54564454233estruturas de Betão I - Tabelas de Calculo575454545

Instituto Superior Técnico
Departamento de Engenharia Civil e

INSTITUTO Arq u itectu ra
SUP EiRI OR
T~CNICOI
-
ESTRUTURAS DE BETAO I
Volume 111
Tabelas de Cálculo
Augusto Gomes
João Vinagre
Setembro 1997
Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado
,
Indice
1 - Áreas e pesos de armaduras e características do betão e do

aço 1
2 - Estados limites últimos de secções de betão armado
2.1 - Flexão simples de secçõesrectangulares 7
2.2 - Flexão simples de secçõesem T 23
2.3 - Flexão composta de secçõesrectangulares 31
2.4 - Flexão composta de secçõescirculares 63
2.5 - Flexão desviada de secçõesrectangulares 77
3 - Estados limites de utilização de elementos de betão armado

3.1 - Cálculo de flechas - Método dos coeficientes globais 95
3.2 - Cálculo de curvaturas 101
3.3 - Cálculo de flechas devidoà retracção 113
3.4 - Cálculode tensõesemestadofendilhado- Secções rectangulares 115
3.5 - Cálculode tensõesemestadofendilhado- Secções em T 125
4 - Tabelas diversas
4.1 - Peso de revestimentos e coberturas 145
4.2 - Peso específico de alguns materiais 146
4.3 - Peso de paredes divisórias de alvenaria 147
4.4 - Esforços elásticos de alguns tipos de viga 148
4.5 - Esforços elásticos em vigas contínuas de dois e de três tramos 150
4.6 - Coeficientes de rigidez de elementos de viga 152
4.7 - P. T. V. - Valores de M M 153
4.8 - Flechas elásticas de alguns tipos de viga 154
4.9 - Flechas elásticas de vigas contínuas 155
4.10 - Centros de gravidade, inércia e largura equivalente de secções T 156
4.11 - Centros de gravidade e momentos de inércia de secções planas 157
4.12 - Volumes e momentos de inércia de sólidos 158
4.13 - Rigidez elástica de torção de secções 159
4.14 - Valores da tensão de segurança de solos 160
4.15 - Resistência e deformabilidade de solos em função dos
resultados do SPT 161
4.16 -" Pré-dimensionamento de estacas 162
4.17 - Sapatas rectangulares - Cálculo de tensões no solo 163
4.18 - Resistência ao esforço transverso de secções circulares 164
5 - Referências 166
--
Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Pretendeu-se com este volume Tabelas de Cálculo reunir num único documento as
tabelas necessárias para a aplicação, em projecto, do Regulamento de Estruturas de
Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado (REBAP) incluindo-se também tabelas consideradas
úteis para as diferentes fases de cálculo.
As tabelas apresentadas foram elaboradas pelo Grupo de Betão Armado e

Pré-Esforçado tendo tido um papel especialmente activo os EngQSAugusto Gomes e
João Vinagre. Algumas foram retiradas de diversos documentos devidamente
referenciados.
Determinadas tabelas fazem referência a classes de aços diferentes das adoptadas pelo
REBAP. No entanto, por estarem elaboradas de forma adimensional, o erro cometido
na sua aplicação às classes de aços nacionais é muito peqtieno e aceitável, desde que se
adoptem as tensões de cálculo especificadas no REBAP.
- - -
-----.-------.-
Ate.. de I Peso
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 12
6 0.26 0.57 0.65 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.96 2.26 2.54 2.63 3.11 3.39 0.22
6 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 5.53 6.03 0.40
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.26 7.07 7.65 8.64 9.42 0.62
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 12.44 13.57 0.89
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18,10 20,11 22,12 24.13 1.58
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.65 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 34.56 37.70 2.47
25 4.91 9.62 14.73 19.63 24.54 29,45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 54.00 58.90 3.85
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56,30 64.34 72.38 80.42 88.47 96.51 6.31
Ate.. de """_ _dos cm'hnl

10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
6 2,63 2.26 1.88 1,62 1.41 1.13 0.94 0.81
8 5,03 4,02 3.35 2.87 2.51 2.01 1.66 1.44
10 7,85 6.28 5.24 4.49 3.93 3.14 2.62 2.24
12 11.31 9.05 7.54 6.46 5.65 4.52 3.77 3.23
16 20,11 16.08 13.40 11.49 10.05 8.04 6.70 5.74
20 31.42 25.13 20.94 17.95 15.71 12.57 10.47 8,96
25 49.09 39.27 32.72 28.05 24.54 19.63 16.36 14.02
«(I)Ç09'O - ) (I) =ri poIJ/""lpq(l)="v (""I Zp q)J"'W = ri

n I (riZt'Z - f\- ) = (I)
.d 0.5t O'tI; O.tt O'lt O'Ot O'6Z K

.dl'l 9.t Z't 9't t.t 6'Z S'Z .o"j
8dl'l S't Z't 6'Z 9'Z Z'Z 6'1 ..,
8d OOZ "; 8dft .Z Z'Z O'Z H'I Ç'I t'I "''"'I
8dft HI'Z tU ZO'I ... 8dft O'Ot O'5t O'Ot O'SZ O'OZ 0'91 "'I
8dl'l 5tt 8K: tOZ .., 8dft L'9Z t.tZ O'OZ L'91 t.tl L'OI ...
ooçv OOW 5tZV OÇJQ St= LtIOt:> 0tJÇz:J SZIOz:J OZISI:J
OtS'O m'o Zt'O tZt.o 18Z'0 tZ'O 19Z'0 6L1'O 91'0 9SI'O çgo'o 80'0
109'0 tlt.O 1t"0 IOt.O 9LZ'0 tZ'O LtZ'O L91'0 SI'O ttl'O tLO'O LO'O
US'O tat'O Ot'O 0Bt'0 19Z'0 ZZ'O ttZ'0 SSI'O ti 'O Itl'O t90'0 90'0
ÇK'O SLt'O 6Z'0 65t'O LtZ'O IZ'O OZZ'O ttl'O ti 'O HII'O ZSO'O SO'O
61S'0 L5t'O HZ'O Btt.o ttro oro LOro Itl'O ZI'O tOI'O ztO.o tO'O
tat.o Ott'O LZ'O 81t.0 61Z'0 61'0 tSI'O 611'0 11'0 880'0 ItO'O tO'O
OLt.O tZt.o 9Z'0 66Z'0 9Oro 81'0 181'0 LOI'O 01'0 UO'O IZO'O ZO'O
m'o LOt.O sro 09ro ZSI'O LI'O 691'0 960'0 60'0 9tO'0 010'0 10'0
" '" TI " '" " '" TI " '" n
iSI - OPOIS3 e opelWVomes ep odru
t
---
3
Áreas de seccões de varões rcm21

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83 3.11 3.39
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 5.53 6.03
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 8.64 9.42
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 12.44 13.57
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11 22.12 24.13
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 34.56 37.70
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 54.00 58.90
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 88.47 96.51
Áreas de annaduras distribuídas rcm2/ml

0/s 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
6 5.65 3.77 2.83 2.26 1.88 1.62 1.41 1.13 0.94 0.81
8 10.05 6.70 5.03 4.02 3.35 2.87 2.51 2.01 1.68 1.44
10 15.71 10.47 7.85 6.28 5.24 4.49 3.93 3.14 2.62 2.24
12 22.62 15.08 11.31 9.05 7.54 6.46 5.65 4.52 3.77 3.23
16 40.21 26.81 20.11 16.08 13.40 11.49 10.05 8.04 6.70 5.74
20 62.83 41.89 31.42 25.13 20.94 17.95 15.71 12.57 10.47 8.98
25 98.17 65.45 49.09 39.27 32.72 28.05 24.54 19.63 16.36 14.02
C12115 C15120 C20/25 C25130 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60

fc:k 12.0 16.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 MPa
fecl 8.0 10.7 13.3 16.7 20.0 23.3 26.7 30.0 33.3 MPa
fdk 0.05 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 MPa
fetm 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 MPa
fdk 0.95 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3 MPa
Ec28 27.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 GPa
A235 A400 A500
fyd 204 348 435 MPa

Evd 1.02 1.74 2.18 1E-3
- -- ------
4 Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Peso do
varão Peso (te armaduras distribuídas [kgf/m2]
0 [kgf/m] 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
6 0.22 4.44 2.96 2.22 1.78 1.48 1.27 1.11 0.89 0.74 0.63
8 0.39 7.89 5.26 3.95 3.16 2.63 2.25 1.97 1.58 1.32 1.13
10 0.62 12.33 8.22 6.17 4.93 4.11 3.52 3.08 2.47 2.06 1.76
12 0.89 17.76 11.84 8.88 7.10 5.92 5.07 4.44 3.55 2.96 2.54
16 1.58 31.57 21.04 15.78 12.63 10.52 9.02 7.89 6.31 5.26 4.51
20 2.47 49.32 32.88 24.66 19.73 16.44 14.09 12.33 9.86 8.22 7.05
25 3.85 77.07 51.38 38.53 30.83 25.69 22.02 19.27 15.41 12.84 11.01
32 6.31 126.27 84.18 63.13 50.51 42.09 36.08 31.57 25.25 21.04 18.04
Rede Electro-soldada (Malhasol) ASOOEL

Área [cm2/m] Afastamento [mm] o [mm] Peso
Tipo longo I transv. longo I transv. longo I ttansV. [lcgf/m2]
AR 30 0.71 0.24 3.0 3.0 0.75
AR 34 0.91 0.30 3.4 3.4 0.95
AR 38 1.13 0.38 3.8 3.8 1.19
AR 42 1.39 0.46 4.2 4.2 1.45
AR 46 1.66 0.46 4.6 4.2 1.66
AR 50 1.96 0.46 100 300 5.0 4.2 1.90
AR 55 2.38 0.46 5.5 4.2 2.23
AR 60 2.83 0.55 6.0 4.6 2.65
AR 65 3.32 0.65 6.5 5.0 3.12
AR 70 3.85 0.79 7.0 5.5 3.64
AR 76 4.54 0.94 7.6 6.0 4.30
AR 82 5.28 1.11 8.2 6.5 5.02
AQ 25 0.49 0.49 2.5 2.5 0.77
AQ 30 0.71 0.71 100 100 3.0 3.0 1.11
AQ 38 1.13 1.13 3.8 3.8 1.77
AQ 50 1.96 1.96 5.0 5.0 3.08
CQ 30 0.47 0.47 150 150 3.0 3.0 0.74
CQ 38 0.76 0.76 3.8 3.8 1.19
DQ 25 0.98 0.98 50 50 2.5 2.5 1.54
DQ 30 1.41 1.41 3.0 3.0 2.21
Grupo de Betao Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
5
Algumas soluções usuais em varões

(Pormenorização)
Annadura Longitudinal
,
Área (cm2) Varões Area (cm2) Varões
1.57 2 10 .9.82 225
2.26 2 12 10.30 2 16+220
2.36 3 10 11.19 220+ 1 25
2.70 2 10 + 1 12 11.83 2 25 + 1 16
3.05 2 12 + 1 10 12.31 2 20 + 3 16
3.39 3 12 12.57 420
4.02 2 16 12.96 225+120
4.27 2 12 + 1 16 13.44 2 16 + 3 20
4.52 4 12 13.84 225+2 16
5.15 2 16 + 1 12 14.73 325
6.03 3 16 15.71 520
6.28 2 16 + 2 12 16.10 225+220
6.28 220 18.75 3 25 + 2 16
7.16 2 16 + 1 20 19.24 225+320'
8.04 4 16 19.63 425
8.29 2 20 + 1' 16 21.01 220+325
9.42 320 24.54 5 25
Annadura Transversal
Área Estribos 2R Árei Estribos 2R Árei Estribos 2R
(cm2/m) 6 (cm2/m) 8 (cm2/m) 1O
3.36 8 li 0.30 5.24 10 li 0.30
2.26 6 li 0.25 4.02 8 /I 0.25 6.28 o 10 II 0.25
2.82 6 li 0.20 5.02 8 li 0.20 7.86 o 10li 0.20
3.76 6110.15 6.70 8110.15 10.48 010110.15
4.52 6 li 0.125 8.04 8110.125n 12.56 o 10 li 0.125
5.66 6//0.10 10.06 o 8 li 0.10 15.70 o 10li 0.10
7.54 06//0.075 13.30 08 li 0.075 20.94 o 10 li 0.075
- --- -- --
6 Grupo de BeUio Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Redes Electrossoldadas (KARI ASOO ER . Heliaço)

HR Redes Rectangulares
Espaçarnento Diâmetro dos varões Secçãode annadum
Tipo dos varões Dimensão Peso
de rede Long. do painel (kglm2)
Long.ITransv.
(mm) (mm) (mm) I Transv.
(mm) Long.
(cm2/m) I Transv.
(cm2/m) (mxm)
HR 131 150 300 5.0 4.5 1.31 0.53 6.oox2.45 1.49
HR 158 150 300 5.5/404.0 4.5 1.58 0.53 6.00x2.45 1.57
HR 188 150 300 6.0/404.5 4.5 1.88 0.53 6.00x2.45 1.80
HR 221 150 300 6.5/405.0 4.5 2.21 . 0.53 6.00x2.45 2.05
HR 257 150 300 7.0/405.0 4.5 2.57 0.53 6.00x2.45 2.27
HR 295 150 300 7.5/405.5 5.0 2.95 0.65 6.00x2.45 2.66
HR 335 150 300 8.0/406.0 5.0 3.35 0.65 6.oox2.45 2.97
HR 378 150 300 8.5/406.0 5.5 3.78 0.79 6.00x2.45 3.35
HR 424 150 300 9.0/406.5 6.5 4.24 1.11 6.00x2.45 3.94
HR 513 150 300 7.0/407.0 6.5 5.13 1.11 6.00x2.45 4.56
ItQ Redes Quadradas

Diâmetro dos varões Secçãode annadum
Tipo Peso
00 rede
(kglm2)
HQI06 150 150 4.5 4.5 n.00x2.45 1.64

HQ 131 150 150 5.0 5.0 6.00x2.45 2.02
HQ 158 150 150 5.5/804.0 5.5 6.00x2.45 2.16
HQ 188 150 150 6.0/804.5 6.0 6.00x2.45 2.59
HQ 221 150 150 6.5/805.0 6.5 6.00x2.45 3.06
HQ 257 150 150 7.0/805.0 7.0 6.00x2.45 3.47
HQ 335 150 150 8.0/806.0 8.0 6.00x2.45 4.61
HQ 378 150 150 8.5/806.0 8.5 6.00x2.45 5.10
HR 473 150 150 9.5/807.0 9.5 6.00x2.45 6.46
HP Redes para Paredes

Espaçamento Diâmetro Secçãode
Tipo dos varões dos varões armadurd Dimensão Peso
00rede do painel (kglm2)
Í-l)ng.
If"lm) I Transv.
(mm) Long.
(mm) I Transv.
(mm) (cm2/m) ransv.
Long. I cm2/m) (mxm)
HP 166/1/2.70 200 300 6.5 5.0 1.66 0.65 3.10x2.40 1.75
HP 166/113.00 :OO 300 6.5 5.0 1.66 0.65 3.40x2.40 1.75
HP \66/2/2.70 200 300 6.5 5.0 1.66 0.65 3.lOx2.40 1.53
HP 166/2/3.00 200 300 6.5 5.0 1.66 0.65 3.40x2.40 1.54
HP 284/1/2.70 200 300 8.5 6.0 2.84 0.94 3.25x2.40 2.84
HP 284/113.00 200 300 8.5 6.0 2.84 0.94 3.55x2.40 2.85
HP 284/2/2.70 200 300 8.5 6.0 2.84 0.94 3.25x2.40 2.47
HP 284/213.00 200 300 8.5 6.0 2.84 0.94 3.55x2.40 2.48
HP 354/1/2.70 200 300 9.5 7.0 3.54 1.28 3.40x2.40 3.58
. HP 354/1/3.00 200 300 9.5 7.0 3.54 1.28 3.70x2.40 3.60
HP 354/2/2.70 200 300 9.5 7.0 3.54 1.28 3.40x2.40 3.12
HP 354/2/3.00 200 300 9.5 7.0 3.54 1.28 3.70x2.40 3.13
.....
,
Estados Limites Ultimos
Flexão Simples de Secções Rectangulares
Referências:
[1] - Manual CEB / FIP on Bending and Compression, Bulletin nQ141,

Construction Press, 1982.
- ---
---
Grupo de BetãoAnnado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 9
Flexão Simples de Secções Rectangulares - CEB [1]
Ec
Fc = MSd
T x=d bd2fcd
d + z=d
---- ) As
As fsyd
1 100= bd fcd
Es Fs
+-b
w x Z fc fs 0sd [MPa]
Jlsd =d t=(j [%o] [%o] 5220 5400 5500
0.01 0.0102 0.050 0.983 -0.52 10.00 191 348 435
0.02 0.0205 0.072 0.975 -0.17 10.00
0.03 0.0310 0.089 0.969 -0.98 10.00
0.04 0.0415 0.104 0.963 -1.16 10.00
0.05 0.0522 0.118 0.958 -1.34 10.00
0.06 0.0630 0.131 0.953 -1.51 10.00
0.07 0.0739 0.144 0.947 -1.68 10.00
0.08 0.0849 0.156 0.942 - 1.85 10.00
0.09 0.0961 0.168 0.937 -2.03 10.00
0.10 0.1074 0.181 0.931 -2.21 10.00
0.11 0.119 0.194 0.925 -2.40 10.00
0.12 0.131 0.207 0.919 -2.60 10.00
0.13 0.143 0.220 0.912 -2.82 10.00
0.14 0.155 0.233 0.905 -3.04 10.00
0.15 0.167 0.247 0.899 -3.27 10.00
0.16 0.179 0.261 0.892 -3.50 9.92
0.17 0.192 0.280 0.884 -3.50 9.02
0.18 0.206 0.299 0.878 -3.50 8.22
0.19 0.219 0.318 0.868 -3.50 7.50
0.20 0.233 0.338 0.859 -3.50 6.85
0.21 0.247 0.359 0.851 -3.50 6.26
0.22 0.261 0.380 0.842 -3.50 5.72
0.23 0.276 0.401 0.833 -3.50 5.22
0.24 0.291 0.423 0.824 -3.50 4.77
0.25 0.307 0.446 0.814 -3.50 4.35
0.26 0.323 0.470 0.805 -3.50 3.95
0.27 0.340 0.494 0.795 -3.50 3.59
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.784 -3.50 3.24
0.29 0.375 0.545 0.773 -3.50 2.92
0.30 0.394 0.572 0.762 -3.50 2.62
0.31 0.413 0.600 0.750 -3.50 2.33 I 435
0.32 0.434 0.630 0.738 -3.50 2.05 I
410
0.33 0.455 0.662 0.725 -3.50 1.79 348 358
0.34 0.478 0.695 0.711 -3.50 1.54 308 308
0.35 0.503 0.731 0.696 -3.50 1.29 258 258
0.36 0.529 0.170 0.680 -3.50 1.05 191 210 210
0.37 0.559 0.812 0.662 -3.50 0.81 162 162 162
0.38 0.592 0.860 0.642 -3.50 0.57 104 104 104
0.39 0.630 0.915 0.619 -3.50 0.32 64 64 64
- - --
Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 11
Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 / d = 0.05 A235
MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa
Jf
1..1.=
Td4-
d
As2 b d2 f cd
ASl fsyd
Betão B20 B25 B30
- 10.7 13.3 16.7

C1}= fcd (MPa)
bd fcd
1 -AsI C1}min 0.0476 0.0383 0.0305
+- b-+ As2 = P ASl
cedência da armadura
(3 = 0.0 (3 = 0.1 (3 = 0.2 (3 = 0.4 (3 = 0.6 (3 = 0.8 (3 = 1.0

Jl
rol k rolk ro I k rol k rol k rol k ro I k
0.01 0.010 0.036 0.010 0.038 0.010 0.039 0.010 0.042 0.010 0.045 0.010 0.047 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.070 0.021 0.069 0.021 0.068 0.021 0.067 0.021 0.066 0.021 0.065
0.03 0.031 0.088 0.031 0.086 0.031 0.085 0.031 0.082 0.031 0.079 0.031 0.077 0.031 0.075
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.101 0.042 0.098 0.041 0.093 0.041 0.089 0.041 0.086 0.042 0.083
0.05 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.113 0.052 0.109 0.052 0.102 0.052 0.097 0.052 0.092 0.052 0.088
0.06 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.124 0.063 0.119 0.063 0.110 0.063 0.103 0.063 0.097 0.063 0.093
0.07 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.135 0.073 0.128 0.073 0.117 0.073 0.109 0.073 0.102 0.073 0.097
0.08 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.146 0.084 0.137- 0.084 0.123 0.084 0.113 0.084 0.106 0.084 0.100
0.09 0.096 0.169 0.096 0.157 0.095 0.146 0.095 0.129 0.094 0.118 0.094 0.109 0.094 0.102
0.10 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.168 0.106 0.156 0.105 0.134 0.105 0.121 0.105 0.112 0.105 0.105
0.11 0.119 0.194 0.118 0.180 0.117 0.166 0.116 0.139 0.115 0.12 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.107
0.12 0.131 0.207 0.129 0.191 0.128 0.176 0.127 0.146 0.126 0.128 0.126 0.117 0.126 0.109
0.13 0.143 0.220 0.141 0.202 0.139 0.185 0.137 0.153 0.137 0.130
0.136 0.119 10.136 0.110
0.14 0.155 0.233 0.152 0.214 0.151 0.195 0148 0.161 0.147 0.133 0.147 0.121 0.147 0.112
0.15 0.167 0.247 0.164 0.226 0.162 0.206 0.159 0.168 0.158 0.135 0.158 0.122 0.157 0.113
0.16 0.179 0.261 0.176 0.237 0.174 0.216 0.170 0.175 0.168 0.138 0.168 0.124 0.168 0.114
0.17 0.192 0.280 0.188 0.250 0.185 0.226 0.181 0.182 0.179 0.141 0.179 0.125 0.178 0.115
0.18 0.206 0.299 0.201 0.263 0.197 0.236 0.192 0.190 0.190 0.146 0.189 0.127 0.189 0.116
0.19 0.219 0.318 0.213 0.279 0.209 0.247 0.203 0.197 0.200 0.151 0.200 0.128 0.200 0.117
0.20 0.233 0.338 0.226.0.296 0.221 0.258 0.215 0.205 0.211 0.156 0.210 0.129 0.210 0.118
0.21 0.247 0.359 0.239 0.313 0.233 0.271 0.226 0.212 0.222 0.160 0.221 0.130 0.221 0.119
0.22 0.261 0.380 0.252 0.330 0.246 0.286 0.237 0.220 0.233 0.165 0.231 0.131 0.231 0.119
0.23 0.276 0.401 0.266 0.348 0.258 0.300 0.249 0.227 0.24.4 0.170 0.242 0.132 0.242 0.120
0.24 0.291 0.423 0.280 0.366 0.271 0.315 0.260 0.235 0.254 0.175 0.252 0.133 0.252 0.121
0.25 0.307 0.446 0.294 0.384 0.284 0.330 0.272 0.242 0.265 0.180 0.263 0.133 0.263 0.121
0.26 0.323 0.470 0.308 0.403 0.297 0.345 0.283 0.250 0.276 0.184 0.274 0.134 0.273 0.122
0.27 0.340 0.494 0.323 0.422 0.310 0.361 0.295 0.258 0.287 0.189 0.284 0.135 0.284 0.122
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.338 0.441 0.324 0.377 0.307 0.267 0.298 0.194 0.295 0.135 0.294 0.123
0.29 0.375 0.545 0.353 0.461 0.337 0.392 0.318 0.278 0.309 0.199 0.305 0.136 0.305 0.123
0.30 0.394 0.572 0.368 0.482 0.351 0.408 0.330 0.288 0.320 0.204 0.316 0.137 0.315 0.123
0.31 0.413 0.601 0.384 0.503 0.365 0.425 0.342 0.299 0.331 0.208 0.326 0.137 0.326 0.124
0.32 0.434 0.630 0.401 0.524 0.380 0.441 0.354 0.309 0.342 0.213 0.337 0.138 0.337 0.124
0.33 0.455 0.662 0.417 0.546 0.394 0.458 0.367 0.320 0.353 tJ.218 0.347 0.139 0.341 0.125
0.34 0.478 0.695 0.435 0.569 0.409 0.475 0.379 0.330 0.364 0.223 0.358 0.141 0.358 0.125
0.35 0.503 0.731 0.453 0.592 0.424 0.493 0.391 0.341 0.375 0.228 0.369 0.144 0.368 0.125
--- - -- - - -
- - - -
12 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares dzI d =0.05 A235

