AULAS DE INGLÊS

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LUCAS FLACH
 PRESENT PERFECT + for and since

Use the present perfect + for or since to talk about actions and
states which started in the past and are still true now.
I've lived in London since 2004. (eu vivi em Londres desde 2004 e
continuo vivendo)
I've worked in a bank for 7 years.
How long have you learned english? I've learned it for 6 months.
How long has she traveled ? She's (she has) traveled since January.
 PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE

Use the present perfect + "how long?", for, and since to talk
about a period of time from the past until now.
I've been married for 40 years (I'm married now)
Use the past simple + "how long?" and for to talk about a
finished period of time in the past.
How long was he married? He was married for 5 years (he's
not married anymore).
You CAN'T use the past simple with "since"
He was our coach since 1987 (WRONG) . He was our coach
from 1987 to 2008 (CORRECT).
 PHRASAL VERBS

to take care cuidar I took take of her baby.

look after cuidar I looked after a baby
look at olhar para Look at me!
to call of cancelar The class is called of.
to carry on continuar She must carry on her work
to come up with encontrar She'll come up with a solution
to find out descobrir We want to find out what's happening
to get away fugir/escapar how to get away with murder
they got away from here
 PHRASAL VERBS

to go on continuar I can't go on like this.

acontecer What's going on?
to walk away ir embora Walk away from here!
to look for procurar I'm looking for a job.
to make up inventar We made up the story
fazer as pazes I made up with her.
to run out of ficar sem This market is running out of water
to watch out cuidado Watch out! This is dangerous.
to
 PHRASAL VERBS

to look into analisar I'm looking into this paper.

to set up ajustar I need to set up my watch
arranjar We set up a meeting.
to pick up pegar/entender They picked up the kids.
She didn't pick up what you said
to bring up mencionar He brought up a good subject.
to figure out dar um jeito We figured out how to finish.
to pass out desmaiar He passed away while running.
to pass away morrer He passed away in the war.
to
 COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVES: ADJECTIVES
OLD OLDER one syllable: +er
SMALL SMALLER one vowel + one consonant:
SAFE SAFER double final consonant
LARGE LARGER consonant + y: take "y" out +ier
EASY EASIER two or more syllables: more +
FRIENDLY FRIENDLIER adjective
BIG BIGGER
HOT HOTTER
COMFORTABLE MORE COMFORTABLE
BORING MORE BORING
 COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVES: ADJECTIVES
GOOD BETTER
BAD WORSE
FAR FURTHER

He's older than my brother

The soccer ball is smaller than the basketball one.
Airplanes are safer than cars.
My bed is larger than yours.
My test was easier than yours.
He's friendlier than her
 COMPARATIVE
Basketball balls are bigger than soccer ones.
Summer is hotter than winter.
A sofa is more comfortable than a chair.
A film is more boring than tv series.

Soccer is better than tennis.

Tennis is worse than soccer.
Japan is further than the United States.
 COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS OF MANNER:

He is a bad coach. --> He drives badly --> He's worse than you
She is very carefull --> She does it carefully --> She does it more carefully than me
They are very slow --> We go slowly --> He runs more slowly than her
He's a good kid. --> He drives well --> He drives better than Lucas.
 COMPARATIVE
I'm more comfortable with you than with him by my side.
I'm less comfortable with him than with you by my side.
I'm as comfortable as him.

He gets the job done more quickly than his brother.

He gets the job done as quickly as his brother.
He gets the job done less quickly (more slowly) than his brother.
 COMPARATIVE
I'm better with you than with him by my side.
I'm worse with him than with you by my side.
I'm as good as him.

He gets the job done better than his brother.

He gets the job done as well as his brother.
He gets the job done worse than his brother.
 COMPARATIVE
not as + (adjective / adverb) + as

I'm not as good as my opponent. (eu não sou tanto quanto)

She isn't as smart as her friend.
He doesn't play as well as his brother.
They don't work as hard as us.
 SUPERLATIVE

ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

cold colder the coldest

hot hotter the hottest
pretty prettier the prettiest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
 SUPERLATIVE

Use the superlative to say wich is the biggest in a group

It's the biggest mountain in Asia.

He's the smartest in my classes.
It's the best restaurant in the neighbourhood.

We often use the superlative with the present perfect.

It's the biggest mountain I've ever seen.

