Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Joo
- What's your middle name? (Qual seu nome
do
meio?)
Oliveira
- What's your last name/ family name/
surname? (Qual seu sobrenome?)
Silva
- How do you spell Silva? (Como se soletra
Silva?)
S-I-L-V-A
- What's your nickname? (Qual seu apelido?)
Joozinho
- Where are you from? (De onde voc vem
(lugar onde nasceu)?)
Sorocaba
- Where do you live? (Onde voc mora?)
In Rio de Janeiro
(na frente de cidade, sempre se usa IN)
- What's your nationality? (Qual sua
nacionalidade?)
Brazilian
- What's your job/ What do you do? (Qual sua
profisso?/ O que voc faz?)
I'm a teacher
(sempre se usa A ou AN na frente de
profisses)
- Where do you work? (Onde voc trabalha?)
At Sorocaba School
(na frente de lugares como escolas,
preferivel usar AT)
- What's your address in the USA? (Qual seu
endereo nos EUA?)
234 Bank Street apartment 56
(Se pedirem o endereo do Brasil, ele deve
ser dado da mesma forma
como se escreve no Brasil.
Para endereos em Ingls, o numero da casa/
edificio vem na frente,
seguido da rua e do numero do apartamento)
- What's your phone number? (Qual seu
telefone?)
345937635
(o nmero do telefone deve ser lido um por
um: 3 - 4 - 5....)
- What's your e-mail? (Qual seu e-mail?)
deryh@yahoo.com
(l-se: deryh - pound - yahoo - dot - com
pound = @
dot = ponto)
- What's your zip code? (Qual seu cdigo
posta?)
73625242
(lido tambm um por um)
- How old are you? (Qual sua idade?)
36
- Are you married/ single? (Voc casado/
solteiro?)
Yes/ No
Hi (Oi)
Hello (Oi)
What's up? (E a?)
How's it going? (Como vai?)
Fine (Bem)
I'm fine (Estou bem)
Ok
I'm ok (Estou Ok)
Great (Otimo)
Very well (Muito bem)
Excellent (Excelente)
Pretty good (Muito bem)
Thanks (Obrigado)
Thank you (Obrigado a voce)
And you? (E vc?)
The vowels: a, e, i, o, u
The consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n,
p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z
A - ei
B - bi
C - ci
D - di
E-i
F - f
G - dgi
H - eitch
I - ai
J - djei
K - kei
L - l
M - em
N - en
O - ou
P - pi
15 - fifteen
16 - sixteen
17 - seventeen
18 - eighteen
19 - nineteen
20 - twenty
21 - twenty - one
22 - twenty - two
30 - thirty
33 - thirty - three
40 - forty
50 - fifty
56 - fifty - six
60 - sixty
70 - seventy
80 - eighty
90 - ninety
100 - hundred
200 - two hundred
300 - three hundred
460 - four hundred and sixty
567 - five hundred sixty - seven
900 - nine hundred
999 - nine hundred ninety - nine
1000 - one thousand
2000 - two thousand
3000 - three thousand
3200 - three thousand two hundred
4568 - four thousand five hundred sixty eight
10.000 - ten thousand
100.000 - one hundred thousand
200.000 - two hundred thousand
234.000 - two hundred thirty - four thousand
567.987 - five hundred sixty - seven thousand
and nine hundred
eight - seven
1.000.000 - one million
1.300.000 - one million three hundred
thousand
ARTIGOS (A, AN, THE)
1. Quais os artigos indefinidos em Ingls?
A e AN
1- one
2 - two
3 - three
4 - four
5 - five
6 - six
7 - seven
8 - eight
9 - nine
10 - ten
11 - eleven
12 - twelve
13 - thirteen
14 - fourteen
6. De alguns exemplos:
a boy = um menino
an orange = uma laranja
brother-in-law - cunhado
father-in-law - sogro
mother-in-law - sogra
son-in-law - genro
daughter-in-law - nora
godfather - padrinho
godmother - madrinha
godson - afilhado
goddaughter - afilhada
stepmother - madrasta
stepfather - padrasto
stepson - enteado
stepdaughter - enteada
ex - husband - ex - marido
widow - viva
widower - vivo
OBSERVAO:
his = dele
her = dela
Ex.:
his car (o carro dele)
her husband (o marido dela)
he = ele
she = ela
have = ter
ADJETIVOS OPOSTOS
Duas coisas devem ser sempre
lembradas ao falar/ escrever
adjetivos em Ingls.
mother - me
father - pai
brother - irmo
sister - irm
son - filho
daughter - filha
husband - marido
wife - esposa
parents - pais
relatives - parentes
children - filhos
grandfather - av
grandmother - av
grandson - neto
granddaughter - neta
grandparents - avs
grandchildren - netos
great grandfather - bisav
uncle - tio
aunt - tia
cousin - primo/ prima
niece - sobrinha
nephew - sobrinho
sister-in-law - cunhada
NA LANCHONETE
good (bom)
bad (ruim)
tall (alto)
short (baixo)
young (jovem)
old (velho)
clean (limpo)
dirty (sujo)
- I'd like.....
(Eu gostaria de)
- How much is.....?
(Quanto custa...?)
- What is....?
(O que .....?)
- I'm vegetarian
(Sou vegetariano)
- Id like a table for 2 people
(Eu gostaria de uma mesa para duas
pessoas.)
- Is the tip included?
(A gorjeta est includa?)
- Can I pay with credit card/ traveller's
checks?
(Posso pagar com cheque/ cheque de
viagem)?
- I'll pay in cash.
(Vou pagar em dinheiro.)
- I'd like to see the menu
(Eu gostaria de ver o cardpio)
- Is there a discount?
(Tem disconto?)
- What time does the caf open?
(Que horas o caf abre?)
- What time does the caf close?
(Que horas o caf fecha?)
- I have a reservation
(Eu tenho uma reserva)
pretty (bonito)
ugly (feio)
wet (molhado)
dry (seco)
straight (reto)
curly (crespo)
fast (rpido)
slow (devagar)
hot (quente)
cold (frio)
open (aberto)
closed (fechado)
full (cheio)
empty (vazio)
new (novo)
old (velho)
light (claro)
dark (escuro)
straight (reto)
crooked (curvo)
Meat (Carne):
- steak (bife)
- beef (carne de vaca)
- chicken (galinha)
- fish (peixe)
- lamb (cordeiro)
- pork (porco)
- grills (grelhados)
- chop (costeleta)
- trout (truta)
- tuna (atum)
- salmon (salmo)
- fillet (fil)
wide (largo)
narrow (estreito)
thick (grosso)
thin (magro, fino)
soft (macio)
hard (duro)
smooth (liso)
rough (spero)
over (acima)
under (abaixo)
Drinks/ Beverages:
- coffee (caf)
expresso
cappuccino
liqueur
whiskey
brandy
rum
iced tea (ch gelado)
milkshake
soda (refrigerante de qualquer tipo)
milk (leite)
juice (suco)
mineral water (gua mineral)
beer (cerveja)
wine (vinho)
red wine (vinho tinto)
white wine (vinho branco)
cognac
herbal tea (ch de ervas)
More Food:
- bread (po)
- sauce (molho)
- potato chips (batatas frita tipo Ruffles)
- French Fries (batatas fritas)
- pepper (pimenta)
- salt (sal)
- sugar (acar)
- cheese (queijo)
- ham (presunto)
- salami (salame)
- soup of the day (sopa do dia)
- butter (manteiga)
- margarine (margarina)
- sausage (salsicha)
- bacon
- egg (ovo)
- pizza
- topping (sabor da pizza)
Additional Vocabulary:
- flavor (sabor)
- choice (opo)
- piece (pedao)
- slice (fatia)
- price (preo)
- herbs (ervas)
- homemade (feito na lanchonete)
- specialty (especialidade)
- serve (servir)
- waiter (garon)
- waitress (garonete)
- cook (cozinheiro)
- chef (chef de cozinha)
manager (gerente)
tip/ gratuity (gorjeta)
customer (cliente)
cash (em dinheiro)
menu (cardpio)
discount/ off (disconto)
breakfast (caf da manh)
lunch (almoo)
dinner (janta)
afternoon tea (ch da tarde)
snack (lanche)
buffet
coloca-se ES
Ex.: bus - buses
wish - wishes
watch - watches
potato - potatoes
box - boxes
3 - Se a palavra termina em CONSOANTE - Y,
tiramos o Y e colocamos IES.
Ex.: party - parties
4 - Se a palavra termina em VOGAL - Y,
apenas acrescentamos S.
Ex.: boy - boys
DINHEIRO E PREOS
SEU TRABALHO
*************************************
**
Dinheiro na Inglaterra:
one pound = uma libra
one pence = um centavo
*************************************
**
Como falar os preos:
U$ 1,00 = one dollar/ one buck
U$ 3,32 = three dollars and thirty two cents
U$ 10,50 = ten dollars and fifty cents
U$ 123,00 = one hundred dollars
U$ 345,50 = three hundred forty five dollars
and fifty cents
U$ 1,000 = one thousand dollars
U$ 1,500 = one thousand five hundred dollars
fifteen hundred dollars
sell - vender
buy - comprar
market - mercado
network - rede
brand - marca
profit - lucro
PROFESSIONS
10
cirurgio - surgeon
clnico geral - family/ general practitioner
dentista - dentist
enfermeiro - nurse
farmacutico - pharmacist
ginecologista - gynecologist
mdico - doctor/ physician
nutricionista - nutricionist
obstetra - obstetrician
pediatra - pediatrician
psiquiatra - psychiatrist
quiroprtico: chiropractor
terapeuta - therapist
Repair (Conserto):
chaveiro - locksmith
mecnico - mechanic
Legal (Direito):
advogador - lawyer/ attorney
juiz - judge
Management (Gerenciamento):
administrador - administrator
diretor de escola - principal
gerente - manager
superintendente - superintendent
Education (Educao):
bibliotecrio - librarian
instrutor - instructor
professor - teacher (no de faculdade)
professor - professor (de faculdade)
professor de gintica - fitness trainer
professor de jardim-de-infncia kindergarden teacher
artista - artist
ator - actor
barbeiro - barber
cabaleireiro - hairdresser/ hairstylist
cantor - singer
compositor - composer
danarino - dancer
designer
diretor - director
editor - editor
empresrio - manager
escritor - writer
fotgrafo - photographer
intrprete - interpreter
manicure - manicurist
msico - musician
produtor - producer
relaes pblicas - public relations
tradutor - translator
Farm (Fazenda):
caador - hunter
criador - animal breeder
fazendeiro - farmer
pescador - fisherman
treinador - animal trainer
veterinrio - veterinarian
Food & Hotel (Comida & Hotel):
chef - chef:-)
cozinheiro - cook
porteiro - porter
garon - waiter
garonete - waitress
Science (Cincia):
arquelogo - archeologist
astrnomo - astronomer
cientista - scientist
economista - economist
Health (Sade):
11
Production (Produo):
alfaiate - tailor
costureira - dressmaker
aougueiro - butcher
fabricante - manufacturer/ fabricator
joalheiro - jeweler
montador - assembler
padeiro - baker
sapateiro - shoe repairer
Protection (Proteo):
midnight = meia-noite
noon/ midday = meio-dia
Sales (Vendas):
Sports:
atleta - athlete
corredor - runner
juiz - referee/ umpire
piloto de frmula 1 - F1 car racer
treinador - coach
0bservaes:
1 - "o'clock" s se usa para horas cheias
2 - Na Inglaterra se usa "past" no lugar de
"after".
