Technical Perspectives All technical perspectives articles and features are sense check reviewed before publication.

To submit your articles for IFP Journal publication please email Stephanie.morris@ife.org.uk

Structural fire engineering:

realistic ‘travelling fires’ in
large office compartments
Paul Grimwood PhD FIFireE Principal Fire Engineer, Kent Fire and Rescue Service, reports

Š‡•’‡‡†ƒƤ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹Žƒ”‰‡‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ ‡‰‹‡‡”•‹Š‘™Ƥ”‡ƒ›•’”‡ƒ†Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›‹

T ‘ƥ…‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–•Ϗ͜͝͡͞‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›™‡ŽŽ
—†‡”•–‘‘†„›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•Ǥ—…Š
Ƥ”‡•™‹ŽŽ‘–…‘ˆ‘”–‘–›’‹…ƒŽƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†
”ƒ–‡•…‘‘Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†‹•ƒŽŽ‡”…‘’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ
„—–™‹ŽŽ„‡•‡‡–‘–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ–ƒˆƒ”•Ž‘™‡”’ƒ…‡ƒ…”‘••
˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‡…Ž‘•—”‡•ƒ†„›˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ
‡š–‡•‹‘–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡—Ž–‹Ǧƪ‘‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ǡ‘•–
‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰Š‘™Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒƒŽ›•‡•‹–‘
‡›•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡
„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡•‘–Šƒ–„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹Ƥ”‡…ƒ
‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡ƪ‘‘”•Ǥ–Šƒ•”‡…‡–Ž›„‡‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†
–Šƒ––Š‹•”‡†—…‡†”ƒ–‡‘ˆƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•‘‡
ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ…–•‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽŠ‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”–‘
–Š‘•‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡—”‘…‘†‡ƒ†ƒ••—…Šǡ‹•‘™
„‡‰‹‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡‘‘†‡”†‡•‹‰
’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡•‘‡˜‡”›–ƒŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•
‘‘—”•›Ž‹‡•™Š‡”‡Ƥ”‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡ƒƒŽ›•‡†‹ƒ™ƒ›–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ„—–‹–‹•’‡”Šƒ’•„‘–Š’”—†‡–ƒ†
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––Šƒ–’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡ƒŽƤ”‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹•ƒŽ•‘
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†‘”‡…Ž‘•‡Ž›„›†‡•‹‰‡‰‹‡‡”•‹‘”†‡”
–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•‘‡™‹†‡”˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡‘”‡
…‘Ƥ†‡…‡‹•—…Šƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ
†‡”–Š‡‡š’‡”–‰—‹†ƒ…‡‘ˆ”‘ˆ‡••‘”
—‹ŽŽ‡”‘ ͜͞͝͝͞Ȍ†‡•…”‹„‹‰–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†‹Žƒ”‰‡‘’‡Ǧ
„‡‘•–‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›’”‘–‡…–‡†ˆ”‘†‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡
…‘ŽŽƒ’•‡™Š‹Ž•–—†‡”Ƥ”‡ƒ––ƒ…ǤŠƒ–‹•’”‘–‡…–‡†
ˆ‘”ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡‘……—’ƒ–•
–‘‡•…ƒ’‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡
Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ƒ†”‡•…—‡ǤŠ‹•…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ
•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹–›”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽƤ”‡‡‰‹‡‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡
’”‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡†‡•‹‰…‘†‡•‹‰Š–„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†
‹ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ǡ…‘’Ž‡š‘”
–ƒŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ
•ƒ‹–”‘†—…–‘”›Ǯ–ƒ•–‡”ǯ•‡••‹‘–‘–Š‡…
‘†—Ž‡ǡ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡‹‹–”‘†—…‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–
”‡…‡–ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—†‡”–ƒ‡„›‡‹ƒ†Š‹•
•–—†‡–•͝ȋ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹
‡‹ƒ†”†ƒƒ†‘™•‹ȋ’‡”‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ȍ ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–‘–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ†‰—‡•–•’‡ƒ‡””ƒ‘•‘–•‘˜‹‘•ȋ”—’Ȍǡ Ƥ”‡•—†‡”–ƒ‡„›–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‹„—”‰ŠŠƒ•
™ƒ•ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡‡‘—‰Š–‘–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹–Š‡ͤ͜͞͝ ƒŽ•‘„‡‡”‡…‡–Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†͟Ǥ–Šƒ•Ž‘‰„‡‡‘™
…‘†—Ž‡‘–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‹”‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰„ƒ•‡† „›–Š‡Ƥ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡ǡ„—–‘”‡”‡…‡–Ž›ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡†
ƒ–’‡”‹ƒŽ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘†‘ǡ™Š‡”‡•‡”˜‹‰Ƥ”‡ „›ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…•ǡ–Šƒ–Ƥ”‡•‹Žƒ”‰‡‘ƥ…‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–•
•ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†•‡‹‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ƥ…‡”•ƒ”‡‘”‡–Šƒ ȋϏ͜͝͡͞Ȍ–ƒ‡ƒ—…ŠŽ‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡–Šƒƒ
‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘‰ƒ‹•‘‡‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ǥ ‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”Ƥ”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡
Š‡‹‡Ǧ™‡‡‘†—Ž‡„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ ƪƒ‹‰…‘„—•–‹‘”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡ˆ—”–Š‡•–™ƒŽŽ‘”ƒ”‡ƒǤ
–‘Ƥ”‡†›ƒ‹…•ƒ†Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡…Šƒ‹••
‘ˆ…‘†—…–‹‘ǡ…‘˜‡…–‹‘ƒ†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡
‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ•–‡‡Žƒ†
…‘…”‡–‡ƒ–‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ǡƒ•
ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹•‘•‹’Ž‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡…‘†—Ž‡‹–”‘†—…‡••–—†‡–•–‘„‘–Š
