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altura (km)

Celulas de Walker
12

30

60

90
LESTE

Africa

120

150

180

150

120

90
OESTE

60

30

America do Sul

Arquipelagos do Oc. Indico

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l Cq h @=@?~ h C e ?JxU= IHJI a
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f

Celula Polar

diverg. no topo
converg. na superf.

AP
converg. no topo
diverg. na superficie

Celula de
Ferrel

60

BP
Celula de
Hadley

30

AP
diverg. no topo da troposfera
converg. na superficie

BP

AP

30

BP
AP

60

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Ld?JEE? l h C h t I 9?Jx I t3L =@? l Cq h @=@? h I EC  t?@C.E? n h C I =@? n EoCMxU=@? h x@tC j@hklmh =dCM=@? h j C h  C
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w o ?E H ? h EC H ? s l l Ch I # MRI@@ h IHJI EE??xE?CC h C=@? j C h CUE?Jtt C I C03L ? I I l I h I xU=@?
I EC  t?0@C CMs E?JC=U?BC l C>@E?Jtt C I =@? h = I C I I h ?x I =@?=@?Jt H ?JxUt C I =U?BCFE XCMEg@?t I j ?
xdC>C h  C=@?3L =@?t l IH C  t?0oCMxQ I dCMEx I Eo? HI I dCFEoC>t l hd I ECFx I dCME?0=@?Jto?BCME =@?Jt H ?x@=@?
xdC CMs E?~C =@?C l CUE?Jtt C I I l CME?>dCMEo?>xdCC h C =@?C l oC@E?Jtt C I H h E H Ux n l I j C l ? I Ex I =U? L
I h ?x I = I t3?JxQ I txdCdCMEo? h xU?JE h I E]=dC H ? s l l C I l CFE IHJI EE?? = h E? HFG C I C I ?dCM= I E?
o?t?J@E?UC HI I xU?JxQo? e I xdC l U?3?J=@? l ?t? I E h t I ?Jto?tM?JxQ I t0t C I.HI x ? H h = I t
HJI I ?~CFto?E lkh ?Jt I =@?E h FC= I M?JxQ I l ?Jto:? HJI Eo??JE h = h I xdC l =dCFt H ? l l CMtCFo I t?JE h H CMt
?s CM@E?Jt?xQCM= I xdCp n @ECz: :<L
p

15 km

tropopausa
tropical

Cumulonimbus

tropopausa
lat. media

10 km
topopausa
polar

Frente Polar

5 km

90
Alta Polar
Polar Easterlies

60
Cinturao de
Baixa Pressao

30

0
Baixa Equatorial

Alta Subtropical
Westerlies

Alisios (Trade)