HORAS
12
rest = descansar
relax = relaxar
sleep = dormir
go to the restaurant = ir no restaurante
study = estudar
go to the beach = ir para praia
sunbathe = tomar banho de sol
ealk = caminhar
jog = correr
travel = viajar
go to the movies = ir no cinema
go to the theater = ir no teatro
go to the shopping mall = ir no shopping
go to the mass = ir na missa
go to the movies = ir no cinema
go out at night = sair a noite
go to parties = ir a festas
hang out with friends = ficar com os amigos
date = namorar
play with the kids = brincar com as crianas
go to the concert = ir no show
Sports:
swim = nadar
fish = pescar
surf = surfar
roller skate = andar de patins
skate = andar de skate
play soccer = jogar futebol
basketball = jogar basquete
tennis = jogar tnis
ride a bike = andar de bicicleta
go hiking = fazer caminhadas pelo campo
go camping = fazer camping
play volley = jogar vlei
go bowling = jogar boliche
DIAS DA SEMANA
Days of the Week:
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
weekend = fim de semana
weekday = dia da semana
MESES DO ANO:
13
ESTAES DO ANO
14
Usamos DO e DOES.
2 - Qual a estrutura de uma pergunta com DO
e DOES?
A ordem certa : DO/DOES + pessoa
(sujeito) + verbo
Ex.: Do you like barbecue?
Do you speak English?
Do you have a house?
Does she like terror movies?
Does he like meat?
Do you like? (Voc gosta?)
Does he like? (Ele gosta?)
Does she like? (Ela gosta?)
Do we like? (Ns gostamos?)
Do they like? (Eles/ Elas gostam?)
15
1 - A/ AN so os artigos indefinidos e
correspondem a UM, UMA
em Portugus.
a sandwich
an apartment
2 - Antes de profisses colocamos SEMPRE A
ou AN
I am a teacher.
I an an architect.
3 - THE o artigo definido e corresponde em
Ingls a O, A, OS, AS.
the apartment
the sandwich
He loves ME
I love YOU
I love HIM
He loves HER
He loves US
I love THEM
PREPOSIES BSICAS
IN - usado em:
meses do ano
estaes do ano
anos
partes do dia (in the morning..)
bairros
cidades
estados
pases
ON - usado em:
datas (on December, 25th)
dias da semana (on Friday mornings)
ruas
"on vacation"
Tchau Bye
Prazer em conhece-lo Nice to meet you
Meu nome .... Meu nome
Qual seu nome? What's your name?
AT - usado em:
horas
endereos com numero (at 546 Bank Street)
"at weekends"
"at home"
"at work"
ARTIGOS #2
16
UNTIL - at
usado apenas em relao a TEMPO!!!!
FOR/ TO - para
significam a mesma coisa mas so usados em
expresses diferentes
"I work for Varig."
"listen to music"
"married to"
"a train to London"
WITH - com
AFTER - depois
BEFORE - antes
FROM - de
em relao a ORIGEM
"I come from So Paulo"
OF - de
em relao a possesso
"This is a photo of my family."
BY - por/ de
em relao a meios de transporte
I go by train.
THE HOUSE
banheiro = bathroom
cobertura = penthouse
corredor = hall/ corridor
cozinha = kitchen
garagem = garage
jardim = garden
jardim de inverno = patio
quarto = bedroom
quintal = backyard
sacada = balcony/ terrace
sala de estar = living room
sala de jantar = dining room
varanda = porch
abajur = lamp
almofada = cushion
cho = floor
cornija (lugar em cima da lareira para colocar
enfeites) =
mantel
cortinas = drapes/ curtains
estante grande (que cobre a parede inteira) =
wall unit
estante para livros = bookcase
flores = flowers
janela = window
lareira = fireplace
mesa de centro = coffe table
mesinha de canto (entre sofs) = end table
pantalha (do abajur) = lamp shade
plantas = plants
poltrona = armchair/ club chair
porta = door
porta - retrato = picture frame
quadro = painting
sof = couch/ sofa
sof de dois lugares = love seat
tapete = rug
teto = ceiling
vaso = vase/ planter (com terra)
THE DINING ROOM
cadeira = chair
colher = spoon
colher de ch = teaspoon
colher de sopa = soupspoon
copo = glass
copo de vinho = wine glass
capo de gua = water glass
espelho = mirror
faca = knife
garfo = fork
guardanapo = napkin
lustre = chandelier
mesa = table
pires = saucer
prato = plate/ dish
xcara = cup
THE BEDROOM
abajur = lamp
cabeceira = headboard
cama = bed
carpete = carpet
17
PREPOSITIONS OF SPACE
on = em cima, sobre
above = acima
in = dentro
inside = do lado de dentro
outside = do aldo de fora
under = em baixo
below = abaixo
behind = atrs
in front of = na frente
between = entre duas coisas
among = entre vrias coisas
next to/ beside = ao lado
to the left = esquerda
to the right = direita
near = perto
far = longe
THE KITCHEN
abridor de garrafa = bottle opener
abridor de lata = can opener
armrio (para guardar utenslios) = cupboard
balco (da pia) = counter
batedeira = beater
coador = strainer
cabo = handle
colher = spoon
faca = knife
fogo = stove/ range
forno = oven
frigideira = frying pan/ skillet
garfo = fork
gaveta = drawer
geladeira = refrigerator/ fridge
guardanapo = napkin
lava - louas = dishwasher
liquidificador = blender
panela = pot/ pan
pia = sink
pires = saucer
prato = plate/ dish
ralador = grater
tampa = lid/ cover
temperos = spices
tigela = bowl
toalha = towel
torneira = tap/ faucet
torradeira = toaster
xcara = cup
18
Portanto:
SOME - frases afirmativas e ofertas
THE CITY
19
bakery = padaria
supermarket = hipermercado
grocery store = pequeno supermercado
delicatessen/ deli = tipo de armazm
ice cream shop = sorveteria
butchers = aougue
music store = loja de cds
bookstore = livraria
travel agency = agncia de viagem
florist = floricultura
restaurant = restaurante
movies/ movie theater = cinema
theater = cinema
post office = correio
drugstore = farmcia
church = igreja
realtor's/ real estate agency = imobiliria
outlet = shopping de fbrica
women's wear = loja de roupas femininas
men's wear = loja de roupas masculinas
shoe store = sapataria
pet shop = loja para animais de estimao
antique shop = loja de antiguidades
dry cleaners = lavanderia a seco
laundromat = lavanderia automtica
mechanics = mecnico
shopping mall = shopping center
department store = loja de departamentos
gym/ health club/ fitness center= academia
de gintica
toy store = loja de brinquedos
stationery = loja de material de escritrio
beauty parlor/ salon = cabelereira
jewelry = joalheria
optician = tica
electronics = loja de aparelhos eletrnicos
computer store = loja de informtica
barber shop = barbeiro
camera store = loja de equipamento
fotogrfico
sporting goods store = loja de artigos
esportivos
hardware = ferragem
LOCATION IN THE CITY
on Bank Street = na Bank Street
on the corner of...... and........ = na esquina
da.... com......
next to = ao lado
past = passando
between = entre
across from = do outro lado da rua (na frente)
to/ on the left = esquerda
to/ on the right = direita
in the next block = na prxima quadra
at the end = no final
20
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
21
WITH = com
Ex.: with my father
with his friend
BY = por, de
Ex.: by bus (de nibus)
airport = aeroporto
announcement = aviso
flight chart = quadro de aviso com os vos
airline company = empresa ara
OF - de (possesso)
the photo of my girlfriend
(a foto da minha namorada)
flight = vo
destination = detsino
arrival = chegada
departure = sada
gate = porto
call = chamada
last call = ltima chamada
boarding = significa que os passageiros esto
entrando no avio
delayed = atrasado
plane = avio
pilot = piloto
flight attendant = comissrio de bordo
passport = passaporte
ticket = passagem
baggage/ luggage = bagagem
hand luggage = bagagem de mo
bag = sacola/ bolsa
suitcase = mala
Observaes:
- todas as cartas comeam com DEAR, que
no significam "querido" e sim
"caro", por isso, no h problema algum de se
comear uma carta formal
com DEAR.
- usamos MR para homem (casado ou no),
MRS para mulher casada,
MISS para mulher solteira e MS para aquela
mulher que no sabemos o
estado civil (por exemplo: uma mulher que
voc nunca viu antes).
fly = voar
PREPOSIES BSICAS #2
22
VERBOS IRREGULARES
Uma lista completa de verbos
irregulares pode ser encontarda en qualquer
BOA gramtica ou qualquer BOM dcionrio.
Esta apenas uma lista dos verbos que
apresentam mais dificuldade para os alunos.
Infinitivo Passado
beat (bater) beat
23
VERBOS IRREGULARES
DIFICEIS
Esta uma lista daqueles verbos irregulares
que todo mundo confunde
(at os professores.......)!