’”‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‡•‹‰ƒ……‘”†‹‰
–‘–Š‡—”‘…‘†‡ǡ…‘…Ž—†‹‰™‹–Šƒƒ†˜ƒ…‡†
…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–—•‹‰Ǥ
Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡ƒ…Š‹‰‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ‘‰•–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
40 International Fire Professional August 2018 Issue No 25
‡ơ‡…––Š‡Ƥ”‡Ǯ–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ǯƒ…”‘••–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
ˆ—‡ŽŽ‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ•’‡…‹Ƥ…”ƒ–‡‘ˆ•’”‡ƒ†ǡ†‡–‡”‹‡†„›
˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ—‡Ž…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ…‘’ƒ”–‡–‰‡‘‡–”›Ȁ
Žƒ›‘—–ƒ†˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…–‘”•ǤŠ‹••’‡…‹Ƥ…ˆ‘”‘ˆ
Ƥ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•„‡‡‘–‡†„›‡‹ǯ••–—†‡–•–‘
ˆ‘”–™‘†‹•–‹…–œ‘‡•ǣ
ȋƒȌ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†ƒ†ǡȋ„Ȍ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†ǤŠ‡
ˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†‘†‡Ž”‡’”‡•‡–••‘‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ
™Š‹…Š†‡…”‡ƒ•‡™‹–Š†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†
ȋ•–‡ƒ†›Ǧ•–ƒ–‡Ƥ”‡œ‘‡Ȍ†—‡–‘‹š‹‰™‹–Šƒ‹”Ǥ‘•–
‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘ƒ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”ǯ•˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ
–Š‹•Šƒ•“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ…–•‘–Š‡ƒ‘—–ƒ†
www.ife.org.uk
 All technical perspectives articles and features are sense-check reviewed before publication.
To submit your articles for IFP Journal publication please email Stephanie.morris@ife.org.uk
†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
‡Ž‡‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ›ƒŽ–‡”–Š‡…—””‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡
…‘…‡”‹‰•–”—…–—”ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹Ƥ”‡Ǥ‘–‘Ž›‹•–Š‡”‡
Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡†‹”‡…–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–‘–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡Ƥ”‡„—”•ƒ–‹–•’‡ƒ‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–›ǡ„—–
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”™‹ŽŽ‘……—”‹–Š‡ˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†
œ‘‡•ˆ‘”‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡ǤŠ‹•…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ’”‡ǦŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ȋˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†Ȍǡƒš‹—Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”
ȋ‡ƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†Ȍƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰’Šƒ•‡ȋˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†Ȍ‹••‘‡–Š‹‰
Technical Perspectives
‘’‡‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘‹†—…‡†ƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›‡š…‡‡†‡†ͤ͜͞ϓ
™‹–Šƒ‰ƒ•˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͤȀ•ȋͤ͝’ŠȌǤ
Š‡–Š”‡‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•„ƒ†Ž›„—”‡†‹–Š‹•Ƥ”‡
™‡”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‘–Š‡—’’‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰
”‘‘‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡†‘‘”™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ‹”™ƒ›
–‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡Š‘–‰ƒ•
ƪ‘™Ǧ’ƒ–Š‹–Š‡—’’‡”ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ–
ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͤ͜͞ϓƒ•‹–‡š‹–‡†–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–•–ƒ‹”•Ǥ
–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› –Š‡Ž‘™‡”ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰”‘‘ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•
ƒ††”‡••‡†‹•–”—…–—”ƒŽƤ”‡†‡•‹‰—–‹Ž‘•–
”‡…‡–Ž›Ǥ—””‡–†‡•‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—”‘…‘†‡•Ȍ
†‘‘–ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”•—…ŠƤ”‡•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ƥ”‡ƒ†
’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹…–‹‡Ȃ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡…—”˜‡•Ȃƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†
‘•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡–‡•–•ȋώ͜͜͝͞Ȍƒ†ƒ••—‡—‹ˆ‘”
„—”‹‰‘ˆƤ”‡ƒ†Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‹–Š‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡƒ›
•–”—…–—”ƒŽƤ”‡‡‰‹‡‡”•ƒ”‡‘™‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›‹–‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡
‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•™Š‡”‡‹–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”
‹’ƒ…–•‘–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•‡™–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›
”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͤ͜͝–‘ͤ͜͡ϓǤ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡ƒ”–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰ƒ”‡ˆƒ”‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ
͜͜͡ϓǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–—†‹‡•
—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Ƥ”‡–‡•–•
‹Žƒ”‰‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–™ƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†
„›Ƥ”‡‡‰‹‡‡”•Š‘™Ƥ”‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ–ƒ
’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ•’”‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‹••‘‡™Šƒ–•Ž‘™‡”
–Šƒ–Š‡•—††‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹‡†„—”‹‰‘ˆƒƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”
‘……—””‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‡–‹”‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–ƒ–
‘…‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡǮ”‡ƒŽƤ”‡•ǯŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–‘
–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ…”‘••‘ƥ…‡ƪ‘‘”•’ƒ…‡ƒ–˜ƒ”›‹‰”ƒ–‡•ǡ„—––Š‡