ITCZ

h n @EC : :~LUui<UdJd M Qzo @ M< Mq|MY|K

t3?x I tt@|?JEp H h C h t>? CMtC h CMt H h E H @x n l I j C h t=@? C l C? j C h C@E?tt I ?JtCMtt I H h CM= I tC?JtC
H h E H l CHFG C I ?J H ? s l l CFt ?s CF@E?t?JxQoCM= I x@C>p n @EoC : :3:
dCMx@= IHJI @UoCM I t I ?? h I = I t HJI xQ h x@?x?Jt ?Jto??t@?JC =@?= h toE hmj h HMG C I =@?@E?Jtt C I ?
3?xQ I tt?C l ?JEC hb=@? I = I @?CMt>C h  CMt H h E H @ n l I j C h tBt C I h xQ?JEE I h =dCFtx I t HJI x h x@?xQo?Jt
I I I h h t I hUt I j E? I t HJI xQ h x@?JxQ?Jt ?  h to? n EoCMxU=@?Jt HI l @x@CMt =@?CMt H ?Jx HFG C I =@?CMExdCFt H ? s l l CMt
=@? C l ?E h n ?EoCMx@= I j C h  C@E?Jtt C I ? h xQo?JEE I |?Jx@= I CMtC h  CMt H h E H Ux n l I j C h t =@?[C l oCUE?Jtt C I
w l?Js = h tt I CMtC  CFt=@?BE IH C H ? H C l I E?JxQoE? I t I l I ? I CMEt C I C h t h xQ?Jx@tCMt= I @?CMtC  CFt
=@?DE IH C6?xE? IIH ?JCMx I ? I CFE h C e ?x@= IHJI @?9C6@E?Jtt C I CF I t?JE h H CCM@E?Jt?xQo?9C h I E
FCME h CHMG C I t I j E? I t HI xQ h xU?JxQo?tD?9C h I E HI x@t CM x H h C t I j E? I t IH ?JCMx I t I E h tt I I ECM  t?
H ?xQoE I wt dCFt?  ?JtC H h I x CFs E h I t0=@?C l oC ? j C h  C UE?Jtt C I CF I t?JE h H CFtt I j E? I t IH ?~CFx I t hC I h xQ ?s t
=@?0C h  CFt H h E H @x n l I j C h t
w C h  CB=@?C l oC@E?Jtt C I xdC l CF h oU=@?=U? L ? s h x?JEE I h =@Ct I j E? I t HI xQ h xU?JxQo?t hUC e ?Jx@= I>HJI
@?o?x CM I t H ?xQoE I t]=U?C l C@E?tt C IBH ?JxQoECM= I tb?J L =@? l CF h o@=@? t I j E? I t IH ?~CFx I thC I h xQ ?s t
=@?C h  CFt H h E H @ n l I j C h t y Uh t?J H ?JxQoE I t =U?C l CUE?Jtt C I ?JtC H h I x CFs E h I t H ?xEoCM= I t x I t I H ?~CMx I t
w l CM xQ h HJI l h w l CM xQ h HJI I Eo? h C H  s p HI l h C H s p HJI I Eo?? x@= h HJI
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Ventos de Oeste
(Westerlies)

BP

30

AP

Alisios NE
(Trade Winds)

BP

Alisios SE
(Trade Winds)

AP
30

Ventos de Oeste
(Westerlies)

BP
60

AP

h n @EoC : :3:Mu QM@ >M<QMd<|o@ M< |dr B0 X|M

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w H h E H l CHMG C I = I CMEx I tBt h to?CFtBCqo I t ?s E h HI t=@? l CME n C.?Jt H C l Ch h ? C|@? l ?Jt8U?t C In ECMx@=@?t
I t p H h ?JxQo?>dCFEoC t?E? h x@@?Jx H h CM= I t|? l I I h ?JxQ I =@?>E I oCHMG C I =dC ?JEEChFCME h C=@?>C HJI E= I
HJI I ?J h t ?Js E h I
I t H ?xE I t =@?C l oC[@E?tt C I w C H h E H l CHMG C I = I CME ?s t?J@E? HI xQ3?E n ?x?Bx I I I =dCCMttC
=@?CME ?0= h M?JE n ?JxQo?0x@CtdC H CFCM=@C h xU?E h I E VCMEU? HJI xQ3?E n ?x I I I =dCCMttC=@?CME I EC
@C HJI l @xdCB=@? I h ?x I =@?t H ?Jx@=@?xQo?|hCDdC l dCMttoCC[?  ?E H ?EC h I E]@E?tt C I x I I xQ II xU=@?
?JxQEoC.?J HJI xQCq I.HJI C tU?Ep H h ?o?EE?JtE? ht?Jx@= I I E?ttoC.EC e C I.HI x ? H h = I t HJI I.H ?JxQoE I t
=@?C l oC)UE?Jtt C I h xQ3?Et II HI EE?x I t H ?JxQoE I t =@? j C h C)@E?Jtt C I g h HJI C) I E)HFG C I =@?
I h ?x I HJI xM?JE n ?JxQo?xdC t@|?JEp H h ? hfCMt H ?Jx HFG C I =@?CMEx I.H ?JxQE I ? I h ?x I = h 3?JE n ?JxQ?>x I
I I
?? h I =dC)E I C|HMG C I =dC ?EEC9C e HI
@?z?JttC H h E H l C|HMG C I t? C)=U:? d? h =@C hidCFEoC)C9?t @?E=dC
x I ?J h t?JE h I t l ?dCMECC= h E? h oCx I ?J h t?JE h I x I E?|hrC e ?x@= I HI @? I I h ?JxQ I = I CFE
t? Ct?J@E? n h EoCF I s E h I ?J I Ex I =dCMtC l CMt ? j C h  CMt @E?tt I ?JtCqo I t ?s E h H CMt j?ttoC I EC In h E I
= I CME0? I Ex I =@?@C.C l oC @E?tt C I CF I t ?Js E h H Cx I ?J h t?E h I t l I Ex@C  t?CFx h I E CMs E h I hxdC
H CFCM=@C h xU?E h I E h? I E CMs E h I x I I I =dC[CMttoC=@?0CFEi? h H ?  3?JEtoC>x I t H ?JxQE I t=@? j C h  C[UE?Jtt C I
HI xQoE CMs E h IIHJI EE?@CMEoC I ?J h t?JE h I x I Eo? x@=@??=@?JxQo?=@!? dC l ? h t?JE h I ?to? C IHJI EE?x@= I h
C H h E H l C|HMG C I ? I Ex I =@?.@CC l CUE?Jtt C I ? s = h CCMxQ H h H l I  x h H C h ?Jx dCMxQ I @? C H h E H l CHMG C I
?J I Ex I =@?[UC j C h  C@E?tt C I ? s H CMCF=dC=@? H h H l I  x h H C tt I I E @?C H h E H l CHFG C IH h H l I  x h H C