PRESENTE PASSADO
2 - com som de ID
quando o verbo termina com som de T ou D
Ex.:
started [ startid ]
landed [ lndid ]
3 - com som de D
em todos os outros casos:-)
24
AMERICAN DATES
Algumas Datas Comemorativas Americanas:
(para cartes em Ingls, v at
http://ww.123greetings.om)
- Dia de Ano Novo (1 de Janeiro)
- Dia de Martin Luther King (3 segunda de
Janeiro)
- Valentine's Day: Dia dos Namorados (14/02)
- Dia dos Preseidentes (em Fevereiro)
- Mardi Gras: Carnaval de Nova Orleans
- Dia de Saint Patrick: padroeiro dos
Irlandeses (em Maro)
- Easter: Pscoa
- April Fool's Day: dia da Mentira (1 de Abril)
- Mother's Day: Dia das Mes (2 domingo de
Maio)
- Memorial Day: aqueles que morreram nas
Guerras (fim de Maio)
- Father's Day: Dia dos Pais (3 domingo de
Junho)
- Independence Day: Independncia (4 de
Julho)
- Labor Day: dia do Trabalho (comeo de
Setembro)
- Halloween: Dia das Bruxas (31 de Outubro)
- Dia dos Veteranos: aqueles que lutaram nas
Guerras (comeo de
Novembro)
- Thanksgiving: Dia de Ao de Graas (4
quinta de Novembro)
- Christmas: Natal (25 de Dezembro)
BRITISH DATES
Algumas Datas Comemorativas Britnicas:
25
DATES IN ENGLISH
18/10/0 - British (igual s datas Brasileiras)
THE eighteenth OF October, two thousand
ou
October THE eighteenth, two thousand
18th October, 2000
10/18/00 - American (o ms sempre vai na
frente)
October 18th, 2000
October, THE eighteenth 2000
ou
October, eighteenth 2000
Hoje em dia quase no se usa mais o TH, ST,
ND ou RD nas datas.
ANYBODY, SOMEBODY
SOMEBODY, SOMETHING so usados apenas
em frases afirmativas.
Ex.:
I love somebody.
There's something burning.
ANYWHERE, ANYBODY, ANYTHING so usado
em negativas e perguntas.
Ex.:
I didn't go anywhere last night.
Is there anybody who likes apples here?
As tradues
somebody/ someone = algum
something = alguma coisa
somewhere = em algum lugar
anybody = algum (perguntas), ningum
(negativas)
anything = alguma coisa (perguntas), nada
(negativas)
anywhere = em algum lugar (perguntas), em
nenhum lugar (negativas)
1ST - firST
2ND - secoND
3RD - thiRD
4TH - fourTH
26
AND - e
BECAUSE - porque (resposta)
WHEN - quando
SO - ento
THEN - ento, assim
LIKE X WOULD LIKE
like = gostar
would like = gostaria
Ex.:
I like apples = eu gosto de mas
I would like an apple = eu gostaria de uma
ma
Do you like apples? = vc gosta de mas?
COUNTABLES X UNCOUNTABLES
MUCH X MANY
27
AT THE RESTAURANT
- I'd like a table for (two).
Eu gostaria de uma mesa para (dois).
- I'd like the menu, please.
Eu gostaria do cardpio, por favor.
- Could we have a few more minutes, please?
Poderia nos dar mais alguns minutos, por
favor?
- Do you have (ice-cream)?
Voce tem (sorvete)?
- Not right now, thanks.
No agora, obrigado.
- Could you bring me more ice-cream?
Voce poderia me trazer mais chocolate?
- I'll have the (steak).
Eu vou querer o (bife).
- I Want a (cheeseburger).
Eu quero um (cheeseburger).
- I heven't decided yet.
Eu ainda no decidi.
- What is the (soup) of the day?
Qual a (sopa) do dia?
- I'll decide later.
Vou decidir mais tarde.
- What kind of (soup/ vegetables) do you
have?
Que tipo de (sopa/ verduras) voce tem?
- Can I see the wine list?
Posso ver a carta de vinhos?
- Can you bring me the check, please?
Pode me trazer a conta, por favor?
- Is the service included?
O servio est includo?
- Can I pay by (credit card)?
Posso pagar com carto de crdito?
- The meal was delicious.
A refeio foi deliciosa.
FORMAL X INFORMAL LETTERS
28
SUPERLATIVES
Para formar o superlativo em Ingls, muito
fcil.
Apenas siga estas duas regras bsicas:
1) Se o adjetivo for pequeno, adicione EST.
Ex.: fast (rpido) - fastest
small (pequeno) - smallest
clean (limpo) - cleanest
safe (seguro) - safest
quiet (quieto) - quietest
2) Se o adjetivo for grande, coloque MOST na
frente.
Ex.: expensive (caro) - most expensive
interesting (interessante) - most interesting
modern (moderno) - most modern
comfortable (confortvel) - most comfortable
popular - most popular
Observaes:
29
For women:
(para mulheres)
Purses: (Bolsas)
backpack = mochila colocada nas costass
bag = bolsa tipo sacola
purse = bolsa (mais fina)
wallet = carteira para dinheiro
briefcase = maleta (para executivos)
glove = luva
hat = chapu
Hair Accessories: (Acessrios para Cabelo)
barrette = prendedor de cabelo
bobby pin = grampo comum para cabelo
tiara
30
Purses: (Bolsas)
backpack = mochila colocada nas costass
bag = bolsa tipo sacola
wallet = carteira para dinheiro
briefcase = maleta (para executivos)
glove = luva
hat = chapu
beret = boina
Dresses: (Vestidos)
evening dress = vestido para noite
strapless = tomara-que-caia
sun dress = vestido leve para o vero
belt = cinto
cufflink = abotoadura
suspenders = suspensrios
tie = gravata
Hosiery: (Produtos relacionados a meias)
sock = meia
Jewelry & Watches: (Jias & Relgios)
jewelry = jias
ring = anel
engagement ring = anel de noivado
wedding ring = aliana de casamento
earring = brinco
necklace = colar
chain = corrente
charm = amuleto
watch = relgio
piercing
scarf = manta
sunglasses = culos de sol
umbrella = guarda-chuva/ sombrinha
shawl = xale
Pants: (calas)
pants/ trousers = calas
overalls = jardineira
jeans
shorts
Shirts: (camisas)
T-shirt = camiseta
turtleneck = gola olmpica
31
suit = terno
sweat = abrigo de ginstica (para corrida)
sweatshirt = parte de cima do abrigo
sweatpants = cala de abrigo
Swimwear: (para a praia)
trunks = calo
thong = sunga
Sleepwear: (Roupa para dormir)
robe = chambre
pajamas
boxers = cuecas samba-cano
briefs = cueca
thong = sunga
dark = escuro
light = claro
pale = plido
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Hair (cabelo):
white = branco
grey/ gray = cinza
blond = loiro
red = vermelho/ ruivo
fair = castanho claro
brown = castanho escuro
black = preto
long = comprido
medium lenght = comprimento mdio
short = curto
straight = liso
wavy = ondulado
curly = encaracolado
ponytail = rabo de cavalo
bun = coque
bald = careca
Eyes (olhos):
black = preto
brown = castanho
hazel = cor de mel
green = verde
blue = azul
COLORS
Age:
very young = bem jovem
fairly young = um tanto jovem
kind of young = meio jovem
mid-twenties = no meio dos 20 anos
early-twenties = no comeo dos 20 anos
late-twenties = no fim dos 20 anos
baby = beb
toddler = criana pequena entre 2/ 3 anos
child/ kid = criana
32
Como formado:
Com o verbo TO BE + verbo + ing
Ex.
I am working
I am reading
ING = gerndio. Significa os nossos: ando,
endo, indo
- No negativo: colocamos NOT depois do
verbo TO BE
Ex.: I am NOT working
- Na pergunta: colocamos o TO BE antes do
sujeito
Ex.: ARE YOU working?
PRESENT SIMPLE X PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
1 - Quais as diferenas entre os dois tempos
verbais?
- Na Estrutura:
O PRESENT SIMPLE usa DO/ DOES nas
perguntas e DON'T/ DOESN'T nas
negativas
O PRESENT CONTINUOUS usa o verbo TO
BE!!
- No significado:
O PRESENT SIMPLE indica uma ao
rotineira, que acontece habitualmente
O PRESENT CONTINUOUS indica uma ao
que esta acontecendo neste instante
2 - Quais as palavras mais utilizadas com os
dois tempos?
- Com o PRESENT SIMPLE:
every day
always
never
usually
sometimes
often
once a..
twice a..
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Quando usado:
- quando queremos nos referir a algo que
estamos fazendo neste exato
momento.
I am writing now.
(Eu estou escrevendo agora)
- quando queremos nos referir a aes
planejadas para o futuro
I am travelling on Monday.
(Eu vou viajar na Segunda)
Nest segundo caso, o Present Continuous tem
sentido futuro.
33
34
Head (cabea):
face - rosto
hair - cabelo/ plo
scalp - couro cabeludo
eye - olho
eyebrow - sobrancelha
eyelash - clio
pupil - pupila
iris
retina
cornea
ear - orelha
lobule - lbulo
eardrum - tmpano
nose - nariz
mouth - boca
tooth - dente
wisdom tooth - ciso
gum - gengiva
enamel - esmalte
heart - corao
liver - fgado
large intestine - intestino groos
small intestine - intestino delgado
stomach - estmago
pancreas
spleen - bao
bladder - bexiga
tissue - tecido
kidney - rim
anus
spinal cord/ marrow - medula
nerve - nervo
cell - clula
neuron - neurnio
Trunk (tronco):
skin - pele
shoulder - ombro
chest - peito
breast - seios
nipple - mamilo
back - costas
waist - cintura
belly/ stomach - barriga
navel - umbigo
buttocks = bumbum
Bones (Ossos):
skull - caveira
rib - costela
collar bone - clavicula
shoulderblade - omoplata
join - junta
femur
spine - coluna
vertebrae - vrtebra
Limbs (Membros):
arm - brao
armpit - axila
elbow - cotovelo
hand - mo
wrist - pulso
finger - dedo
thumb - polegar
index finger - indicador
ring finger - anular
middle finger - mdio
little finger - minguinho:-)
knuckle - juntas dos dedos
nail - unha
leg - perna
thigh - coxa
knee - joelho
foot - p
toe - dedo do p
calf - batata da perna
ankle - calcanhar
sole - sola
Muscle (Msculo):
pectorals - peitoral
biceps
triceps
abdomens - abdominal
gluteus - glteo
Achilles tendon - calcanhar de Aquiles
Reproductive System (Sistema Reprodutor):
penis
fallopian tude - trompa de falpio
egg - vulo
ovary - ovrio
uterus/ womb - tero
vagina (formal)
clitoris
testicle (formal) - testculo
scrotum - escroto
penis (formal)
foreskin - prepcio
sperm - esperma
placenta
fetus - feto
umbilical cord - cordo umbilical
GOING TO
- GOING TO a principal forma de FUTURO
em Ingls.
Significa = vou/ vai
- usado em duas funes:
1) Para expressar um PLANO futuro.
35
WEATHER
- What's the weather like today?