Jl=
Td4-
d
As2
D b d2 fcd
ASl fsyd
Betão B20 B25 B30
00= 10.7 13.3 16.7
1 As! - As2 =
bd fcd
fcd (MPa)
00min 0.0476 0.0383 0.0305
-+- b-+ J3 ASl
cedência da annadura
J3 = 0.0 J3 = 0.1 J3 = 0.2 J3 = 0.4 J3 = 0.6 J3 = 0.8 J3 = 1.0

Jl
rol k rol k rol k rol k ro I k rol k rolk
0..-36 0.534 0.:770 0.471 0.616 0.439 0.510 0.:404 0.352 0.386 0.233 0.379 0.146 0.379 0.126
0.37 0.704 õ:ii2 0.490 0.641 0.454 0.528 0.416 0.363 0.397 0.238 0.390 0.148 0.389 0.126
0..38 1.058 0.860 0.510 0667 0.470 0.547 0.429 0.374 0.409 0.243 0.400 0.151 0.400 0.126
0.39 - -0.50 0.694 0.486 0.566 0..441 0.385 0.420 0.248 0.411 0.153 0.410 0.126
0.:40 - -0.552 0.722 0.503 0.585 0.454 0.396 0.431 0.253 0.422 0.156 0.421 0.127
0.41 - - 0.575 0.-751 0.520 _0.604 0.467 0.407 0.442 0.258 0.432 0.158 0.431 0.127
0.'42 - - 0..610 0.778 0.537 0.624 0.480 0.418 0..454-0.264 0.443 0.160 0.442 0.127
0..43 - - 0.680 0.792 0.555 0.645 0.493 0.430 0.465 0.270 0.454 0.163 0.:452 0.127
0..44 - - 0.755 0.804 0.573 0.666 0.506 0.441 0.476 0.277 0.464 0.165 0.4630.128
0.45 - - 0.833 0.816 0.591 0.687 0.519 0.453 0.488 0.283 0.475 0.167 0.473 0.128
0.'46 - - 0.915 0.826 0.610 0.709 0.532 0.464 0.499 0.290 0.486 0.170 0.484 0.128
0.:47 - - 0.'999 0.835 0..630 0.732 0.546 0.476 0.511 0.297 0.496 0.172 0.494 0.128
0.48 - - 1;086 0.844 0.650 Q:.ill 0..559 0.488 0.522 0.303 0.507 0.174 0..505 0.128
0..49 - - 1.175 0.851 0.676 0.776 0.573 0.500 0.534 0.310 0.518 0.177 0.516 0.129
0.50 - - 1.266 0.858 0..719 0.783 0.587 0.512 0..545 0.317 0.528 0.179 0.526 0.129
0..51 - - 1..359 0.864 0.764 0.790 0.600 0.524 0..557 0.324 0.539 0.181 0.537 0.129
0..52 - - 1.453 0.870 0.809 0.796 0.614 0.536 0.568 0.330 0.550 0.184 0.547 0.129
0..53 - - - - 0.854 0.802 0.629 0.548 0.580 0.337 0.560 0.186 0.558 0.129
0.54 - - - - 0.900 0.807 0.643 0.560 0.592 0.344 0.571 0.188 0.568 0.129
0.55 - - - - 0.947 0.812 0.657 0.573 0.603 0.351 0.582 0.191 0.579 0.129
0.56 - - - - 0.994 0.817 0.672 0.586 0.615 0.358 0.593 0.193 0.589 0.130
0.57 - - - - 1.041 0.822 0.686 0.598 0.627 0.364 0.603 0.196 0.600 0.130
0.-58 - - - - 1.089 0.826 0.701 0.611 0.639 0.371 0.614 0.198 0.610 0.130
0..59 - - - - 1.137 0.830 0.716 0.624 0.650 0.378 0.625 0.200 0.621 0.130
0.60 - - - - 1.186 0.834 0.731 0.637 0.662 0.385 0.636 0.203 0.631 0.130
0.:61 - - - - 1.235 0..837 0.746 0.651 0.674 0.392 0.646 0.205 0.642 0.130
0..62 - - - - 1.284 0.840 0.761 0.664 0.686 0.399 0.657 0.207 0.652 0.130
0..63 - - - - 1.333 0.844 0.777 0.677 0.698 0.406 0.668 0.210 0.663 0.130
0..64 - - - - - - 0.793 0.691 0.710 0.413 0.679 0.212 0.673 0.131
0.:65 - - - - - - 0.808 0.705 0.722 0.420 0.689 0.215 0.684 0.131
0.'66 - - - - - - 0.824 0.719 0.734 0.427 0.700 0.217 0.695 0.131

0..67 - - - - - - 0..841 0.733 0.146 0.434 0.711 0.219 0.705 0.131
0.68 - - - - - - 0.857 0.747 0.758 0.441 0.722 0.222 0.716 0.131
0.69 - - - - - - 0.874 0.762 0..771 0.448 0.732 0.224 0.726 0.131
0.70 - - - - - - 0.892 0.774 0.783 0.455 0.743 0.226 0.737 0.131
Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
13
= MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa

Td4-
d
As2
D b d2 fcd Betão B20 B25 B30
00= As1 fsyd
fcd (MPa) 10.7 13.3 16.7
bd fcd
1 -As! CJ)
min 0.0476 0.0383 0.0305
-+- b-t- As2 = As1
f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 f3= 0.8 = 1.0

Jl
oolk 001 k 001 k 00 I k 001 k 001 k 00 I k
0:01 0.-010 0;036 0..010 0.038 0.010 0.041 0..010 0.045 0.010 0.050 0.010 0;054 0.010 0..059
0..02 0;{)21 0.072 0..020 0..072 0..020 0.073 0.020 0.074 0..020 0:076 0.020 0.077 0.020 0.079
0:03 0.031 0;088 0:031 0..089 0.031 0.090 0.031 0..091 0.031 0.091 0.031 0;092 0.031 0.092
0;.-04 0;042 o;-lO4 0.042 0.104 0..042 0.103 0.042 0.103 0..042 0.103 0.042 0..103 0.042 0.103
0.05 0..052 0.118 0.052 0.°117 0.052 0.116 0:052 0.114 0:052 0.113 0.052 0.111 0.052 0.110
0;06 Oó'063 0.131 0.063 0.129 0.063 0.127 0.063 0..123 0.063 0.121 0.063 0.119 0.063 0..117
0;07 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.140 0..074 0.137 0:074 0.132 0.074 0.128 0.074 0.125 0.074 0.122
0..08 0..085 0:156 0.085 0..151 0.085 0.146 0.085 0..139 0.-085 0.134 0.085 0.130 0..085 0.°127
0.09 0;096 0.169 0.096 0.161 0:096 0.155 1Tõ'096 0.146 0..096 0:139 0.096 0..135 0.096 0.131
0.10 0.107 0;181" 0.107 0.171 0.107 0.163 0.107 0.152 0.107 0..144 0.107 0.139 0.107 0.134
,
0°;11 0.119 0.194 0..119 0.181 0.118 0:171 0;118 0.158 0.118 0..149 0.11 8 0.1lt2 0.118 0.137
0;12 0..131 0:207 0.130 0.192 0.130 0.179 0.129 0.163 0.129 0.153 0.129 0.145 0.129 0.140
0;13 0.143 0.220 0.142 0.203 0.141 0.187 0.141 0.168 0.140 0.156 0.141 0.148 0.141 0.142
0'14 0.155 0.233 0..153 0.215 0.152 0.-197 0152 0.-172 0.152 0.160 0.152 0;151 0..152 0;144
0.15 0.-167 0247 0.165 0.227 0.164 0..207 0.163 0..177 0.163 0.-163 0.163 0.'153 0.163 0.146
0;16 0'-°179 0.-261 0.177 0.239 0.176 0-:218 0.-174 0:181 0..174 0.166 0..174 0.°155 0..174 Oó148
0:17 0:192 0.'280 0..190 0:251 0.188 0:228 0.185 0:185 0.185 0.168 0-.-185 0.157 Oó"1850.150
0.-18 0;206 0.299 0.202 0-..264 0:200 0.-239 0.197 0.193 0.196 0.171 0.196 0..159 0..196 0.151
0:19 0:219 0.318 0.-215 0:281 0:212 0.249 0.208 0.200 0.207 0.173 0..207 0;161 0.°201 0.152
0-..20 0.233 0.-338 0.228 0.298 0;224 0..261 0.220 0:208 0.218 0.175 0.218 0.163 0.218 0.154
cr.21 0.-247 0.359 0..241 0.315 0;236 0.275 0.231 0.215 0..230 0.177 0.229 0.164 0.229 0.155
0.22 °0-;261 0..380 0°;254 0.332 0..249 0.289 0.243 0.223 0..241 0.179 0.240 0.165 0.240 0.156
0;;°23 0-;°276 0;401 0.268 0.350 0;262 0;304 0.254 0;231 0;252 0.180 0.252 0.167 0.252 0..157
0;24 0.291 0;423 0.282 0'-°368 0:275 O: 319 0..266 0;239 0..263 0.182 0.263 0.168 0.263 0.158
0.25 Oó'307 0.446 0.296 0.387 Oó'288 0.335 0.278 0.247 0.274 0.184 0.274 0.169 0.274 0:159
0;26 0.323 0.-470 0..310 0..406 0.301 0.350 0.290 0.255 0..285 0.188 0.285 0.170 0."285 0.159
0.27 0.340 0;494 0.325 0;425 0.315 0.366 0.302 0.263 0.-297 0:193 0.296 0.171 0..296 0.160
0.28 I'.j57 0.519 0.-340 0..445 0.328 0;382 0.314 0.-274 0.308 0..198 0.307 0..172 0.307 0.161
0:29 0;375 0.545 0.355 0..465 0..342 0;398 0.326 0.284 0..319 0.203 0.318 0..173 0.-318 0.162
0.30 0;394 0..572 0.371 0.-486 0.356 0.-414 0.338 0..295 0;331 0.208 0.329 0.173 0.329 0."162
0.31 0..413 0601 0.387 0..507 0.371 0.431 0.351 0.306 0.342 0..213 0.-341 0.174 0-.-340 0.163
0-:32 0..434 0"°630 0.404 '0;528 0:385 0.-448 0.-363 0.317 0:354 0.-218 0.352 0.175 0.;352 0.;163
0;33 0.'455 0..662 0..421 0.551 0;400 0.-465 0.376 0.328 0.365 0.224 0:363 0.176 0..363 0..164
0..34 0.478 0:695 0.439 0.574 0.-415 0;482 0;388 0.-339 0;376 0.229 0.374 0..176 0"°374 0.164
0:35 Oó"5030.-731 0.-457 0..597 0.430 0.500 0.401 0.350 0.388 0.234 0.385 0.177 0.385 0.165
- - - - ---
Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d1/ d =0.10 A235

J.1.=
T d,:j:
d
-As2 D b d2 foo Betão B20 B25 B30
00=
ASl - fsyd
foo (MPa) 10.7 13.3 16.7
bd foo
1 -AsI r--- 00min 0.0476 0.0383 0.0305
+- b-+ As2 = Asl
f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 f3 = 0.2 f3 = 0.4 f3 = 0.6 f3 = 0.8 f3 = 1.0

1.1
rolk ro I k ro I k rol- - . k---. ro. - I k
- ...... rol k rolk
0.36 0;534 0;770 0.475 0:622 0;446 0518 0.414 0.361 0.400 0.;239 0.396 O; 177 0.396 0.165
0.37 0704 0;812 0.495 0;;647 Q;462 0-.;537 0.427 0.372 0.411 0.;244 0;407 0.178 0.407 0.166
0;-38 1.'058 0.;860 0.'515 0.;674 0;418 0-.556 0.440 0.383 0.;423 0.249 0lt18 0.179 0418 0.166
0.;39 - - 0;536 0.-701 0;495 0:515 0;;'453 0."395 0;434 0.254 0430 0."119 0.429 0.;166
0;-4o - - 0.'558 0..130 0.511 0.595 0.466 0.406 0.446 0;260 0.441 0180 0.441 0.167
0:41 - - 0.581 0..529 0-..615 0;419 0;418 0;458 0;266 0.452 0.180 0.452 0.161
0:42 - - 0.632 0;782 0:546 0.635 0.492 0;,429 0;46 0;273 0463 0.180 0.463 0.168
0.-43 - - 0.106 0:796 0-.'"5650.;656 0-.506 0.-441 0.481 0.280 0..474 0.181 0.474 0.168
0;-44 - - 0.185 0..809 0;583 0;618 0.-520 0.453 0;493 0.;281 0;485 0.181 0.485 0.168
0;45 - - 0..868 0;820 0.;603 0.'101 0.533 0.465 0.505 0.294 0.496 0.182 0.496 0..168
0.;46 - -. 0:955 0:831 0.-622 0."723 0..547 0;477 0;517 0.300 0.;507 0;182 0.507 0;'169
0.47 - - 1:044 0.'840 0fi43 0;141 0.561 0.489 0..529 0.307 0.519 0.183 0.518 0.169
0.;48 - - 1.137 0..848 0.664 !k.lli 0.575 0.501 0.541 0.314 0;530 0..183 0.529 0.169
0..49 - - 1..231 0.;856 0;;-707 0-781 0;'589 0-;514 0.-553 0.-321 0;541 0.183 0;541 0.;110
0;50 - - 1;328 0;'862 0.-753 0.188 0:603 0..526 0;565 0..328 0;552 0.184 0.552 0.170
0..51 - - 1;-426 0.868 0;.-7990;795 0.618 0.'539 0.577 0.335 0;563 0.;'187 0.563 0.170
0-:52 - - - - 0;'847 0;801 0.fi32 0:551 0.;589 0.342 0;574 0;189 0.-574 0;170
0..53 - - - - 0;"895 O..8070;647 0.-564 0;601 0..349 0.:586 0.192 0;-585 0;1 ii
0:-54 - - - - 0;944 0-:812 0.-662 0;517 0;613 0;356 0.;597 0:194 0..596 0;171
0.55 - - - - 0;993 0.817 0.677 0:590 0.-625 0.364 0.608 0.'197 0.607 0.171
0;56 - - - - 1;043 0..822 0;692 0.;603 0.-638 0;'371 0..619 0-:199 0;618 0;171
0.57 - - - - 1."094 0.826 0.707 0:617 0:650 0;378 0.630 0-;202 0;629 0.171
0;-58 - - - - 1;144 0-..830 0.723 0;630 0;662 0.385 0;642 0;;20.. 0.641 0..172
0.59 - - - - 1;195 0.834 0:738 0.644 0..674 0..392 0.653 0.207 0'652 0.172
0.60 - - - - 1-;02470838 0.754 0.657 0.687 0.399 0.664 0.209 0.-663 0.172
0.-61 - - - - 1.-298 0.-841 0:770 0.671 0.699 0:406 0;675 0.211 0.-674 0.172
0.62 - - - - - - 0.786 0.685 0.712 0..414 0.687 0;214 0.685 0.172
0:63 - - - - - - 0.802 0;699 0.724 0..421 0.698 0.-216 0;696 0.172
0..64 - - - - - - 0;819 0.714 0;737 0.428 0;709 0;219 0.707 0.173
0."65 - - - - - - 0.8350.728 0.749 0..436 0."720 0.221 0.718 0.173
0;'66 - - - - - - 0-:852 0.743 0..762 0.443 0.;732 0.:224- 0.729 0;173

0;'67 - - - - - - o; 869 0.'758 0..774 0-.-450 0.743 0.226 0;741 0.173
0..68 - - - - - - 0;787 0;458 0.754 0..229 0:752 0.173
0:69 - - - - - - 0.;-887 .Q:.Z.Il
0..912 0.777 0;800 0.465 0;766 0..231 0.763 0.173
0;70 - - - - - - 0.938 0.-779 0.-813 0.472- 0.777 0.;234 0.774 0.;173
15

Td4-
d
As2
J b d2 foo
As1 fsyd
Betão B20 B25 B30
-
(0= foo (MPa) 10.7 13.3 16.7
bd foo
1 - Ad (Omin 0.0488 0.0392 0.0313
+-b As2 = Asl
f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 f3 = 0.2 f3 = 0.4 f3 = 0.6 f3 = 0.8 f3 = 1.0

J.1
00 I k-_. 001-. k 00 I k 00 I k 001 k 001 k 00 I k
.... ..... ..
0.01 0.010 0.036 0.010 0.038 0.010 0.039 0.010 0.042 0.010 0.045 0.010 0.048 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.071 0.021 0.010 0.021 0.069 0.021 0.068 0.021 0.068 0.021 0.068
0.03 0.031 0.088 0.031 0.081 0.031 0.086 0.031 0.085 0.031 0.083 0.031 0.081 0.031 0.080
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.102 0.042 0.100 0.042 0.091 0.041 0.094 0.041 0.091 0.041 0.089
0.05 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.115 0.052 0.112 0.052 0.108 0.052 0.104 0.052 0.100 0.052 0.091
0.06 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.121 0.063 0.124 0.063 0.111 0.063 0.112 0.063 0.101 0.063 0.103
0.01 0.014 0.144 0.074 0.139 0.074 0.134 0.013 0.126 0.013. 0.119 0.013 0.114 0.073 0.109
0.08 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.149 0.084 0.144 0.084 0.134 0.084 0.126 0.084 0.119 0.084 0.114
0.09 0.096 0.169 0.096 0.160 0.095 0.153 0.095 0.141 0.095 0.132 0.094 0.124 0.094 0.118
0.10 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.170 0.106 0.162 0.106 0.148 0.105 0.137 0.105 0.129 0.105 0.122
0.11 0.119 0.194 0.118 0.181 0.117 0.170 0.116 0.154 0.116 0.14.2 0.116 0.133 0.115 0.125
0.12 0.131 0.207 0.129 0.191 0.128 0.118 0.127 0.160 0.121 0.147 0.126 0.137 0.126 0.128
0.13 0.143 0.220 0.141 0.202 0.139 0.187 0.138 0.166 0.137 0.151 0.137 0.140 0.137 0.131
0.14 0.155 0.233 0.152 0.214 0.151 0.195 0.149 0.171 0.148 0.155 0.148 0.143 0.147 0.134
0.15 0.167 0.247 0.164 0.226 0.162 0.206 0.160 0.176 0.159 0.159 0.158 0.146 0.158 0.136
0.16 0.179 0.261 0.176 0.237 0.174 0.216 0.171 0.181 0.169 0.163 0.169 0.149 0.168 0.138
0.17 0.192 0.280 0.188 0.250 0.185 0.226 0.181 0.186 0.180 0.166 0.179 0.151 0.179 0.11,0
0.18 0.206 0.299 0.201 0.263 0.197 0.236 0.192 0.191 0.191 0.169 0.190 0.154 0.190 0.142
0.19 0.219 0.318 0.213 0.279 0.209 0.247 0.203 0.197 0.202 0.172 0.201 0.156 0.200 0.144
0.20 0.233 0.338 0.226 0.296 0.221 0.258 0.215 0.205 0.212 0.175 0.211 0.158 0.211 0.145
0.21 0.247 0.359 0.239 0.313 0.233 0.271 0.226 0.212 0.223 0.177 0.222 0.160 0.221 0.147
0.22 0.261 0.380 0.252 0.330 0.246 0.286 0.237 0.220 0.234 0.180 0.233 0.162 0.232 0.148
0.23 0.276 0.401 0.266 0.348 0.258 0.300 0.249 0.227 0.244 0.182 0.243 0.163 0.243 0.150
0.24 0.291 0.423 0.280 0.366 0.271 0.315 0.260 0.235 0.255 0.184 0.254 0.165 0.253 0.151
0.25 0.307 0.446 0.294 0.384 0.284 0.330 0.272 0.242 0.266 0.186 0.264 0.167 0.264 0.152
0.26 0.323 0.470 0.308 0.403 0.297 0.345 0.283 0.250 0.276 0.188 0.275 0.168 0.274 0.153
0.27 0.340 0.494 0.323 0.422 0.310 0.361 0.295 0.258 0.287 0.190 0.286 0.169 0.285 0.154
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.338 0.1,41 0.324 0.377 0.307 0.267 0.298 0.194 0.296 0.171 0.295 0.155
0.29 0.375 0.545 0.353 0.461 0.337 0.392 0.318 0.278 0.309 0.199 0.307 0.172 0.306 0.156
0.30 0.394 0.572 0.368 0.482 0.351 0.408 0.330 0.288 0.320 0.204 0.317 0.173 0.317 0.157
0.31 0.413 0.601 0.384 0.503 0.365 0.425 0.342 0.299 0.331 0.208 0.328 0.174 0.327 0.158
0.32 0.434 0.630 0.401 0.524 0.380 0.441 0.354 0.309 0.342 0.213 0.339- 0.175 0.338 0.159
0.33 0.456 0.662 0.417 0.546 0.394 0.458 0.37 0.320 0.353 0.218 0.349 0.176 0.348 0.159
0.34 0.542 0.695 0.435 0.569 0.409 0.475 0.379 0.330 0.364 0.223 0.360 0.117 0.359 0.160
0.35 0.678 0.731 0.453 0.592 0.424 0.493 0.391 0.341 0.375 0.228 0.370 0.178 0.369 0.161
- ---
- - -
Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d2 I d = 0.05 A400

