Gerund

"Gerund" como sujeito da oração

Exemplos

 Eating people is wrong.
 Hunting tigers is dangerous.
 Flying makes me nervous.
 Brushing your teeth is important.
 Smoking causes lung cancer.

"Gerund" como complemento do verbo "to be"

Exemplos

 One of his duties is attending meetings.

 The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.
 One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed.

"Gerund" após preposição

O "gerund" deve ser utilizado sempre que um verbo for antecedido por uma preposição. Isso também se
aplica a algumas expressões que terminam com preposição, como "in spite of" e "there's no point in".
Exemplos

 Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

 She is good at painting.
 She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
 We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
 My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.
 There's no point in waiting.
 In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time.

"Gerund" após "phrasal verb"

Os "phrasal verbs" são compostos por um verbo + preposição ou advérbio.

Exemplos

 When will you give up smoking?

 She always puts off going to the dentist.
 He kept on asking for money.
 Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke.

Alguns "phrasal verbs" incluem o termo "to" como preposição. Por exemplo: to look forward to, to take to,
to be accustomed to, to get around to & to be used to. É importante notar que a palavra "to" consiste em
uma preposição, nesses casos, pois deve ser seguida por um "gerund". Ela não faz parte da forma infinitiva
do verbo. Para saber se "to" é uma preposição ou parte do infinitivo, basta verificar se é possível incluir o
pronome "it" após "to" e formar uma oração que possua sentido: nesse caso, o termo "to" é uma
preposição e deve ser seguido por um "gerund".
Exemplos

 I look forward to hearing from you soon.

 I look forward to it.
 I am used to waiting for buses.
 I am used to it.
 She didn't really take to studying English.
 She didn't really take to it.
 When will you get around to mowing the grass?
 When will you get around to it?

"Gerund" em substantivos compostos

Nos substantivos compostos que incluem um "gerund", fica claro que seu significado é o de um
substantivo, e não o de um verbo na forma contínua. Por exemplo, a expressão "swimming pool" se refere
a uma piscina para nadar, e não a uma piscina que está nadando.

Exemplos

 I am giving Sally a driving lesson.

 They have a swimming pool in their back yard.
 I bought some new running shoes.

"Gerund" após determinadas expressões

O "gerund" é necessário após as seguintes expressões: can't help, can't stand, to be worth e it's no use.

Exemplos

 She couldn't help falling in love with him.

 I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.
 It's no use trying to escape.
 It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.

Infinitive
Infinitivo com "to" para indicar o objetivo ou intenção de uma ação
Nesse caso, "to" possui o mesmo significado das expressões "in order to" ou "so as to".

Exemplos

 She came to collect her pay cheque.

 The three bears went to find firewood.
 I am calling to ask you about dad.
 Your sister has gone to finish her homework.

Infinitivo com "to" como sujeito da oração

Esse uso é formal, muito mais comum no inglês escrito do que no falado.

Exemplos

 To be or not to be, that is the question.

 To know her is to love her.
 To visit the Grand Canyon is my life-long dream.
 To understand statistics, that is our aim.
 Infinitivo com "to" para indicar o uso possível ou previsto de algo
Nessa construção, o infinitivo com "to" é inserido após um substantivo ou pronome.

Exemplos

 The children need a garden to play in.

 I would like a sandwich to eat.
 I don't have anything to wear.
 Would you like something to drink?

Infinitivo com "to" após adjetivos

Existe um padrão habitual para o uso do infinitivo com "to" junto a um adjetivo. A estrutura dessas
construções é a seguinte:
sujeito + "to be" + adjetivo + ("for"/"of" + alguém) + infinitivo com "to" + (resto da oração).

