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Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor,
através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC.

Lemos, Italo Lins


A metafísica e a semântica da ficção : uma abordagem
artefactual / Italo Lins Lemos ; orientador, Jaimir Conte,
2020.
168 p.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa


Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2020.

Inclui referências.

1. Filosofia. 2. Metafísica. 3. Semântica. 4. Ficção. 5.


Realismo. I. Conte, Jaimir. II. Universidade Federal de
Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. III.
Título.
Documento assinado digitalmente
Ivan Ferreira da Cunha
Data: 09/03/2020 17:18:08-0300
CPF: 325.359.838-18

Documento assinado digitalmente


Jaimir Conte
Data: 09/03/2020 15:43:52-0300
CPF: 609.489.739-00


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