‡š‹•–‹‰’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–‡•–†ƒ–ƒƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘—†‹–•™ƒ›‹–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ•‘‡˜‡”› ‘™”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•Ǥ–‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–
–ƒŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ‘†‘Ǥ –Šƒ–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‡•–”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›…‘’ƒ”‡†‘”
˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†„›”‡ƒŽƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†
Fire Spread Rates —•‹‰ǡŽ‹˜‡˜‹†‡‘ˆ‘‘–ƒ‰‡ƒ†„›…‘’‹Ž‹‰
Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡–‘ˆƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”ƒ›„‡†‡Ƥ‡† Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•ǯ•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ƥ”‡•Ǥ
‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•ǡ„—–‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǣǮƒ…‘’ƒ”–‡–
Ƥ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ›…‘‡ƒ•–ƒ‰‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ–Š‡”ƒŽ
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Ƥ”‡’Ž—‡ǡŠ‘–‰ƒ•‡•ƒ†Š‘–
…‘’ƒ”–‡–„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ȋ…‡‹Ž‹‰•ƒ†™ƒŽŽ•Ȍ…ƒ—•‡•
–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹‰‹–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ‡š’‘•‡†…‘„—•–‹„Ž‡
•—”ˆƒ…‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‡”‡–Š‡
…‘’ƒ”–‡–‹•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›˜‡–‹Žƒ–‡†ǡ–Š‹••—††‡
ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹‡†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‘™‹‰Ƥ”‡–‘ƒˆ—ŽŽ›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ƥ”‡‹•‘™ƒ•ƒƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”ǯ͠Ǥ—…ŠƤ”‡•
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›’”‘…‡‡†–‘„—”‹ƒ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†
–Š‡Ƥ”‡ƒ––Š‡–‡”•–ƒ–‡ƒ‹‘•‰‡Ž‡•
‹ͥͤͤ͝–Š‡Š‘–‰ƒ•Ȁ•‘‡Žƒ›‡”ȋ‘–ƪƒ‹‰
…‘„—•–‹‘Ȍ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ–ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†‘ˆͣ͠͡
Ȁ•ȋ͜Ǥͣ͠͡Ȁ•Ȍƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰ͤǡƒ•‹–‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›
ƒ…–—ƒ–‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‘‡†‡–‡…–‘”•‘–Š‡͝͞–Šƪ‘‘”
™‹–Š‹͟͜͜•‡…‘†•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡‹…‹†‡––Š‡
ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ…–—ƒŽƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡͝ǡ͢͞͡͞…‘’ƒ”–‡–™ƒ•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ–
ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͟͢Ȁ•ǡ‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǤŠ‹•‹•
ˆƒ”•Š‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”•’‡‡†‘ˆͤǡ͜͜͜
•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ǡ™‹–Šƪƒ‹‰…‘„—•–‹‘‘……—””‹‰ Ȁ•ƒ––Š‡Š‡””›‘ƒ†Ƥ”‡ȋ‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ȌǤ
‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡˜‡–‘’‡‹‰ȋ™‹†‘™Ȍƒ†–‘•‘‡ ˆƒ…–ǡ–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–›’‹…ƒŽǮƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”ǯ‰ƒ•Žƒ›‡”˜‡Ž‘…‹–‹‡•ǡ
˜ƒ”›‹‰‡š–‡–ǡ™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–‹–•‡ŽˆǤ –Š‡Ƥ”‡ƒ––Š‡–‡”•–ƒ–‡ƒ™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡
›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆǮƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”ǯ…ƒ‘–‘……—” –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ…”‘••ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡–‹”‡͝͞–Šƪ‘‘”Ǧ’Žƒ–‡
‹‹–•‘•––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡•‡‹Ƥ”‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–• ™‹–Š‹Ž‡••–Šƒͤ͝•‡…‘†•ǤŠ‹•Ƥ”‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›–‘‘͢͢
‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͜͝͡͞ƪ‘‘”ƒ”‡ƒǤ
”‡ƒŽ–‡”•ǡƒ›†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‘ˆ…‡‹Ž‹‰
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ϗ͜͜͡ϓ‹Žƒ”‰‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ—•‹‰
Ž’‡”–ǯ•‡–Š‘†‘ˆ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰…‡‹Ž‹‰Œ‡–ƪ‘™•͡ȋˆ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡Ȍǡƒ”‡‘Ž›‡˜‡”ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹
–Š‡Š‘–‰ƒ•Žƒ›‡”ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”…ƒ‘–
‡˜‡”„‡ƒ••—‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡‘……—””‡†—†‡”•—…Š
…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡•Ǥ‘–‰ƒ•Žƒ›‡”•Ϗ͜͜͡ϓ‹”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ
•‹œ‡†…‘’ƒ”–‡–•ȋώ͜͝͡͞Ȍƒ”‡‘™–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž
ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰ƒ–•’‡‡†•‘ˆ͞Ȃ͢Ȁ•†‡’‡†‡–
‘˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•͢ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƪƒ‹‰
…‘„—•–‹‘†—”‹‰ƪƒ•Š‘˜‡”–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ–ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”
‹—–‡•–‘Ǯ™”ƒ’ǯƒ”‘—†ƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡͝ǡ͢͞͡
͞‘ƥ…‡•’ƒ…‡ƒ––Š‡͝͞–Šƪ‘‘”Ǥ
Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Šƒ•ƒ––‡†‡†–Š‡’‘•–ǦƤ”‡•…‡‡•‘ˆ
•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†‹…‹†‡–•‹„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ†
†—”‹‰–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ͥͣͥ͝Ȃ͜͜͞͠ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†
Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•ǡƤ”‡…‘ƒ†‡”•ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–™‹–‡••‡•
™Š‘™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘ơ‡”–‡•–‹‘›ƒ•–‘Š‘™–Š‡Ƥ”‡•
•’”‡ƒ†–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹”‡ƪ‘‘”•’ƒ…‡•‘˜‡”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƤ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡††‘…—‡–•ǡ‘Ǧ•…‡‡˜‹†‡‘Ȁ……–˜ƒ†–‹‡†
…‘ƒ†”‡’‘”–•‡ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ…Ž‡ƒ”’‹…–—”‡‘ˆŠ‘™
“—‹…Ž›•—…ŠƤ”‡••’”‡ƒ†ƒ†–Š‡–‹‡•–ƒ‡–‘”‡ƒ…Š
”ƒ–‡‡š…‡‡†‹‰ͤȀ•Ǥ–Š‡Š‡””›‘ƒ†ȋȌƤ”‡ •’‡…‹Ƥ…’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƪ‘‘”•’ƒ…‡‹‡ƒ…Š…ƒ•‡ǤŠƒ–
•‹—Žƒ–‹‘ͣǡƒˆ–‡”ƒ„ƒ•‡‡–•Ž‹†‹‰‰Žƒ••†‘‘”™ƒ• „‡…ƒ‡…Ž‡ƒ”™ƒ•–Šƒ–‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡Ƥ”‡•™‡”‡