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IHJI EE?0x I ?Jt I t?x h = I =dCE I CHFG C I =dC ?EEChd?C H h H @E l CHMG C I CFx h H h H l I  x h H C IHJI EE?0x I t?JxQ h = I
HJI xE CMs E h I
j?Jt?Jx I t ?Jt@?J CFs h HJI t=dCMt H h E H l C|HMG I ?t?J I Ex I =@? H ?xQoE I t CFo I t ?s E h HJI t=@?C l C)? j C h C
@E?Jtt I ?JtBt C I CM@E?Jt?xQCM= I t[xdCMt0p n @EoCMt: :Khb: : ?z: :~N C.p n UEoC9: :<K ?s CM@E?Jt?JxQCM=@CD@C
H h E H l CHFG C I h I ?s h H ChA@?C HJI x? H ?JE h CBx@ l CMx@?oCx C IBn h EoCq I s E h I I x@ H ?xQoE I =@?|?@?xdC
?Jt H C l C hx C I h x dU?Jx H h CM= I |? l CE I CHFG C I =dC ?JEEoCQ h?xdCMt]=@dCFt]p n @EoCMt]t j t?:U?JxQo?tt C I CM@E?t?x 
CF=dCMtCMt H h E H l CHFG I ?Jt =@? d? h =dCFt I E I E h I lkh t x I t ?J h t?JE h I tt l ?x I E?|hdE?Jt|? H h MCF?x?
Centro de Alta Pressao Atmosferica Desenho Esquematico

AP
Vista Lateral

Vista Superior

Vista Inferior

Centro de Baixa Pressao Atmosferica Desenho Esquematico

BP

Vista Lateral

Vista Superior

Vista Inferior

h n @EoC0: :K uw mqMM<dq ~~qid"o<Mi|o@ m B oM |o@

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Centro de Alta com efeito de Coriolis HS