T d,:j:
d
-As2 D! 00=
b d2 fcd
As1 f syd
Betão
f cd (MPa)
B20
10.7
B25
13.3
B30
16.7
bd fcd
1 -Asl I-- 00min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0313
-f- b-+ As2 =P Asl
= 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8 = 1.0

Jl
rol k rol k ro I k rol k ro I k rol k rolk
0.36 0.878 0.769 0.471 0.616 0.439 0.510 0.404 0.352 0.386 0.233 0.381 0.179 0.380 0.161
0.37 1.199 0.812 0.490 0.641 0.454 0.528 0.416 0.363 0.397 0.238 0.392 0.180 0.390 0.162
0.38 1.800 0.860 0.511 0.667 0.470 0.547 0.429 0.374 0.409 0.243 0.1002 0.181 0.401 0.163
0.39 - - 0.564 0.683 0.486 0.566 0.441 0.385 0.420 0.248 0.413 0.181 0.412 0.163
0.40 - - 0.623 0.698 0.503 0.585 0.454 0.396 0.431 0.253 0.423 0.182 0.422 0.164
0.101 - - 0.686 0.712 0.520 0.604 0.467 0.407 0.442 0.258 0.434 0.183 0.433 0.164
0.42 - - 0.753 0.725 0.537 0.624 0.480 0.418 0.454 0.264 0.444 0.184 0.443 0.165
0.43 - - 0.823 0.737 0.555 0.645 0.493 0.430. 0.465 0.270 0.455 0.184 0.454 0.165
0.44 - - 0.897 0.7109 0.575 0.664 0.506 0.441 0.476 0.277 0.466 0.185 0.464 0.166
0.45 - - 0.973 0.760 0.609 0.676 0.519 0.453 0.488 0.283 0.476 0.186 0.475 0.166
0.46 - - 1.053 0.769 0.648 0.685 0.532 0.464 0.499 0.20 0.487 0.186 0.485 0.167
0.47 - - 1.134 0.779 0.688 0.693 0.546 0.476 0.511 0.297 0.497 0.187 0.496 0.1 7
0.48 - - 1.218 0.787 0.729 0.700 0.559 0.488 0.522 0.303 0.508 0.187 0.507 0.168
0.49 - - 1.304 0.795 0.771 0.708 0.573 0.500 0.534 0.310 0.518 0.188 0.517 0.1&8
0.50 - - 1.392 0.802 0.813 0.714 0.587 0.512 0.545 0.317 0.529 0.188 0.528 0.168
0.51 - - 1.481 0.809 0.856 0.721 0.600 0.524 0.557 0.324 0.540 0.189 0.538 0.169
0.52 - - 1.572 0.815 0.900 0.727 0.614 0.536 0.568 0.330 0.550 0.189 0.549 0.16
0.53 - - 1.664 0.821 0.945 0.733 0.629 0.548 0.580 0.337 0.561 0.190 0.559 0.169
0.54 - - 1.757 0.826 0.989 0.738 0.643 0.560 0.592 0.344 0.571 0.190 0.570 0.170
0.55 - - 1.851 0.831 1.035 0.743 0.657 0.573 0.603 0.351 0.582 0.191 0.580 0.170
0.56 - - 1.946 0.836 1.081 0.748 0.672 0.586 0.615 0.358 0.593 0.193 0.591 0.170
0.57 - - 2.042 0.840 1.127 0.753 0.686 0.598 0.627 0.364 0.603 0.196 0.601 0.171
0.58 - - 2.138 0.844 1.174 0.758 0.701 0.611 0.639 0.371 0.614 0.198 0.612 0.171
0.59 - - 2.235 0.848 1.221 0.762 0.716 0.624 0.650 0.378 0.625 0.200 0.623 0.171
0.60 - - 2.333 0.851 1.268 0.766 0.731 0.637 0.662 0.385 0.636 0.203 0.633 0.172
0.61 - - 2.1,31 0.855 1.316 0.770 0.746 0.651 0.674 0.392 0.646 0.205 0.641, 0.172
0.62 - - - - 1.364 0.773 0.762 0.686 0.399 0.657 0.207 0.651, 0.172
0.63 - - - - 1.412 0.777 .0.782 0.670 0.698 0.406 0.668 0.210 0.665 0.172
0.64 - - - - 1.460 0.780 0.806 0.674 0.710 0.413 0.679 0.212 0.675 0.173
0.65 - - - - 1.509 0.783 0.830 0.677 0.722 0.420 0.689 0.215 0.686 0.173
0.66 - - - - 1.558 0.786 0.854 0.680 0.734 0.427 0.700 0.217 0.696 0:173
0.67 - - - - - 1.607 0.789 0.878 0.683 0.746 0.434 0.711 0.219 0.707 0.173
0.68 - - - - 1.656 0.792 0.902 0.686 0.758 0.441 0.722 0.222 0.717 0.174
0.69 - - - - 1.705 0.794 0.926 0.688 0.771 0.448 0.732 0.221, 0.728 0.171,
0.70 - - - - 1.755 0.797 0.951 0.691 0.783 0.455 0.743 0.226 0.739 0.174
Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 I d = 0.10 A400

J.1=
T d,:j:
d
-As2 D b d2 fcd
Asl fsyd
Betão B20 B25 B30
0)= fcd (MPa) 10.7 13.3 16.7
bd fcd
1 -AsI O)min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0313
-+- b-+ A52 = P As 1
cedênciada annadura
= 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.2 =0.4 =0.6 = 0.8 = 1.0

Jl k k
00 I k 00 I k 001 00 I k 00 I k 001 00 I k
0;01 0;010 0;036 0.010 0.038 0..010 0.-040 0.010 0.044 0.010 0.;048 0.010 0.052 0.010 0.056
0..02 0:021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.020 0.072 0.'020 0.;073 0;020 0;-074 0.020 0.;075 0..020 0;077
0;03 0.031 0;088 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.090 0.-031 0.'090 0.031 0.091 0;031 0.091
0.04 0.;042 0;104 0.042 0.104 0;-042 0.103 0042 0.104 0.042 0.103 0;'042 0.103 0.-042 0.103
0-.05 0...052 0.118 0.052 0.117 0..052 0.117 0.052 0.'115 0-:052 0;'114 0:052 0;113 0.052 0..113
0:06 0..063 0.131 0.063 0.130 0.063 0-:128 0.;063 0.126 0.063 0.124 0;063 0.122 0.063 0..121
0'07 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.141 0.074 0.139 0;074 0.136 0.-074 0;133 0;074 0.130 0.-074 ;128
(\,;,,8 0.085 0;156 0.085 0.153 0.085 0;150 0;085 0.145 0.085 0.141 0;085 0.137 0.-085 0.134
0;;09 0;096 0.169 0.096 0.-164 0..096 0;160 0.096 0;153 0.096 0:148 0.;096 0.143 0;096 O.HO
0.10 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.175 0.107 0.169 0.107 0.161 0;107 0.154 0.107 0.149 0.107 0.145
.
0.11 0.-119 0.194 0.-119 0.185 0:118 0.179 0;118 0.;168 0.118 0.160 0.118 0.154 0.118 0;149
0;12 0.131 0.207 0.;130 0.196 0.130 0.188 0.130 0;175 0.-129 0.166 0.129 0.159 0.129 0.153
0;13 0.143 0.;220 0.142 0;207 0;141 0.197 0.141 0182 0.141 0.'171 0.140 0.163 0.140 0.157
0;14 0.155 0.;233 0.154 0.217 0;153 0;205 0.152 0.188 0.-152 0.176 0.152 0..167 0.152 0.160
0;15 0167 0.;247 0.165 0.228 0.'164 0.;214 0;-163 0..194 0;163 0.'181 0.163 0.171 0;163 0.;164
0"'16 0;179 0.;261 0;177 0;239 0;176 0.222 0.175 0.200 0.-174 0.185 0.174 0.;175 0;174 0.166
0-;17 0.'192 0;280 0;190 0;251 0-.-"188 0.;230 0.186 0..205 0;185 0;189 0.185 0.178 0.185 0.169
0;18 0.;206 0.299 0.202 0.264 0..200 0.239 0;198 ();210 0;197 0':193 0.196 0.181 0.-196 0.171
0;19 0.;219 0..318 0.-215 0.281 0;212 0;249 0..209 0;215 0;208 0.-197 0.207 0..184 0:207 0.174
0;20 0.233 0.338 0.228 0.298 0..224 0;261 0.220 0.;220 0;219 0.200 0.219 0.186 0.218 0.;176
0;21 0.-247 0.359 0.241 0.315 0.236 0.275 0;232 0.224 0.230 0-;203 0;'230 0;189 0;230 0.;178
0.'22 0.261 0.380 0.254 0.332 0.249 0.;289 0-;243 0.228 0-:242 0.206 0;241 0;191 O..241 0..180
0.;23 0..276 0;401 0..268 0.350 (}:262 0..304 0.255 0..232 0;253 0;;209 0.252 0.193 0;252 0;181
0;24 0.;291 0.423 0.282 0.368 0.;275 0.319 0.266 0.;239 0-:264 0;212 0.263 0.-195 0.263 0.183
0-;25 0.;307 0.446 0.296 0.387 (}.;288 0:335 ();278 0;247 0.276 0'214 0.-275 0;197 0.-274 0.185
0.26 0.323 0..470 0.310 0.406 0.301 0..350 0.'290 0:255 0.287 0.217 0..286 0..199 0.;285 0.186
0.27 0.;31,0 0.494 0.325 0.425 0.315 0.366 0;302 0.;263 0.;298 0.'219 0.297 0.201 0.;296 0.187
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.340 0.445 0.328 0.382 0.314 0.274 0.309 0.221 0.308 0.-202 0.308 0.189
0;29 0.375 0.545 0.355 0.465 0.342 0.;398 0.326 0.284 0;321 0.223 0.319 0.204 0;319 0.190
0;30 0.394 0.572 0.371 0.;486 0.356 0;414 0.338 0;295 0-..332' (};225 0.331 0;205 0.330 0.191
0:31 0;413 0.;601 0.;387 0-;507 0;;371 0.431 0-;-351 0.;306 0.;343 0;227 0.;342 0.207' 0.341 0.192
0:32 0..434 0;630 0.404 0:528 0.385 0:448 0.363 0';'317 0.354 0..229 0.353 0;208 0.-352 0.193
();33 0..456 0.421 0.551 0.400 0.465 0;376 0;328 0;366 0;230 0';'364 0;-209 0':363 0;-194
0.;34 0.-542 0.;695 0:439 0;574 0'415 0.-482 0'388 0..339 0.;377 0;232 0.;375 0.210 0.375 0.195
0;35 0;678 0.731 0;457 0.597 0;430 0.500 0.401 0.350 0.388 0..234 0.386 0;211 0.'386 0.196
- -- -- -
- - -
Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d2 I d = 0.10 A400

Jl=
T d2+
d
-As2 D b d2 foo Betão B20 B25 B30
00= As1 fsyd
foo (MPa) 10.7 13.3 16.7
bd foo
1 -AsI
f-- 00min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0313
-+- b-+- As2 = Asl
cedênciada armadura
~ = 0.0 ~ = 0.1 ~ = 0.2 ~ = 0.4 ~ = 0.6 ~ = 0.8 ~ = 1.0

J.1
~k ~k ~k ~k ;-rk ~k ;-rk
0~36 0;878 0;769 0..475 0.'622 0.446 0."518 0..414 0.361 0.400 0.239 0.398 0.213 0.397 0.197
0-..37 1~199 0.812 0.495 0~"64 7 0.462 0..537 0;427 0..372 0:411 0.244 0.409 0.214 0.408 0.198
D-;38 1;800 0.'860 0.523 0.-671 0;478 0~556 0;440 0;383 0..423 0;249 0.420 0;215 0.419 0;198
0.-39 - - 0.580 0;-687 0.495 0".-575 0.453 0.395 0:434 0;254 0.431 0.216 0.430 0~199
0;100 - - 0.643 0.703 0..511 0."595 0.466 0;406 0.446 0.260 0.442 0;217 0.441 0..200
0~'41 - - 0.709 0~717 0-;"529 0;615 0.479 0..418 0~458 0.266 0.453 0.217 0:453 0..201
0;42 - - 0;780 0.730 0.546 0~35 0.492 0."429 0.469- 0..273 0.465 0.218 0.-464 0:201
0.43 - - 0.854 0.742 0.565 0;656 0;506 0..441 0.481 0.280 0.476 0..219 0.475 0.202
0;-44 - - 0;932 0.754 0;593 0.672 0..520 0;"453 0.493 0.287 0.487 0;220 0.486 0.202
0~45 - - 1;013 0.765 0;633 0.682 0.533 0.465 0.505 0.294 0..498 0.221 0.497 0.203
,
0~46 - - 1~097 0.775 0~675 0..690 0.547 0.477 0.517 0:300 0.509 0.221 0.508 0.204
0-:47 - - 1..184 0..784 0.717 0.698 0.561 0.489 0.S29 0.307 0.520 0.222 0.519 0.204
0-:48 - - 1;273 0.792 0;761 0.706 0..575 O. SOl 0..541 0..314 0.'532 0.223 0.531 0.205
0.-49 - - 1;364 0..800 0..805 0.713 0;-589 O. SIlo 0..553 0.321 0.543 0.223 0..542 0.205
0;50 - - 1..457 0;807 0.-850 0;720 0;603 0:S26 0..565 0.328 0.554 0..224 0.553 0.206
0;51 - - 1;-551 0;814 0:896 0;726 0;"618 0.S39 0:577 0.335 0.565 0..225 0..564 0.206
0.'52 - - 1-:647 0;820 0..942 0;732 0.-632 0.551 0;589 0.342 0.576 0.225 0;575 0.207
O;-S3 - - 1;-745 0;825 0;989 o; 738 0..647 0;564 0..-601 0.349 0..587 0:226 0~'566 0..207
0~54 - - 1.843 0~831 1.037 0-:744 0-..662 0.-577 0.-613 0.356 0,,'599 0:226 0;597 0..207
0~55 - - 1';943 0;836 1-..085 0;749 0.677 0;590 0:625 0.-364 0.610 0;227 0.608 0.208
O;-S6 - - 2;044 0.840 1".-133 0.-754 0.-692 0.603 0;638 0."371 0:621 0.."227 0;620 0.208
0;57 - - 2;.'145 0.844 1;182 0;758 0;707 0.617 0.-650 0.378 0..632 0.228 0.631 0.209
0-:5 8 - - 2~247 0;848 1.-232 0;763 0-;723 0..630 0.662 0.385 0..643 0..228 0:642 0.209
0:59 - - 2.350 0.852 1;281 0;767 (}-;738 0;644 0~674 0.392 0.654 0.229 0.653 0.209
0.60 - - 2.454 0.855 1..331 0.771 0..754 ~ 0.687 0.399 0:665 0.229 0;664 0.210
0:61 - - - - 1.-382 0..775 0.772 0.669 0.699 0.406 0.677 0;230 0.675 0.210
0.62 - - - - "'433 0.-778 0..-797 0.672 0.712 0;414 0.688 0.230 0;686 0:210
0:63 - - - - 1..484 0.782 0.822 0;676 0.724 0.421 0.699 0.231 0:699 0.211
0:64 - - - - 1..535 0..785 0.847 0.679 0..737 0..428 0.710 0.231 0:709 0.211
0:65 - - - - 1~586 0.788 0:872 0;"682 0.749 0.436 0.721 0.232 0..720 0.211
0.-66 - - - - 1.'"638 0;791 0;897 O:68S 0.762 0.443 0.7320.23Z" 0.731 0.212
0;67 - - - - 1;690 0..794 0.923 0;'688 '0.774 0.450 0.743 0.232 0.742 0.212
0:68 - - - - 1;742 0.796 0.948 0-;691 0.787 0;458 0.755 0.233 0..753 0.212
0:69 - - - - 1~794 0.799 0."974 O.. 693 0:800 0.465 0:766 0.233 0;764 0..213
0~'70 - - - - 1;"847 0.801 0.999 0.696 0.813 0.472
,
0.777 0;234 0;775 0.213
19

1.1=
Td4-
d
As2
Df 00=
b d2 fCd
As1 fsyd
Betão
fcd (MPa)
B20
10.7
B25
13.3
B30
16.7
bd fcd
1 -As1 f---- 00 min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0312
-+- b-+ A s2 = As 1
=0.1 =0.2 =0.4 = 0.6 f3= 0.8 f3 = 1.0

Jl
O) k ro k ro k ro k ro k ro k
0.01 0.010 0.036 0.010 0.038 0.010 0.039 0.010 0.042 0.010 0.045 0.010 0.048 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.071 0.021 0.070 0.021 0.069 0.021 0.069 0.021 0.068 0.021 0.068
0.03 0.031 0.088 0.031 0.087 0.031 0.087 0.031 0.085 0.031 0.084 0.031 0.082 0.031 0.081
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.102 0.042 0.101 0.042 0.098 0.042 0.096 0.041 0.094 0.041 0.092
0.05 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.116 0.052 0.114 0.052 0.109 0.052 0.106 0.052 0.103 0.052 0.100
0.06 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.128 0.063 0.125 0.063 0.120 0.063 0.115 0.063 0.111 0.063 0.107
0.07 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.140 0.074 0.136 0.073 0.129 o.on 0.123 0.073 0.118 0.073 0.114
0.08 0.085 0.156 0085 0.151 0.084 0.146 0.084 0.138 0.084 0.131 0.084 0.125 0.084 0.119
0.09 0.096 0.169 0.096 0.162 0.095 0.156 0.095 0.145 0.095 0.137 0.095 0.130 0.094 0.124
0.10 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.172 0.106 0.165 0.106 0.153 0.105 0.143 0.105 0.136 0.105 0.129
0.11 0.119 0.i94 0.118 0.183 0.117 0.174 0.117 0.160 0.116 0.149 0.116 0.140 0.116 0.133
0.12 0.131 0.207 0.129 0.194 0.129 0.183 0.128 0.167 0.127 0.155 0.127 0.145 0.126 0.137
0.13 0.143 0.220 0.141 0.204 0.140 0.192 0.138 0.173 0.138 0.160 0.137 0.149 0.137 0.140
0.14 0.155 0.233 0.153 0.215 0.151 0.200 O 149 0.179 0.148 0.164 0.148 0.153 0.148 0.143
0.15 0.167 0.247 0.164 0.226 0.162 0.209 0.160 0.185 0.159 0.169 0.159 0.156 0.158 0.146
0.16 0.179 0.261 0.176 0.237 0.174 0.217 0.171 0.191 0.170 0.173 0.169 0.160 0.169 0.149
0.17 0.192 0.280 0.188 0.250 0.185 0.226 0.182 0.196 0.181 0.177 0.180 0.163 0.179 0.151
0.18 0.206 0.299 0.201 0.263 0.197 0.236 0.193 0.201 0.192 0.181 0.191 0.166 0.190 0.154
0.19 0.219 0.318 0.213 0.279 0.209 0.247 0.204 0.206 0.202 0.184 0.201 0.168 0.201 0.156
0.20 0.233 0.338 0.226 0.296 0.221 0.258 0.215 0.211 0.213 0.188 0.212 0.171 0.211 0.158
0.21 0.247 0.359 0.239 0.313 0.233 0.271 0.226 0.215 0.224 0.191 0.223 0.173 0.222 0.160
0.22 0.261 0.380 0.252 0.330 0.246 0.286 0.237 0.221 0.235 0.194 0.233 0.176 0.233 0.162
0.23 0.276 0.401 0.266 0.348 0.258 0.300 0.249 0.227 0.246 0.197 0.244 0.178 0.243 0.163
0.24 0.291 0.423 0.280 0.366 0.271 0.315 0.260 0.235 0.256 0.199 0.255 0.180 0.254 0.165
0.25 0.307 0.446 0.294 0.384 0.284 0.330 0.272 0.242 0.267 0.202 0.265 0.182 0.264 0.167
0.26 0.323.0.470 0.308 0.403 0.297 0.345 0.283 0.250 0.278 0.205 0.276 0.184 0.275 0.168
0.27 0.340 0.494 0.323 0.422 0.310 0.361 0.295 0.258 0.289 0.207 0.287 0.185 0.286 0.169
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.338 0.441 0.324 0.377 0.307 0.267 0.299 0.209 0.297 0.187 0.296 0.171
0.29 0.375 0.545 0.353 0.461 0.337 0.392 0.318 0.278 0.310 0.211 0.308 0.189 0.307 0.172
0.30 0.394 0.572 0.368 0.482 0.351 0.408 0.330 0.288 0.321 0.213 0.319 0.190 0.317 0.173
0.31
0.32
0.413
0.459
-0.630
0.601 0.384 0.503
0.401 0.524
0.365
0.380
0.425
0.441
0.342
0.354
0.299
0.309
0.332
0.342
0.215
0.217
0.329
0.340
0.192
0.193
0.328 0.174
0.339 0.175
0.33 0.553 0.662 0.417 0.546 0.394 0.456 0.367 0.320 0.353 0.220 0.351 0.194 0.349 0.176
0.34 0.677 0.695 0.435 0.569 0.409 0.475 0.379 0.330 0.364 0.223 0.361 0.196 0.360 0.177
0.35 0.848 0.731 0.453 0.592 0.424 0.493 0.391 0.341 0.375 0.228 0.372 0.197 0.370 0.178
-- - -
- -
Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares dz / d = 0.05 A500