(Como est o tempo hoje?)
- What was the weather yesterday?
(Como estava o tempo ontem?)
sunny = ensolarado
rainy = chuvoso
windy = com vento
snowy = com neve
partly cloudy = parcialmente nublado
cloudy/ overcast = nublado
foggy = com neblina
clear = claro
The wind (o vento):
breeze = brisa
gale = vento forte
The temperature:
high = alta
low = baixa
freezing = congelando
cold = frio
cool = friozinho:-)
fair = boa/ agradvel
warm = um pouco quente
hot = quente
scorching = fervendo
wet/ humid = mido
dry = seco
The rain (a chuva):
shower = chuva
blizzard = chuva com neve
storm = tempestade
thunderstorm = tempestade com troves e
raios
lightning = raio
thunder = trovo
dew = orvalho
The disasters (os desastres):
earthquake = terremoto
flood = enchente
draught = seca
hurricane = furaco
tornado
typhoon = tufo
cyclone
Observaes:
- weather forecast = previso do tempo
- Lembre-se que as temperaturas nos EUA so
expressas em
Fahrenheit e no Celcius.
both = ambos
for example = por exemplo
36
early = cedo
fast = rapido
SUFIXES
Saber o significado dos sufixos mais
comuns em Ingles
pode ajuda-lo a descobrir o que uma palavra
significa em
um texto.
Sufixos mais comuns:
- Substantivos:
NESS: hapiness
ENCE: intelligence
experience
- Adjetivos:
FUL: colorful (colorido)
Y: healthy (saudvel)
OUS: dangerous (perigoso)
AL: cultural
LY: friendly (simptico)
IC: romantic
ENT: intelligent
PRESENT PERFECT
ESTRUTURA Present Perfect
[HAS/ HAVE] + [past participle]
EXEMPLOS:
I have seen that movie many times.
(Eu vi aquele filme vrias vezes.)
ADVERBS
Adverbios so palavras que descrevem um
verbo.
------------------------------------------------------
37
------------------------------------------------------
TOPICO 2 Realizaes
Ns usamos o Present Perfect para falar sobre
nossas realizaes e as
da humanidade. De novo, voc no menciona
nenhuma data especfica.
EXEMPLOS:
Man has walked on the moon.
(O homem caminhou na Lua.)
EXEMPLOS:
Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
PASSIVE
EXEMPLOS:
PRESENT PERFECT
38
ON THE TELEPHONE
Verbs:
- answer (atender)
- call/ ring (telefonar)
- dial (discar)
- engaged (ocupado)
- ring (tocar)
Expressions:
- Hello (al)
- Can I speak to.....? (Posso falar com....?)
- This is..... speaking. (Aqui a/o..... falando)
- This is..... (Aqui a/o.....)
- Is that....? ( a/o..... falando?)
- I'll get her/him (Vou cham-lo/cham-la.)
- Hold on (Espere na linha.)
- I'll put you through/ I'll connect you (Vou
passar a ligao)
- Can I leave a message? (Posso deixar
recado?)
- Can I take a message? (Posso anotar o
recado?)
- I'll call back later. (Eu telefono depois.)
- Could you ask..... to call me?
(Voce poderia pedir para..... me telefonar?)
- I'm calling to tell that...
(Estou telefonando para dizer que....)
- Is.... available? (O/A.... est disponvel?)
- His/Her line is busy right now.
(A linha/ramal dele/dela est ocupado
agora.)
- He/She's on another line now.
(Ele/Ela est em outra linha agora.)
TO or ING??
- never
I have never been to Australia.
Quando usamos TO (infinitivo) ou ING
(gerndio)?
PRESENT PERFECT X SIMPLE PAST
Qual a diferena entre o Presente Perfeito e o
Simple Past?
39
HAVE TO
A expresso HAVE TO fala de OBRIGAES
ditadas por LEI ou qualquer
outro tipo de REGRA que PRECISA ser
seguida.
Ex.: - You have to get a passport to enter the
USA.
- You have to fill out the application form.
40
PREPOSISES
About = sobre
With = com
For/ To = para (as duas palavras no so
usadas nas mesmas expresses e no existem
regras para o uso de FOR ou To)
By = por
Irregular Verbs
infinitive
be
beat
past simple
was/were
beat
past participle
been
beaten
41
became
began
bent
bet
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
burst
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
become
begun
bent
bet
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
burst
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
paid
42
put
read/red/
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shone
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
spent
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
struck
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
put
read/red/
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewed
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
spent
split
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
Woken
Worn
Won
write
wrote
Written
QUESTIONS
43
PRESENT CONTINUOS
Estrutura: verbo to be + verbo + ING
I am working
You are working
He is working
She is working
It is working
We are working
They are working
Na forma negativa: coloque NOT aps o
verbo
I am not working
You are not working
He is not working
She is not working
It is not working
We are not working
They are not working
44
45
Negativo:
I don't work
You don't work
He doesn't work
She doesn't work
It doesn't work
We don't work
They don't work
Negativo:
I didn't work
You didn't work
He didn't work
She didn't work
It didn't work
We didn't work
They didn't work
Interrogativo:
Do you work?
Does he work?
Does she work?
Does it work?
Do we work?
Do they work?
Uso:
O Presente Simples (PS) usado:
- para expressar um hbito
I work every day.
- para expressar um fato que sempre
verdade
The Earth goes around the sun.
- para expressar um fato que verdade por
um longo tempo
I live in Porto Alegre.
Diferena do Present Continuous (PC):
PC:
- expressar uma atividade que est
acontecendo agora
PS:
- expressa uma atividade que acopntece todos
os dias ou frequentemente
PC:
- expressa temporariedade
PS:
- expressa permanncia
Mais informaes nas Unidades 3 e 4 do Nvel
Bsico.
Encontre as unidades em:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/englishviaweb
/files/
PASSADO SIMPLES
Os verbos no passado simples podem ser
divididos em dois
grandes grupos:
- regulares (terminam em ED)
46
Interrogativo:
Did you work?
Did he work?
Did she work?
Did we work?
Did you work?
Did they work?
Usos:
O Passado Simples usado para expressar:
- fatos histricos
Cabral discovered Brazil in 1500.
- acontecimentos datados no passado
I studied yesterday.
- contar histrias/ estrias
He entered the room and took off his coat.
Mais informaes nas Unidades 7 e 8 do Nvel
Bsico.
Encontre as unidades em:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/englishviaweb
/files/
PREPOSISES DE TEMPO
AT
- usado para HORAS
at 7.00 pm (s 7.00)
- outros usos:
at midnight (a meia-noite)
at Easter (na Pscoa)
at Chrismas (no Natal)
at the weekend (no fim-de-semana)
at the moment (no momento)
EXPRESSES DE QUANTIDADE
FOR = por
- for two weekes (por duas semanas)
- for a long time (por um longo tempo)
SINCE = desde
- since April (desde Abril)
DURING = durante
- during the weekend (durante o fim de
semana)
PASSADO CONTINUO
Do mesmo modo que o Presente Continuo, o
Passado
Continuo formado pelo verbo TO BE + verbo
+ ING.
Afirmativo:
I was working (eu estava trabalhanado)
He was working
She was working
It was working
We were working
They were working
Negativo:
(colocamos o NOT aps o verbo)
I was not working
You were not working
He was not working
She was not working
It was not working
We were nor working
They were nor working
Interrogativo:
47
After:
- look after (cuidar)
Against:
- fight against (lutar contra)
Into:
- develop in (se transformar em)
As:
- as a result (como resultado)
- work as (trabalha na funo de)
Of:
- afraid of (com medo de)
- aware of (ciente de)
- die of (morrer de)
- full of (cheio de alguma coisa)
- think of (achar de)
- tired of (cansado de)
At:
- good at (bom em)
- look at (olhar para)
- work at (trabalhar em)
- at the age of... (aos... anos)
- arrive at (chegar em algum lugar)
- at home (em casa)
- point a gun at (apontar uma arma para)
- throw at (jogar em)
By:
- by accident (por acaso, por acidente)
- by bus, train, plane (de nibus, trem, avio)
- impressed by (impressionado com)
For:
- ask for (pedir)
- look for (procurar)
- wait for (esperar por)
- an ad for (um anncio de)
- apply for a job (fazer uma entrevista para
emprego)
- change for (troco para)
- interview for (entrevista para)
- invite for (convidar para)
- for dinner/lunch.. (para a janta/almoo)
- pay for (pagar por)
- sell for (vender por)
- a ticket for (um bilhete para)
Forward:
- look forward to (aguardar)
From:
- come from (vir de)
- different from (diferente de)
- steal from (roubar de)
- suffer from (sofrer de)
On:
- on the coast (na costa)
- depend on (depender de)
- on a flight to (no vo para)
- on the first floor (no primeiro andar)
- get on well (se dar bem com algum)
- on vacation (de frias)
- rely on (confiar em)
- spend on (gastar em)
- on strike (em greve)
- on Tv (na Tv)
- on the way (a caminho)
Out:
- find out (decobrir)
- go out with (sair com)
- out of order (no est funcionando)
To:
- listen to (escutar)
- married to (casado com)
- speak to (falar com)
- similar to (parecido com)
- according to (de acordo com)
- belong to (pertencer a)
- talk to (conversar com)
- write to (escrever para)
With:
- agree with (concordar)
- argue with (discutir com)
- bored with (aborrecido com)
- compared with (comparado com)
- deal with (lidar com)
- fed up with (cheio de/ borrecido com)
In:
- interested in (interessado em)
- arrive in (chegar em uma cidade, pas)
- believe in (acreditar em)
- in the 21st century (no sculo 21)
- in charge (no comando)
- in good condition (em boa condio)
- a degree in (um diploma em)
48
49
SUFIXOS
50
LIKE
COMPARATIVOS DE IGUALDADE
Os comparativos de igualdade so
formados pelas palavras AS/
SO.......... AS. Ex.:
Jim is as tall as Peter. (Jim to alto
quanto Peter.)
I`m as worried as you are.(Estou
to preocupada quanto
voc.)
She isn`t so tall as her mother. (Ela
no to alta quanto
sua me.)
My car wasn`t so expensive as
yours. (Meu carro no foi to
caro quanto o seu.)
51
No negativo:
Ex.:
I don't have to study.
Usos:
- se refere a uma ao que aconteceu em um
tempo indeterminado
no passado.
Ex.: I have been to Africa. (Eu estive na
Africa.)
- se refere a uma ao que comeou no
passado e continua at hoje
Ex.: I have lived in this house for 5 years.
(Eu viv nesta casa h 5 anos.)