AP

Vista Lateral

Camada Superior

Camada Inferior

Centro de Baixa com efeito de Coriolis HS

BP

Vista Lateral

Camada Superior

Camada Inferior

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AP

Vista Lateral

Camada Superior

Camada Inferior

Centro de Baixa com efeito de Coriolis HN

BP

Vista Lateral

Camada Superior

Camada Inferior

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t H ?JxQoE I t=@? j C h  Cz@E?Jtt C I Cqo I t ?s E h H Czt C I ? n ?JEC l E? n h I ?tB=U? C l C h x@tC jUhmlmh =dCM=@?h3?x I t
I Eo?Jt ? H UFC h xQo?JxUtoChd I =U?Jx@= I h E C I ECME @EoC HFI ?Jt I I ExdCM= I t
I I I h = h I C H h ChqC l n Ux@t H ?JxQE I t=U?iC l C @E?tt C I CF I t ?Js E h H Ct C I dCMt h  ?JtoC H h I x CMs E h I t:h HI I
I t H ?JxQE I t=U?.C l oCzUE?Jtt C I E I h H C l H ?JxQoECM= I t[x I t IH ?JCMx I t w l CM xQ h HI I E?? l ? I H ?~CMx I t
C H  s p HJI I Eo?? l hU? I t H ?xQoE I t=@?0C l CBUE?Jtt C I I l CME?t CMtE? n h I ?Jt h xQo?JE?= h C CMs E h CMtb?JxQoE?Jt
CMtC l CMt[@E?tt I ?Jt>oE I h H C h tB? C l oC@E?tt I ?Jt I l CME?Jt:hb I ECM  t?E? n h I ?t>=@? j C h C@E?tt C I h CFt
dC h t?t C I CMtt I H h CM= I t I Eo?t3?JxQ I t hr? @?t C I CM ji?Js dCFt h  ?JtC H h I xdCFE h CFt
w l?Js $= I t H ?JxQoE I t dCFt h  ?JtC H h I x CFs E h I t hQ?  h to? H ?JxQE I t =@?C l C0? j C h  C@E?Jtt C I h n EoCF I s E h I th I t
dC h ti I ECM  t?x@CMt l Cq h @=@?ti= I tit h to?CMt dCMt h  ?tC H h I x CMs E h I t]?=@?J I h ti h n ECM hCF=U3? H CF= I t
|? l I t h t?JC>=@?03?JxQ I tC lmh t h I t ??M?JxQ I t=@? I ?Jto?
yXs =@?toC H h E H l C|HMG C I CF I t ?Js E h H C @?zE?t l C9C H h E H l CHMG C I t@|?JEp H h C l = I t IH ?~CFx I t w oECMx@t 
?JE ?J x H h C>=@? I ?xQ I = I tM?JxQ I tdCMEC IIH ?JCMx In ?EoCCMt HJI EE?x?Jt I H ? CM x h H CFtt@|?JEp H h C h :t h HJI x 
x ?I H hH =@CFCM t  s HI l I tI ? n h xQh x@o=? =@ E h C 3I ?x t I s H h C E H CF ol Cq I h I tx? EoC.I ?  ? EH H h E ?H @l CHFGC C In Eo=CFx@h E =@h n ? h =dh x CD@|c ??J lx I H h MC ?JxQx IzI H lkhoh @C?zo?ME?JEE?J?Jt EI ? t h
CMxQo?JxU= I tdC.o?J|?JEoCqo@EC ?= h toE hmj h x@= I.H C l I E I E fh e I xQoC l ?JxQo? h CFt I t I H ?~CMx I toCM j ?s h
HJI I t?E Cs ?  lkh H CF= I Ct? n h E
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w o EoCFx@t?E?J x H h C=@?BUE I @E h ?=dCM=@?t?JxQE? II H ?~CMx I ?BCFo I t?EoC ?Bs =@?B?  oE?JC h I ECM x H h CdCMEC
C= h xICM h H C= IIH ?JCMx I t:h I h t HJI I h I tCCqo I t?EoC9?JxQoEC?J I h ?x I I EC j t I EFHFG C I
= h ?JE?x H h CM=dC=dCEoCF= h CHFG C I t I l CME`??xQ C II t3?xQ I t CFo@CM$t I j E? I t IH ?JCMx I t n ?EoCMx@= I CFt HJI EE?JxQ?Jt
tU?Ep H h C h t ADCMt hdCMEoC[@? h tt IIHJI EEoC ?9s x@? H ?Jtt CMs E h I U? I ?JxQo@ t?C oECMx@t?E h = I =dC
CF I t?JECdCMEC I IH ?JCMx I w l?Js = h tt I h IH ?JCMx I ?CFo I t?EoC>oE I H CM H C l I E?FCM I E= C s n dCh@@?
3? CM j ? CC l ?JEoCFE I I h ?JxQ I =dCC n dC>= I CME
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h I t HJI II>IH ?JCMx I ?CF I t?JEC[E?t I x@=@?C@ h xU@U>[=@?0?Jx@?E n h C@E I M?Jx h ?JxQo?= I t I l h ?
HJI I C l n UCMtb@E I @E h ?J=@CM=@?Jt j CMs t h H CMt = I CME]?=dC C s n dC?C[= h tE hmj h HFG C I = I t HJI x h x@?xQo?Jti?CME?t
xdC t@|?JE  s H h ?=dC ?JEEoC t C I h I ECFx?Jt0dCFEoC I ?: hmls j E h I =@?EoCM= h CHMG C I = I l CMx@?C b?JE? I t
C n3I EoC HI I C h x?JEC H ?B?JxQoE? I IH ?~CFx I ?Cqo I t?EoC?CMt= h ?JE?Jx H G CMt HJI xEoCMtCMxQ?Jt?xE??t?Jt
= I h t? h I tit C I h I EoCMxQo?JtidCMEoC>?to?? hkl s j E h I w @E h x H h dC l = h ?JE?x H G C>?xE? I CME?C C s n dChU?
CF j ?Js C C h t? h =@?xQo?|h ?>s C = h ?JE?Jx H G C =@?=@?x@t h =dCM=@? w C s n dC ?s h I C h t=U?Jx@tC@? I CFE
? h t I C e HI @?C h x?JEC H ?>?xE??Jto?t= I h t? h I tt?C.?Jt CFs M? l h I t?Ch I =dCM? e @?? l C
t?=@? I ECME CCFo@CHMG C I =dC n EC~ h =dCM=@?CCME Cs E? I ExdCFEC I ?toCM= I =@?? hml s j E h I j? h = I C>?JtC
?JtC jUhmlmh =dCM=@?i=dC h xQo?EC H ??Jt?Jt]= I h t`? h I tx@x H CBt? h toUEoCMVt h n x h p H CF h FCM?JxQo? y`x HI oECM I t
CM|?JxdCFtB I EFHFG I ?JtB=@? CFEx@C C s n @C? h H ?  3?EtC bt@EC<)? j I l CMbt hE?Jt? H h FCM?JxQo? I ECMxQ I C
oECMx@t?JE ? x H h CD=@? UE I @E h ?=dCM=@?t[?JxQE?.C C s n dC I CFEBt? E?toE h x n ? CMtUE I  h h =dCM=U?Jt=dC h xQ?JEC H ?
I ?xoCMxQ I h HJI I C CFo I t?JEoC?J ?Jx I E =@?x@t h =dCM=@?9?C h I E= h px CM h H C h CFtzUE I @E h ?=dCM=@?t
oECMx@t?JE h =dCMt= IIH ?~CFx I dCMEoCCCFo I t?JEoC>?tdC l CM  t?0C h t hUCF h x n h xU= I C h I Ei= h t CM x H h C
w h xQo?EC H ? ? s h I ECMxQ?dCMEC I j C l CMx HG I =@? H C l I E I E= I h t I h I t0u