www.ife.org.uk International Fire Professional August 2018 Issue No 25 41

Technical Perspectives All technical perspectives articles and features are sense-check reviewed before publication.
To submit your articles for IFP Journal publication please email Stephanie.morris@ife.org.uk

‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›•’”‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ’‘‹–„‡›‘†–Š‡Ƥ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡ǯ• ”‡…‘‡†‡†ˆ‘”—•‡‹–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰Ƥ”‡†‡•‹‰‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡“—‹…Ž›‡‘—‰Šƒ†‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ Š‡™‡–ƒŽ‘ˆǮ”‡ƒŽƤ”‡ǯ•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•™‡—•–
–‹‡•‘ˆ͝͞Ǧ͝͡‹—–‡•ȋ–‹‡–‘™ƒ–‡”‘Ƥ”‡ˆ”‘ ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘
’‘‹–‘ˆƤ”•–†‡–‡…–‹‘Ȍ™‡”‡‘–“—‹…‡‘—‰Š–‘–ƒ‡ …‘’ƒ”–‡––Š‡”‘…‘—’Ž‡•ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡†‡‡”‰›
…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡–”—‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†Ǥ‡ƒ…Š…ƒ•‡ǡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡”ƒ–‡•‡ƒ•™‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡
–Š‡Ƥ”‡•‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›•’”‡ƒ†˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™‹–Š‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ……—”ƒ…›ǡŒ—•–Š‘™“—‹…Ž›
ƪ‘‘”•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ ƒ›Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†•ƒ…”‘•••’ƒ…‡Ǥ–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Š‘—‰Š
›’‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•ȋȀ•‡…‘†Ȍ –Šƒ–”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ††‘‡•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ
…—””‡–Ž›”‡’‘”–‡†‹–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ǦŽ‹‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ„—”ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ƪ‘‘”ǡ„—–
z ͞Ȁ•ȋ™‘‘†…”‹„•‹–Š‡‘’‡ȌǢ ”ƒ–Š‡”•’”‡ƒ†•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘˜‡–‹‰…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•
z ͝Ǥ͡Ȃͥ͝Ǥ͟Ȁ•ȋ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‡•–Ƥ”‡•ȌǢ ‹Š‡ƒ†‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•™‹†‘™•ƒ•–Š‡›ˆƒ‹Žƒ†–Š‡
z ͞Ǥ͡Ȃ͢͝ǤͣȀ•ȋ”‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘”Ž†”ƒ†‡ Š‡ƒ†‹‰„ƒ…†‡‡’‡”‹–‘–Š‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‹•
‡–‡”Ƥ”‡•ȌǢ …ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡Ǯœ‹‰œƒ‰ǯ‘”—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒŽ…‡ŽŽǦ„ƒ•‡†
z ͣǤ͡Ȃ͟͝Ȁ•ȋ–Ǥƒ™”‡…‡—”•–‡•–•ͥͤ͝͡Ȍ ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡˆ”‘ƒƤ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰
z ͝͠Ǥ͡Ȁ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡ƒƤ”‡‘•‰‡Ž‡•ͥͤͤ͝ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ™Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰‘’–‹—
‘–‡†„›Ž‹ˆ–‘Ǥ Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘–‹‡•ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰
z ͤǤ͟–‘͢͝Ǥ͢Ȁ•ƒ••—‡†„›Ž‹ˆ–‘ˆ‘”•Ž‘™ƒ† ‹‹—Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ‹–ƒ›
ˆƒ•–Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†Ƥ”‡•”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–• •‡‡‘”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ•’”‡ƒ†
‘ˆˆ—ŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡Ƥ”‡–‡•–•Ǣ ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒƒ”‡ƒ„ƒ•‡†͞Ȁ‹Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ”‘ƒ
z ͝Ǥ͢Ȃ͝͡Ȁ•‹‹ —‹Ž†‡”ǡ…‘’—–‡”‘†‡Ž—•‡† •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡–Š‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡
„›‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‹„—”‰Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†‹”‡…–’ƒ–Š‘””‘—–‡…ƒ•–‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡†
—•‹‰–Š‡Ȁ•‡ƒ•—”‡Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽƒš‹—Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘” Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•‘™–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‘Ǧ
Ƥ”‡•‹‡…Ž‘•—”‡•‘ˆŒ—•–ͥ͝Ǥ͟Ȁ•Šƒ˜‡•‘ˆƒ”„‡‡ •…‡‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‹…Ž—†‡†Žƒ”‰‡‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡Ƥ”‡•

Estimated Building Fire Spread Rates (Grimwood)

According to on-scene command reports, videos, CCTV and fire timed messages
Interstate Bank fire 24.6 m2/min 36 mm/s This rate of fire spread would reach
Los Angeles 1988 Fire took 66 minutes to travel 142.4 the limits of suppressive capability
12th floor metres (average length of fire zone of a 550 L/min hose-line within 4-5
around a central core) Note: if using minutes; or a 750 L/min hose-line
1,625 m2 surrounding a 511 m2
the external wall of the compartment within 7-8 minutes of beginning a
central core
the spread rate would be close to 48 fire growth-curve.
100 per cent fire involvement
mm/s, but the average (central line of
Fire spread to involve four more measure) is taken as above
upper floors

CCAB 67 West Washington fire
Chicago 2004
12th floor – 264 m2 (230 m2 fire
area) 24 x 11m
87 per cent fire involvement
(two end rooms not damaged)
15.3 m2/min
Slower area-based fire spread
in comparison, caused by a
cellular non-FR office on one
side of open-plan area
27 mm/s This rate of fire spread would reach
Fire took 15 minutes to travel 24 metres the limits of suppressive capability
of a 550 L/min hose-line within 7-8
minutes; or a 750 L/min hose-line
within 10-11 minutes of beginning a
fire growth-curve.

Telstar House fire 24.3 m2/min 29 mm/s This rate of fire spread would reach
London 2004 Fire took 46 minutes to travel 80 metres the limits of suppressive capability
7th floor 80 x 14m of a 550 L/min hose-line within 4-5
minutes; or a 750 L/min hose-line
1,120 m2
within 7-8 minutes of beginning a
100 per cent fire involvement fire growth-curve.
Fire spread to involve four more
upper floors

Churchill Plaza fire Undetermined - Undetermined - N/A

Basingstoke 1991 Fire was under-ventilated for Fire was under-ventilated for over
8th Floor over an hour prior to self- an hour prior to self-venting and
1,673 m2 venting and subsequently subsequently being heavily wind driven
being heavily wind driven under a fuel controlled burning regime
100 per cent fire involvement
under a fuel controlled burning
Fire spread to involve two more regime
upper floors

Table 1: Firefighting intervention times and adequate firefighting water estimations for travelling fires in offices

42 International Fire Professional August 2018 Issue No 25 www.ife.org.uk

 All technical perspectives articles and features are sense-check reviewed before publication. Technical Perspectives
To submit your articles for IFP Journal publication please email Stephanie.morris@ife.org.uk

•—…Šƒ•–Š‡–‡”•–ƒ–‡ƒƤ”‡‹‘•‰‡Ž‡•‹ͥͤͤ͝ǡ ˆ—‡Ž„ƒ•‡Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘

”‹™‘‘†ͥȋ“Ǥ͝Ȍǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–
™Š‡”‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰ŠƤ˜‡ƪ‘‘”•‘ˆƒ͢͞Ǧ•–‘”‡› ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆƤ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ–͝‹–”‡Ȁ
•–‡‡Žˆ”ƒ‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǣ‡Ž•–ƒ”‘—•‡‹‘†‘ •‡…‘†ϋ͞Ǥ͢͠’‡”Ȁ•Ȃȋ͜Ǥͣ͜͠Ȁ•Ȁ’‡”ƒ–
™Š‡”‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰ŠƤ˜‡ƪ‘‘”•‘ˆƒ͝͞Ǧ•–‘”‡› ’‡ƒȌ‘”Ǣ͞͠Ǥ͠͞Ȁ‹’‡”‘ˆƒšȋ–Š‡
„—‹Ž†‹‰ǢŠ—”…Š‹ŽŽŽƒœƒȋƒ•‹‰•–‘‡Ȍ‹ͥͥ͝͝ ’‘‹–‘ˆ’‡ƒŠ‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡Ȍ‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡
™Š‡”‡ƪ‘‘”•ͤǦ͜͝‘ˆƒ͝͞Ǧ•–‘”‡›•–‡‡Žˆ”ƒ‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ …‘–”‘Žƒ†•—’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ƥ”‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š
…‘•–”—…–‡†‹ͥͤͤ͝ǡ™‡”‡„ƒ†Ž›†ƒƒ‰‡†„›Ƥ”‡Ǥ …Ž‘•‡Ž›…‘””‡Žƒ–‡•™‹–Šƒ”‡––ǯ•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͟͞Ȁ
͜͜͟͞ǡƒƤ”‡‘……—””‡†‹ƒŠ‹…ƒ‰‘‘ƥ…‡–‘™‡”™Š‡”‡ ‹ȀǤ —”–Š‡”…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡•‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡
•‹š’‡‘’Ž‡†‹‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•†‹”‡…–‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ƒ•ƒ ƒ—–Š‘”ǯ•Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–‘–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‡‡†ˆ‘”
Ƥ”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”‘–Š‹•Ƥ”‡‡ƒ„Ž‡†ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͡ǡ͜͠͝™‘”‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰
‹–‘–Š‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡…‘…‡’–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡Ƥ”‡™ƒ• Ƥ”‡•‹–Š‡ǡͥ͜͜͞Ǧ͜͞͝͞Ǥ
‘™–‘•’”‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ͟͜͞͞‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡ ȋŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆƒŠ‘•‡ǦŽ‹‡Ȍ