Palavras usuais com o Present Perfect: FOR,
SINCE, EVER, NEVER,
ALREADY, YET
Ateno: na maioria das vezes, a traduo do
verbo no PASSADO.
Em poucos casos, fazemos a traduo como
"ter feito".
Ex.:
I have studied French. (Eu estudei Frances.)
Para ver as diferenas entre o Presente
Perfeito e o Passado
Perfeito, veja a lio 14 do Nvel Bsico
HAVE TO
A expresso HAVE TO usada para
demonstrar OBRIGAO EXTERIOR. Isto
significa: uma lei, regra, ordem de autoridade.
No se refere a
uma obrigao que apenas a pessoas acha
que deve fazer.
uma expresso informal.
Ex.:
I have to study. (Eu tenho que estudar.)
You have to get a visa to enter the USA.
(Voc precisa de um visto para entrar nos
EUA.)
No interrogativo:
Ex.:
Do you have to study?
ADVERBIOS
A maioria dos advrbios em Ingls termina
em LY.
Ex.: slowly
carefully
O aufixo LY corresponde, na maioria das
vezes, ao sufixo MENTE
em Portugues.
Mas alguns so irregulares:
of course
at last (finalmente)
still (ainda)
even (at mesmo)
at least (pelo menos)
nearly (quase)
always (sempre)
too (tambm)
only (somente)
hard (muito)
well
never
often
late
also
too
either
as well
sometimes
HOMOPHONES
"Homophones" so palavras com ortografia
diferente mas a tem mesma
pronncia.
Veja algumas destas palavras:
52
here - hear
waist - waste
roll - role
too - two
brake - break
knew - new
Ex.:
You should go to the doctor.
(Voc deveria ir no mdico.)
desta list
MAKE ou DO?
DO:
do the washing-up (lavar a loua)
do the ironing (passar a roupa)
do you best (dar o melhor de si)
do my homework (fazer o tema)
do someone a favour (fazer um favor a
alguem)
53
fala.
Ex.: (no restaurante) I'll have a steak. (Vou
querer o bife.)
CONVITES
PRIMEIRO CONDICIONAL
A forma condicional em Ingls expressa em
TRES TIPOS DE
FRASES. Vejamos o primeiro:
Uma frase no condicional dividida em duas
partes. No caso
do primeiro tipo de condicional, a estrura ser
esta:
1 parte - presente
2 parte - futuro
Note que a ordem pode ser inversa, mas a
combinao SEMPRE
esta: PRESENTE e FUTURO. E a frase sempre
ter a palavra IF.
Ex.:
If I work hard, I will be rich.
If I have money, I will travel.
Whe she arrives, I will cook the meal.
I'll phone you, as soon as I have some news.
Until the rain stops, we will stay here.
Usamos o primeiro tipo de frase condicional
quando queremos
expressar uma condio que PODE
ACONTECER. Nos exemplos acima,
os resultados TEM UMA BOA POSSIBILIDADE
de acontecer.
WILL
WILL a forma mais comum de futuro em
Ingles. Ex.:
I will work
You will work
He will work
She will work
It will work
We will work
They will work
Forma negativa:
I won't work
WON'T = WILL NOT
USED TO
A expresso "ued to" usada para expressar
algo que voc
COSTUMAVA FAZER no passado, mas que no
faz mais.
Ex.:
I used to play doll when I was a child.
54
55
VERB PATTERNS
56
APSTROFOS
Em Ingls, os apstrofos (') so usados para
indicar que uma letra foi suprimida. usado
principalmente em contres.
Ex.:
isn't = is not
aren't = are not
They're = They are
Contudo, voce deve sempre se lembrar que o
apstrofo tambm usado para demonstrar
POSSESSO. Ex.:
my mother's house (a casa DE minha me)
Neste caso, o apstrofo significa a palavra DE.
SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL
Vc se lembra do 1 condicional, certo? Est
na lio #152:
(http://groups.yahoo.com/group/englishviawe
b/message/420)
A estrutura do 1 condicional sempre:
presente + futuro.
Vamos agora ao segundo condicional:
INFINITIVO - TO
57
Ex.:
boring = chato
surprised = surpreso
surprising = surpreendente
ADVERBIOS
Os advrbios so colocados geralmente no
final de uma frase, depois dos objetos.
Outros, como os advrbios de frequencia,
podem ser colocados no comeo, aps o
sujeito ou no final.
A maioria dos advrbios em Ingls termina
em LY. O sufixo LY corresponde ao nosso
MENTE.
Ex.:
You speak English well.
I like reading very much.
I did my homework quickly.
Yesterday, it rained all day.
It rained all day yesterday.
Suddenly a tiger appeared.
Outros advrbios:
quickly = rapidamente
slowly = devagar
carefully = cuidadosamente
heavily = pesadamente
patiently = com pacincia
clearly = claramente
seriously = seriamente
suddenly = de repente
badly = mal
fluently = fluentemente
properly = propriamente
well = bem
hard = difcil
MAY/ MIGHT
As palavras MAY e MIGHT tem significados
semelhantes. Ambas expressam a idia de
TALVEZ. MAY expressa mais possibilidade.
MIGHT expressa menos possibilidade.
MAY e MIGHT so verbos modais, portanto,
NO SE COLOCA a palavra TO aps.
Ex.:
bored = chateado
58
PRESENT PERFECT
Presente:
I have been working
She has been working
Negativo:
I haven't been working
She hasn't been working
59
Interrogativo:
Have you been working?
Has she been working?
Uso:
No existe uma diferena marcante
Present Perfect Simple e o Present
Continuous.
Eles
podem
ser
indistintamente na maioria das frases.
I have lived here since 1989.
entre o
Perfect
usados
Ex.:
PAST PERFECT
Estrutura:
verbo to have (past) + participio passado do
verbo principal
60
Afrmativo:
I had worked
You had worked
He had worked
She had worked
We had worked
They had worked
Negativo:
I hadn't worked
You hadn't worked
He hadn't worked
She hadn't worked
We hadn't worked
They hadn't worked
Interrogativo:
Had you worked?
Had he worked?
Had she worked?
Had we worked?
Had they worked?
Uso:
- para indicar que um evento aconteceu
ANTES de outro no passado.
Ex.:
Before working at Varig, I had worked at
Vasp.
(Antes de trabalhar na Varig, eu tinha
trabalhado na Vasp.)
61
plan
decide
offer
refuse
hope
expect
promise
try
forget
learn
would like/ love/ hate......
- Verbos que usam GERUNDIO ou INFINITIVO
(sem mudana de significado)
start
begin
continue
prefer
- Verbos que exigem SUJEITO + PESSOA +
INFINITIVO
tell
ask
advise
persuade
expect
teach
Ex.: I told you to close the window.
I asked you to open the window.
I advise you to study more.
- Pronomes Reflexivos
myself (eu mesmo)
yourself (voce mesmo)
himself (ele mesmo)
herself (ela mesma)
itself (ele mesmo/ ela mesma)
ourselves (ns mesmos)
yourselves (voces mesmos)
themselves (eles mesmos/ elas
mesmas)
ARTICLES
Os artigos em Ingles so divididos em dois
tipos:
- definidos
- indefinidos
Os artigos indefinidos so A e AN
(um,uma).
Usos:
- A se usa antes de palavras que comeam
com consoantes
- AN se usa antes de palavras que comeam
com vogal
- antes de profisses
I am a teacher.
- em expresses como:
a bottle of
a piece of,...
62
VERBOS AUXILIARES
BE
usado em todos os tempos contnuos
- Presente Contnuo
- Passado Contnuo
- Presente Perfeito Contnuo
usado na voz passiva
- HAVE
usado nos tempos perfeitos
- Presente Perfeito
- Passado Perfeito
Os verbos auxiliares so usados em:
-
perguntas
negativas
question tags
respostas curtas
HAVE GOT
Ex.:
I've got a house = Eu tenho uma casa.
I haven't got a house = Eu no tenho uma
casa.
Have you got a house? = Voce tem uma casa?
- Verbos Modais
must
can
should
might
will
would
Os verbos modais auxiliam outros verbos,
mas tm SIGNIFICADO!
63
- Presente Simples:
http://www.geocities.com/englishviaweb/HTM
LCode/grammar/simple_present.htm
- Presente Contnuo:
PASSADO SIMPLES
PASSADO CONTINUO
NUMEROS
Se vc ainta tem dvidas sobre o Passado
Contnuo, v at:
http://www.geocities.com/englishviaweb/HTM
LCode/grammar/past_cont.htm
PASSADO PERFEITO
- Fraes
1/2 - one half
1/4 - one fourth
3/4 - three fourth
1/10 - one tenth
- Decimais e Percentagens
6.2 - six point two
15.8 % - fifteen point eight per cent
ADVRBIOS
- Dates
(os anos so lidos sempre de dois em dois)
1987 - nineteen eighty-seven
2000 - two thousand
2001 - two thousand and one
2390 - twenty three ninety
9/07/2001 - September 7, two thousand and
one
(ms sempre na frente nos EUA)
- Nmeros de Telefone
sempre um por um
34764534 - three four seven six four five
three four
64
there
a. Intensificadores
Um advrbio que usado para modoficar
adjetivos e outros advrbios,
mas que no usado para modoficar verbos,
chamado de intensifier (
intensificador).
I am very happy.
The film was quite good.
You did that rather well.
Must you leave so soon?
Intensificadores mais comuns:
fairly
quite
rather
so
too
very
really
Adverbios de Tempo
again
early
late
now
sometime
then
today
tomorrow
tonight
yesterday
Adverbios de Conexo
also
consequently
furthermore
hence
however
moreover
nevertheless
otherwise
therefore
thus
Adverbios de Frequencia:
always
ever
frequently
generally
never
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
usually
Advrbios Negativos
barely
hardly
little
never
not
nowhere
rarely
scarcely
seldom
Adverbios de Modo
carefully
correctly
eagerly
easily
fast
loudly
patiently
quickly
quietly
well
a. Advrbios de Freqncia
Respondem pergunta: How often?
Eles podem ocupar as trs posies: no
comeo, meio ou fim da frase.
Often the wind blows less strongly at night.
He speaks seldom.
I visit her frequently.
Quando os advrbios esto no final da frase,
eles seguem uma certa
ordem:
modo - lugar - frequencia - tempo - propsito.
Adverbios de Lugar
ahead
back
forward
here
high
low
near
outside
somewhere
65
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
MUST
WILL
WOULD
SHALL
SHOULD
OUGHT
b. Advrbios de Tempo
Respondem pergunta: When?