Jl=
T dz:j:
d
-As2 Df b d2 fcd Betão B20 B25 B30
As1 fsyd
10.7
0)= fcd (MPa) 13.3 16.7
bd fcd
1 -Asl f- O)min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0312
+- b-t- A 52 = As 1
J3 = 0.0 J3 = 0.1 . J3= 0.2 J3 = 0.4 J3 = 0.6 J3 = 0.8 J3 = 1.0

J..l
rol k ro I k rol k rol k rol k roJ k ro k
0.36 1.098 0.169 0.1,12 0.616 0.1,39 0.510 0.1,04 0.352 0.386 0.233 0.382 0.198 0.381 .179
0.37 1.498 0.812 0.520 õ':632 0.454 0.528 0.416 0.363 0.397 0.238 0.393 0.199 0.392 0.180
0.38 2.250 0.860 0.514 0.641 0.1,70 0.541 0.429 0.374 0.409 0.243 0.1,04 0.200 0.402 0.181
0.39 - - 0.631 0.662 0.486 0.566 0.1,41 0.385 0.420 0.21,8 0.411t 0.201 0.413 0.181
0.1,0 - - 0.692 0.676 0.503 0.585 0.454 0.396 0.431 0.253 0.425 0.202 0.423 0.182
0.41 - - 0.156 0.689 0.520 0.601, 0.461 0.407 0.442 0.258 0.436 0.203 0.434 0.183
0.42 - - 0.823 0.701 0.544 0.620 0.480 0.418 0.454.0.264 0.41,6 0.204 0.41,4 0.181,
0.43 - - 0.894 0.713 0.580 0.630 0.493 0.430 0.465 0.270 0.1,57 0.205 0.455 0.184
0.44 - - 0.968 0.724 0.618 0.639 0.506 0.441 0.476 0.277 0.467 0.206 0.466 0.185
0.45 - - 1.044 0.734 0.656 0.641 0.519 0.453 0.488 0.283 0.478 0.207 0.476 0.186
0.46 - ... 1.123 0.743 0.695 0.655 0.532 0.464 0.499 0.290 0.489 0.207 0.481 0.186
0.47 - - 1.204 0.752 0.735 0.663 0.546 0.476 0.511 0.297 0.499 0.208 0.497 0.187
0.48 - - 1.287 0.761 0.776 0.670 0.559 0.488 0.522 0.303 0.510 0.209 0.508 0.187
0.49 - - 1.371 0.768 0.818 0.677 0.573 0.500 0.534 0.310 0.520 0.210 0.518 0.188
0.50 - - 1.458 0.776 0.860 0.683 0.587 0.512 0.545 0.311 0.531 0.210 0.529 0.188
0.51 - - 1.51,6 0.782 0.903 0.689 0.600 0.524 0.557 0.324 0.542 0.211 0.540 0.189
0.52 - - 1.636 0.789 0.947 0.695 0.611, 0.536 0.568 0.330 0.552 0.212 0.550 0.189
0.53 - - 1.726 0.794 0.991 0.101 0.629 0.548 0.580 0.337 0.563 0.212 0.561 0.190
0.54 - - 1.818 0.800 1.036 0.706 0.61,3 0.560 0.592 0.341, 0.573 0.213 0.511 0.190
0.55 - - 1.911 0.805 1.081 0.111 0.651 0.573 0.603 0.351 0.581, 0.211, 0.582 0.191
0.56 - - 2.005 0.810 1.126 0.116 0.612 0.586 0.615 0.358 0.595 0.211, 0.592 0.191
0.51 - - 2.100 0.811, 1.172 0.121 0.686 0.598 0.627 0.361, 0.605 0.215 0.603 0.192
0.58 - - 2.195 0.819 1.218 0.125 0.701 0.611 0.639 0.311 0.616 0.215 0.611, 0.192
0.59 - - 2.291 0.823 1.265 0.130 0.120 õ:6i"9 0.650 0.318 0.626 0.216 0.621, 0.192
0.60 - - 2.388 0.826 1.312 0.734 0.744 0.623 0.662 0.385 0.631 0.216 0.635 0.193
0.61 - - - - 1.359 0.131 0.761 0.626 0.611, 0.392 0.61,1 0.211 0.645 0.193
0.62 - - - - 1.1,07 0.11,1 0.790 0.629 0.686 0.399 0.658 0.211 0.656 0.194
0.63 - - - - 1.1,51,0.11,5 0.814 0.633 0.698 0.406 0.669 0.218 0.666 0.194
0.64 - - - - 1.502 0.748 0.831 0.636 0.110 0.413 0.619 0.218 0.611 0.194
0.65 - - - - 1.551 0.751 0.861 0.639 0.122 0.1,20 0.690 0.219 0.681 0.195
0.66 - - - - 1.599 0.751, 0.885 0.642 0.731, 0.1,27 0.700 0.219 0.698 0.195
0.61 - - - - 1. 61,8 0.157 0.909 0.645 0.11,6 0.431, 0.111 0.220 0.109 0.195
0.68 - - - - 1.697 0.760 0.933 0.61t7 0.158 0.1,41 0.722 0.222 0.119 0.196
0.69 - - - - 1.11,6 0.763 0.957 0.650 0.771 0.448 0.732 0.221, 0.730 0.196
0.10 - - - - 1.795 0.765 0.981 0.652 0.783 0.1,55 0.71,3 0.226 0.71,0 0.196
. -.- -...------
Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2/ d =0.10 ASOO

Jl=
Tdzt
d
-As2
D 00=
b d2 fcd
As1 fsyd
Betão B20
10.7
B25
13.3
B30
16.7
fcd (MPa)
bd fcd
1 -As} f-- CJ)
min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0312
-+- b-+ As2 = Asl
r3 = 0.0 r3 = 0.1 r3 = 0.2 r3 = 0.4 ~ = 0.6 r3 = 0.8 r3 = 1.0
0.01
~
.0.010 0.036
~
0.010 0.038
ro
0.010
[k
0.040
~
0.010 0.044
~
0.010 0.048
~
0.010 0.051
~ 0.010 0.055
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.020 0.072 0.020 0.073 0.020 0.075 0.020 0.076
0.03 0.031 0.088 0.031 0.088 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.090 0.031 0.090 0.031 0.090 0.031 0.091
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.103 0.042 0.103 0.042 0.103
0.05 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.117 0.052 0.117 0.052 0.116 0.052 0.115 0.052 0.114 0.052 0.113
0.06 0.Oli3 0.131 0.063 0.130 0.063 0.129 0.063 0.127 0.063 0.125 0.063 0.124 0.063 0.122
0.07 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.142 0.074 0.140 0.074 0.137 0.074 0.135 0.074 0.132 0.074 0.130
0.08 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.153 0.085 0.151 0.085 0.147 0.085 0.143 0.085 0.140 0.085 0.137
0.09 0.096 0.169 0.096 0.165 0.096 0.161 0.096 0.155 0.096 0.151 0.096 0.147 0.0960.143
0.10 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.176 0.107 0.171 0.107 0.164 0.107 0.158 0.107 0.153 0.107 0.149
0.11 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.187 0.119 0.181 0.118 0.172 0.118 0.165 0.118 0.159 0.118 0.154
0.12 0.131 0.207 0.130 0.198 0.130 0.191 0.130 0.180 0.129 0.171 0.129 0.165 0.129 0.159
0.13 0.143 0.220 0.142 0.209 0.141 0.200 0.141 0.187 0.141 0.171 0.141 0.170 0.140 0.163
0.14 0.155 0.233 0.154 0.220 0.153 0.210 0.152 0.194 0.152 0.183 0.152 0.174 0.152 0.167
0.15 0.167 0.247 0.166 0.231 0.165 0.219 0.164 0.201 0.163 0.188 0.163 0.179 0.163 0.171
0.16 0.179 0.261 0.178 0.242 0.176 0.227 0.175 0.207 0.174 0.193 0.174 0.183 0.174 0.175
0.17 0.192 0.280 0.190 0.252 0.188 0.236 0.187 0.214 0.186 0.198 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.178
0.18 0.206 0.299 0.202 0.264 0.200 0.244 0.198 0.219 0.197 0.203 0.197 0.190 0.196 0.181
0.19 0.219 0.318 0.215 0.281 0.212 0.252 0.210 0.225 0.208 0.207 0.208 0.194 0.207 0.184
0.20 0.233 0.338 0.228 0.298 0.224 0.263 0.221 0.230 0.220 0.211 0.219 0.197 0.219 0.186
0.21 0.247 0.359 0.241 0.315 0.236 0.275 0.233 0.235 0.231 0.215 0.230 0.200 0.230 0.189
0.22 0.261 0.380 0.251, 0.332 0.249 0.289 0.244 0.240 0.242 0.218 0.242 0.203 0.241 0.191
0.23 0.276 0.401 0.268 0.350 0.262 0.304 0.256 0.245 0.254 0.222 0.253 0.205 0.252 0.193
0.24 0.291 0.423 0.282 0.368 0.275 0.319 0.267 0.249 0.265 0.225 0.264 0.208 0.263 0.195
0.25 0.307 0.446 0.296 0.387 0.288 0.335 0.279 0.254 0.276 0.228 0.275 0.210 0.275 0.197
0.26 0.323 0.470 0.310 0.406 0.301 0.350 0.290 0.258 0.288 0.231 0.287 0.212 0.286 0.199
0.27 0.340 0.494 0.325 0.425 0.315 0.366 0.302 0.264 0.299 0.234 0.298 0.215 0.297 0.201
0.28 0.357 0.519 0.340 0.445 0.328 0.382 0.314 0.274 0.310 0.236 0.309 0.217 0.308 0.202
0.29 0.375 0.545 0.355 0.1,65 0.342 0.398 0.326 0.284 0.322 0.239 0.320 0.219 0.319 0.204
0.30 0.394 0.572 0.371 0.486. 0.35~ 0.414 0.338 0.295 0.333 0.241 0.331 0.220 0.331 0.205
0.31 0.413 0.601 0.387 0.507 0.371 0.431 0.351 0.306 0.31,1, 0.243 0.343 0.222 0.342 0.207
0.32 0.459 õ:63õ 0.401, 0.528 0.38.5 0.448 0.363 0.317 0.356 0.246 0:354 0.224 0.353 0.208
0.33 0.553 0.662 0.1,21 0.551 0.400 0.465 0.376 0.328 0.367 0.248 0.365 0.225 0.364 0.209
0.34 0.671 0.695 0.439 0.571, 0.415 0.482 0.388 0.339 0.378 0.250 0.376 0.227 0.3750.210
0.35 0.81,8 0.731 0.1,57 0.597 0.1,30 0.500 0.401 0.350 0.390 0.252 0.388 0.228 0.386 0.211
-- -
- - -- -----

22
Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares dzI d =0.10 ASOO

J.1=
Td4-
d
As2
D b d2 fcd Betão B20 B25 B30
As1 fsyd
- 10.7 13.3 16.7

0)= fcd (MPa)
bd fcd
1 -Asl O)min 0.0488 0.0392 0.0312
-t- b-+ As2 = As1
cedênciada armadura
(3= 0.0 (3 = 0.1 (3= 0.2 (3 = 0.4 (3 = 0.6 (3 = 0.8 (3 = 1.0

Jl
rol k ro I k rol k ro I k ro I k rol k ro I k
0.36 1.098 0.769 0.482 0.620 0.446 0.518 0.414 0.361 0.401 0.254 0.399 0.230 0.398 0.213
0.37 1.498 0.812 0.534 0.636 0.462 0.537 0.427 0.372 0.412 0.255 0.410 0.231 0.409 0.214
0.38 2.250 0.860 0.590 0.652 0.478 0.556 0.440 0.383 0.424 0.257 0.421 0.232 0.420 0.215
0.39 - - 0.650 0.667 0.495 0.575 0.453 0.395 0.435 0.259 0.432 0.234 0.431 0.216
0.40 - - 0.714 0.681 0.511 0.595 0.466 0.406 0.446 0.262 0.444 0.235 0.442 0.217
0.41 - - 0.782 0.694 0.530 0.614 0.479 0.418 0.458 0.267 0.455 0.236 0.453 0.217
0.42 - - 0.853 0.706 0.564 õ:"626 0.492 0.429 0.469 0.273 0.466 0.237 0.465 0.218
0.43 - - 0.928 0.718 0.603 0.635 0.506 0.441 0.481 0.280 0.477 0.238 0.476 0.219
0.44 - - 1.006 0.729 0.642 0.644 0.520 0.453 0.493 0.287 0.488 0.239 0.487 0.220
0.45 - - 1.086 0.739 0.683 0.652 0.533 0.465 0.505 0.294 0.500 0.240 0.498 0.221
0.46 - - 1..170 0.749 0.724 0.661 0.547 0.477 0.517 0.300 0.511 0.241 0.509 0.221
0.47 - - 1.255 0.758 0.767 0.668 0.561 0.489 0.529 0.307 0.522 0.242 0.520 0.222
0.48 - - 1.343 0.766 0.810 0.675 0.575 0.501 0.541 0.314 0.533 0.243 0.532 0.223
0.49 - - 1.433 0.774 0.854 0.682 0589 0.514 0.553 0.321 0.544 0.244 0.543 0.223
0.50 - - 1.525 0.781 0.899 0.689 0.603 0.526 0.565 0.328 0.556 0.244 0.554 0.224
0.51 - - 1.618 0.787 0.945 0.695 0.618 0.539 0.577 0.335 0.567 0.245 0.565 0.225
0.52 - - 1.713 0.794 0.991 0.701 0.632 0.551 0.589 0.342 0.578 0.246 0.576 0.225
0.53 - - 1.809 0.799 1.037 0.707 0.647 0.564 0.601 0.349 0.589 0.247 0.587 0.226
0.54 - - 1.907 0.805 1.085 0.712 0.662 0.577 0.613 0.356 0.600 0.247 0.599 0.226
0.55 - - 2.005 0.810 1.132 0.717 0.677 0.590 0.625 0.364 0.612 0.248 0.610 0.227
0.56 - - 2.104 0.815 1.180 0.722 0.692 0.603 0.638 0.371 0.623 0.249 0.621 0.227
0.57 - - 2.205 0.819 1.229 0.726 0.709 0.615 0.650 0.378 0.634 0.249 0.632 0.228
0.58 - - 2.306 0.823 1.278 0.731 0.731 0.621 0.662 0.385 0.645 0.250 0.643 0.228
0.59 - - 2.407 0.827 1.327 0.735 0.755 0.624 0.674 0.392 0.656 0.251 0.654 0.229
0.60 - - - - 1.377 0.739 0.780 0.628 0.687 0.399 0.667 0.251 0.665 0.229
0.61 - - - - 1.427 0.743 0.805 0.631 0.699 0.406 0.679 0.252 0.677 0.230
0.62 - - - - 1.477 0.746 0.829 0.635 0.712 0.414 0.690 0.252 0.688 0.230
0.63 - - - - 1.528 0.750 0.854 0.638 0.724 0.421 0.701 0.253 0.699 0.231
0.64 - - - - 1.579 0.753 0.879 0.641 0.737 0.428 0.712 0.254 0.710 0.231
0.65 - - - - 1. 630 0.756 0.904 0.644 0.749 0.436 0.723 0.254 0.721 0.232
0.66 - - - - 1..681 0.759 0.930 0.647 0.762 0.443 0.734 0.255 0.732 0.232
0.67 .- - - - 1.732 0.762 0.955 0.650 0.774 0.450 0.746 0.255 0.743 0.232
0.68 - ..; - - 1.784 0.765 0.980 0.652 0.787 0.458 0.757 0.256 0.755 0.233
0.69 - - - - 1.836 0.768 1.006 0.655 0.800 0.465 0.768 0.256 0.766 0.233
0.70 - - - - 1.888 0.770 1.031 0.658 0.813 0.472 0.779 0.256 0.777 0.233
,
Estados Limites UItimos
FIexão Simples de Secçõe~ em T
------
Grupo de Bewo Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
25
Flexão Simples Secções em T b / bw = 4 A235
I b I Aço: fsyd= 204 MPa

MscJ
TL :J Jl.=
b d2 f cd Betão B20 B25 B30
d 10.7 13.3 16.7
fcd (MPa)
1 --
As
- 0)=
As
bd
fsyd
fcd
c.omin 0.0119 0.0096 0.0076
-+ bw+ cedência da annadura
hrl d= 0.10 h r I d = 0.15 h r I d = 0.20 h r I d = 0.25 h r I d = 0.30 h r I d = 0.35 h r I d = 0.40

Jl
rolk rolk rolk rolk rolk rol k rol k
0.01 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104
0.05 0.052 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0.06 0.063 0.136 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
0.07 0.074 0.155 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144
0.08 0.085 0.178 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156
0.09 0.096 0.210 0.096 0.170 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168
0.10 0.108 0.260 0.107 0.186 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.121 0.334 0.119 0.206 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194.
0.12 0.136 0.419 0.130 0.231 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 0.152 0.514 0.143 0.275 0.142 0.222 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220
0.14 0.1710.624 0.156 0.351 0.154 0.240 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
0.15 0.196 0.761 0.171 0.438 0.167 0.266 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - 0.188 0.535 0.179 0.313 0.179 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0.17 - - 0.207 0.650 0.193 0.384 0.192 0.287 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280
0.18 - - 0.264 0.795 0.209 0.472 0.205 0.321 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299
0.19 - - - - 0.227 0.576 0.219 0.368 0.219 0.320 0.219 0.-318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - 0.248 0.699 0.233 0.436 0.232 0.348 0.233 0.338 0.2330.338
0.21 - - - - 0.516 0.865 0.250 0.525 0.246 0.385 0.247 0.359 0.247 0.359
0.22 - - - - - - 0.269 Q.:Bl 0.261 0.434 0.261 0.384 0.261 0.380
0.2:; - - - - - - 0.301 0.778 0.217 0.505 0.276 0.416 0.276 0.401
0.24 - - - - - - - - 0.295 0.602 0.291 0.458 0.291 0.426
0.25 - - - - - - - - 0.317 0.731 0.306 0.515 0.306 0.456
0.26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.324 0.596 0.322 0.494

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - 0.345 0.710 0.339 0.545
0.28 - - - - - - - - - - 0.791, 0.879 0.357 0.616
0.29 - - - - - - - - - - - -- 0.378
0.30 - - - -
- - - - - - - - - 0.877 0.881
- -
26
Flexão Simples Secções em T b/ bw= 6 A235
MSd
Aço: f syd = 204 MPa
I = b d2 fcd Betão I B20 I B25 I B30
f cd (MPa) I 10.7 I 13.3 I 16.7
(1)=
As - fsyd I (1)min I 0.0079 I 0.0064 I 0.0051
bd fcd
-t bw+ cedência da annadura
br/d=0.10 b r / d = 0.15 br/d= 0.20 h r/ d = 0.25 h r / d = 0.30 hr/d= 0.35 hr/d= 0.40
Jl
ro/k rolk rolk oolk oolk 00 I k 00 I k
0.01 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104
0.05 0.052 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0..06 0.063 0.137 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
0.07 0.074 0.158 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144
0.08 0.084 0.i85 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0156
0.09 0.096 0.234 0.096 0.170 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.1'68 0.096 0.168
0.10 0.109 0.331 0.107 0.187 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.124 0.462 0.119 0.208 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194
0.12 0.142 0.130 0.239 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 0.258 0.841 0.143 0.321 0.142 0.222 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220
0.14 - - 0.158 0.448 0.154 0.241 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
0.15 - - 0.175
-
0.603 0.167 0.273 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - 0.254 0.813 0.179 0.339 0.179 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0.17 - - - - 0.192 0.288 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280
0.194,0.459
0.18 - - - - 0.212 0.616 0.205 0.327 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299
0.19 - - - - 0.351 0.835 0.219 0.389 0.219 0.321 0.219 0.318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - - - 0.234 0.499 0.232 0.350 0.233 0.338 0.233 0.338
0.21 - - - - - - 0.246 0.392 0.247 0.359 0.247 0.359

0.253 Q.:.lli
0.22 - - - - - - 0.911 0.917 0.261 0.456 0.261 0.385 0.261 0.380
0.23 - - - - ,... - - - 0.277 0.569 0.275 0.419 0.276 0.401
0.24 - - - - - - - - 0.299 0.755 0.290 0.467 0.291 0.426
0.25 - - - - - - - - - - 0.306 0.545 0.306 0.458
0.26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.325 0.678 0.322 0.500

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.338 0.562
0.28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.357 0.664
. .
0.29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.686 0.860
0.30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Grupo de Belão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
27
Secções em T b I bw = 8 A235
Flexão Simples
-+ bw+
hr/d= 0.10 h rI d =0.15 h rI d =0.20 h rI d =0.25 h rI d =0.30 h rI d =0.35 hr/d= 0.40

Il k
ro/k roTk rolk ro/k ro/k ro1 k rol
0.01 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104
0.05 0.052 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0.06 0.063 0.138 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
0.07 0.074 0.159 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144
0.08 0.084 0.190 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156
0.09 0.096 0.264 0.096 0.171 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168
0.10 0.110 0.412 0.107 0.188 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.127 0.119 0.210 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194
0.12 0.792 0.946 0.130.0.245 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 - - 0.143 0.370 0.142 0.222 0.143 0.220 0.J.43 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220
0.14 - - 0.160 0.557 0.154 0.242 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
0.15 - - 0.266 0.832 0.167 0.278 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - - - 0.180 0.365 0.179 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0.17 - - - - 0.196 0.545 0.192 0.289 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280
0.18 - - - - 0.267 0.807 0.205 0.331 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299
0.19 - - - - - - 0.219 0.407 0.219 0.321 0.219.0.318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - - - 0.235 0.571 0.232 0.351 0.233 0.338 0.233 0.338
0.21 - - - - - - 0.435 0.852 0.246 0.396 0.247 0.359 0.247 0.359