ƒ”‡ƒǡ–ƒ‹‰͝͡‹—–‡•–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š‡͞͠‡–”‡•–‘–Š‡ ϋȋ‰ƒ• ‰ƒ•͟Ǥ͟Ǘˆ͜Ǥ͝͡Ȍφȋˆ—‡Ž ˆ—‡Ž Ǘˆ͜Ǥ͟͡Ȍ “Ǥ͝

 

ˆ—”–Š‡•–™ƒŽŽˆ”‘ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ Š‡”‡
Š‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•ȋ‘’’‘•‹–‡Ȍ‹‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ ‰ƒ• ϋ   ‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–‘–Š‡‰ƒ•
‘ƥ…‡Ƥ”‡•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‘…‡ƒƤ”‡”‡ƒ…Š‡• ’Šƒ•‡ȋ͟͢τȌ„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‹˜‡–‡•–•
–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ‹–•‰”‘™–Š…—”˜‡ǡ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ˆ—‡Ž ϋ  ‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—‡Ž
ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡ƪƒ‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ȋ͢͠τȌ„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‹˜‡–‡•–•
…‘„—•–‹‘Šƒ•”‡ƒ…Š‡†‘‡‡–”‡‹Š‡‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡ ˆ—‡Ž ϋ 
 ‡‡”‰›‹’—–‘ˆ͞Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰‹•”‡“—‹”‡†


’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ –‘˜ƒ’‘”‹•‡͝‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͜͜͝ϓ™Š‡
”‡Ž‹‡•‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡Ǣ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‘–‘–Š‡ˆ—‡ŽǦ’Šƒ•‡
z Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‡Ƥ”‡•—’’”‡••‹‘•›•–‡• ϋ 
 ‡‡”‰›‹’—–‘ˆ͟Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘


‰ƒ•
z ơ‡…–‹˜‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”͝‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͜͜͝ϓ–‘•–‡ƒ
…‘•–”—…–‹‘–‘’”‡˜‡–Š‹††‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†Ǣ ƒ–͢͜͜ϓ™Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–‘–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǧ’Šƒ•‡
z ƒ’‹†”‡•’‘•‡ƒ††‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆƤ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”• Ȃˆ™ƒ–‡”™‡”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–‘ƒ͟͜͜‘‰ƒ•
™‹–Š‰‘‘†ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡Ƥ”‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–Ǣ Žƒ›‡”ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘͢͜͜ϓǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡
z †‡“—ƒ–‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡”‹•‹‰ ƒ„‘˜‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ‡••‡”‡‡”‰›‹’—–
ƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ––Š‡‘œœŽ‡–‘…‘—–‡”–Š‡‡‡”‰›„‡‹‰ ‘ˆ͟Ǥ͠ ‹•‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ˆ—‡ŽŽ‘ƒ†ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–›™‘—Ž†–Š‡„‡Œ—•–͟Ǥ͠Ǥ
Ƥ”•–™ƒ–‡”ȋ‘Ƥ”‡Ȍ ͟Ǥ͟ ϋ   ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ˆƒ…–‘”„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ•„ƒ•Š
ǯƤ”‡Ǧ’‘‹–ǯ–Š‡‘”›
š’‡”‹‡…‡Šƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ–‘…‡ƒ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‡†Ƥ”‡
”‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ‹–‡•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ͜͞Ǧ͟͜‹–Š‡”ƒ–‡ ͜Ǥ͝͡ ϋ 
 Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›

}
‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ȋƒ”‘—†͜͜͝Ȃ͜͜͞͞‘ˆ‘ƥ…‡ƪ‘‘” ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹
ƒ”‡ƒȌǡ–Š‡Ƥ”‡™‹ŽŽ‡–‡”ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡‘†‡ƒ† –Š‡‰ƒ•’Šƒ•‡ ͜͡τ‘–ƒŽ
…‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›„‡ ͜Ǥ͟͡ ϋ 
 Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…› ‡ƥ…‹‡…›͜͝
„‡›‘†–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡Š‘•‡ǦŽ‹‡ƪ‘™‹‰ ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹
͜͜͡Ǧͣ͜͡Ȁ‹Ǥ”‡ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ– –Š‡ˆ—‡Ž’Šƒ•‡
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ͝͡Ȃ͜͞͞Ȁ‹ƒ›„‡ ∫ ϋ 
 Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—‡Ž
„‡›‘†–Š‡•—’’”‡••‹˜‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Š‘•‡Ǧ ‘”‰ƒ•’Šƒ•‡‹‹–”‡•Ȁ•‡…Ǥ
Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹ƒ”‘—†•‡˜‡–‘–‡‹—–‡•ˆ”‘’‘‹–
‘ˆ†‡–‡…–‹‘Ȁ•–ƒ”–‘ˆƤ”‡‰”‘™–Š…—”˜‡Ǥ‘„‹‡–Š‹•
     