So colocado no comeou o no final das
frases.
Today I will go to the library.
I will go to the post office tomorrow.
c. Advrbios de Modo
Respondem pergunta: How? A maioria dos
advrbios de modo termina em
LY. Podem vir no comeo, meio ou final de
uma frase.
We waited patiently for the play to begin.
I sold the strawberries quickly.
Patiently, we waited for the show to begin.
Quickly, I sold the strawberries.
I slowly opened the door.
I have carefully considered all of the
possibilities.
d. Advrbios de Conexo
So usados para conectar idias.
I would like to go skiing. However, I have too
much work to do.
She was very busy; nevertheless, she found
time to go swimming.
I am, nevertheless, anxious to continue.
We thus had no difficulty finding the motel.
We have, therefore, decided to do it.
e. Advrbios de Lugar
Respondem questo: Where?
Ficam geralmente no final da frase.
I am going there tomorrow.
He left his bicycle in the driveway last night.
I know the office where she works.
g. Advrbios Negativos:
So aqueles que tem um sentido negativo
explcito.
Ex.: never, not, nowhere, hardly, scarcely,
seldom.
Estrutura:
Ex.: I can speak English.
Can you speak English?
I can't speak English.
Uso:
CAN significa "poder, ser capaz de"
CAN usado em dois contextos:
- para expressar HABILIDADE. Ex.:
I can play volley.
I can swim.
- para expressar PERMISSO. Ex.:
Can I go to the bathroom?
Can I open the window?
You can sit now.
CAN INFORMAL e usado mais na fala.
MODALS #2 - COULD
Estrutura:
Ex.: I could speak English.
Could you speak English?
I couldn't speak English.
VERBOS MODAIS
Uso:
CAN
66
MODALS #3 - MAY
Estrutura:
Ex.: It may rain tomorrow.
May I go to the bathroom?
It may not snow tomorrow.
Uso:
MAY expressa
- POSSIBILIDADE. Ex.:
It may rain tomorrow. (Pode chover amanh.)
I may go to the beach next weekend.
- PERMISSO. Ex.:
May I smoke?
MODALS #6 - WILL
MODALS #4 - MIGHT
Estrutura:
Ex.: I will study tomorrow.
Wiil you help me please?
The car won't start.
Estrutura:
Ex.: It might rain tomorrow.
It might not snow tomorrow.
Uso:
MIGHT expressa PEQUENA POSSIBILIDADE.
Ex.:
It might rain tomorrow. (Pode chover amanh,
mas h pouca
possibilidade.)
I might go to the beach next weekend.
MODALS #5 - MUST
Estrutura:
Ex.: You must do that.
You mustn't do that.
Must he do that?
Usos:
- para formar o FUTURO SIMPLES.
Ex.:
I will work (eu trabalharei)
- para PEDIDOS
Ex.:
Will you open the door for me? (Vc abre a
porta para mim?)
- para DECISES feitas no momento da fala
Ex.:
(no restaurante) I'll have the meat. (Vou
querer a carne.)
MODALS #7 - WOULD
Estrutura:
67
Estrutura:
Ex.: You should/ ought to study English.
Should I go to the doctor.
You shouldn't miss the class.
Usos:
FUTURO
Estrutura:
Ex.: I shall work
Shall we go to the movies?
Usos:
- para formar o FUTURO SIMPLES nas 1as
pessoas do singular e
plural (em desuso 0
Ex.: I shall work (eu trabalharei)
WILL
(Futuro Simples)
Estrutura:
- Afirmativo:
I will work
He will work
- Negativo:
I won't work
He won't work
- Interrogativo:
Will you work?
Will he work?
Estrutura:
Ex.: You have to study more.
Do I have to do this exercise?
You don't have to do the exercise.
Uso:
- fato futuro ou previso
- deciso feita no momento da fala
Uso:
68
PRESENTE CONTINUO
Estrutura:
- j apresentada em lies anteriores
tambm est na pgina da lista em:
http://www.geocities.com/englishviaweb/
Uso:
- futo bem prximo. Horas marcadas, eventos
j agendados. Pense
em todos eventos que esto na sua agenda.
Exemplos:
- I'm going to the theater tomorrow night.
(evento j agendado,
entradas j compradas)
- I'm seeing the doctor Friday morning. (hora
marcada)
GOING TO
WEATHER
boiling = fervendo
hot = quente e sufocante
warm = um pouco de calor, mas agradvel
cold = frio
chilly = fresco, um pouquinho de frio
freezing = congelando, muito frio
snowy = com neve
rainy = chuvoso
showery = com chuva fina, garoa
windy = com vento
stormy = tempestade
misty = com nvoa (neblina fina)
foggy = com neblina
sunny = ensolarado
cloudy = nublado
MAKE/ DO
69
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
a mistake = erra
up (my) mind = decidir-se
a mess = bagunar
a complaint = fazer uma reclamao
sure = certificar-se
the bed = fazer a cama
money = fazer dinheiro
a speech = fazer um discurso
a profit = lucrar
a noise = fazer barulho
a phone call = dar um telefonema
friends = fazer amigos
a will = fazer um testamento
love = fazer amor
progress = progredir
1 - O que um pronome?
PRONOME uma palavra que substitui um
nome (substantivo).
Ex.: she (ela)
SHE um pronome porque pode substituir
qualquer nome
feminino.
2 - O que um pronome relativo?
PRONOME RELATIVO aquele que substitui
uma FRASE. Ele usado
para UNIR frases e para fazer com que o texto
fique mais bonito.
Ex.: I met a woman. She can speak 3
languages.
I met a woman WHO can speak 3 languages.
3 - Quais so os pronomes relativos?
WHO (que/ quem)
THAT (que)
WHICH (que)
WHERE (onde)
4 - Quando usamos WHO?
70
MULTI-WORDS VERBS
PRESENTE PERFEITO
71
CONDICIONAIS
Ex.:
I'll phone you WHEN I GET HOME.
"when I get home" uma TIME CLAUSE.
3 CONDICIONAL
Frases no 3 Condicional no so baseadas
em fatos.
Elas expressam ARREPENDIMENTOS, coisas
que poderamos ter feito,
mas no fizemos.
A estrutura ser sempre:
had + verbo normal ---------> would have +
verbo na 3 coluna
Ex.:
If I had gone to the party, I would have met
Angela.
(se eu tivesse ido na festa, teria encontrado a
Angela.)
Esta estrutura, contudo, no seguida
sempre. Ex.:
- Adio:
additionally = adicionalmente
also = tambm
equally important = igualmente importante
furthermore = alm disso
in addition = em adio
likewise = do mesmo modo
moreover = alm disso
besides = alm
TIME CLAUSES
72
- Alternativa:
either/or = ou... ou
neither/nor = nem.. nem
whether = se
instead = ao invs de
- Condio/ Modo:
apparently = aparentemente
supposedly = supostamente
as = como
as if = como se
as though = como se
if = se
inasmuch as = devido ao fato de
provided that = contanto que
so that = para que
unless = a no ser que
whenever = a qualquer hora
whether = se
- Causa e Efeito
because = porque
in order that = para que
inasmuch as = devido ao fato de
since = j que
so that = para que
for = por
so = ento
accordingly = de acordo
after all = depois de tudo
as a result = como resultado
consequently = consequentemente
hence = portanto
therefore = portanto
thus = deste modo
- Contraste:
but = mas
yet = ainda
conversely = por outro lado
however = contudo
in contrast = em contraste
instead = ao invs de
nevertheless = apesar de
notwithstanding = apesar de
on the contrary = pelo contrrio
on the other hand = por outro lado
otherwise = de outro modo
still = ainda
although = embora
even though = mesmo embora
whereas = mas
- Comparao:
although = embora
even though = mesmo que
though = embora
whereas considerando que
both = ambos
and also = e tambm
equally = igualmente
evidently = evidentemente
in like manner = da mesma maneira
likewise = da mesma maneira
similarly = da mesma maneira
as - as = to... quanto
if = se
as though = como se
- nfase
not only/ but also = no s.. mas tambm
above all = acima de tudo
actually = na verdade
after all = acima de tudo
again = novamente
certainly = certamente
clearly = claramente
equally important = igualmente importante
fortunately = com sorte
indeed = de fato
in fact = de fato
in other words = em outras palavras
more important(ly) = mais importante
naturally = naturalmente
obviously = obviamente
plainly = em simples palavras
surely = certamente
truly = verdadeiramente
undoubtedly = sem dvida
without doubt = sem dvida
- Condio/ Concesso:
as = como
as if = como se
as though = como se
before = antes
even = at mesmo
how = como
if = se
less than = menos que
more than = mais que
provided that = contanto que
so long as = contanto que
than = do que
unless = a no ser que
whether = se
why = por que
notwithstanding = apesar de
of course = claro
to be sure para ter certeza
although = embora
even if = mesmo se
even = mesmo
even though = mesmo embora
though = embora
granted that = mesmo que
- Exemplo:
as an illustration
for example
for instance
in particular
specifically
73
- Tempo:
as = enquanto
after = depois
as soon as = assim que
once = uma vez que
since = desde que
until = at
whenever = a qualquer hora
while = enquanto
afterward = depois
at first = a principio
at last = finalmente
eventually = eventualmente
finally = finalmente
first(ly) = em primeiro lugar
formerly = anteriormente
gradually = gradualmente
immediately = imediatamente
last = ltimo
later = mais tarde
meanwhile = enquanto isso
next = prximo
now = agora
originally = originalmente
previously = anteriormente
recently = recentemente
soon = logo
subsequently = subsequentemente
suddenly = de repente
temporarily = temporariamente
then = ento
before = antes
until = at
when = quando
- Resumo:
so = ento
all in all = por fim
finally = finalmente
in brief = em resumo
in conclusion = em concluso
in other words = em outras palavras
in summary = em resumo
on the whole = considerando todas as coisas
1) Em frases Positivas:
- I like chocolate
(2 modos de resposta)
- I like it TOO (eu gosto tambm)
So do I. (eu gosto tambm)
Me too
2) Em frases Negativas:
74
stop
Estes verbos expressam aes que
acontecem rapidamente e
no se estendem por longos perodos de
tempo. Nesses casos, s
podemos usar o PPS.
Ex.:
I've cut my finger.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect Questions comeam com expresses
como:
I dont know
I wonder
Could you tell me?
Im not sure
I cant remember
I have no idea
Id like to know
Do you know
Do you happen to know
Do you have any idea
Perguntas:
Have you been studying?
Negativas:
I haven't been studying.