He's the smartest guy we've ever met.
It's the best restaurant he's ever been.
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

HOUSE
WINDOW
DOOR
CHIMNEY
GARAGE
ROOF
MAILBOX
KITCHEN
BATHROOM
BEDROOM
DINING ROOM
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

LIVING ROOM
STUDY
OFFICE
GAME ROOM
BACKYARD
LAUNDRY ROOM
BASEMENT
ATTIC
GARDEN
PORCH VARANDA
POOL
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

STAIRS
HALLWAY
BANISTER CORRIMAO
WALL
FLOOR
CEILING
ROOF
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

AIR CONDITIONER
ALARM CLOCK
ARMCHAIR
ASH-TRAY
BATHTUB
BED
BOOK CASE
BUCK BEDS BELICHE
CABINET ARMÁRIO DE COZINHA OU DE BANHEIRO
CLOSET
CHAIR
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

FAN
COFFEE MAKER
COUCH
CURTAINS
DESK
DISHWASHER
DRESSER COMODA
FIRE PLACE LAREIRA
FRIDGE
IRON
MATTRESS
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

MICROWAVE OVEN
MIRROR
PILLOW
RUG
SHELF
STOVE
TABLE
TOASTER
TV
VACUUM CLEANER
WASHING MACHINE
FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

MICROWAVE OVEN
MIRROR
PILLOW
RUG
SHELF
STOVE
TABLE
TOASTER
TV
VACUUM CLEANER
WASHING MACHINE
 SO, BECAUSE

Use because to express a reason

Use so to express a result

Example:

She was driving fast because she was late.

She was late, so she was driving fast.
He spoke with his mother because he wanted to go to the party.
He wanted to go to the party so he spoke with his mother.
 BUT, ALTHOUGH
Use but or although to show a contrast.
Although can go in the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

Example:

She tried to stop but she hit the man.

Although she tried to stop she hit the man
It was 11 am but she was still asleep (to be asleep)
She was still asleep although it was 11 am.
 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE I live in Porto Alegre

He doesn't live in São Paulo
present
simple

Things that happen always or usually

 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE He's doing his homework.

I'm playing soccer right now.
present
continuous

Things that are happening now or in

the near future.
 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE They were here yesterday.

I didn't work too hard last month.
past
simple

Finished actions in the past.

 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE We were working on a project.

I wasn't smoking at the party.
past
continuous

Actions that were in

progress at a past time.
 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE I'm going to watch Netflix tonight.

It's going to rain.
going to +
infinitive

Future plans and

predictions
 QUICK REVIEW

TENSE He'll love Bahamas.

They won't come back.
will / won't
+ infinitive

Predictions, instant
decisions, offers, promises
 FIRST CONDITIONAL

Use if + present, will + infinitive to talk about a possible

future situation and its consequences.
If I miss the match, I'll watch it later.
I'll watch the match later if I miss it.
If she tells the truth, he won't be angry.
He won't be angry, if she tells the truth.
If it doesn't rain, they won't take a taxi.
They won't take a taxi if it doesn't rain.
If we do the right thing, the teacher will recognize it.
The teacher will recognize it, if we do the right thing
 FIRST CONDITIONAL

We can also use the imperative or can.

If you miss the airplane, take a cab.

If you miss the airplane, you can take a cab.

If you want to travel, buy a ticket and enjoy the world.

If you want to travel, you can buy a ticket
and enjoy the world.
 FIRST CONDITIONAL

We can also use the unless + present simple form.

Unless she calls me, I'll stay at home.

I'll stay at home, unless she calls me.
Unless they study, they won't pass the exam.
They won't pass the exam, unless they study.
Unless we run, we'll be late.
We'll be late, unless we run.
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

Use if + past, would + infinitive to talk about an

improbable / impossible or hypothetical future situation
and its consequence.

If a dog attacked her, she'd run away. (she would)

She'd run away if a dog attacked her.
If he needed, I'd help him. (I would)
I'd help him if he needed.
If you were kind, they would like you.
They would like you if you were kind.
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

Would and wouldn't are the same for all persons

If a dog attacked her, she wouldn't run away. (she would)

She wouldn't run away if a dog attacked her.
If he needed, I wouldn't help him. (I would)
I wouldn't help him if he needed.
If you were a bad person, they wouldn't like you.
They wouldn't like you if you were a bad person.
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

If you want to use the second conditional with "can", use

could.

If I needed, she could / couldn't help me.

They could / couldn't take you home if you needed.

If I could tell them, I would (tell).