0.22 - - - - - - - - 0.261 0.473 0.261 0.385 0.261 0.380
0.23 - - - - - - - - 0.278 0.642 0.275 0.421 0.276 0.401
0.24 - - - - - - - - - - 0.290 0.473 0.291 0.426
0.25 - - - - - - - - - - 0.306 Q:.lli 0.306 0.459
0.26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.334 0.778 0.322 0.504

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.338 0.573
0.28 - - - - - - - - - - - - . 0.357 0.710
0.29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -- --
Grupo de BeLãoArmado c Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
28
Flexão Simples Secções em T b I bw = 4 A400
I b I Aço: fsyd = 348 MPa

. J..L=
MSd
TL
d
b d2 fcd Betão B20
10.7
B25
13.3
B30
16.7
foo (MPa)
1 --
As - 00= As
bd
fsyd
f cd
CJ)min 0.0122 0.0098 0.0078
-t bw+ cedência da armadura
br/d= 0.10 br/d= 0.15 b ti d= 0.20 b rI d = 0.25 h r I d = 0.30 br I d= 0.35 b r I d = 0.40

J.l
ro Ik rolk rolk rolk rolk rol k rol k
0.01 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 .0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089. 0.031.0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104
0.05 0.052 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0.06 ".063 0.136 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
0.07 0.074 0.155 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.0-74 0.144 0.071, 0.}l,1, 0.074 0.144
0.08 0.085 0.1"78 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156
0.09 0.096 0.210 0.096 0.170 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.16B 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168
0.10 0.108 0.260 0.107 0.186 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.121 0.334 0.119 0.206 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194
0.12 0.136 0.419 0.130 0.231 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 0.152 0.511, 0.143 0.275 0.142 0.222 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220
0.14 0.171 0.156 0.351 0.154 0.240 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
015 0.307 0.760 .0.171 0.438 0.167 0.266 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - 0.188 0.535 0.179 0.313 0.179 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0.17 - - 0.20.7.!hlli 0.193 0.384 0.192 0.287 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280
0.18 - - 0.449 0.795 0.209 0.472 0.205 0.321 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299
0.19 - - - - 0.227 0.576 0.219 0.368 0.219 0.320 0.219 0.318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - 0.285 0.699 0.233 0.436 0.232 0.348 0.233 0.338 0.233 0.338
0..21 - - - - 0.878 0.865 0.250 0.525 0.246 0.385 0.247 0.359 0.247 0.359
0.22 - - - - - - 0.269 Q.:.ill 0.261 0.434 0.261 0.384 0.261 0.380
0.23 - - - - - - 0.512 O.77B 0.277 0.505 0.276 0.416 0.276 0.401
0.24 - - - - - - - -
0.295 0.291 0.458 0.291 0.426
0.25 - - - - - - - -
0.425 0.730 0.306 0515 0.306 0.456
0.26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.324 0.596 0.322 0.494

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - 0.418 0.709 0.339 0.545 .
0.28 - - - - ..:. - - - - - 1.351 0.879 0.357 0.616
0;29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.477 0.718
0.30 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.493 0.881
29

+ MSd
kd J..l=
+ b d2 f cd I B20 I B25 I B30
I- Betão
feel(MPa)I 10.7 I 13.3 I 16.7
00=
As fsyd in I 0.0081 I 0.0065 I 0.0052
bd f cd
hr/d=0.10 hr/d=0.15 h r I d = 0.20 h r I d = 0.25 h rI d = 0.30 h rI d = 0.35 h r I d = 0.40

J.1.
rolk rolk rolk rolk rol k rolk rol k
0.01 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0..021 0.072 0021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0..089 0.031 0089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.01,2 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104
0.05 0.052 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0.06 0.063 0.137 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
0.07 0.074 0.158 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144
0.08 0.084 0.1.85 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156
0.09 0.096 0.234 0.096 0.170 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.Ü8
0.1 \) 0.10J 0.331 0.107 0.187 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.124 0..462 0119 0.208 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194
0.12 0.142 0.130 0.239 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 0.440 0.841 0.143 0.321 0.142 0.222 0.143 0..220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220 0143 0.220
0..14 - - 0.158 0.448 0.154 0.241 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
0.'15 - - 0.175 !hlli 0.167 0273 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - 0.432 0.813 0.179 0.339 0H9 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0.17 - - - - 0.194 0.459 0.192 0.288 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280
0.18 - - - - 0.213 2.:..lli 0.205 0.327 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299 0.206 0.299
0.-19 - - - - 0.597 0.835 0.219 0.389 0.219 0.321 0.219 0.318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - - - 0.234 0.499 0.232 0.350 0.233 0.338 0.233 0.338
0.21 - - - - - - 0.257 0.663 0.246 0.392 0.247 0.359 0.247 0.359

0.22 - - - - - - - - 0.261 0.456 0.261 0.385 0.261 0.380
0..23 - - - - - - - - 0.277 0.275 0.419 0.276 0.401
0.24 - - - - - - - - 0.457 0.755 0.290 0.467 0.291 0.426
0.25 - - - - - - - - - - 0.306 0.545 0.306 0.458
0..26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.336 0.676 0.322 0.500

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.338 0.562
. :28 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.359 0.662
- - - - - - - - - - - - 1.168 0.860
I
0..30
v. 29
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- ----

30

+ MSd
kd J.1=
+ b d2 fcd I B20 I B25 I B30
J- Betão
fcd (MPa) I 10.7 I 13.3 I 16.7
As - fsyd in I 0.0061 I 0.0049 I 0.0039
C1)=
bd fcd
hr/d= 0.10 hr/d= 0.15 h r I d = 0.20 hr/d= 0.25 h r I d = 0.30 h rI d = 0.35 h r I d = 0.40
J.l
ro 1 k rolk rolk rolk roTk ro -I k rol k
0..01 0..010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.-010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.050
0.02 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.021 0.072
0.03 0.031 0.089 0031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089 0.031 0.089
0.04 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.042 0.104 0.01,2 0.104 0.01,2 0.101,
0.05 005i 0.120 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118 0.052 0.118
0..06 0.063 0.138 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131 0.063 0.131
.O7 0.074 0.159 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.144 0.074 0.141, 0.074 0.144 0.071, 0.144
0.08 0.084 0.1"90 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156 0.085 0.156
0.09 0.096 0.264 0.096 0.171 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168 0.096 0.168
0.10 0.110 0.412 0.107 0.188 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181 0.107 0.181
0.11 0.127 0.617 0.119 0.210 0119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194 0.119 0.194
0.12 1.34!: 0.946 0130 -0..245 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207 0.131 0.207
0.13 - - 0.11,3 0.370 0.142 0.222 0.143 0.220 0.143'0.220 0.143 0.220 0.143 0.220
0.14 - - 0.160 0.557 0.154 0.242 0.155 0.233 0..155 0.233 0.155 0.233 0.155 0.233
0..15 - - 0.452 0.832 0.167 0.278 0.167 0.247 0.167 0.21,7 0.167 0.21,7 0.167 0.247
0.16 - - - - 0.180 0.365 0.179 0.262 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261 0.179 0.261
0..17 - - -- - 0.196 0.545 0.192 0.289 0.192 0.280 0.192 0.280 0..192 0.280
0.18 - - - - 0.455 0.808 0.205 0.331 0.206 0.299 0.206 0299 0.206 0.299
0.19 - - - - - - 0.219 0.407 0.219 0.321 0.219 0.318 0.219 0.318
0.20 - - - - - - 0.235 0.571 0.232 0.351 0.233 0.338 0.233 0.338
0.21 - - - - - - 0.71,0 0.852 0.21,6 0.396 0.247 0.359 0.21,7 0.359

0.22 - - - - - - - - 0.261 0.1,73 0.261 0.385 0.261 0.380
0..23 - - - - - - - - 0.278 0.61,2 0.275 0.421 0.276 0.401
0.21, - - - - - - - - - - 0.290 0.473 0..291 0.1,26
0..25 - - - - - - - - - - 0.306 0.570 0.306 0.459
0..26 - - - - - - - - - - 0.568 0.778 0.322 0.501,

0.27 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.338 0.573
0.28 - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 0.425 0.706
0.29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-.....-----
,
Flexão Composta- de Secções Rectangulares
Referências:

[2] - Betão Armado - Esforços Normais e de Flexão,
J. D'Arga e Lima, Vitor Monteiro, Mary Mun, LNEC, 1985.
[3] - Hormigón Armado,
P. J. Montoya, A. G. Meseguer, F. Moran Cabré, lI! Ed., 1981.
- -- - -- - - -
33
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI /h =0.05 I A220
o
C'.;
I
Õ
-30 C'.;
. ~
ü
w
~
-2,8 w
Wtot = AS.IOI . ~
bh fcd
o
o'
1,8 ãS!.
"
2,0~- N
..
W
-- --
- -- - -
Flexão Composta de Secções

Rectangulares [1] dI I h =0.10 I A220
0.
....
. ~ =
õ.
v ..!!L.
.... bh fCd
-3,0 ~ 2" I
wü
"'N ~ I
-2.8 WU ~ ~
-2,6 ~\
-2,' ~~
'" \'\~'\
1\ f'
~ \ \. I~ij
-2,2
-2,0 ~~~f!-_I_-
-1,8 ~~~~ . ~y
-1,6
~~~~~~tY
~~~~~~
-1,2
~~~~~~
-1,0
~~\X<~~~~
-0,8 ~~~\~~~\\~
-0,66 \;(;K<~r\\ \\'~~~~l'\
\ \ \ " \ \ .\ \ [\\ :\.\ "
1\
-O,,
re.I' \ \ \ I' \ -l I \-\, .\\EC2~1.-3,SfI.0
-0,2
I I I II I II 7 JI I I 17 I \ \ Ec2/Esl
I .
-3~ o -
iE.., :-3.512.0 ' ,
EC2:r.:~'~:~/8.0-
o ~~f/'/7~V / /v / /7/177 f7 I
» vr:;~~r*W-1/jr/~
I LZ/l t/" I I }J=
O)
I !/ / . / / / /, ./ /
' . -- j / ' 1'8 Ec2I~sl.-3.5/IQO
tO 1~1 I
t2
~~~V,0f0~w~ I i
0,6
/J»~~f0oi/
~~/í~;r/;~~
0.8
1,0
~r«0~ I
1,2
f0~f0Ví1 i
// // JV/V // ~;
/ /r/ / \(--
Wtot = As.tot
b.h
, !Y2.
fCd
I.L
1,6
r//, V
V/ /V
,/ /
-\~~1b As,tot = As1+As2= Wtot ~
c:>
18
. Õ
9"
g'.
i0V ~dlf'd
..
w
2,0 -;..
V I
w..
35
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI I h = 0.15 I A220
w _ As,tot..!YsL
tot - bh fcd
o
'i?:
1,8 o
51'
"
2,0 '!:!,'"
.....
'"
w
- -- --
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] d 1 I h = 0.20 I A220
-3o ~.
, ~
.;y
-2,8 w ~
-O.'
1.0 1.1 1.2
Wtot = As,tot" ~
bh f cd
As,tot = As!. As2 = Wtot ~

fYd/f cd
o
o"
1.8 2i
g"
':-
:i':i'
"N,...
.. U U
2,,0 ~ ~..,..,
...
w..
- - -- - ___o - _. - __o- - -.

37
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] di /h =0.25 I A220
o
N"
...!.
o
- .
3,0 r:"
.;p
....
-2,8 c..t'
-0,2
0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 ',' 1,2
c.J _ ~..!YQ.
tot - bh fCd
o
o"
1,8 ã
<a"
.
2,0~'"
,..
w'"
- -- - -
-- ----
Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 39
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI I h = 0.05 I A400
2!sL
r
-3,0 }
;). 1/ =
bh fcd
.Y
I
I,
o EoI
-2.8
!.7
.
6 I
'
-2,2
-2 .,-:>'1
§-(;-
9 \. .'
5 \; f
-1 -
-1 : ::v
-1 ' Y.\ '" ",." if-S\'-
o
-o. \\ .
-o,, I'J) t\\ \"
-o ;
- \\' \\ ,\\ '\\ \\\ '\\ '\ '\ \ Ec2"Esl . - 3,512.0
I I J I I I I , I
I
I I Eats 1 =-3.5",0
I I I I I1 I J I h I J I I -
EciEsl = 3,&6,0
-o., -
EalEsl = 3,5A!,O
// / v/ // / / 'l/ /
/
///
o, / Ec2'r 1 =- .!>'KIP }J =
o, 'l/}/)'
j /j';:L
'/ 0,5 /.///0,6 07,/// D.8//
.'. .9 1.0 1,1 1,2
o,
. J/ (/0////
//
0 0 //
/
VX « /Y0
o.
//
» /
<-1'
0,8
// r« 31 'I.a.
1.0
// r«
I,
vx 'i}r W tot = As,tOI
bh
. .!l!
fCd
// )/
I,' AS,tot As2 w tot -fyd/fcd
bh
1.6 o
//
//
« / t>
'0
= As!. =
s'
oe,
1,8 ';
V
.J
2,0 J
V
- - - --- --- -
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI I h =0.05 I A400
\> = .!:!L
".'
-1.6
~
~~.~~~
II{"
J~
Ampliação
Grupo de Belão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
41
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI! h = 0.10 I A400
0.
N .)=
I
Õ. bh fCd
-30 N
. ~
wü 11 ESI
-2.8 J
- 2.6
i
""
\
-2,2
\. .'
-2,0
" li
\\ 0 0j ").
,,'
i
-1.6
\ \ >«0 \".
-1,2
N\ 0
-1.0
Y\0X l\ \'\' , \\ ..>p",o_.
-0,8
A <\X\\'\ \\ \\ I'"
-0,6 L/ 0 l\\ '\
K\ T 1\\\ \ f\ \'\ I\\, \\
__o
tdtsl=-3,5I2,O _
I 7 1 17 JJJJ J JI tdEs ,=-3,5IL,O
. / 77 / / / / (.'>/E.':- 3S/6n
-0,2 Ec2/EsI:-3,S/8,O-
v // / // / // /)p' }J=
o (c2,(51:-3,CP
O,3;.
VX.o, i'//18 09 1,0 Ú 1
0,2
/ 0 0 lij
/ 0 I{
/.<,
0,6
0,8
jÍy 0 w / -.......0/10o
1,0
0 0 Ví {j/
1,2
/í // 10 c..Jtot = As,IOI.!.:i!L
bh fcd
0 0/ '0
'0 bh
1.6
0 AS,tol = As! · As2 = C..Jtot-
. fydlfcd
C>
5!'
1.8 21
5!'
..
"';;
2,0 ~N
V \ 'o
W..
- - --- - -
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] A400
7~"
R!
:\. I";'"
o
Ampliação
-1,2
~ :\
~
l\\\~
EciEsl . -3,512,0
Ec2/EsI . -3,51',0
~c::>
:
C>
.':;-"
-0,2
,-
7.<;
;] Ec2/ES\ -3,5/8,0 .
~ Ec2/ 1 .-
3,!"10,O I
_ Md
t-J - bh2 fCd
',~ .....
O,, 0,2 0,3 O,, 0,5 0,6
Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-&forçado - 1ST 43
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI /h =0.15 I A400
w _ As,tot. ~
tot - bh fCd
A tot w ~
s,
= As\. As2 = tot fyd Ifc d
o
o'
ã51'
\,8
õi
.
2,0 ~
....
..
w
--------- ---
------
Flexão CompostadeSecções
Rectangulares[1] A400
Ampliação
- 1,1.
,\\".\
-O,,
I:
Md
}J = bh2 fCd
~
0,1 0,2 0,5 0,6 .
45
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI / h = 0.20 I A400
C!.
N
I
O.
- 3.0r:"
wü
-2.8 J
tO tI 1.2
c.Jto t = As,tot . .!.YQ.

bh f cd
As,tot = As!. As2 = c.Jtot ~

fydlfcd
oo.
18 ~
I g'
..
'"
2.0 ~N
..
W
- - --
Flexão Composta de SecçõesRectangulares [1] dI I h =0.25 I A400
o.
N
...!.
-3,0 ~~
..Y
t;.
-2,8 W'
0.9 to 1.1 1.2
Wtot = ~.~
bh fcd
w bh
As,tot= Asl. As2 = tot fyd/fcd
..
üi
2,0 ~
';)I
w
47
a / h = 0.05 A400
I Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [2]
v
0.90
e=~ a=~
N h
0.60
0.50
N
v =
0"0 b h fcd
0.30
0.20 (J)=-- As fsyd
bh fcd
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
- - -- ----
48
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [2] a / h = 0.10 A400
V te
0.90
:1 EJwJ
-.
0.80
- tal
-+-b-+
0.70 '\
r\ , e=-
M
a=-
x
0.60
I\Q o . N h
\
.t'
<:J'
"1<-
0.50
N
11' v =
0.'0 b h fcd
I "
,,
.../%.
M
0.30
/ " J1=
b h2 fcd
/ l I b.('
0.20
/ 1/Ix I' ,;;;
c . CI)=--
As fsyd
/ J IX V ,/, ->: .0
bh fcd
0.10 Z Ix , , "
I A /--- e>r " .
I VI.?- -'l I,
o
'\./
.o ,-:7
li O.I)<
h( -
1/ ',j
'/"
15 " /" 0.2(1-l
J "
1/
) 0.5
, )"
0.30
'\
0.35 1.1.
-0.10 '\
1\./
:,;ç,
, t< I ',j li, ,,, ,
............
'; I Y,
'\ ./ ,, V I:;) 1/ ,J '), I:> 'o J

-0.20
V ", IY v / 1:.' ,/ 'I o
"\ .............
-0.30
I"'" V 1'./ y J I-
I:> fi'""1.
y
1'\./
V-, X, I '..
" I)(,
-0.1,0 r'\./
,
, / VI:>
...<:>
'\
./ ,, 0/
"\
-0.50 /q. "o
'0
"O
-0.60
a / h = 0.15 A400
r Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [2]
v
0.90
0,80
0.70
~T\
e- M a--- x
N h
0.60
I~;
0.50
N
v =
b h rcd
1.1
(J)=-- As rsyd
bh rcd
0.35 I-L
-0.60 I
. ._. u. ... ... .. __. .. -.....-----

J
0.45
d' = 0.05h
0.10
0.05
0.00
v
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
0.45
0.40
d'=0.10h
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
v
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0:5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
--- - ---- - -- -
------ - ---

52
,IJ-
I
Ac=bh
A tot =6 A
d' = 0.05 h
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
0.45
Ac=bh
A tot = 6 A
d' = 0.10 h
v
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangu lares [3] A400
0.45
Ac=bh
0.40
Atot=8A
dI = 0.05 h
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Iv
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
0.45! ~
A c ='b h
Atot=8A
dI = 0.10 h
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 17
------- - ----
-- - ---

54
Flexão Composta de SecçõesRectangulares [3] A400
---,I
0.45 - N d-+--- .
!
Ac=bh
0.40~
Atot=2A
0.35';
. !
b- d' = 0.05 h I
0.Z5
0.15.
0.10 ~ i
0.05
..~:
-.,~ .
:..'
0.00
0.0 0.1 O.Z 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
. _.-0__- ....____._.____
~;-
0.45 i..
.
N-
_o. :.~
~ :.. -:---~---::~
~- .'.
" ..
d'
d eo
B
040-
- . ... ___o ~ ... ~.:~-~... .
h A+ A -
0.35
. ... .:::.. -,-,.-. ~' d'=0.10 h
. . ..0.;.......
~!:~~-:
... . .-. .-.-- 1 -b-
0.30 . .---. ,--
.-...----..-.
..v.2L-
Ao.'od
. -- --.----.----...
0.Z5~ - -"o..._ ......._.... Nd' eo
....
._-.~---...--
. -;:;:M;;
O.ZO t.).~
Ao'
'od
015
O 10
0.05.
000
0.0 01 OZ 03 04 05 06 0.7 08 09 1.0 II I.Z 1.3 14 15 1.6 1.7 1.8
--- . -. ... -. -...-
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] di /h =0.05 I A500
~t =.&.-
Õ. bh fCd
-30 N
, !
.:r Est
-28 'N
.~
-21>
" R;
c
-2.
o/
-2.
-2.0
S: i.//
..,.
-1.8
.\t ,/
t'
.,>.
c:>
-I.
0 X
F0
-1.2
N 0>)X r:.J\!)
-1,0
fN\ .
Q< l\\ y\ \ .'\
.0,8
-0.6
)9\\
" I \ l\\
./'" 1\\\\\ \ \\' 1'\\\ ,\ \ 1'\ '\ ",\
'\ \ 1\ \
. \. tc2/t,;I=-3,5I2.0
'\ '\ -'---
-'-I -
-O,,
/
J I I J I J J
/ / / / / /
I
/ I
J } } I } }
I I
}
I
.l"c2/ts1
tcitsl'
.-3,5IL,O
-3.516,0
W VL « 0 V/ :// / v // :/
-0,2 tdtsl' -3.518.0
'tc2"ts1= -3,S/IO,O J.l=
o I
X/Y/Y 7)/í7J ':i2 /,' / //,,, I Q4 / 0.5 0.6 0.,/ 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
» PX;
/ / '
0.2
'l; :« o
0.6
?V Q>0 //
0.8
/;;0 b«
v
!t;
/-:'\-
y
00. I
« k/I
1,0
= As.tot ..!lB..
««
1.2 Wtot
bh fcd
?...
I,L
1,6
/ '0
\(0
As tot = As!. As2 =
.
c.J
tot- bh
fydlfcd
o
o'
1,8 2i
sr
V
.
v;
2,0 ~
N
...,..
- - -
- - -
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] di I h =0.05 I A500
\>= 2!L
bh fCd
-1.8
Ampliação
~
.\ ~
~
~'-'x.\
,\ ~
I
''''\
- 0,6
\
-0,2
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,6

.-- - - .-- . - -.
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] di I h =0.10 I A500
o.
...
.
Õ
-3,0 ":-
.
,;y
-2,8 w
~
(.,J _ As.tot. ~
tot - bh fcd
o,
o
1,8 ã.
.
Ç!
2,0 ~N
..
W
- - - - -----
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] di / h =0.10 A500
Nd
~ = bh fCd
-1,8
-1,6 Ampliação
-1,2
-1,0
-0,8
- 0,6
- O,,
- 0,2
l
/
0.1 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,6

