Graphical abstract check
Highlights
Highlights are mandatory for this journal. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that convey
the core findings of the article and should be submitted in a separate file in the online submission
system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85
characters, including spaces, per bullet point). See http://www.elsevier.com/highlights for examples.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 3 keywords, using American spelling and
avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing
with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords
will be used for indexing purposes.
Abbreviations
Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of
the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first
mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do
not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those
individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or
proof reading the article, etc.).
Math formulae
Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a
horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics.
Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that
have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using
superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may
be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the
footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference
list.
Table footnotes
Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Artwork
Electronic artwork
General points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as 'graphics' or enclose the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
• Submit each figure as a separate file.
Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and
with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then
Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g.,
ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color
in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs
from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color: in print or
on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to 'gray
scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable
black and white versions of all the color illustrations.
Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A
caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep
text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Tables
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables
below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be
sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results
described elsewhere in the article.
References
Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice
versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal
communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these
references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the
journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either 'Unpublished results' or
'Personal communication' Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accepted
for publication.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any
further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.),
should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a
different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
Reference style
Text: All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of
publication;
2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication;
3. Three or more authors: first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the year of publication.
Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically). Groups of references should be listed first
alphabetically, then chronologically.
Examples: 'as demonstrated (Allan, 2000a, 2000b, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1999). Kramer et al. (2010)
have recently shown ....'
List: References should be arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if
necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by
the letters 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., placed after the year of publication.
Examples:
Reference to a journal publication:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2010. The art of writing a scientific article. J. Sci.
Commun. 163, 51–59.
Reference to a book:
Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 2000. The Elements of Style, fourth ed. Longman, New York.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 2009. How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: Jones, B.S.,
Smith , R.Z. (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp. 281–304.
Video data
Elsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific
research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are
strongly encouraged to include these within the body of the article. This can be done in the same way
as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where it
should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video
file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide
the files in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Video and
animation files supplied will be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web
products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. Please supply 'stills' with your files:
you can choose any frame from the video or animation or make a separate image. These will be used
instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your video data. For more detailed
instructions please visit our video instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Note: since video and animation cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal, please
provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this
content.
Supplementary data
Elsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research.
Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, high-
resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be
published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including
ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is
directly usable, please provide the data in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should
submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive
caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Anexo J- Normas de Publicação da Revista Cadernos de Saúde pública para o Artigo
apresentado no Capítulo 4
2. Presentation of manuscripts
2.4 The word count includes the body of the text and references as
specified in item 12.13.
4. Funding sources
5. Conflicts of interests
6. Authors
design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2.
drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual
content; 3. final approval of the version to be published. Authors should
meet all three conditions.
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
9. Nomenclature
9.1 The manuscript should comply with the rules of zoological and
botanical nomenclature, as well as with the abbreviations and
conventions adopted in the specialized fields.
information on the ethical principles adopted in the research.
affiliation or any other information that identifies the author(s);
acknowledgments and contributions; illustrations (photographs,
flowcharts, maps, graphs, and tables).
12.14 The fifth stage includes transferring the files with the article's
illustrations (photographs, flowcharts, maps, graphs, and tables), when
necessary. Each illustration should be sent in a separate file, clicking on
"Transfer"
12.15 Illustrations. Illustrations should be kept to a minimum, allowing a
maximum of five (photographs, flowcharts, maps, graphs, and tables).
12.16 Authors will cover the costs of illustrations beyond the maximum
number of five, as well as any extra costs for publishing color figures.
12.17 Authors should obtain written authorization from any respective
copyright holders to reproduce previously published illustrations.
12.18 Tables. Tables may be 17cm wide, considering a size 9 font. They
should be submitted in text file: DOC (Microsoft Word), RTF (Rich Text
Format), or ODT (Open Document Text). Tables should be numbered
(Arabic numerals) according to the order in which they appear in the
text.
12.19 Figures. The following types of figures will be allowed by CSP:
Maps, Graphs, Satellite Images, Photographs, Flow Diagrams, and
Flowcharts.
12.20 Maps should be submitted in vector format, and the following
types of files are allowed: WMF (Windows MetaFile), EPS (Encapsuled
PostScript), or SVG (Scalable Vectorial Graphics). Note: maps originally
generated in raster or image format and later exported to vector format
will not be accepted.
12.21 Graphs should be submitted in vector format and will be allowed
in the following types of files: XLS (Microsoft Excel), ODS (Open
Document Spreadsheet), WMF (Windows MetaFile), EPS (Encapsuled
PostScript), or SVG (Scalable Vectorial Graphics).
12.22 Satellite images and photographs should be submitted in the
following types of files: TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) or BMP
(Bitmap). Minimum resolution should be 300dpi (dots per inch), with a
minimum width of 17.5cm.
12.23 Flow diagrams and flowcharts should be submitted in text file or in
vector format and will be allowed in the following types of files: DOC
(Microsoft Word), RTF (Rich Text Format), ODT (Open Document Text),
WMF (Windows MetaFile), EPS (Encapsuled PostScript), or SVG (Scalable
Vectorial Graphics).
12.24 Figures should be numbered (Arabic numerals) according to the
order in which they appear in the text.
12.25 Titles and legends of figures should be presented in a text file
separate from the figure files.
12.26 Vector format. A vector drawing is generated based on geometric
descriptions of shapes and normally consists of curves, ellipses,
polygons, text, and other elements, i.e., using mathematical vectors for
its description.
12.27 Completion of Submission. Upon completing the entire file
transfer process, click on "Complete Submission"
12.28 Confirmation of Submission. After completing the submission, the
author will receive an e-mail message confirming receipt of the article by
CSP. In case you do not receive the e-mail confirmation within 24 hours,
contact the CSP Editorial Secretariat by e-mail: csp-
artigos@ensp.fiocruz.br.