Infinitivo com "to" para fazer um comentário ou julgamento

Para utilizar o infinitivo com "to" ao fazer um comentário ou julgamento sobre um substantivo, utilize o
seguinte padrão:
sujeito + "to be" + frase nominal + infinitivo com "to".
 Infinitivo com "to" junto a advérbios
O infinitivo com "to" é frequentemente utilizado com os advérbios "too" e "enough" para expressar o
raciocínio por trás de nossa satisfação ou insatisfação. Nessa construção, too e enough são inseridos antes
ou depois do adjetivo, advérbio ou substantivo o qual modificam, da mesma forma que seriam inseridos
sem o infinitivo com "to". Em seguida, inserimos o infinitivo com "to" para explicar o motivo pela qual
determinada quantidade é excessiva, suficiente ou insuficiente. Normalmente, o infinitivo com "to" e toda
a parte seguinte podem ser removidos, sem que a oração deixe de ser gramaticalmente funcional.

Exemplos

 There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.

 I had too many books to carry.
 This soup is too hot to eat.
 She was too tired to work.
 He arrived too late to see the actors.
 I've had enough food to eat.
 She's old enough to make up her own mind.
 There isn't enough snow to ski on.
 You're not old enough to have grand-children!

Infinitivo com "to" junto a partículas interrogativas

Os verbos "ask", "decide", "explain", "forget", "know", "show", "tell" e "understand" podem ser seguidos
por um termo interrogativo, como "where", "how", "what", "who" e "when" + infinitivo com "to".

Exemplos

 She asked me how to use the washing machine.

 Do you understand what to do?
 Tell me when to press the button.
 I've forgotten where to put this little screw.
 I'm not sure I know who to call.

Funções do infinitivo sem "to"

Infinitivo sem "to" após verbos auxiliares
Exemplos

 She can't speak to you.

 He should give her some money.
 Shall I talk to him?
 Would you like a cup of coffee?
 I might stay another night in the hotel.
 They must leave before 10.00 a.m.
 Infinitivo sem "to" após verbos de percepção
Com verbos de percepção, o padrão seguido é verbo + objeto + infinitivo sem "to".

Exemplos

 He saw her fall from the cliff.

 We heard them close the door.
 They saw us walk toward the lake.
 She felt the spider crawl up her leg.

Infinitivo sem "to" após os verbos "make" e "let"

Exemplos

 Her parents let her stay out late.

 Let's go to the cinema tonight.
 You made me come with you.
 Don't make me study that boring grammar book!

Infinitivo sem "to" após a expressão "had better"

Exemplos

 We had better take some warm clothing.

 She had better ask him not to come.
 We had better reserve a room in the hotel.
 You'd better give me your address.
 They had better work harder on their homework.

Infinitivo sem "to" junto ao termo "why"

A partícula interrogativa why é seguida pelo infinitivo sem "to" quando se deseja fazer sugestões.

Exemplos

 Why wait until tomorrow?

 Why not ask him now?
 Why leave before the end of the game?
 Why walk when we can go in the car?
 Why not buy a new bed?
 Exercícios
 With or without “to”

1. He can   the piano. 1. You should   a coat.

2. I want   that again. 2. I would like   a pet.

3. You must   the dog. 3. You must   your room.

4. They should   faster. 4. People work   money.

5. It's fun   friends. 5. We have   by bus.

6. I will   you later. 6. Shall we   home?

7. He would like   a doctor. 7. They need   that.

8. We have   very hard. 8. Paul will   in Egypt.

9. I don't   Spanish. 9. May I   the window?

10.We are here  . 10.It's going   soon.