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radiacao solar
que chega

ESPACO

radiacao solar
refletida
6%

100%

ATMOSFERA

:KiqMqJM

4%

20%

radiacao solar
perdida pro espaco
7%

38%
abs. por
vapor e CO2
15%

difusao
6%

absorcao por
vapor dagua,
O3 e poeira
16%

refletido por nuvem

20%

absorcao
por nuvens
3%
refletido 4%

rad. infraverm.
emitida pelo oceano

absorvido pelo oceano

51%

KM

21%

26%
radiacao
emitida
por nuvem
26%

rad. emitida
por vapor dagua
e CO2 38%

fluxo
calor
latente

fluxo
calor
sensivel

23%

7%

OCEANOS E CONTINENTES

h n @EoCK :3uMM<QM@ | M<~AK qdwAK

: w ? Uh t?J x H h C =dC h xQo?EC H ?9C e HJI @? CSC E?:d?  C I = I tzEC h I t t I l CME?th I = h p H CMx@= I
C9C j t I EFHFG C I =@? H C l I E|? l I t I H ?~CMx I t ?J j E?  t?@?zCEoCHFG C I =dCEoCM= h CHMG C I t I l CMEm@? ? s
E:? d? h =@C ?>s @C @x HFG C I = I CF x n l I =U? h x H h =?J x H h C t I j E?C h xQ?JEC H ? w E?d?  C I ?s C h I E
xdCFtC l CFt l CF h @=@?Jt I x@=@? I t EoC h I tt I l CME?Jt H ? n CM Ct@|?JE  s H h ?0=dC ?JEECC h t h x H lmh xdCM= I t
K y  h to? @CD= h ?JE?Jx H G CxdCMt@E I @E h ?J=@CM=@?Jt I s U h H CMtB= I t? h I tBCME? C s n dCh? I Ex I =@?JtC
h x?JEC H ? h@?C e HJI
@?CBC j t I EqHMG C I =@? H C l I E`t?C= h ?E?x?=@? H CF=dC l CM= I =dC h xQo?JE C s H h ?
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