I would tell them if I could (tell).
 SECOND CONDITIONAL

Be careful! With the verb to be you can use were with all
people.
If I (were / was) you, I'd say it differently.
She'd like this tribute if she (were / was) here.
 FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS

If I have time tomorrow, I'll help you.

Talvez eu tenha tempo.

If I had time tomorrow, I'd help you.

Não vou ter tempo.
 USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO

Use "used to / didn't use to" + infinitive to talk about things

that happened repeatedly in the past, but might not be true
now. For example, for things that happened a long time ago.
I used to have a long hair.
He used to swim when he was a kid.
She didn't use to go shopping.
They didn't use to help their mother with the shopping list.
Did we use to go to the beach? Yes, we did.
Did you use to buy me candies? No, I didn't
 USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO

Use "used to / didn't use to" only in the past. To say

something you usually do in the present, use the present
simple.
I used to watch TV.
I use to watch TV (WRONG).
I watch TV (CORRECT).
 PASSIVE VOICE

We can say things in the active or passive voice.

Ronaldinho scored a goal.
The goal was scored by Ronaldinho.
Da Vinci painted a work of art.
The work of art was painted by Picasso.
In the active sentece, who did the action is the subject.
In the passive sentence, who suffered the action is the subject.
When you don't know who did something, you can use the
passive as well.
My bike was stolen last week.
 PASSIVE VOICE

Make the present passive with am / are / is + past participle

"Feijoada" is made with beans.
The house is cleaned every single day.
It isn't produced with water.
The statues aren't restored since 1876.
Is it prepared with pasta?
Are we helped enough?
 PASSIVE VOICE

Make the past passive with was/were + past participle

"Feijoada" was made with beans.
The house was cleaned every single day.
It wasn't produced with water.
The statues weren't restored since 1876.
Was it prepared with pasta?
Were we helped enough?
 SOMETHING (ALGO)

Use something in affirmative clauses and in invitations where

we expect an affirmative answer.
I want something to eat.
Does he want something to eat?
ANYTHING (QUALQUER COISA, NADA, ALGUMA COISA)

"QUALQUER COISA" in affirmative sentences.

"NADA" in negative sentences.
"ALGUMA COISA" in interrogative sentences.
If he needs anything, call me.
I don't need anything.
Do they need anything?
 NOTHING

"NADA" in affirmative sentences.

I want nothing to eat.
I need nothing to drink.
 SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING

Use something, somebody, someone, etc. when you don't say

exactly who, what or where.
Somebody broke the window.
I went somewhere beautiful last month.
Use anything, anywhere, anybody, etc, when you have a
negative clause or a question.
I didn't make anything to eat.
Did you go anywhere last night?
Is anybody there?
 SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING

Use nobody, nothing, nowhere in short negative sentences or

in a sentence with a positive verb.
Who's in there? Nobody. Nobody's in there.
Where did she go? Nowhere. She went nowhere.
Somebody = Someone, Nobody = No one
 SO, NEITHER + AUXILIARIES

Use so do I / neither do I to say you have something in common

with somebody.
Use so + auxiliary + I with positive sentences.
I love tennis --> So do I.
You hate being there --> So does she/he.
They're tired --> So am I. So is she/he. So are we/you/they
Use neither + auxiliary + I with negative sentences.
I don't like tennis --> Neither do I. Neither does he/she
He's not tired. Neither am I. Neither is he/she. Neither are
we,they,you
 SO, NEITHER + AUXILIARIES

Use so do I / neither do I to say you have something in common with

somebody.
Use so + auxiliary + I with positive sentences.
I'd love to play tennis --> So would I.
You hated being there --> So did she/he.
They were tired --> So was I. So was she/he. So were
we/you/they
Use neither + auxiliary + I with negative sentences.
I didn't like tennis --> Neither did I. Neither did he/she
He wasn't tired. Neither was I. Neither was he/she/it. Neither
were we/you/they.
 PAST PERFECT

Use the past perfect when you're already talking about the
past, and want to talk about an earlier past action.
When I woke up it was all dry. It hadn't rained in the night.
I hadn't eaten yet when you arrived.
He arrived at the bar, his friends had waited for him.
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
She had seen this movie before.
It
We
They
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
She 'd seen this movie before.
It
We
They
I'd = I had
I'd = I would
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
She hadn't seen this movie before.
It
We
They
I hadn't = I had not
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
Had She seen this movie before?
It
We
They
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
Yes, She had
It
We
They
 PAST PERFECT

I
You
He
No, She hadn't
It
We
They
 REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED SENTENCES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

He said (that) he loved her

I love you He told her (that) he loved her.