QUESTIONS TAGS
As question tags so comuns na conversao.
Elas correspondem ao nosso N?
A estrutura sempre a seguinte:
Frase positiva question tag negativo
Frase negativa question tag positivo
Ex.:
Youre Jenny, arent you?
You arent Jenny, are you?
Ex.:
I've had this book for ages.
Tambm NO USAMOS o PPC com verbos que
expressam idias
de aes rpidas como:
cut
break
75
REPORTED ESPEECH
Statements:
-
76
77
GRAMMAR Part 2
1-PRONOUNS SUBJECT
OBJECT
ADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVE
REFLEXIVE
DEMONSTRATIVE
2-VOCBULOS INTERROGATIVOS
3- VERBS (TODOS OS TEMPOS)
4- IMPERATIVE
5- ANMALOS- CAN, MAY, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD E OUGHT TO,
MUST, WOUD RATHER, HAD BETTER.
6- PASSIVE VOICE.
7- PREPOSITIONS.
8- IRREGULAR VERBS
PRONOUNS:
SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
I Eu
YOU- Voc
HE Ele
SHE- Ela
IT- Ele/Ela
WE- Ns
YOU- Vocs
THEY- Eles/As
OBJECT POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE
ME MY
YOU YOUR
HIM HIS
HER HER
IT ITS
US OUR
YOU YOUR
THEM THEIR
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
MINE
YOURS
HIS
HERS
ITS
OURS
YOURS
THEIRS
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
MYSELF
YOURSELF
HIMSELF
HERSELF
ITSELF
OURSELVES
YOURSELVES
THEMSELVES
VERBS
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INETRROGATIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, INTERROGATIVE
SIMPLE FUTURE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
CONDITIONAL PERFECT
IMPERATIVE
GERUND
ANMALOS
PASSIVE VOICE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE,INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE,NEGATIVE
DEFECTIVOS OU MODAIS
SIMPLE PRESENT:
-NA FORMA AFIRMATIVA ACRESCENTA-SE(S) NAS 3 PESSOAS DO SINGULAR
-VERBOS TERMINADOS EM (S,SH,CH,X,Z,O) ACRESCENTA-SE (ES) NAS 3 P.
PRESENT PERFECT
FORMADO PELO AUXILIAR TO HAVE NO SIMPLE PRESENT +PAST PARTICIPLE DO VERBO
PRINCIPAL
HAVE/ HAS + PAST.PART.
PAST PERFECT
FORMADO PELO HAD MAIS O PAST PARTICIPLE DO VERBO PRINCIPAL
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
- UMA AO NO PASSADO QUE ACONTECEU ANTES DE OUTRATAMBM NO
PASSADO.DUAS AES SO LIGADAS POR CONJUNES TEMPORAIS TAIS COMO:
BEFORE, AFTER, WHEN, AS SOON AS.
-UMA AO OU SITUAO PASSADA MENCIONADA ANTERIORMENTE.
EX: I HAD ARRIVED WHEN SHE LEFT.
(EU TINHA CHEGADO QUANDO ELA PARTIU.
HE CALLED ME AFTER I HAD FINISHED MY EXERCISES.
(ELE ME TELEFONOU DEPOIS QUE EU TINHA TERMINADO MEUS EXERCCIOS.)
PAUL HAD NEVER HAD A CAR UNTIL LAST MONTH.
(PAUL NUNCA TINHA TIDO UM CARRO AT O MS PASSADO)
SHE HAD VISITED.
(ELA TINHA VISITADO)
HAD SHE GONE?
(ELA TINHA IDO?).
EX: THE TELEPHONE HAD BEEN RINGING FOR THREE MINUTES BEFORE IT
WAS ANSWERED.
(O TELEFONE ESTEVE TOCANDO POR TRS MINUTOS ANTES DE SER ATENDIDO).
I WAS VERY TIRED; I HAD BEEN WORKING HARD ALL DAY.
(EU ESTAVA MUITO CANSADA ; EU ESTIVE TRABALHNADO MUITO O DIA TODO).
HAD YOU BEEN WORKING? (VOC ESTEVE TRABALHANDO?)
SIMPLE FUTURE
FORMADO PELO AUXILIAR WILL SEGUIDO DO VERBO PRINCIPAL NO INFINITIVO SEM O
TO EM TODAS AS PESSOAS.
UMA FORMA CLSSICA DE INDICAR AUMA AO FUTURA. EQUIVALE AO NOSSO FUTURO
DO PRESENTE.
WILL + VERB
NA LINGUAGEM FORMAL, O AUXILIAR WILL PODE SER SUBSTITUIDO PELO AUXILIAR
SHALL APENAS QUANDO O SUJEITO FOR I OU WE ,OU SEJA ,NAS
1s PESSOAS. (pouco usado nos dias de hoje).
EX: I WILL SPEAK. (EU FALAREI)
I WILL GO TO EUROPE NEXT YEAR.
(EU IREI PARA A EUROPA NO PRXIMO ANO)
SHELL HELP ME CLEAN THE HOUSE.
(ELA ME AJUDAR A LIMPAR A CASA.)
WILL YOU VISIT SHE TOMORROW?
(VOC A VISITAR AMANH?)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
ESTE TEMPO FORMADO PELO FUTURO DO VERBO TO BESEGUIDO DA FORMA ING DO
VERBO PRINCIPAL.
WILL BE + VERBO ING.
USADO PARA INDICAR UMA AO VERBAL QUE SE VERIFICA EM DETERMINADO
MOMENTO DO FUTURO.
EX: I WILL BE WORKING BY THIS TIME TOMORROW.
(EU ESTAREI TRABALHANDO A ESTA HORA AMANH.)
WILL YOU BE WORKING? (VOC ESTAR TRABALHANDO?)
AT THIS TIME NEXT MONTH, SHE WILL BE ARRIVING IN EUROPE.
(A ESTA HORA NO PRXIMO MS ELA ESTAR CHEGANDO NA EUROPA.)
FUTURE PERFECT
CONDITIONAL PERFECT
FORMADO PELO WOULD + HAVE + PASSADO DO VERBO PRINCIPAL.
EX: I WOULD HAVE WORKED. (EU TERIA TRABALHADO)
I WOULD HAVE SWUM. (EU TERIA NADADO)
IMPERATIVE
O IMPERATIVO POSSUI A MESMA FORMA DO INFINITIVO SEM TO. ESSA FORMA NICA, E
ELA QUE INICIA A ORAO, FEITA SEM SUJEITO EXPRESSO.
EMPREGA-SE O IMPERATIVO PARA DAR ORDENS OU FAZER PEDIDOS. QUANDO A IDIA
DE PEDIDO, USA-SE PLEASE ANTES DO VERBO OU NO FINAL DA ORAO, APS UMA
VRGULA.
EX:
PLEASE COME HERE! = COME HERE, PLEASE! (POR FAVOR,VENHA AQUI!)
SOMEBODY CLOSE THAT DOOR! (ALGUM FECHE AQUELA PORTA!)
LETS (LET US) VAMOS.
LETS NOT (LET US NOT) NO VAMOS.
DONT CROSS THE STREET NOW. WAIT.
(NO ATRAVESSE A RUA AGORA. ESPERE.)
GERUND
FORMADO POR VERB+ ING E UM SUBSTANTIVO QUE EXPRIME UMA AO VERBAL.
POSSUI A MESMA FORMA DO PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
O GERUNDIO PODE SER O SUJEITO DE UM VERBO, OBJETO DE UM VERBO,OBJETO DE UMA
PREPOSIO.
EMPREGADO APS UMA PREPOSIO.(EXCETO AS PREPOSIES BUT,EXCEPT,THAN.
QUE SO SEGUIDAS DE INFINITIVO)
RUNNING IS A GOOD EXERCISE.(CORRER UM BOM EXERCCIO)
READING IS A PLEASANT PASTIME.(LER UM PASSATEMPO AGRADVEL)
SHE LIKES EATING APPLES. (ELA GOSTA DE COMER MAS.)
THEY ARE TIRED OF STUDYING.(ELES ESTO CANSADOS DE ESTUDAR).
SHE IS INTERESTED IN STUDYING ENGLISH.
(ELA EST INTERESSADA EM ESTUDAR INGLS)
VERBOS ANMALOS (DEFECTIVOS OU MODAIS)
CAN, MAY, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST, NEED, WOULD RATHER, HAD
BETTER,
OS VERBOS ANMALOS SE DIFEREM DOS OUTROS POR TEREM CARACTERSTICAS
PRPRIAS.
- NO POSSUEM INFINITIVO.
- NO LEVAM S NA TERCEIRA PESSOA.
NO USAM AUXILIAR COMO DO,DOES,DID,WILL.
SO SEGUIDOS POR INFINITIVO SEM O TO,COM EXCEO DE OUGHT TO.
CAN PODER, CONSEGUIR. (HABILIDADE,CAPACIDADE,POSSIBILIDADE,
PERMISSO INFORMAL.
COMPOSTAS:
ABOUT, ABOVE, AFTER, ALONG, AMONG, AROUND, BEFORE, BEHIND, BELOW,
BESIDE, BETWEEN, DURING, INTO, WITHOUT (14)
ABOUTSOBRE, EM VOLTA DE, AO REDOR DE, A RESPEITO DE. INDICA TEMPO,LUGAR OU
QUANTIDADE.
DID YOU FORGET WHAT I TOLD YOU ABOUT THAT GIRL? (VOC ESQUECEU O QUE EU DISSE
A RESPEITO DAQUELA GAROTA?)
THEY MADE A FENCE ABOUT THE YARD.(ELES FIZERAM A CERCA AO REDOR DO QUINTAL)
SHELL ARRIVE HERE ABOUT NINE OCLOCK.(ELA CHEGAR AQUI POR VOLTA DE NOVE
HORAS)
ABOVEACIMA DE, MAIS DE.
THE PRESIDENT SPEECH LASTED ABOVE FIFTY MINUTES.(O PRESIDENTE ARRASTOU O
DISCURSO MAIS DE CINQUENTA MINUTOS)
THE NEWSPAPER ARE PLACED ONE ABOVE THE OTHER. (OS JORNAIS FORAM COLOCADOS
UM ACIMA DO OUTRO)
AFTERDEPOIS, CPIA.
PS:
AT - AUSENCIA DE MOVIMENTO HE IS AT THE BUS STOP. (ELE EST NO
PONTO DE NIBUS)
TO - IMPLICA MOVIMENTO HE WALKED TO THE BUS STOP.(ELE
CAMINHOU PARA O PONTO DE NIBUS).