59
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI I h =0.15 I A500
0.
N
I
Q.
.30 ....
, ~
1.2
w _ As,tot ~
tot. bh . fcd
.w ~
As,tot = As! . As2 - tot fyd/fcd
I ..
o
2'
1,8 Õ
2"
...
2,0 ~
';;I
w õ
"o
------ - - - - - -- - --
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI! h =0.15 A500
\>=
bh fCd
]7
";"
..
...u. Ampliação
..':"
IV
'>,
'Ó"
'"
." 'III
'0
.. '\\\\\\\
,
\~\\\\1
,\,
.\\\\ ~
,
\\\ .
- O,L ~.
-0,2
,I.
_<::>'/~
Md
P = bh2fcd
L
0,5 0,6
-. --- - - --
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] dI /h =0.20 I ASOO
.J
-28
'w
~
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
AS.tot. .!:t2..
c..Jtot= bh fCd
bh
A A _Wtot-
As.tot= sI + s2 - fyd/fcd
o
!;!.
1,8 Õ
!;!.
------- - - -
- -- --
62 Grupo de Belão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Flexão Composta de Secções Rectangulares [1] . di /h =0.25 I ASOO
o
c';
I " = J!L
o bh fCd
-3,0 r:"
" -y-
.;y
-2,8 w
~
Wtot = As.tol.
bh
~fCd
As,tot = As!. As2 = Wtot ~

fyd/fcd
n
o
o'
1,8 ~..
5!
"
;;;
2,0 ~rol
..
W
,
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares
Referências:

- - -- -- -
. .._ _..+ u..__
Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 6S
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1] dI! h = 0.10 I A220
-- - - - -
- - -

66
di I ( r . r I ) = 0.50
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1] A220
r/rl=0.70
:;:;.
I
Õ.
N
-3,0 o
Ü ~.
-2.8 :; 7:
-2.6
-2.'
-2.2
-2,0
-1.8
-1.6
-I,'
-1,2
-1,0
-0,8
-0.6
-O,,
-0,2
O
0.9
0.2
O,,
0.6
0,8
1,0
1.2 Wtot = As,lol..!l&

Ac fcd
w Ac " 0511Tr2
I,' As,tol = tot -fyd/fcd = tot ...!....--
fyd/fcd
1,6
o
e'
1,8 Õ
e'
-;;;
2,0
N
'"
W
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1]

dI / ( r - ri) =0.50 A220
r / rl= 0.90
-0.1.
o
!a'
1.8 c
.
!a'
2.0 ~'"
...
'"
w
- - - - - - -- -
---- -- ---
69
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1] dI / h =0.10 I A400

o .J :: 2!í!.. ::~
N'
I
Õ AcfCd 'Irr2 fcd
.
- 3,0r-:'
w
ü
-28'w ~
..
CI,
CI
1,8 ~
2'u
2,0 ~'"
---------
di / ( r. ri ) = 0.50
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1] A400
=
r I r I 0.70
-~-~
IJ- Achfcd
.
0.9 1.0 I -
- \02'1t' r3fc:d
GoJtot= As,tot . ~
Ac fcd
G.J Ac G.J 0.5111'r2

As,tot = tot, ydn-cd = tot ..,---
yd/ fcd
71

d 1/ ( r . rd = 0.50
A400
r / r I = 0.90
73
Flexão Composta de Secções Circulares [1] dI /h =0.10 I ASOO
o
N'
~=~=~
I
Acfcd Tt r2 fCd
Õ,
- 3,0 ":
.
Ji
-2.8w~
Wtot = As.tot .~
Ac fcd
'TT"
r2
(.J Ac - c.Jt _
As,tot = tot fyttlfcd- to fyttIfcd
----- -- -

dI .
I ( r r t> ~ 0.50
A500
r/rl=O.70
o
N'
I
Õ.
-3.0 7Ü
w
-2.8 w ~
Wtot = As,lOI .!y.&

Ac fcd
As , lot = G.J tot ~ _ W

t t O,511r r2
fydIf cd - 0------
.~yd/fcd
..
2,0 ~
N
..
W
-
Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 7S

dI/( r - ri) =0.50 A500
r / rl= 0.90
d
o
N' u I_I EI2 UI + _ .ro.
o.
I
j .J = ~
Acfcd
= Nd
O,1911'r2fcd
II I
f/'I""í '"
-3.0 ro:.
ü Esi +h h=2r Vó.lr~Y
I ~
w
-2.8 w ~ S Ecl
- ~~,
2,6
"'.
~
r
~/
~ ",~'(J
~~~~ II _
""
~t::>
-2,
~ '" '" '~I"-. ~/.;~
-2,0
-1,8
--"
l'0~~"\
\.
~
I\."" '\...P.'
J~
-1,6 ~~~ ~~~6 ~~

~ ~ r'\ 1\ '\ ~ 1\~o _+~
'" '\.f. )(
~""'~'\ \ '\ '\ ~\ \~-tr
"\. "l'
-1,2
~~ \~~~~
-1,0 ~~ \~k\~~~k\\ o
-0,8
~~~~~k\\(\\\~\\'~-~~'
-0.6
, 11"~~\0~~~~K\\\\
1/W.\V0\,\\\ \\ . 1\\ \1\
I I I I
~
"" .;l::j- . 'r-J I ( c2/(SI =- 3 5f~n
-0,2
, T'J'l.'rf-LTm _~ _ Md
o \~>.( / )I/h--L /1'r!-)-!-uJ J J ~- Achfcd- 0,38'Jrr3f
cd
0,2
~~~0Y12V1JsJ/I~~ 09
[VX,V lT7J7Hn-1 .SI~o
~v~07~1/ /)~ / I~"_~~..
0,6 X~~U;l00~-)~/o .
0,8
~~0~0/ ~o
1.0 ~~0~~
/ / / / /')( /~ ~/"
1,2 / / // // )(/14'?' ~~o Wtot = As.tol "~
!/ / V /YV ",. Ac fCd
I.' / / "\~ "/ )(~- _ W ~_ (.) O,19'ITr2
1,6
0~V
//V~
~~
~
" AS,tot - tot fydlfcd - tot fydlfcd
/ // ff,
2,0 ~
..
,...,
t;/ "i
\0
..
w
---
,
Flexão Desviada de Secções Re.ctangulares
Referências:
[1] - Manual CEB /FIP on Bending and Compression, Bulletin nQ141,

-- - -- - -- - -
--
79
Secções Rectangulares dI I h = 0.10
A220
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl I b = 0.10
1Msyl
)ly=
I b h2 foo
!Msz As lotl4 1MszI
)lz=
T d1+1_ 1i7' b2 h foo
v =- Ns
1 d1+ UM; I b h foo
1btt I A5,101 fsyd

CJ)tOl = bh
A 5,101= \.Utot
", bh - f 00
foo fsyd
- - - - - - ---

80
Secções Rectangulares d1/h=O.10

A220
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl / b = 0.10
1Msyl
J.1.y=
b h2 fcd
!Msz 1MszI Se I'y> I'z {I" J.12=1',
J.1z
J.1.z=
i- As,totl4 b2 h fcd
Td1+
h ---- r- >-
Msy v = Ns = I'z
Se I'z> I'y {I" J.12=J.1.y
b h fcd
1 d1+ /
btt
= As,tol fsyd fcd
O) tot
bh
A s,tot = O)1Ot b h
fcd fsyd
- J.-- -
DJO 020 DIO I DID D2D DJO
.........
jf'\
) /" =-1,0 r:: 1,/=0 :S ?S " /(
:::-1-- --
0,30
/ /:/ / - - --t--::
tB =------ - ::?: >o ""
/ t:::::-:I-- -t-. - :?:: , :
/
- "
-
/. J /" .......-1--
' D,2D
10.:';j?>< J--
'1\,.\ '..\. \\ \ ..'\
I//íV/I . ,/,i;'//
'j //I v/ U'''--
--
- -- t-.......
f'.........
'-. ",
\ "o'
.;, 1'. \ \
1'., , '>'."f\ (
0.1
.Q
- -" . . (D,IO
\\
'/i '////íl/; ----= l\V \ \'\
\ .
, 1\ '. \
\ . .
.:\I=-o,q-
\
ó\\\1\\ \ \ \ \ \
' \
. í ;,8/" i / ( / I/ / / II/((/' \ " \ \
\\ \,\\ \\\\ \':0/ !. 11I.

\=-06\ \
.;JIlI)
l !.') 11/J .I
)
\\ \\ 1/ / , '
I =-O,2r. -
0/ '/ j V/
' I
. ., .'
D,I
\\\ \\\\\\0\ "(:.0 L/ /
/ ' . 0,10
I
rt
(
\' \>«,
I\\: \,\ \ "$ =----::: /. » //
,.-
....,1 /j
--' - -'
v":/>
' ---= .. / r5s< 1/ ///j
(
D,2D
"- --::::: P>Xv
-----
r--:=
t--.-
)
:::--;:;/ /,
t--.-- -' ,, /./.
::::----:::
l/
v/
/
.' /
V 0,30
-- // ' /
D.2D O,ID
I =-o, , l. - :"'-1
-:J---'___
=- 0,3
0
D.ID 1120
v/- I( /
Secções Rectangulares di! h = 0.10

A220
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial . [1] bl ! b = 0.10
1Msyl
b h2foo = J.1y
J.1z=
1MszI Se J.1y> J.1z { J.11
J.12= J.1z
b2 h foo
Ns
v =
b h foo
=
A s,tot
bh
f syd Astot-
, - (1)tot bh - foo
(1)tot foo fsyd
---------------
- - - - --- -
SecçõesRectangulares dI! h = 0.10

A220
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl I b = 0.10
1Msyl
J.1y=
b h2 foo
!Msz
J.1z=
1MszI Se J.Ly> J.Lz { J.12=J.1z
= J.L,
J.LI
r b2 h foo
/:V_
4: A"IoJ6
Ns = J.Lz
Msy v = Se J.Lz> J.Ly {J.LIJ.12=J.1y
h dI b h foo
di ...
4:++ t,+- A.,ux12
./!L b As.tot fsyd foo
CI)tot = A s.tot = Cl)tot b h
bh foo fsyd
0.10 -
,.
}JI I I~=-0,8
o
IJI I r ~=-O,6
0,10
0.20 0.10 }JI o ~I 0.10 0.20

}J2 Q,XI
Secções Rectangulares dI! h = 0.10

A400
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bI ! b = 0.10
1Msyl
J.1.y=
b h2 fcd
!Msz Se J.1.y>J.1.z {I1I=I1'
J.1.2= J.1.z
As,totl4 1MszI
J.1.z=
rd1t
h -
Msy v =
b2 h fcd
Ns Se J.1.z>J.1.y{I1.=I1z
J.1.2=J.1y
b h fcd
1 d1t++b---=4-
tt I As,tot f syd fcd
(O tot = bh fcd I A s,tot = (Otot b h fsyd
-- -
- -

84
Secções Rectangulares di I h = 0.10

A400
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl I b =0.10
1Msyl
J.1y=
b h2 fcd
!Msz
J.1z=
1MszI Se Ily > Ilz { Il,=
J.12=J.1z
Il y
rh d1:t: t-I- As.totl4

L---b -
b2 h fcd
Ns
v = Se Ilz> Ily {Il' Jl2= Jly
= Ilz
Msy
b h fcd
1 drt /
btt As.totfsyd A s.tot = O)tot b h
foo
O)tot = bh foo fsyd
85
Secções Rectangulares di I h =0.10 A400
1MSyl
Jly=
b h2 fcd
!Msz 1MszI Se l1y> 11%{111J.12= l1y
=
J.1z
AS)Dtl4
Jlz=
b2 h fcd
T
h
d1t ---- 7'
- Ns =
Se 11%>l1y {111J.12=11%
Msy v = J.1y
b h fcd
1 d1+ /
b\ b tt IDtot = As,tot fsyd
A s,tot = IDtot b h
fcd
bh foo fsyd
Ampliação
- - --
Grupo de BetAoAnnado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
86
-
Secções Rectangulares d: h =0.10
A400
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial .[1] bJ .~ = 0.10
."
1MSyl
b h2 fcd
1MszI
Jlz=
b2 h fcd
Ns
v =
b h fcd
CJ)tot =
--
A s,tot f syd
A s,tot = CJ)tot b h
bh fcd
87
Secções Rectangulares d1/h=O.lO

A400
1Msyl
b h2 fcd
1MszI
J.1z=
b2 h fcd
Ns
v =
b h fcd
CJ.)
tat =
--
A s,tot f syd
A s,tot = CJ.)tat bh
bh fcd
Ampliação
v
1=-0.81 I "" "..... "I ---... ......../1/' " ,f " I "=-0.6 I ".... 11120
0.201 "'lo.
}J2 }J2
}J2 }JI }J2
- - - - -- --- - --- - - -
- - - ----
SecçõesRectangulares dI I h =0.10
A400
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bI I b = 0.10
1Msyl
J.l.y=
b h2 foo
IMsz
,
A J6
s,to 1MszI
J.l.z=
b2 h foo
v = Ns
b h foo
As,tot fsyd
=
A s,1Ot rotot b h
rotot= bh foo
0.20
0.10
- I .J=-1,2l
O....
..- _..--------

89
Secções Rectangulares dI /h =0.10 A400

Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl / b =0.10
1Msyl
b h2 fcd
As.toJ6 1MszI
Jlz=
b2 h fcd
Ns
v =
b h fcd
ro tot = --
As.tot f syd
A s,tot = rotot bh f cd
bh fcd fsyd
Ampliação
OJO 0.05 /JI o /JI
0.10
0.05
. IJI
o
IJI
)) I . I ,
0.10
0.05 /JI o /JI 0.05
------ - --
Grupo de BelAoAnnado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
91
Secções Rectangulares di I h =0.10 A500

1Msyl
Jly=
b h2 fcd =Jly
Jlz=
1MszI
Se Jly> Jlz { Jll
Jl2 = Jlz
b2 h fcd
Ns
v =
b h fcd
O)IOt= --
A 5,1Ot f 5yd
A 5,1Ot = O)lOt bh f cd
bh fcd f5yd
0.50 0.'0
qsol
10,'11
q20
o.
O,D,
Q50
O,LO Q50
- - - - - - -
92
Secções Rectangulares dI / h = 0.10

A500
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bI / b = 0.10
1MSyl
J..ly=
b h2 fcd
!Msz
J..lz=
1MszI Se 1', > 1', { J..l2=J..lz
1'1 = 1',
As,totl4 b2 h fcd
Td1t
h l.-----r- Ns { =1',
J..l2=J..ly
Msy v = Se 1',> 1', 1'1
b h fcd
1 d1t /
1btt A s,tot fsyd fcd
ro tot = bh
A s,tot = rotot bh
fcd fsyd
.-- -.- -..-.---------

93
Secções Rectangulares di / h = 0.10

ASOO
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl /b =0.10
1MSyl
J.1y=
b h2 foo
!Msz 1MSzI Se l1y> 11. { =
=J.1z
J.12 l1y
111
T d1t
-/ As,totl2
J.1z=
b2 h foo
v = Ns Se11.>l1y { = 11.
J.12=
111 J.1.y
L4 / M; b h foo
btt As,tot fsyd foo

CJ)tat = bh
A s,tat = CJ)tat bh
foo fsyd
- -- -----
SecçõesRectangulares dI / h = 0.10
A500
Flexão Desviada com Esforço Axial [1] bl / b =0.10
1Msyl
y=
b h2 fcd
!Msz 1MszI Se Ily> Ilz {Ill =Ilyz
2=
z=
r b2 h fcd
/:V_
+: A",oc!6
v = . Ns Se Ilz> Ily {Ill 2=
= 11,y
h d, b h fcd
1 dI --. Msy
+: ++ b-=4-
tt A"IOJ2
As.tot fsyd fcd
CJ)tot = bh
A s,tot = CJ)tot bh
fcd fsyd
0.1.0 0.1.0
0,50 0.50
}J2 }J2
0.'0 0,30 0,'0 0.50
}J2 }J2
-- ..
Estados Limites de Deformação

Cálculo de Flechas - Método dos Coefi-cientesGlobais
Referências:
[4] - CEB, Manual on Cracking and Deformations, Bulletin D'Information

nQ158-E, Construction Press, 1985.
--- -
97
Cálculo de deformações - Método dos coeficientes globais [4]
A's
p-~ bd p' = bd
I!!CARREGAMENTO ~1 = 1.0 ~2 = 1.0
~a.p
...
0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
v /' V ....... .- - 0.030
l/ V .- j..--'" i-
0.0 ~o
3.0
./ ./
V -- .- - -- lo--
2.0 / ./ V - I--. 0.060

/ L,.r'" - t-"'
0.100
1.0 0.200
I I I
0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.\1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
MD < Mcr
Estado I I I MD~Mcr
I Estadon
ACÇÕES REPETIDAS ~1 = 1.0 ~2 = 0.5
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0 0.015
. 6. O
0.020
5.0 0.025
11.0 0.030
3.0 0.0110
2.0 0.060
1.0 8: ~88 Mcr
0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.\1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 MD
MD< Mcr
Estado I I I MD ~ Mcr
I Estado II
- -- --- - - -
-- -
-
Cálculode deformações Método dos coeficientesglobais [4]
As I A's
T P =- bd p=-
h bd h 3
1[:]1
1
-t- b-+
a =- Es
Ec
== 7.0
at = (7) 11
kt ac
Kt I
q> = 1.5 I .«.p
..-
_0.010
10.0 1--- .- . --1--- ..I -I- -
J...-
9.0 -- t--' .- '-- --t- - I-
B.O - , 0.015
7.0 -
6.0 0.020
- 0.025
5.0 -. 0.030
11.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
a
T
- -
0.0110
0.060
0.100
0.200
Ma
- 0.0
1.0 0.9 (Le o. 7 0.6 0.5 0.11-0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 MD
MD< Mcr
Estado 1 tI L MD> Mcr (Estado lI)
let I
q> = 2.5 1
.«.p
..-
10.0 0.010
9.0
8.0 0.015
7.0 0.020
6.0 0.025
5.0 0.030
11.0 0.0110
3.0 0.060
2.0 0.100
0.200
1.0 Mcr
0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.11 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 MD
MD< Mcr
Estado I L Mo > Mcr (Estado lI)
Kt I
q> = 3.5 I
.«.p
..-
0.010
10.0
9.0 , 0.015
8.0
0.020
7.0
6.0 0.025
0.030
5.0 0.0110
11.0 0.060
3.0 0.100
2.0 .. 0.200
1.0 Mcr
-. 0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.11 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Mo
MD < Mcr
Estado I L Mo> M cr (Estado II)
99
Cálculo de deformações - Método dos coeficientes globais [4]
rd ~ T
h
1 l:J
~
-+-b-+
1
a.p
11 ....
1.o --,
1 ~ I I
I I I I I I '_li 01
~. , --;!:::::t- . -
0.9
" , - f--I
0.8
r-
r- ~
""
~~
__
- os
~ '" -, o
0.7 I" _
- i' i'.... I
0.6 - , -
- - c--r-- ~ - I o
0.5 -
-~~ ~~~
0.4 r- I i J I I I I I I I I 1
-t-r-11 1 1 J l~ p'/p
0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
- -- - - -- --- - -
---
Estados Limites de Deformação

Cálculo de Curvaturas
Flecha devida à Retracção
Referências:
[4] - CEB, Manual on Cracking and Defomlations, Bulletin D'Infonnation

nQ158-E, Construction Press, 1985.
- ------------ - - -
----
Grupo de Belão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
103
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k sI [4] o $ d' / h $ 0.2
A's
p = p' =
bd
7.0
. d/h = 1.0
1.0I
, -- -r-- - -1---
"'- , .......
-- ,
0.9I ,
.... -
,
o.a, ,
,
- : , " -
: ,
0.7, , ; I '"
- "",=.\ -' p'/p .0
-
-
0.6i ,"",= p'/p - 0.25
\
""t:
p'/p -0.5
0.5 I I p'/p .1
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 CI.p
0.1 0.2
".1
d/h = 0.9
1.0
0.9
.
o.a
o "'-"""jp'/ p -o
I I __'s:'.. .
o., ,. I I
. ,', p'/ P - 0.25
rr - --\ p'/ p . 0.5
- ->,-
0.6 ..
-,
!..l-
0.51
0.001
I
0.002
I I I I II I
0.01
I
0.02
! I ! H-++r---1
0.1 0.2
. a.p
ICSI
I
d/h =0.8
1.0
-- u.
- -
0.9 .....
'-'- .....p./p-o
'- ., ,
, ., ,
-,
0.8 p'/p.O.25
. _o. __ - , . \
' \
_._--
--- -.. \..\"-. /p.n5
.- -.\.--
o. 'I : I I , I. I I \
,.
.--- p'/ p. 1
0.6 a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 O.OZ 0.1 O.Z
--

104
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k 52 [4] o ;5;;dI / h ;5;;0.2
A's
p = p' =
bd
\ d/h = 1.0
\
\
40 ,\ I
lO
i
I
! I I ,
I IJ 11
.. . ' '\ i
I I . I ...i
i ; :8
I '\ I I I I
30 . I '\ :
I , 7
,
, I 6 '\
,
20 ,"' 5 :
'"
10
I' 4
.J!o
3
0P"p"'1
2
- 1"0.
t
1 -
I
I CI'P
O,
ClOOI 0.002 0.01 0.D2 0.1 0.2
It s2
d/h = 0.9
\
50
401 . .
. t::i::!
\
'
'-'-----L
I
I I
30 I
,
i
20
I
10
I I
------
O CI'P
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
It 12
d/h = 0.8
\
\
70
\
. .
80
50
40 20
30 15
20 I
O"'P"P""
lO 5
--..:
O CI'P
0.00 I 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
105
d/h =
1.0
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k <p1[4] OS dI / h S 0.2
A's
p= p' = bd
Xq>=2
1.o
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
p'/ P - o
....--
~-- I
O.~ - 0.25
~_.p'/p
~--
0.3 p' I P - 0.5
p'/p - 1
0.2 a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
Xq>=3
1.0 I
,
0.9
o.e
--
0.7
0.6 ,
"-
--.:;:: p'l -o
0.5
0.4
..... p'l p - 0.25
0.3 p'l P - 0.5
'-<!' p'l P- 1
0.2 a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
--
106 Grupo de Betão Annadoe Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
d/h = 0.9
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k cpl [4] O~ d' / h S 0.2
A's
p =
p' = bd
Xq>=2
.
1.0 '--
-
t:::. +-=
O.S ;= ~
'--
--==- .-; j. . 1
0.8 =--
'-- . . .
-
0.7
=-=
- ~
- . -
-- ' -o
~~~
PI
- ---" - ~
.
-+-'
0.6 ,=- -
_- - _ - --A.-' """
o. .~ -I- .
===--
- ~
P'/ p - 0.25
·
o. p - 0.5
-=
- - -
~
~
O. It:::-
0.001
--'
~
0.002
-<::j~-
+-'
0.01
---t
0.02 O. \
~
-~p'/ p-1
=~
:';p"
0.2
-
a.p
X<p=3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7 -
0.6 -o
0.5 - ......
0.4 p'l p - 0.25
-
P - 0.5
0.3
p- 1
0.2
0.001 0.002 0.0\ 0.02
a.p
O. I 0.2
- -
0.8 ~ d I h ~ 1.0
Cálculo de curvaturas
I
- coeficiente k cp2[4] d I I h 0.0 =
A's
p = p' =
bd
t
Id'ij ..& r
A~ 1
+- b-+
I
bd
Xq>=2
t
o. (......
I..- I
_- 1
I
i!
II 'I
' P p-o
!
- -:. .
,,--;-' -, -,
-! ! I
' " ,
; I'
' , ~
I
0.3 '1-
i ; I .
-
I ,:
,,';'
'"
r-
L- 1--' TII I '
"I
I
,,;1.I
I ' ;T '
I 1/
'
7-
'"
I
I
~ ' /
,'- ,.-
0.2
~ ! I"
.
p 0.25
:i
~,,'.'
~ '-~ I ' -"I -r .r, --

