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Química Inorgânica
Revisão
Prof. Dr. Guilherme Ferreira de Lima
9x10-31 1x108
Elétron no átomo de Xe (n=1) 7
Princípio da incerteza:
² Heisenberg mostrou que tal exatidão não é possível para objetos com
caráter ondulatório pronunciado como, por exemplo, os elétrons.
h
Δx.Δp ≥
4π
h 6, 63x10 −34 −9
Δx ≥ ≥ −31 4
≥ 1x10 m
4π .mΔv 4π .9,11x10 .5x10
Ĥ Ψ = εΨ
h2 d 2 x Energia
Ĥ = − 2 2
+ V̂ Potencial
8π m dx
Energia Ze 2
V̂ =
Cinética 4πε 0 r
Átomo de H 9
Guilherme Ferreira de Lima
Química Inorgânica
² Coordenadas Esféricas:
p 2 e 4 Z 2 n= 1, 2, 3, 4 …
En = -
8e 0 n 2 h 2
Direção do
momento de spin ms +1/2 ou -1/2 Projeção do spin spin
Cada orbital pode acomodar 2 elétrons, um com momento de spin +1/2 e outro -1/2.
Guilherme Ferreira de Lima 16
Química Inorgânica
Atividade: Responda:
3/2
! Z $ − Zr
R = 2 # & e a0 Orbital 1s
" a0 %
3/2Zr
! 1 $! Z $ ! Zr $ − 2a0
R =# &# & # 2 − & e Orbital 2s
" 2 2 %" a0 % " a0 %
3/2 Zr
! 1 $! Z $ Zr − 2a0 Orbital 2p
R =# &# & e
" 2 6 %" a0 % a0
Generalização
Zr
−
na0
R∝e
Guilherme Ferreira de Lima 18
Química Inorgânica
distribution functions, 4$r2 RðrÞ2 , for the 1s, 2s and 3s atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom.
Guilherme Ferreira de Lima 20
Chapter 1 Química Inorgânica
. Atomic orbitals 11
Parte Angular:
Table 1.2 Funções
Solutions of the Schrödingerde onda
equation for ângular
the hydrogenpara o átomo
atom which define thede H.and 2p atomic orbitals. For these
1s, 2s
forms of the solutions, the distance r from the nucleus is measured in atomic units.
Atomic orbital n l ml Radial part of the wavefunction, RðrÞ‡ Angular part of wavefunction, Að!; "Þ
1
1s 1 0 0 2e$r pffiffiffi
2 !
1 1
2s 2 0 0 pffiffiffi ð2 $ rÞ e$r=2 pffiffiffi
2 2 2 !
pffiffiffi
1 3ðsin " cos #Þ
2px 2 1 þ1 pffiffiffi r e$r=2 pffiffiffi
2 6 2 !
pffiffiffi
1 3ðcos "Þ
2pz 2 1 0 pffiffiffi r e$r=2 pffiffiffi
2 6 2 !
pffiffiffi
1 3ðsin " sin #Þ
2py 2 1 $1 pffiffiffi r e$r=2 pffiffiffi
2 6 2 !
" #3
‡ Z 2 $Zr=a0
For the 1s atomic orbital, the formula for R(r) is actually: 2 e
a0
but for the hydrogen atom, Z ¼ 1 and a0 ¼ 1 atomic unit. Other functions are similarly simplified.
The radial distribution function, 4!r 2 RðrÞ2 function (equation 1.15) and this allows us to envisage the
region in space in which the electron is found.
Let us now consider how we might represent atomic orbitals
in three-dimensional space. We said earlier that a useful Radial distribution function ¼ 4!r2 RðrÞ2 ð1:15Þ
description of an electron in an atom is the probability of find- The radial distribution functions for the 1s, 2s and 3s atomic
ing the electron in a given volume of space. The function 2 orbitals of hydrogen are shown in Figure 1.7, and Figure 1.8
(see Box 1.4) is proportional to the probability density of the shows those of the 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals. Each function is
electron at a point in space. By considering values of 2 at zero at the nucleus, following from the r2 term and the fact
points around the nucleus, we can define a surface boundary that at the nucleus r ¼ 0. Since the function depends on
which encloses the volume of space in which the electron will RðrÞ2 , it is always positive in contrast to RðrÞ, plots for
spend, say, 95% of its time. This effectively gives us a physi-
Guilherme Ferreira de Lima 2
which are shown in Figures 1.5 and 1.6. Each plot of 21
2 2
Química Inorgânica
Fig. 1.9 Boundary surfaces for the angular parts of the 1s and 2p atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom. The nodal plane shown
in grey for the 2pz atomic orbital lies in the xy plane.
Quadrado da função de onda
Fig. 1.9 Boundary angular.
surfaces for the angular parts of the 1s and 2p atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom. The nodal plane shown
in grey for the 2p atomic orbital lies in the xy plane.
z
Orbital s
Orbitais p
Observação: As diferentes
Fig. 1.10
cores
Representations
Fig. 1.10 Representations of of
anan s anda aset
s and setof
of three
three degenerate
degeneratep patomic orbitals.
atomic The The
orbitals. lobeslobes
of theof orbital
p the are elongated
px orbital like
are elongated like
indicam que essathose
parte do
x
those
of the p and
ofptheand p p but
but are
y are directedalong
directed
z alongthe
the axis
axis that
thatpasses
passesthrough thethe
through plane of the
plane ofpaper.
the paper.
y z
Orbitais f Orbitais g