IRREGULAR VERBS - O SINAL + INDICA QUE PODE SER TAMBM REGULAR (ED)
INFINITIVE
TO AWAKE
TO BE
TO BEAR
TO BECOME
TO BEGIN
TO BITE
TO BLOW
TO BREAK
TO BRING
TO BUILD
TO BURN
TO BURST
TO BUY
TO CAST
TO CATCH
TO CHOOSE
TO COME
TO COST
TO CUT
TO DEAL
TO DIG
TO DO
TO DRAW
TO DREAM
TO DRINK
TO DRIVE
TO EAT
TO FALL
TO FEED
TO FEEL
TO FIGHT
TO FIND
TO FORGET
TO FORGIVE
TO FREEZE
TO GET
TO GIVE
TO GO
TO GROW
TO HAVE
TO HEAR
TO HIDE
TO HIT
TO HOLD
ACORDAR
SER, ESTAR
LEVANTAR
TORNAR-SE
COMEAR
MORDER
SOPRAR
QUEBRAR
TRAZER
CONSTRUIR
QUEIMAR
REBENTAR
COMPRAR
LANAR
PEGAR/APANHAR
ESCOLHER
VIR
CUSTAR
CORTAR
NEGOCIAR/TRATAR
CAVAR
FAZER
DESENHAR/PUXAR
SONHAR
BEBER
GUIAR/CONDUZIR
COMER
CAIR
ALIMENTAR
SENTIR
LUTAR/BRIGAR
ACHAR
ESQUECER-SE
PERDOAR
GELAR
OBTER/GANHAR
DAR
IR
CRESCER/TORNAR-SE
TER
OUVIR
ESCONDER
BATER/ ACERTAR
CONTER/MANTER
PAST TENSE
AWOKE +
WAS/ WERE
BORE/BARE
BECAME
BEGAN
BIT
BLEW
BROKE
BROUGHT
BUILT
BURNT +
BURST
BOUGHT
CAST
CAUGHT
CHOSE
CAME
COST
CUT
DEALT
DUG
DID
DREW
DREAMT +
DRANK
DROVE
ATE
FELL
FED
FELT
FOUGHT
FOUND
FORGOT
FORGAVE
FROZE
GOT
GAVE
WENT
GREW
HAD
HEARD
HID
HIT
HELD
PAST PARTICIPLE
AWAKED
BEEN
BORNE
BECOME
BEGUN
BITTEN/BIT
BLOWN
BROKEN
BROUGHT
BUILT
BURNT +
BURST
BOUGHT
CAST
CAUGHT
CHOSEN
COME
COST
CUT
DEALT
DUG
DONE
DRAWN
DREAMT +
DRUNK
DRIVEN
EATEN
FALLEN
FED
FELT
FOUGHT
FOUND
FORGOTTEN
FORGIVEN
FROZEN
GOT/GOTTEN
GIVEN
GONE
GROWN
HAD
HEARD
HIDDEN/ HID
HIT
HELD
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
HURT
KEEP
KNOW
LAY
LEAD
LEAVE
LEND
LET
LIE
LIGHT
LOSE
MAKE
MEAN
MEET
PAY
PUT
READ
RID
RIDE
RING
RISE
RUN
SAY
SEE
SEEK
SELL
SEND
SET
SHAKE
SHINE
SHOOT
SHOW
SHUT
SING
SINK
SIT
SLEEP
SLIDE
SPEAK
SPEND
SPIT
SPLIT
SPREAD
SPRING
STAND
STEAL
STINK
STRIKE
STRIVE
SWEAR
SWEAT
SWEEP
SWIM
SWING
TAKE
TEACH
TEAR
TELL
THINK
THROW
WAKE
FERIR/MAGOAR
GUARDAR/MANTER
SABER/CONHECER
POR/COLOCAR
GUIAR/CONDUZIR
DEIXAR/PARTIR
EMPRESTAR
DEIXAR/PERMITIR
DEITAR-SE/ JAZER
ACENDER
PERDER
FAZER
SIGNIFICAR
ENCONTRAR
PAGAR
PR
LER
LIVRAR-SE
MONTAR/CAVALGAR
TOCAR SINO/CAMPAINHA
LEVANTAR-SE
CORRER
DIZER
VER
PROCURAR/BUSCAR
VENDER
MANDAR/ENVIAR
COLOCAR/POR/POUSAR
SACUDIR/ABALAR
BRILHAR
ATIRAR/MATAR A TIROS
MOSTRAR
FECHAR
CANTAR
AFUNDAR-SE
SENTAR-SE
DORMIR
RESVALAR
FALAR
GASTAR, (TEMPO)
CUSPIR
RACHAR
ESPALHAR
SALTAR/NASCER
PR-SE DE P
FURTAR
CHEIRAR MAL
BATER/DAR HORAS
ESFORAR-SE
JURAR
SUAR
VARRER/ARREBATAR
NADAR
BALANAR-SE
TOMAR/LEVAR
ENSINAR
RASGAR
DIZER
PENSAR
LANAR/ARREMESSAR
ACORDAR
HURT
KEPT
KNEW
LAID
LED
LEFT
LENT
LET
LAY
LIT
LOST
MADE
MEANT
MET
PAID
PUT
READ
RID
RODE
RANG
ROSE
RAN
SAID
SAW
SOUGHT
SOLD
SENT
SET
SHOOK
SHONE
SHOT
SHOWED
SHUT
SANG
SANK
SAT
SLEPT
SLID
SPOKE
SPENT
SPAT/SPIT
SPLIT
SPREAD
SPRANG
STOOD
STOLE
STUNK
STRUCK
STROVE
SWORE
SWEAT
SWEPT
SWAM
SWUNG
TOOK
TAUGHT
TORE
TOLD
THOUGHT
THREW
WOKE +
HURT
KEPT
KNOWN
LAID
LED
LEFT
LENT
LET
LAIN
LIT +
LOST
MADE
MEANT
MET
PAID
PUT
READ
RID
RIDDEN
RUNG
RISEN
RUN
SAID
SEEN
SOUGHT
SOLD
SENT
SET
SHAKEN
SHONE
SHOT
SHOWN
SHUT
SUNG
SUNK
SAT
SLEPT
SLID/SLIDDEN
SPOKEN
SPENT
SPIT
SPLIT
SPREAD
SPRUNG
STOOD
STOLE
STUNK
STRUCK
STRIVEN
SWOM
SWEAT
SWEPT
SWUM
SWUNG
TAKEN
TAUGHT
TORN
TOLD
THOUGHT
THROWN
WAKED
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
WEAR
WEEP
WET
WIN
WRITE
USAR/VESTIR/GASTAR
CHORAR
UMEDECER
GANHAR
ESCREVER
WORE
WEPT
WET
WON
WROTE
WORN
WEPT
WET
WON
WRITTEN
Verb Tenses
Simple Present
Present Continuous
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Continuous Verbs to express the idea that
something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show
that something is not happening now.
EXAMPLES:
You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
They are reading their books.
They are not watching television.
What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
In English, now can mean "this second," "today," "this month," "this year,"
"this century" and so on. Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to say that
we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however,
we might not be doing it at this exact second.
EXAMPLES: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a
restaurant.)
I am studying to become a doctor.
I am not studying to become a dentist.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
I am not reading any books right now.
Are you working on any special projects at work?
Aren't you teaching at the University now?
Simple Past
past. A duration is a long action often used with expressions like "for two
years," "for five minutes," "all day" or "all year."
EXAMPLES:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
How long did you wait for them?
We waited for one hour.
Past Continuous
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous a specific time only interrupts the action.
EXAMPLES:
Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner.
(I started eating at 6 p.m.)
Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.
(I started earlier and at 6 p.m. I was in the process of eating dinner.)
EXAMPLES:
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere in
the past.
EXAMPLE:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were
talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were
waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his
hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
The Past Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea
that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept
is very similar to the expression used to but with negative emotion. Remember
to put the words always or constantly between "be" and "verb+ing."
EXAMPLES:
She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the
store. PASSIVE
Present Perfect
period of time.
EXAMPLES:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since
the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals
and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
EXAMPLES:
Man has walked on the moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has
not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for
the action.
EXAMPLES:
James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which
occured in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process
is not complete and more actions are possible.
EXAMPLES:
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why
she is sick.
IMPORTANT
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point
in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not
important.
EXAMPLES:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year.
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less three years ago. She has worked for three
different companies so far.
This week my car has broken down three times.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year"
means the year before now. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until
now.
EXAMPLES:
I went to Mexico last year.
(I went to Mexico in 1998.)
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and
now. We do not know exactly when.)
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or
"recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as
"Have you been feeling alright?", it suggests that the person looks sick or
unhealthy. A question such as "Having you been smoking?" suggests that you can
smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can
see, smell, hear, or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult
someone by using this tense incorrectly.
Continuous with these exception verbs, you must use Present Perfect.
EXAMPLES:
Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
Past Perfect
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in
Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another
action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific
time in the past.
EXAMPLES:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?
Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with
them in 1996.
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific
be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or
sentence. The words before and after actually tell
the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with
them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them
in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect
MUST be used at all times. Compare the two sentences below.
EXAMPLE:
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past
and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for
two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect
Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous;
however, the duration does not continue until now.
EXAMPLES:
They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of
business.
James had been teaching at the University for more than a year before he left
for Asia.
IMPORTANT
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks"
or "since Friday", many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous.
There is also a difference in meaning. Compare the examples below.
EXAMPLES:
I was reading when my roommate returned.
The reading will be interrupted.
I had been reading for an hour when my roommate returned.
The reading stopped just before my roommate returned.
Simple Future
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often we
use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help.
EXAMPLES:
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in
mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
Future Continuous
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future a specific time is used to show the time an action will
begin. In the Future Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
EXAMPLES:
Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to eat dinner.
I am going to start eating at 6 p.m.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere in
the future.
EXAMPLE:
When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be
dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and
several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
Future Perfect
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another
action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a
specific time in the future.
EXAMPLES:
By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
IMPORTANT
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks"
or "since Friday", many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous.
There is also a difference in meaning. Compare the examples below.
EXAMPLES:
I will be reading when my roommate returns.
The reading will be interrupted.
I will have been reading for an hour when my roommate returns.
The reading will stop just before my roommate returns.
ACTIVE/
PASSIVE
Future
Perfect
Continuous
EXAMPLES:
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the
time
it
is
finished.
ACTIVE
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six
months
by
the
time
it
is
finished.
PASSIVE
NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.