'- ' ,..." '
"- -
~
' > 'I, -=---- P I p.O.5
,"
0.1
~
I
I I
I I
11 ' ...0'1 /'f __ . ! III ~0 I I""..
- -- p.
~
'
~~ I " ' '
I " PI 1
-~----- -
I' .
_ I I T
0.0 L I T~DI ' '1 '--
~ , '1 ,-
'T' : l-rl:I
-, -
a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 O. I 0.2
Xq>=3
1
o. I I
I
J J ..l. J. ...1 ..l. ...1 ; ! '...1
I J. I .l-
I I :
I
-1 J -!-
p'l p.o
-1 : /
o. I
I
.J.
.1 :....
- ;
-+
I .
/ -
.1 --
.1 .J LI:
0.2 .1 .1
I L I
IJ - ...:::: p'l p - 0.25

...L
.1. -1--+ :t:::: ...1
! '.1 t::l , -,
0.1 I 11 p'l p.0.5
:::::::-:- .;..'
- I ..:. i
1---- p'l p. 1
...!.
0.0
I
0.001
...1
0.002
l. .1 -.lI
0.01 0.02
.1 .1
UL
...LL
O. I
-
0.2
- a.p
109
0.8 s;d/h s; 1.0
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k q>2[4] dI / h = 0.1
A's
p = p' =
bd
a =- Es == 7.0
Ec
X<p=2
o." I I I I I r
p'l p.o
0.3I /- -
"/L-
-- __
L
0.2 -;;::; p'l p . 0.25

..,'
I "'"
i/
i
-- - p'l p.0.5
- '
/i'/ -
O.I -
,-
T
, i
I
I.
I
I --- p'l p.1

1 I
I
0.0 11 ---I i .1 ..... a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 O.I 0.2
X<P=3
t
LI~
- I I 1
- I:
__ I I I I "
+_I-~ 11 I! -
- - I -' -- ' p.O
0.3
.,
" I" T---1-~
' , ,,, " "
-;r-
---,
-I
-l --I I I
I1
, I I -~~ -
,-'
L I II
' , ' -~ " ' ,, ;L= p/
,-' ++ '" Ti 1'
~ ,"" 7"
0.2 .l- ! _ I
-
- _~
I
"' , " ,!y --
'
P I p 0.25.
~
_ ,-' lTl'!
I
,
I 1I
' 4 ''
1/'- ' .A y"

'Vf i
, '
'
, II -..;:;; '
P I p.0.5
I ,+ I r1 í . I ,.' -
O.I I ~
_ . i '.
- I I II Y'___, I" ,- - p. 1
_ _~ I '
,, .'~:p::::j -
-
,"
C=
,
0.0
+I I
TI' -- I -LJ--i-L
I II II Il -, .,," i
'---'--+-- , I ,. : --=:;
" I:111 : I I- p'/
---j
a.p.
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 O. I 0.2
0.8 S;d I h S;1.0

Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k <p2[4] dI I h = 0.2
A's
p = p' =
bd
Xq>=2
0.4..
J J ; '...l ..L
I , ,
, ; I - .
I -'- :
..;..
.l ! : . : ; -
:
-1. , i i.l '..... - -o
I I p'/l
...!...I I i.l
..1
+
; ...l I .
. : -+
0.3 J
' :
; i I .
..
.I-
I
I
.
.J
L I :
. /L_
:-'- --
I /
I
...l i ...i ; .i : 11 p'/ p - 0.25
I
...l I .l . i Li.
0.2 ;
...i
i , I
I .l ...l...J.J -
+
I L' L t:....
'.
.
-- - p'/ p - 0.5
I
'...i -
I .J .. .1 J I !
I -c;;_.:. p'l
0.1 --.i J., !
--- =- . ..L -
..l..J. .
1. '.. .. '-1.+ : --
.. li!'""""'" , I
-
-L .1 i .1
0.0 l
0.001
1 J. -L .1 i . 1-11. 1 1 .1 J. 1 LU -1 ... a.p
0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
Xq>=3
..
0.4 L.-
L.- I
----=t:=t I i I !
- I 111; o- .;
- ' -, -o
- I ,,'
' ,o
o
0.3 __ I H--i- n' , -' o' ----j
-- I
I '
' I
I I
'--
"I
I ,-
,-'-
-
_
0.2
_
_
_>--
I 1I
TTi"
IT.--r-
I. oi f--------j----'
o
-,
i
:
;'
"
o
".
o
'o
. , . / r:7!---
---;>" p"
p - 0.25
-
_ _'-- 111+
IT
o -
.·
_:
'
'o
o
o
o
- , y
c.;<--
· ,'
-
--- p'/
p - 0.5
-,' /, ! : 0_
0.1
L
:::==11
'--
o 1 1
1 1 'T-
T
i
I :
-
/ -: !: ----::-
--
o -
=== p'/ p. 1
I
1
I - o /,,<
I I
I
I
I
: I I .
I
---
-:- p'/
'- I ; 1-- T I I I i
ml-==:j
I
T I
0.0 L=-- I I I I I I II I t-t-: I I . I - .... a.p

0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
111
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k csl [4]

x cp= 2.5
OS di I h S 0.2
A's
p =
p' = bd
d I h = 1.0
"CS1
j
1.2 -
1.1 p'/ -o
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 p'/ - 0.25
0.5
0.11
----- p'/ - 0.5
0.3
0.2
o.
0.0 i
-- p'/ p-1
a.p
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
"CS1 d I h = 0.8
O.Bi
p'/p -o
0.7 . .
0.6 i
0.5 I
0.11
--
. . p' / fJ - 0.25
0.3
0.2 I
. -....-.-- p'/fJ - 0.5
0.1
0.0 a.p
o .001 0.002 .... 0"1 n 02 o.
I
I
-. p.' p - 1
---
Cálculo de curvaturas - coeficiente k cs2 [4]

x <p= 2.5
0.8$ d/h $ 1.0
A's
p' =
bd
d' / h = 0.0
"cs2
.
1. 3,L- I-- =
1.2
1.1 ~
- = - _ '"'" _""2.
;::: p' /
p-o
. -- -- --
1.0
- -
0.9 ~- ~
0.8
-
'0.7
- p'! p 0.25.
0.6 -
o.s
p - 0.5
0.11 - - =
0.3
- ~
...,
i:: = ==:j
-==; - -
p'/
p'!...
0.2 '
0.001 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.2
d' / h = 0.2
" cs2
+
1.3 ::::::::;:::=
1.2
--I-
~~
-o
-== . :~ -- ::::I
1.1 .~ ~-= p'/
_. - ======== .-=
-
1.0, .- =~
~
-~ . -===
~
--= ~
-~= -- '
0.9 P ! p . 0.25
0.6,~
t ---
c -
0.7 ,~
~ -,..=--= ............ P'! p - 0.5
~ -r= -
~
0.6 '--
--'- - -
0.5 '-=- =0.-= -f+'- ~.L.-+

.~ ~
~
~:"C"'"-=
-
-=-
----" p'i p. 1
0.11
f--
-
0.001 0.002
~--<
0.01 0.02
=<-- -
0.1
-.~
>:;:::
0.2
- a.p
Tipode Viga I Õ
Estado 11(Fendilhado) 1.0
L 1EcsI I Vigasimplesmente
apOIada I
acs =k Mcr MD 2Mcr
30 x 1Õ5 I Viga bi-encastrada I 0.5
k d/h =0.9 ; X <p= 2.0
Consola I 4.0
p'/p. O ---1 1;-n

Q
:r ..,
c
'8
0.25 I lo. o.
G
-.
< ti:!
o. G
E),
0.5 I I o
;I>
., 3
I»
-- o.
.,= o
o
n
o.(')
'"O
..,
I G.
I
o Ir
c Õ'
=
-. I»
õ' o.
o
.,
3 -ti)I
"'"i
..-.
......
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.15

). . ó. ~ . 40 t EXEMPLE
Q.p.0.20
-
-
w.
Cálculo de Tensões em Estado Fendilhado
Secções Rectangulares
------- - - - -
Flexão Composta com Compressão

13= As2/ ASl = O
Secções Rectangulares. Tensões em Estado Fendilhado
Ms
crsl= (1 Cs (1=- Es
bd2
t Ec
Td4-
d
As2
r crs2 crc = - Cc
Ms
bd2 p=-
ASl
.
crs2 = (1 -crcX
bd
1 crsl
Cc
( x - 0.1d)
es=-
Ms
-+- b--+ x= d N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
h d
_ +b/2
Tr[jM
11
+ N 1-
I + I +:N(H2) [jr
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00
"'p 00
.50 0.23 0.47 0.75 0.97 1.14 1.31 1.48 1.61 1.79 1.91 2.15 2.33 2.52
.40 0.27 0.56 0.90 1.16 1.37 1.59 1.80 1.96 2.18 2.33 2.610 2.87 3.10
.30 0.33 0.69 1.13 1.48 1.75 2.010 2.32 2.53 2.83 3.03 3.43 3.71, 10.05
.25 0.37 0.78 1.30 1.71 2.04 2.39 2.72 2.97 3.33 3.57 4.06 10.103 10.80
.20 0.42 0.91 1.54 2.05 2.46 2.90 3.31 3.62 4.07 10.37 4.98 5.45 5.91
.15 0.49 1.10 1.91 2.58 3.13 3.71 4.26 4.68 5.28 5.68 6.50 7.12 7.75
.12 0.55 1.26 2.25 3.09 3.77 4.49 5.18 5.71 6.46 6.97 8.00 8.77 9.56
Cs
.10 0.60 1.40 2.57 3.57 4.39 5.26 6.09 6.72 7.63 8.24 9.48 10.41 11.36
.08 0.66 1.60 3.02 4.26 5.28 6.37 7.102 8.22 9.36 10.12 11.67 12.85 110.03
.06 0.73 1.87 3.71 5.35 6.72 8.19 9.59 10.66 12.19 13.22 15.30 16.87 18.106
.05 0.77 2.06 1,.22 6.19 7.810 9.60 11.29 12.58 14.42 15.66 18.17 20.07 21.98
.01, 0.83 2.30 4.94 7.39 9.46 11.68 13.81 15.43 17.74 19.30 22.105 24.83 27.23
.03 0.89 2.63 6.03 9.31 12.08 15.07 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.72 35.93
.02 0.96 3.12 7.98 12.91 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 34.00 37.16 43.51, 48.37 53.21
.01 1.06 3.99 12.81 22.77 31.100 40.66 109.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 910.82 1010.59
.50 3.12 3.23 .3.36 3.46 3.53 3.61 3.68 3.73 3.80 3.85 3.94 1,.01 10.08
.40 3.11, 3.27 3.43 3.55 3.64 3.73 3.81 3.87 3.95 4.01 ".12 4.20 4.28
.30 3.16 3.33 3.53 3.68 3.79 3.90 4.00 4.08 10.18 4.25 1,.39 4.48 10.58
.25 3.18 3.38 3.60 3.77 3.90 10.03 10.15 4.23 4.35 1,.1,3 10.58 10.69 10.80
.20 3.21 3.43 3.70 3.90 4.06 4.21 4.35 4.45 4.59 4.68 1,.85 10.98 5.11
.15 3.21, 3.52 3.85 4.10 4.29 1,.1,7 4.61, 4.77 4.93 5.04 5.26 5.101 5.56
.12 3.27 3.59 3.98 4.27 4.1,9 4.71 4.91 5.05 5.25 5.37 5.62 5.80 5.97
Cc
.10 3.29 3.65 4.10 4."3 ".68 4.93 5.15 5.31 5.53 5.68 5.95 6.15 6.34
.08 3.32 3.73 4.25 4.64 4.94 5.22 5.48 5.67 5.92 6.09 6.40 6.63 6.85
.06 3.35 3.83 4.47 4.95 5.31 5.66 5.97 6.20 6.50 6.70 7.07 7.34 7.60
.05 3.37 3.91 4.63 5.18 5.58 5.98 6.33 6.58 6.92 7.13 7.55 7.85 8.14
.01, 3.40 1,.00 4.84 5.48 5.95 6.40 6.81 1.10 1.48 7.13 8.20 8.S" 8.87
.03 3.43 10.11 5.14 5.91 6.48 7.03 7.51 7.86 8.31 8.61 9.17 9.56 9.91,
.02 3.46 4.28 5.62 6.61, 7.38 8.09 8.70 9.14 9.72 10.09 10.79 11.28 11.76
.01 3.50 1,.56 6.62 8.25 9.40 10.48 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.44 14.1,7 15.19 15.87
------ --
Flexão Composta com Compressão =Ás2/ Ásl =0.2.5

Secções Rectangulares - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado d2 / d =0.05
Ms
<Jsl =a Cs
bd2
Es
(l=-
t Ec
T d,:j:
d
- As2
t <Js2
<Jc = - Cc
Ms
bd2 As1
p=- bd
<Js2 = a ( x - 0.1 d)
1 <Jsl
x
Ms
Cc es=-
-i- b-+ x= d N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
t
_
h d
H[:]M
11
+
d-+h!2
I + I +:N(d-) [:]1
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00
«p 5.00 10.00 00
.50 0.07 0.29 0.57 0.78 0.95 1.13 1.30 1.1,2 1.60 1.73 1.97 2.16 2.34
.40 0.11 0.38 0.71 0.98 1.19 1.1,1 1.61 1.77 2.00 2.15 2.1,6 2.69 2.92
.30 0.17 0.51 0.94 1.28 1.56 . 1.85 2.13 2.34 2.64 2.81, 3.25 3.56 3.87
.25 0.22 0.60 1.11 1.52 1.85 2.20 2.53 2.78 3.11, 3.38 3.88 1,.25 1,.62
.20 0.27 0.73 1.35 1.86 2.27 2.70 3.12 3.1,3 3.88 I,.19 1,.80 5.27 5.74
.15 0.35 0.93 1.72 2.39 2.94 3.52 4.07 1,.49 5.10 5.50 6.32 6.95 7.58
Cs .12 0.1,2 1.10 2.07 2.90 3.58 1,.30 5.00 5.53 6.28 6.79 7.82 8.61 9.39
.10 0.1,8 1.25 2.39 3.38 4.20 5.07 5.91 6.55 7.1,5 8.07 9.31 10.25 11. 20
.08 0.51, 1.45 2.85 1,.08 5.10 6.20 7.21, 8.05 9.19 9.96 11. 51 12.69 13.88
.06 0.63 1.73 3.54 5.18 6.55 8.01 9.1,2 10.50 12.03 13. 06 15.15 16.73 18.32
.05 0.68 1.92 1,.06 6.02 7.67 9.1,3 . 11.13 12.1,3 11,.27 15.51 18.03 19.93 21.85
.01, 0.75 2.17 1,.78 7.23 9.30 11.52 13.65 15.28 17.60 19.16 22.32 24.71 27.11
.03 0.82 2.51 5.88 9.15 11.93 14.92 17.78 19.97 23.08 25.18 29.41 32.61 35.82
.02 0.91 3.02 7.84 12.76 16.98 21.52 25.87 29.19 33.89 37.06 1,3.45 48.28 53.13
.01 1.03 3.91 12.69 22.65 31.29 40.57 49.43 56.17 65.71 72.13 85.04 94.78 104.56
.50 2.27 2.35 ' 2.45 2.53 2.58 2.64 2.69 2.73 2.78 2.82 2.88 2.93 2.98
.40 2.41 2.51 2.64 2.73 2.80 2.87 2.93 2.98 3.05 3.09 3.17 3.23 3.29
.30 2.57 2.70 2.87 2.99 3.08 3.18 3.26 3.32 3.40 3.46 3.57 3.61, 3.72
.25 2.66 2.82 3.01 3.16 3.27 3.38, 3.47 3.55 3.65 3.71 3.83 3.92 4.01
.20 2.76 2.96 3.19 3.37 3.50 3.63 3.75 3.84 3.96 4.03 1,.18 4.29 1,.39
.15 2.88 3.13 3.43 3.65 3.82 3.99 I,.14 4.25 4.39 1,.1,9 1,.68 4.81 1,.91,
I'" .12 2.97 3.25 3.61 3.88 4.08 4.28 4.46 4.59 4.77 4.88 5.10 5.25 5.41
"C
.10 3.03 3.35 3.77 4.08 4.31 4.54 4.75 4.89 5.09 5.22 5.47 5.65 5.82
.08 3.10 3.48 3.97 4.34 1,.61 4.88 5.12 5.30 5.53 5.68' 5.97 6.18 6.38
.06 3.18 3.63 4.24 4.70 5.04 5.37 5.66 5.87 6.16 6.34 6.69 6.94 7.18
.05 3.22 3.73 4.1,2 4.95 5.33 5.71 6.04 6.28 6.60 6.81 7.20 7.1,8 7.75
. aI, 3.27 3.84 4.66 5.27 ' 5.73 6.17 6.55 6.83 7.20 7.43 7.88 8.20 8.51
.03 3.33 3.99 4.98 5.74 6.29 6.83 7.29 7.62 8.06 8.35 8.88 9.26 9.63
.02 3.39 4.19 5.50 6.50 7.23 7.92 8.52 8.94 9.51 9.87 10.55 11.03 11.49
.01 3.46 1,.50 6.54 8.16 9.29 10.35 11.26 11. 90 12.71, 13.28 14.28 11,.99 15.67
119
Flexão Composta com Compressão f3 = As2/ As1 = 0.5

Secções Rectangulares - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado d2 / d = 0.05
Ms
asl =a Cs
bd2 a=- Es
t Ec
Td,t
d
- As2
+x l7f as2 ac = - Cc Ms
bd2 As1
p=- bd
as2 = a x (x - 0.1 d)
1 asl . Ms
Cc es=-
b-+ x= d N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
t
n[JM
h d + N
11_ +h!2 I + I +:N(HQ) [JI

es/d
p 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.50 - 0.20 0.46 0.68 0.85 1.03 1.20 1.32 1.51 1.63 1.88 2.07 2.26
.40 0.01 0.27 0.60 0.86 1.07 1.29 1.50 1.66 1.89 2.04 2.35 2.59 2.82
.30 0.07 0.39 0.81 1.15 1.43 1.72 2.00 2.22 2.52 2.72 3.13 3.45 3.76
.25 0.11 0.48 0.97 1.38 1.71 2.06 2.40 2.65 3.01 3.26 3.75 4.13 4.51
.20 0.16 0.60 1.21 1.71 2.12 2.56 2.98 3.30 3.75 4.06 4.68 5.14 5.62
.15 0.25 0.79 1.58 2.24 2.79 3.37 3.93 4.35 4.96 5.36 6.19 6.82 7.45
Cs .12 0.32 0.96 1.92 2.74 3.43 4.15 4.85 5.38 6.14 6.65 7.69 8.48 9.27
.10 0.37 1.11 2.24 3.23 4.04 4.92 5.76 6.40 7.31 7.93 9.18 10.12 11. 07
.08 0.45 1.31 2.69 3.92 4.95 6.04 7.10 7.90 9.05 9.82 11.38 12.57 13.76
.06 0.54 1.60 3.39 5.02 6.39 7.86 9.28 10.36 11.89 12.93 15.02 16.61 18.20
.05 0.60 1.80 3.91 5.86 7.51 9.29 10.99 12.29 llt.14 15.39 17.91 19.82 21.74
.04 0.67 2.05 4.63 7.08 9.15 11.38 13.52 15.15 17.47 19.04 22.20 24.60 27.01
.03 0.76 2.40 5.74 9.00 11.79 14.78 17.66 19.85 22.97 25.07 29.30 32.51 35.73
.02 0.86 2.92 7.70 12.63 16.85 21.40 25.75 29.08 33.79 36.97 43.36 48.20 53.06
.01 1.00 3.84 12.57 22.54 31.18 40.48 49.34 56.10 65.65 72.07 84.99 94.74 104.53
.50 - 1.85 1.93 1.99 2.04 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.20 2.22 2.27 2.31 2.35
.40 1.95 2.04 2.14 2.22 2.28 2.34 2.39 2.43 2.48 2.51 2.58 2.63 2.67
.30 2.16 2.27 2.42 2.52 2.60 2.68 2.75 2.80 2.87 2.92 3.01 3.07 3.13
.25 2.28 2.42 2.59 2.72 2.81 2.91 2.99 3.05 3.14 3.19 3.30 3.37 3.44
.20 2.43 2.60 2.81 2.96 3.08 3.20 3.30 3.38 3.48 3.55 3.68 3.77 3.86
.15 2.60 2.81 3.09 3.29 3.44 3.60 3.73 3.83 3.96 4.05 4.21 4.33 4.44
Cc .12 2.72 2.98 3.31 3.56 3.14 3.93 4.09 4.21 4.37 4.47 4.66 4.80 4.94
.10 2.81 3.11 3.49 3.78 4.00 .. 4.21 4.40 4.54 4.72 4.84 5.06 5.22 5.38
.08 2.91 3.26 3.72 .4.07 4.33 4.58 4.81 4.97 5.19 5.32 5.59 5.78 5.96
.06 3.02 3.45 4.03 4.47 4.79 5.11 5.38 5.58 5.85 6.02 6.35 6.58 6.80
.05 3.09 3.56 4.23 4.73 5.11 5.47 5.78 6.01 6.31 6.51 6.88 7.14 7.39
.04 3.16 3.70 4.49 5.09 5.52 5.95 6.32 6.58 6.93 7.16 7.59 7.89 8.18
.03 3.24 3.87 4.84 5.58 6.12 6.63 7.08 7.40 7.83 8.10 8.61 8.98 9.33
.02 3.33 4.10 5.38 6.37 7.08 7.76 8.34 8.75 9.30 9.65 10.31 10.78 11.23
.01 3.43 4.45 6.47 8.06 9.19 10.24 11.13 11.76 12.59 13.12 14.11 14.81 15.48
Flexão Composta com Compressão P=As21 As! = 1.0
Secções Rectangulares - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado d2 I d =0.05