He said (that) he wanted to

watch this movie again.
I want to watch this movie again
He told her (that) he wanted to
watch this movie again.
 REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED SENTENCES

You can use "said" or "told" in reported speech but they are
used differently.
You can't use "said" with an object or pronoun:
(WRONG) He said her he loved her.
You must use "told" with an object.
He told her that he loved her.
 REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED QUESTIONS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

She asked him if he wanted to

Do you want to dance? dance

What do you love? She asked him what he loved

What did you love? She asked him what he had loved
 REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTED QUESTIONS
In reported questions, the tenses change like: present to
past simple, past simple to past perfect, etc.

What do you want?

He asked me what I wanted
If the question starts with an auxiliary, such as (do, can,
etc.), we must add "if" or "wether"
 REPORTED SPEECH
Do you like sports?
He asked me if/wether I liked sports.

Can you play the piano?

They asked her if she could play the piano.

Are you a doctor?

We asked him if he was a doctor.

Have you been to Australia?

She asked me if I'd been (I had been) to Australia.
REPORTED SPEECH (MORE EXAMPLES)
Present --> Past
Will --> Would
Past Simple / Present Perfect--> Past Perfect
Can --> Could
May --> Might
Must --> Had to
Outros verbos modais como could, might, should,
mustn't, etc. ficam iguais.
 REPORTED SPEECH (MORE EXAMPLES)

I like dancing. RESPOSTA NO PRÓXIMO

I'm going tomorrow.
I'll always love him.
I finished the exam!
I've forgotten my umbrella.
I can't do this.
I may work with you.
I must study.
 REPORTED SPEECH (MORE EXAMPLES)

She said (that) she liked dancing.

He told her he was going the next day.
She said she would always love him.
He told her he had finished the exam.
He said he had forgotten his umbrella.
She said she couldn't do this.
He said he might work with me.
She said she had to study.
 REPORTED SPEECH (IMPERATIVE)

To report an imperative or request, use asked or told + person +

infinitive.
Negative imperative --> negative infinitive (not to...)
Get out of here! --> He told her to get out of there.
Don't worry, everything is ok! --> The dentist told him not to worry.
Can / Could you teach me this?--> We asked them to teach us.
 WILL / SHALL
Use will / won't (NOT the present continuous) for
instant decisions, promises, offers and suggestions.
Use shall (NOT will) for offers and suggestions when
they're questions;
Use will/going to for predictions;
I'll have the soda, please (instant decision)
I won't tell anybody where he is (promise)
I'll help you with your homework (offer)
Shall I carry that bag for you? (offer)
Shall we eat pizza tonight? (offer)
You'll love his family (prediction)
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Use the present perfect continuous with "for" and "since" with
action verbs (learn, go, etc.)
How long have you been learning spanish?
He's been traveling the world since May.
They've been playing together since high-school.
With non-action verbs (know, be, etc.) use the present perfect
NOT the present perfect continuous with since and for.
I've known her for 30 years. I've been knowing her for 30
years.
I've been living here for 3 years.
He's lived here for3 years.
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We can use the present perfect continuous for recent actions.
Have you been working? You look so tired.
Yes, I've been working a lot lately.
 THIRD CONDITIONAL
Used to talk about a hypothetical situation in the past (which
didn't happen) and its consequence.
if+past perfect and would have + past participle

Today I got up early and I didn't miss the bus.

If I hadn't got up early, I would have missed the bus.

If I'd known about the match, I would have bought the tickets.
If he hadn't gone to the event, he wouldn't have met his wife.
We wouldn't have been late if we'd got up early.
They would have come if we had invited them.
 PAST TENSES
We arrived at the bar and got in. (past simple)
We were having lunch when a car started honk. (past continuous)
When we arrived at the bar, we noticed we had forgotten the
money (past perfect)
We'd been drinking for 3 hours when the waiter told us the bar was
closing. (past perfect continuous)
 PASSIVE VOICE II (ALL TENSES)
Works of art are usually painted by geniuses. (present simple)
He is being interrogated right now (present continuous)
My wallet has been robbed. (present perfect)
Carla was caught stealing a purse last month. (past simple)
The school was being rebuilt when it was painted. (past continuous)
He noticed that the car had been damaged (past perfect)
The walls will be painted next year. (future)
The walls will be painted tomorrow. (future)
He washed the dishes to avoid being sent to the jail. (gerund)
 PASSIVE VOICE II (ALL TENSES)
They say John and Mary are going to break up.
It is said that John and Mary are going to break up.
People think the president will fall.
It is thought that the president will fall.
People say Lucas is a good teacher.
Lucas is said to be a good teacher.
The government believes he has killed his wife.
He is believed to have killed his wife.
 PASSIVE VOICE II (ALL TENSES)
You can use He, The man, Lucas, etc. (the subject) + is said, is
believed, etc. + to + infinitive or perfect infinitive.