                  

™‹–Š–›’‹…ƒŽƤ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡”‡•’‘•‡ƒ††‡’Ž‘›‡–
             

–‹‡•ƒ†‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ ȋ͟͢τ͝͝Ȍ͜Ǥ͟͢š͟Ǥ͢š͟Ǥ͟š͝š͜Ǥ͝͡ϋ͜Ǥ͢͠
„‡’Žƒ›‹‰…ƒ–…ŠǦ—’™‹–Š–Š‡Ƥ”‡ƒ•‹–…‘–‹—‡•–‘
          


‡•…ƒŽƒ–‡ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŠ‘•‡ǦŽ‹‡•…ƒ„‡Žƒ‹† ȋ͢͠τ͝͞Ȍ͜Ǥ͢͠š͞Ǥ͢š͝š͜Ǥ͟͡ϋ͜Ǥͤ͡
‹ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›•–”‡ƒˆ”‘ƒ‡š–‡”ƒŽ
        

™ƒ–‡”–‘™‡”‹•‘–ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡‘”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‘’–‹‘Ǥ • ϋ ͝Ǥ͞͞Ȁ͜Ǥ͡ȋ Ȍ

 ϋ ͞Ǥ͠͠’‡”Ȁ•
Travelling Fire - Firefighting Intervention  ϋ ͝Ȁ͞Ǥ͠͠
 ϋ ͜Ǥ͠͝Ȁ•Ȁ
and Adequate Firefighting Water ‘–‡ǣ  •ϋ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ȋȌ‘ˆ
‘™—…Š™ƒ–‡”‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǯƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ǯǫ –Š‡™ƒ–‡”—•‡††‹”‡…–Ž›‘–Š‡Ƥ”‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽǡƤ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•™‹ŽŽƒ’’Ž›Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡”‹–‘  
 ˆϋ–Š‡…‘„—•–‹‘‡ƥ…‹‡…›–ƒ‡ƒ•͜Ǥ͡
ƒ‡…Ž‘•‡†Ƥ”‡…‘’ƒ”–‡–—•‹‰ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ͜͡’‡”…‡–‡ƥ…‹‡…›Ȍ
‘ˆ•’”ƒ›ƒ†•‘Ž‹†•–”‡ƒ‹†‹”‡…–ƒ––ƒ…ƒ––Š‡

www.ife.org.uk International Fire Professional August 2018 Issue No 25 43

 Technical Perspectives All technical perspectives articles and features are sense-check reviewed before publication.
To submit your articles for IFP Journal publication please email Stephanie.morris@ife.org.uk

      !
 

ͥ͝‘•‡Ǧ”‡‡Ž–—„‹‰š͡͠ƒ’’Ž›‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–
͝Ǥͤ͟Ȁ•ȋ͜͝͝Ȁ‹Ȍ
Žƒ‡•—’’”‡••‹‘͜Ǥ͟͢τš͟Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰š͟Ǥ͟š͝Ǥͤ͟Ȁ•
š͜Ǥ͝͡ϋ͝Ǥͣ͝
—‡Ž„ƒ•‡…‘‘Ž‹‰͜Ǥ͢͠τš͞Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰š͝Ǥͤ͟Ȁ•š͜Ǥ͟͡
ϋ͝Ǥͣ͜
‘–ƒŽϋ͞Ǥ͞͠
•ϋ͞Ǥ͞͠Ȁ͜Ǥ͡ȋ Ȍ

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‘‘–ŠǦ„‘”‡͞͞‘œœŽ‡ƒ’’Ž›‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ͥǤ͢͝
Ȁ•
Žƒ‡•—’’”‡••‹‘͜Ǥ͟͢τš͟Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰š͟Ǥ͟šͥǤ͢͝Ȁ•
š͜Ǥ͝͡ϋ͡Ǥͥ
—‡Ž„ƒ•‡…‘‘Ž‹‰͜Ǥ͢͠τš͞Ǥ͢ Ȁ‰šͥǤ͢͝Ȁ•š͜Ǥ͟͡
ϋ͡Ǥ͟͟
‘–ƒŽϋ͝͝Ǥ͟͞
•ϋ͝͝Ǥ͟͞Ȁ͜Ǥ͡ȋ Ȍ

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The 12th Floor – Interstate Bank Fire Los Angeles 1988

