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Objetivo: Contribuir para a validade da Classificao Internacional de
Doenas-11 edio no diagnstico diferencial entre experincias espirituais/
anmalas e transtornos mentais revisando artigos de pesquisa sobre o tema
em psiquiatria e psicologia envolvendo populaes latino-americanas e/ou
produzidos por pesquisadores latino-americanos. Mtodo: Pesquisa em bases
de dados (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and SciELO) por meio de palavraschave (possesso, transe, experincia religiosa, experincia espiritual, Latin*,
Brazil) em busca de artigos com dados psicolgicos e psiquitricos originais
em experincias espirituais. Tambm foram analisadas as referncias dos
artigos selecionados e autores na rea foram contactados em busca de dados e
referncias adicionais. Resultados: H evidncias consistentes que experincias
psicticas e anmalas so frequentes na populao geral e que em sua maioria
no esto relacionadas a transtornos psicticos. Frequentemente, experincias
espirituais envolvem experincias dissociativas e psicticas de carter no
patolgico. Embora as experincias espirituais no estejam habitualmente
relacionadas a transtornos mentais, elas podem causar sofrimento transitrio e
so frequentemente relatadas por pacientes psicticos. Concluso: Propomos
algumas caractersticas que sugerem a natureza no patolgica de uma dada
experincia espiritual: ausncia de sofrimento, de prejuzo funcional ou
ocupacional, compatibilidade com o contexto cultural do paciente, aceitao
da experincia por outros, ausncia de comorbidades psiquitricas, controle
sobre a experincia e crescimento pessoal ao longo do tempo.
Abstract
Objective: To review research articles in psychiatry and psychology involving
Latin American populations and/or produced by Latin American scholars
to investigate the differential diagnosis between spiritual/anomalous
experiences and mental disorders in order to contribute to the validity of the
International Classification of Diseases towards its 11th edition in this area.
Method: We searched electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus,
and SciELO) using relevant keywords (possession, trance, religious experience,
spiritual experience, latin*, Brazil) for articles with original psychiatric and
psychological data on spiritual experiences. We also analyzed the references of
the articles found and contacted authors for additional references and data.
Results: There is strong evidence that psychotic and anomalous experiences
are frequent in the general population and that most of them are not related
to psychotic disorders. Often, spiritual experiences involve non-pathological
dissociative and psychotic experiences. Although spiritual experiences are not
usually related to mental disorders, they may cause transient distress and
are commonly reported by psychotic patients. Conclusion: We propose some
features that suggest the non-pathological nature of a spiritual experience: lack
of suffering, lack of social or functional impairment, compatibility with the
patients cultural background and recognition by others, absence of psychiatric
comorbidities, control over the experience, and personal growth over time.
Descriptors: Psychotic disorders; Spirituality; Diagnosis, differential;
Classication
Introduo
Um nmero crescente de estudos tem demonstrado a alta
prevalncia de experincias psicticas*, dissociativas ou incomuns
na populao geral, embora a maioria dos indivduos que
* Embora o termo psictico seja geralmente utilizado para se referir a transtornos mentais graves, experincias normalmente consideradas
psicticas, como alucinaes, inseres de pensamento e vivncias de passividade no so necessariamente patolgicas. Casos como estes
seriam provavelmente melhor agrupados por meio de um termo mais neutro como experincias anmalas10, por exemplo. Neste artigo,
no entanto, seguiu-se a sugesto de Jackson e Fulford11 de utilizar as expresses fenmenos psicticos ou experincia psictica em um
sentido mais amplo para designar tanto experincias patolgicas como no patolgicas. Daqui em diante, o termo sintoma psictico
ser utilizado apenas para designar uma experincia psictica patolgica.
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria vol 33 Supl I mai2011 S22
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