You can use It is said, believed + that + clause.

 FUTURE PERFECT
will have + past participle
I'll have finished my homework by Monday morning.
He'll have sent the e-mail when you get home.
Brazil will have built a new Arena in three months.

It is used to say something will be finished before something in the

future.
Frequently we have time expressions such as by (Saturday, April,
2022, etc.) or in (three years, months, days, etc.)
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
will be + verb + -ing
Don't call me tomorrow, I'll be travelling allday.
This time next week he'll be talking with the president.
Next month, they'll be working in a great project.

We use this tense to say that something will be in progress at a

certain time in the future.
 ZERO CONDITIONAL
To talk about something is always true or always happens as a
result of something else, use two times the present simple,the
present perfect, or the present continuous.

If he wants to marry her, he has to ask her.

If you're so tired, you're probably working too much.
If she hasn't been to Paris, she hasn't lived.
If we want to travel, we must do it.
 FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
When you're talking about the future, use a present tense after the
expressions as soon as, when, until, unless, before, after, and in
case. This can be any present tense we saw.

I'll be there as soon as she calls me.

We'll be at the bar when you arrive.
He's not going until the snow has stopped.
She's not getting the money unless she works for it.
Take your coat in case it's cold.

I'll take a coat in case it's cold.

I'll take a coat if it's cold.
 PAST MODALS
must / might / should / can't, etc. + have + past participle, to make
deductions or speculate about past actions.

The opposite of must have is can't have NOT mustn't have

Use must have when you're almost sure that something happened
or was true.
Use might / may have when you think it's possible that something
happened or was true. You can also use could have with this
meaning.
Use can't have when you're almost sure that something didn't
happen or that it is impossible. You can also use couldn't have.
 PAST MODALS
MUST
You must have passed the test, you're very clever.
I must have seen something unreal.
MIGHT/MAY
A thief may have stolen your purse when you weren't paying attention
I might have forgotten my keys, because I can't find them.
CAN'T / COULDN'T
He can't have seen us, we weren't there.
Your father couldn't have done this to you.
SHOULD
I should have warned her he was too dangerous.
She shouldn't have gone, it was dark.
 STRUCTURES AFTER WISH
wish + past simple, wish +would / wouldn't, wish + past perfect.
wish + past simple to talk about things you would like were different but
they're not unlikely .
I wish I was happier!
She wishes she could learn faster.
They wish they spoke more.
Use wish + person/thing + would to talk about things we want to happen,
or we don't want.
I wish my girlfriend would come.
She wishes you wouldn't leave the wet towel on the bed.
 STRUCTURES AFTER WISH
Use wish + past perfect to talk about things that happened or didn't happen
in the past and now you regret.
I wish I had studied more before the test.
He wishes his team had won the match.
She wishes she hadn't bought this dress.
 CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
Use although, though,even though + a clause.
Although and even though can be used at the beginning or in the
middle of the sentence.
Even though is stronger than although..
Though is more informal. It comes allways in the middle of a sentence.
Although you were afraid, you watched the entire movie.
I watched the match even though I knew we would lose.
Although I knew we would lose, I watched the match.
I like Lucas though sometimes he gets to my nerves.
 CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
After in spite of or despite, use a noun, a verb in the -ing form, or the fact
that + subject + verb.
Despite / In spite of his age, he's healthy.
Despite / In spite of being 70 years old, he's healthy.
Despite / In spite of the fact that he's 70, he's healthy
 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
Use to, in order to, so as to when an infinitive comes after.
I went to the mall (to, in order to, so as to) buy the Christmas gifts.
Use for + a noun or a gerund:
I went to the mall for a date. The product is for washing the dishes.
After so that use a subject + modal verb.
I went to the mall so that I would buy the Christmas gifts.
To express a negative purpose use so as not to:
I wrote it down so as not to forget it.