 Infinitive vs Gerund
1. They agreed   with us.
2. Could you   the door?
3. I sometimes go   on Sundays.
4. It's difficult   this problem.
5. The dragon is afraid of  .
6. I'm sorry   that
7.  tennis is my favourite hobby.
8. You should   more vegetables.
9. He helped me   the table.
10.He insisted on   the bus.
1. We like   out.
2. He's not allowed   this.
3. Does it need   a bath?
4. They go   in winter.
5. You can't   here.
6. I told them   quiet.
7. They keep   for one hour.
8. I don't enjoy  .
9. She is good at   chess.
10.Do you wish   now?
 1. I saw him   in the park

2. You are allowed   now.

3. The burglar tried  .

4. Are you   your holidays?

5. I can't imagine   without you.

6. I hope   her soon.

7. How about   to the disco?

8. Sam enjoys   in the garden.

9. Mum taught me   the guitar.

10. We chose   to Italy.

1. Dan enjoys   science fiction.

2. Cheryl suggested   a movie after work.
3. I miss   in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.
4. Where did you learn   Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?
5. Do you mind   me translate this letter?
6. He asked   to the store manager.
7. You've never mentioned   in Japan before. How long did you live there?
8. If he keeps   to work late, he's going to get fired!
9. Debbie plans   abroad next year.
10. I agreed   Jack wash his car.
11.I hope   from college next June.
12.The models practiced   with a book balanced on their heads.
13.Mandy has promised   care of our dog while we are on vacation.
14.Mr. Edwards chose   the management position in Chicago rather than the
position in Miami.
15.I don't know what she wants   tonight. Why don't you ask her?
16.Frank offered   us paint the house.
17.Sandra decided   economics in London.
18.Witnesses reported   the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-
story window.
19.Stephanie dislikes   in front of a computer all day.
20.Mrs. Naidoo appears   the most qualified person for the job.
21.Eliza recommended   in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong.
22.I demand   to the manager of the hotel immediately.
23.My grandmother recalled   a plane for the very first time when she was six.
24.She claims   related to George Washington, but I don't believe her.
25.This broken bicycle needs   before someone can ride it.
26.I can't understand   such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to
mention what it does to the environment.
27.She refused   to me after our fight.
28.The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves   more than fifty
miles through rugged mountainous terrain.
29.Don't hesitate   for help if you don't understand the directions.
30.She managed   with them, even though she didn't speak their language.
31.She pretended   a student in order to get a student discount.
32.She waited   what would happen next.
33.The child denied   the piece of candy.
34.We fully intend   you for all the work you have done for us.
35.You seem   a little distracted. Is everything alright?
36.Laura and Ed discussed   to the city to find work; however, in the end, they
decided against relocating.
37.She refused   that she had made a mistake.
38.After his accident last year, he would never consider   another motorcycle.
39.Margaret just happened   the lost car keys while she was looking for
something else.
40.He never admitted   the wild party while his parents were out of town.
41.Jackie tends   late on Mondays, but our boss doesn't seem to care about
that very much.
42.She imagined   on a tropical beach under a palm tree.
43.The winner of the local competition gets   in a national competition in
Washington D.C.
44.We don't anticipate   any more technical problems during the concert tour.
45.Debbie failed   her credit card lying on the ground.
46.The politician swore   the people honestly and with pride, but the scandal
revealed that the promise was little more than a lie.
47.Mr. Shinohara recollected   with his father on his family's fishing boat when
he was a young child.
48.The medical team deserves   the award for their volunteer work in sub-
Saharan Africa.
49.I really appreciate   the opportunity to take part in this project and to work
with such an excellent team.
50.She delayed   her application until just one week before the deadline.~
51.The certification program requires me   several tests.
52.The certification program requires my   several tests.
53.I told the others   me at the beach after work. Why don't you come along?
54.Robin talked me into   in the 24-hour dance marathon.
55.He appreciated   him prepare for the Halloween party.
56.   skydiving tomorrow will test how brave you are.
57.Don't you need   a break? You've been working non-stop for over 8 hours!
58.   late would be an insult to our dinner hosts.
59.Beth was excited about   the world famous photographer.
60.How did you manage   tickets for that concert? It has been sold out for
months.

Links para prática

 http://www.carmenlu.com/first/grammar/verbs_ing1b.htm
 https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/Infinitive.htm
 https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/037_01.htm