‘ǡ͞Ǥ͠͠’‡”Ȁ••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š͢͜
‹–”‡•Ȁ‹—–‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ͞Ǥ͢͠‘ˆ‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡
ƒ›„‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†„—–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”ǯ• ƒ†–‡‡Ž–”—…–—”‡•Ǣ–”—…–—”‡•͟ȋ͜͞͝͡Ȍ͜͞͡Ȃ͢͜͞ƒ†
–”—…–—”‡•͢ȋ͜͢͞͝Ȍͤ͝͞ǢŽ•‡˜‹‡”
™ƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‡ƥ…‹‡…›‹•‘Ž›͜͡τȋ–Š‹•‹•
ƒ‡š’‡…–‡†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡„ƒ•‡†‘–‡•–†ƒ–ƒȌ–Š‡‘Ž› ͞–‡”Ǧ
‘––ˆ”‹‡† ǡ‡‹
Ǥ”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡•ˆ‘”•–”—…–—”ƒŽ
͝Ǥ͟͞‹•”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘‘Ž‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡ƪ‘™Ǥ †‡•‹‰Ȅ’ƒ”–ǣ†‡•‹‰‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ƥ”‡Ž‘ƒ†‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹”‡ƒˆ‡–› ‘—”ƒŽ͜͞͝͞Ǣ͡͠ǣͥ͢Ȃ͝͝͞ǢŽ•‡˜‹‡”

͜͞‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›ǡƒ‹‹—™ƒ–‡”ƪ‘™Ǧ”ƒ–‡ ͟—ƒ‹ƒǡ‡Ž…Šǡ•ƒ‹Ǣ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆDz–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰
‘ˆ͜͞š͜Ǥ͠͝š͢͜ϋͥ͠͞Ȁ‹‹•‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ Ƥ”‡dz•…‡ƒ”‹‘•ˆ‘”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǣ ‹”‡ƒˆ‡–› ‘—”ƒŽͥ͝ȋͣ͜͞͝Ȍͤ͢͡Ȃͣͤ͡Ǣ
ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Ƥ”‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ–‡ Ž•‡˜‹‡”
–Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘‘’‡Ǧ’Žƒ‘ƥ…‡•Ϗ͜͝͡͞ ͠
͡ǤͤǢ Žƒ•Š‘˜‡”ǡ„ƒ…†”ƒ—‰Š–ƒ†Ƥ”‡‰ƒ•‹‰‹–‹‘•Ǣ
™‹–Š…‡‹Ž‹‰Š‡‹‰Š–•–‘͟Ǥ͡ ȋ͞Ǥ͡Ǧ͟ ‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘”‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘…ƒŽ
‘˜‡”‡–ȋ
Ȍ
•—•’‡†‡†Ȍ•Š‘—Ž†’‡”Šƒ’•ǡ‘”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ„‡ ͥ͜͜͞Ǥ
͟͜Ȁ•ȋ•–”—…–—”ƒŽƤ”‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ȍ‘”͞͡͞Ȁ‹ ͡Ž’‡”–ǤǢŠ‡ ‹”‡Ǧ†—…‡†‡‹Ž‹‰ ‡–‡˜‹•‹–‡†Ǣ ‹”‡•‡ƒ–
ȋƤ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ȌǤŠ‹•”ƒ–‡‘ˆƤ”‡•’”‡ƒ†‹• ͜͞͝͝
”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”•–‘†‡’Ž‘›ƒ ͢ƒ†”œ›‘™•‹ǤǢƬ‡”„‡”ǤǢȋȌ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‘–‡
ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘–‘ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ ͤ͢͝͝Ǣͥ͜͜͞
ȋ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ȌƤ”‡‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡‘ƥ…‡•’ƒ…‡‹ƒ–‹‡† ͣƒ†”œ›‘™•‹ǤǢƬ‡––‘”‹ǤǢ͢͜͡͝Ǣ‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡Ƥ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡ƒ†Ƥ”‡ –Š‡›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹”‡ƒ–͟͢͝͠Š‡””›‘ƒ†
‡‰‹‡‡”•–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡™‹–Š•‘‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ……—”ƒ…›ǡƒ– ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤǤǡƒ›͟͜ǡͥͥͥ͝Ǣ’”‹Ž͜͜͜͞
™Šƒ–’‘‹–‹–‹‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆƒƤ”‡
ͤ‡Ž•‘ǡǢͤͥǦ͜͢͠͝Ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ–ƒ†ƒ”†•
‰”‘™–Š…—”˜‡ƒ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ƥ”‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰Ȁ”‡•…—‡
ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡͥͤͥ͝
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡…‘‡‘˜‡”’‘™‡”‡†„›
ͥ
”‹™‘‘†ǤǢ—”‘ ‹”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”͞ǢƬ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡••ǡǢ
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰Ƥ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‘”‡ƒ……—”ƒ–‡
ͣ͜͞͝’Ǥ͢͞͠
‡•–‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‹
͜͝
”‹™‘‘†ǤǢ—”‘ ‹”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”͞ǢƬ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡••ǡǢ
–Š‡‡ƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†ƒ†ˆƒ”Ƥ‡Ž†ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†„›
ͣ͜͞͝’Ǥ͞͠͡
•–”—…–—”ƒŽƤ”‡‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ
͝͝
”‹™‘‘†ǤǢ—”‘ ‹”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”͞ǢƬ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡••ǡǢ
ͣ͜͞͝’Ǥͥ͟͞Ǧ͜͠
References
͝ƒ…ƒ—•ƒ‹–‡ǡƒ‡Žǡƒ™ǡƒ†‡‹
Ǣ’”‘˜‡† ͝͞
”‹™‘‘†ǤǢ—”‘ ‹”‡Ƥ‰Š–‡”͞ǢƬ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡”‡••ǡǢ
‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹”‡•ƒ†’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘…”‡–‡ ͣ͜͞͝’Ǥͥ͟͞Ǧ͜͠

44 International Fire Professional August 2018 Issue No 25 www.ife.org.uk