Ms
crs1 =a Cs
bd2 a=- Es
As2
t Ms
Ec
Td2+ - x;t crs2 crc = - Cc As1
d -+- bd2 p=- bd
crs2 =a x (x - 0.1d)
1
-+- b-+-
.;,; crs1
x=
Cc
d
es=-
Ms
N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
hd + -t
_
H[JM
11 d-+h!2 I + I +:N(d-) [JI
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
rt:p
.50 - 0.09 0.35 0.56 0.74 0.92 1.09 1.22 1.41 1.54 1.79 1.98 2.18
.40 - 0.14 0.46 0.72 0.94 1.16 1.38 1.54 1.77 1.93 2.25 2.49 2.73
.30 - 0.24 0.64 0.99 1.27 1.57 1.85 2.07 2.38 2.59 3.01 3.32 3.64
.25 - 0.31 0.79 1.20 1.53 1.89 2.23 2.49 2.86 3.11 3.61 3.99 4.38
.20 0.02 0.42 1.01 1.51 1.93 2.37 2.79 3.12 3.58 3.89 4.52 4.99 5.47
.15 0.09 0.59 1.35 2.01 2.57 3.15 3.72 4.15 4.76 5.18 6.02 6.65 7.29
Cs .12 0.16 0.75 1.68 2.50 3.19 3.92 4.63 5.17 5.94 6.46 7.50 8.30 9.10
.10 0.22 0.90 1.99 2.98 3.80 4.68 5.53 6.18 7.10 1.72 8.98 9.910 10.89
.08 0.30 1.10 2.44 3.66 4.69 5.80 6.86 1.61 8.83 9.61 11.18 12.38 13.58
.06 0.40 1.38 3.13 4.16 6.13 7.61 9.04 10.12 11.67 12.11 14.82 16.42 18.02
.05 0.41 1.58 3.64 5.59 1.25 9.04 10.75 12.06 13.92 15.11 11.11 19.63 21.56
.04 0.55 1.84 4.31 6.81 8.89 11.13 13.28 14.92 17.26 18.83 22.01 24.42 26.84
.03 0.65 2.20 5.48 8.14 11.53 14. 54 11.43 19.63 22.76 24.81 29..13 32.34 35.58
.02 0.18 2.14 1.45 12.31 16.61 21.17 25.55 28.88 33.61 36.80 43.21 48.06 52.93
.01 0.94 3.10 12.34 22.32 30.99 40.30 49.19 55.96 65.54 71.91 84.91 94.67 104.41
.50 - 1.30 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.41 1.50 1.52 1.55 1.51 1.60 1.63 1.65
.40 - 1.48 1.56 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.14 1..17 1.81 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.95
.30 - 1.12 1.84 1.92 1.98 2.04 2.10 2.14 2.19 2. :?2 2.29 2.33 2.38
.25 - 1.89 2.02 2.13 2.20 2.28 2.34 2.39 2.46 2.:0 2.58 2.63 2.69
.20 1.95 2.09 2.26 2.39 2.49 2.58 2.67 2.73 2.81 2.86 2.96 3.03 3.10
.15 2.11 2.34 2.58 2.75 2.88 3.01 3.12 3.20 3.31 3.38 3.51 3.60 3.69
.12 2.33 2.54 2.83 3.05 3.21 3.37 3.51 3.60 3.74 3.82 3.98 4.10 4.21
Cc .10
2.45 2.70 3.04 3.30 3.49 3.68 3.84 3.96 4.11 4.21 4.40 4.54 4.67
.08 2.59 2.89 3.31 3.63 3.86 4.08 4.28 4.42 4.61 4.13 4.96 5.12 5.28
.06 2.15 3.13 3.66 4.01 4.36 4.65 4.90 5.08 5.32 5.41 5.76 5.96 6.16
.05 2.8 3.28 3.89 4.36 4.11 5.04 5.33 5.53 5.81 5.98 6.31 6.55 6.78
.04 2.95 3.45 4.19 4.75 5.16 5.55 5.89 6.14 6.46 6.67 7.06 1.33 7.60
.03 3.01 3.66 4.58 5.28 5.19 6.28 6.70 7.00 1.39 7.65 8.12 8.46 8.19
.02 3.20 3.93 5.17 6.12 6.80 1.45 8.01 8.40 8.93 9.26 9.88 10.33 10.15
.01 3.36 4.35 6.32 1.88 8.98 10.00 10.88 11.49 12.30 12.81 13.77 14.45 15.10
121
Flexão Composta com Compressão =As2/ ASI = 0.25

Secções Rectangulares - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado d2 / d = 0.10
Ms
=
crs1 (l Cs
bd2
Es
(l=-
t Ec
Td4-
d
As2
x
-+-
77 crs2 crc = - Cc Ms
bd2 As1
p=- bd
1 crs2= (l crc
x (x - 0.1 d)
crs1 Ms
N CC es=-
-+-b-+ x= d N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
t
h d
Tr[]M
11
+
_ -f;+b/2
N
I + I +:N(H) []I
es / d
ci.p 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.50 0.10 0.33 0.61 0.82 0.99 1.17 1.34 1.47 1.65 1.77 2.02 2.21 2.39
.40 0.14 0.42 0.75 1.02 1.23 1.45 1.66 1.82 2.05 2.20 2.51 2.74 2.98
.30 0.20 0.55 0.98 1.33 1.61 1.90 2.18 2.39 2.70 2.90 3.31 3.62 3.93
.25 0.25 0.64 1.16 1.57: 1.90 2.25 2.59 2.84 3.20 3.45 3.94 4.31 4.69
.20 0.30 0.77 1.40 1.91 2.32 2.76 3.18 3.50 3.95 4.25 4.87 5.34 5.81
.15 0.38 0.97 1.78 2.45 3.00 3.58 4.14 4.56 5.17 5.57 6.40 7.02 7.65
Cs .12 0.45 1.14 2.12 2.96 3.64 4.37 5.07 5.60 . 6.36 6.87 7.90 8.68 9.47
.10 0.50 1.29 2.45 3.44 4.27 5.14 5.98 6.62 7.53 8.15 9.39 10.33 11.28
.08 0.57 1.49 2.90 4.14 5.17 6.27 7.32 8.12 9.27 10.04 11.60 12.78 13.97
.06 0.65 1.77 3.60 5.25 6.62 8.09 9.50 10.58 12.11 13.15 15.24 16.82 18.41
.05 0.70 1.96 4.12 6.09 7.74 9.51 11.21 12.51 14.36 15.61 18.12 20.03 21.94
.04 0.77 2.21 4.84 7.30 9.38 11.61 13.74 15.37 17.69 19.26 22.41 24.80 27.21
.03 0.84 2.55 5.94 9.23 12.01 15.01 17.88 20.07 23.18 25.28 29.51 32.71 35.93
.02 0.93 3.05 7.90 12.84 17.07 21.61 25.97 29.29 33.99 37.16 43.55 48.38 53.23
.01 1.04 3.94 12.76 22.74 31.38 40.67 49.52 56.27 65.81 72.22 85.12 94.86 104.63
.50 2.34 2.43 2.54 2.62 2.68 2.74 2.80 2.84 2.89 2.93 3.00 3.06 3.11
.40 2.47 2.59 2.72 2.82 2.89 2.97 3.03 3.09 3.15 3.20 3.29 3.35 3.42
.30 2.63 2.77 2.94 3.07 3.17 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.51 3.57 3.68 3.76 3.84
.25 2.71 2.88 3.09 3.24 3.35 3.46 3.57 3.64 3.75 3.81 3.94 4.04 4.13
.20 2.81 3.02 3.26 3.44 3.58 3.72 3.84 3.93 4.05 4.13 4.29 4.40 4.51
.15 2.93 3.18 3.49 3.72 3.89 4.06 4.22 4.33 4.49 4.59 4.7& 4.92 5.06
Cc .12 3.01 3.30 3.67 3.94 4.15 4.36 4.54 4.67 4.85 4.97 5.20 5.36 5.52
.10 3.06 3.40 3.82 4.14 438 4.61 4.82 4.97 . 5.18 5.31 5.57 5.76 .. 5.93
.08 3.13 3.51 4.02 4.39 4.67 4.95 5.20 5.37 5.61 5.77 6.07 6.28 6.49
.06 3.20 3.66 4.28 4.75 5.09 5.43 5.73 5.95 6.24 6.43 6.79 7.04 7.29
.05 3.25 3.76 4.46 4.99 5.39 5.77 6.11 6.35 6.68 6.89 7.29 7.58 7.86
.04 3.29 3.87 4.70 5.32 5.78 6.22 6.62 6.90 7.28 7.52 7.98 8.31 8.62
.03 3.34 4.01 5.02 5.78 6.34 6.88 7.35 7.69 8.14 8.43 8.98 9.37 9.74
.02 3.40 4.21 5.53 6.54 7.27 7.97 8.58 9.01 9.58 9.95 10.64 11.13 11.61
.01 3.47 4.52 6.57 8.19 9.33 10.41 11.32 11.97 12.82 13.36 14.39 15.11 15.80
-- -
- - -
Flexão Composta com Compressão = As2/ Ast = 0.5

Secções Rectangulares -Tensões em Estado Fendilhado =
d2 / d 0.10
Ms
O'sl = (l Cs
bd2
Es
(l=-
t Ec
T d2+
d
- As2
J O's2
O'c = - Cc Ms
bd2 ASI
p=- bd
= (l x ( x - 0.1d)
-f:;
O's2
1 O'sl Ms
Cc es=-
+- b-+ x= d N
(Cc+ Cs)
TN
-J-:-t
hd
HGM
11 _+
d-+hfl I + I +:N(d-) G1
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00. 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
clp
.50 0.03 0.25 0.52 0.74 0.91 1.09 1.26 1.39 1.58 1.70 1.95 2.14 2.33
.40 0.06 0.32 0.66 0.93 1.14 1.36 1.58 1.74 1.97 2.12 2.43 2.67 2.91
.30 0.12 0.45 0.88 1.23 1.51 1.81 2.09 2.30 2.61 2.81 3.23 '3.54 3.86
.25 0.16 0.54 1.05 1.46 1.80 2.15 2.49 2.75 3.11 3.36 3.86 4.23 4.61
.20 0.21 0.67 1.29 1.80 2.22 2.66 3.08 3.1,0 3.86 1,.17 4.79 5.26 5.73
.15 0.30 0.86 1.66 2.34 . 2.89 3.48 1,.04 1,.47 5.08 5.1,9 6.32 6.95 7.58
Cs .12 0.36 1.03 2.01 2.85 3.51, I,. 27
1,.97 5.51 6.27 6.79 7.83 8.62 9.1,1
.10 0.42 1.18 2.34 3.34 1,.16 5.05 5.89 6.53 7.1,5 8.07 9.32 10.27 11.22
.08 0.1,9 1.39 2.79 1,.01, 5.07 6.18 7.21, 8.04 9.19 9.97 11.54 12.72 13.92
.06 0.59 1.67 3.50 5.15 6.53 8.01 9.1,3 10.51 12.05 13.09 15.19 16.78 18.38
.05 0.64 1.87 1,.02 5.99 7.66 9.1,1, 11.15 12.45 11,.31 15.56 18.08 19.99 21.91
.01, 0.11 2.12 1,.74 7.21 9.30 11. 54 13.68 15.32 17.65 19.22 22.38 24.78 27.19
.03 0.79 2.1,7 5.86 9.15 11.95 11,.95 17.83 20.03 23.15 25.25 29.49 32.70 35.92
.02 0.89 2.98 7.83 12.78 17.02 21.58 25.91, 29.27 33.99 31.16 43.56 48.39 53.25
.01 1.01 3.89 12.70 22.71 31.31 1,0.67 1,9.51, 56.29 65.83 12.25 85.16 91,.89 101,.66
.50 1.88 1.95 2.04 2.11 2.16 2.21 2.26 2.30 2.31, 2.37 2.U t.48 2.2
.1,0 2.04 2.14 2.25 2.34 2.1,0 2.1,7 2.53 2.57 2.63 2.61 2.75 2.80 2.85
.30 2.24 2.37 2.53 2.61, 2.73 2.81 2.89 2.95 3.03 3.08 3.18 3.25 3.32
.25 2.37 2.52 2.70 2.84 2.91, 3.01, 3.13 3.20 3.29 3.35 3.1,7 3.55 3.61,
.20 2.50 2.69 2.91 3.08 3.21 3.33 3.1,4 3.53 3.64 3.71 3.85 3.95 1,.05
.15 2.67 2.90 3.19 3.1,0 3.56 3.73 3.87 3.97 1,.12 1,.21 4.39 4.52 4.64
4.22 1,.35 4.52 4.63 4.84 4.99 5.14
Cc .12 2.78 3.05 3.1,0 3.66 3.86 4.05
.10 2.86 3.18 3.58 3.89 4.11 1,.33 4.53 4.68 1,.87 5.00 5.24 5.41 5.58
.08 2.96 3.33 3'81 4.17 1,.44 4.70 4.91, 5.11 5.34 5.48 5.77 5.97 6.17
.06 3.07 3.51 1,.11 4.56 1,.89 5.22 5.51 5.72 6.00 6.18 6.53 6.77 7.01
.05 3.13 3.62 1,.31 4.82 5.21 5.58 5.91 6.15 6.1,6 6.67 7.06 7.31, 7.60
.04 3.19 3.75 4.56 5.17 5.62 6.06 6.1,4 6.71 7.08 1.32 1.77 8.09 8.40
.03 3.26 3:92 4.91 5.66 6.21 6.74 7.20 7.53 1.91 8.26 8.80 9.18 9.55
.02 3.35 1,.14 5.41, 6.44 7.17 1.86 8.46 8.89 9.45 9.81 10.50 10.99 11.46
.01 3.41, 4.41 6.51 8.13 9.21 10.34 11.25 11. 89 12.15 13.29 11,.31 15.01, 15.73
123
Flexão Composta com Compressão ~ = Asz/ Ast = 1.0

SecçõesRectangulares - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado dz / d = 0.10
Ms
ac asl =a Cs
bd2 (1=-Es
tx as2 Ms
I
Ec
Td4-
d
As2
+
ac = - Cc
bd2 As1
I
p=- bd
as2 =a x (x - 0.1d)
1 asl Ms
Cc es=-
+- b-+ x= d I N
(Cc+ Cs) I
TN
-J:t
[;]1
<FC>
H[;]M
hd
11 _+
d-+hfl I + I +:N(d.)
es/ d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00. 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
clp
.50 - 0.15 0.1,2 0.61, 0.82 1.00 1.18 1.31 1.50

1.63 1.88 2.07 2.27
.1,0 - 0.21 0.55 0.82 1.03 1.26 1.1,8 1.65 1.88
2.01, 2.35 2.59 2.81,
.30 0.00 0.32 0.75 1.10 1.39 1.69 1.98 2.19 2.51
2.71 3.14 3.46 3.78
.25 0.01, 0.1,0 0.90 1.32 1.66 2.02 2.37 2.63 3.00
3.25 3.76 4.11, 1,.53
.20 0.09 0.52 1.13 1.65 2.07 2.52 295 3.28 1,.05
3.71, 1,.68 5.16 5.61,
.15 0.16 0.70 1.1,9 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.90 1,.31, 1,.95
5.37 6.21 6.85 7.49
0.23 0.86 1.83 2.68 3.38 4.12 1,.83 5.38
6.15 6.67 7.72 8.52 9.32
Cs .12
.10 0.29 1.01 2.15 3.16 4.00 4.89. 5.75 6.40 7.33 7.96 9.22 10.18 11.11,
.08 0.37 1.22 2.61 3.86 1,.91 6.03 7.10 7.92 9.08 9.86 11.1,5 12.64 13.85
.06 0.1,7 1.51 3.32 1,.98 6.37 7.87 9.30 10.1,0 11.95 13.00 15.11 16.71 18.32
.05 0.53 1.71 3.81, 5.83 7.51 9.31 11.03 12.35 11,.22 15.1,8 18.02 19.94 21.87
.04 0.61 1.97 4 .57 . 7. 06 9.16 11.42 13.58 15.23 17.58 19.16 22.31, 24.75 27.17
.03 0.70 2.32 5.69 9.01 11.83 11,.86 17.76 19.97 23.10 25.22 29.47 32.69 35.92
.02 0.82 2.86 7.69 12.67 16.94 21.52 25.90 29.24 33.98 37.16 1,3.58 48.42 53.28
.01 0.97 3.79 12.60 22.65 31.35 40.68 49.57 56.33 65.89 72.31 85.22 94.96 101,.73
.50 - 1.40. 1.47 1.53 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.67 1.71 1.731.78 1.82 1.85
.40 - 1.59 1.68 1."75 1.81 1.86 1.91 1.94 1.99 2.022.08 2.12 2.16
.30 1.74 1.81, 1.97 2.07 2.14 2.21 2.28 2.32 2.39 2.432.51 2.57 2.62
.25 1.88 2.00 2.16 2.28 2.37 2.45 2.53 2.59 2.66 2.712.81 2.88 2.95
.20 2.05 2.21 2.40 2.55 2.66 2.77 2.86 2.93 3.03 3.093.21 3.30 3.38
.15 2.26 2.46 2.72 2.91 3.06 3.20 3.33 3.1,2 3.54 3.62 3.78 3.89 4.00
2.42 3.21 3.39 3.56 3.72 3.83 3.98 1,.08 4.27 4.40 4.53
Cc .12 2.66 2.97
.10 2.54 2.81 3.19 3.46 3.67 3.88 4.06 4.19 4.36 1,.48 4.69 4.85 5.00
.08 2.67 3.00 3.45 3.79 4.04 4.28 4.50 1,.66 4.87 5.00 5.26 5.45 5.63
.06 2.83 3.23 3.80 4.23 4.54 4.85 5.12 5.32 5.58 5.75 6.07 6.30 6.53
.05 2.91 3.37 4.02 4.52 4.88 5.24 5.55 5.77 6.07 6.26 6.63 6.90 7.15
.01, 3.01 3.54 4.31. 4.90 5.33 5.75 6.11 6.38 6.73 6.95 7.38 7.69 7.99
.03 3.12 3.71, 1,.70 5.1,3 5.96 6.1,7 6.92 7.21, 7.67 7.94 8.46 8.84 9.20
.02 3.24 1,.00 5.28 6.26 6.97 7.65 8.23 8.65 9.21 9.56 10.24 10.72 11.19
.01 3.38 1,.39 6.41 8.01 9.14 10.20 11.11 11.75 12.60 13.14 14.17 14.90 15.60
_ _' ..'_.U._'.'
Cálculo de Tensões em Estado Fendilhado
Secções em T
- - - - --- ---- - - -
Flexão Composta com Compressão b I bw =2

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hf/d=O.l
b Es
crs = cx Cs
tx crc cx=~
-+- As1
crc= - Cc
P=bd
Cc
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
1
d
I]
-
+ t~
Yo
+
(/,s/d
0(1' 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.3000 0.17 0.56 1.03 1.39 1.67 1.97 2.25 2.47 2.77 2.97 3.38 3.68 4.00
.2000 0.22 0.76 1.1,2 1.95 2.37 2.81 3.23 3.54 3.99 4.30 4.91 5.37 5.84
.1600 0.25 0.88 1.69 2.34 2.86 3.41 3.93 4.33 4.89 5.27 6.03 6.62 7.20
.1200 0.30 1.07 2.11 2.95 3.64 4.37 5.06 5.59 6.35 6.85 7.88 8.66 9.45
.1000 0.33 1.20 2.41 3.42 4.24 5.12 5.95 6.59 7.49 8.11 9.34 10.28 11.23
.0800 0.36 1.38 2.84 4.09 5.11 6.21 7.25 8.05 9.19 9.96 11.51 12.69 13.88
Cs .0600 0.41 1.63 3.50 5.14 6.51 7.97 9.38 10.45 11.98 13.01 15.09 16.68 18.27
.0500 0.104 1.79 3.98 5.91, 7.59 9.35 11. 04 12.34 14.18 15.1,2 17.94 19.81, 21.76
.01,00 0.107 2.01 4.65 7.10 9.16 11.38 13.51 15.11, 17.1,6 19.02 22.18 21,.57 26.98
.0300 0.51 2.30 5.67 8.92 11.70 11,.68 17.55 19.75 22.87 24.97 29.21 32.42 35.65
.0250 0.53 2.49 6.43 10.33 13.67 17.28 20.75 23.1,0 27.16 29.70 34.81 38.68 42.57
.0200 0.55 2.73 7.1,8 12.36 16.58 21.13 25.50 28.84 33.58 36.76 43.19 1,8.04 52.92
.0150 0.58 3.03 9.08 15.62 21.32 27.1,7 33.35 37.85 44.21 48.1,8 57.10 63.60 70.13
.0100 0.61 3.45 11.90 21.84 30.55 39.94 48.90 55.71 65.310 71.81 81,.81 91,.60 101,.1,3
.0050 0.65 4.08 18.89 39.38 57.43 76.68 94.91 108.71 128.15 141.16 167.26 186.88 206.55
.3000 4.79 1,.91, 5.12 5.26 5.36 5.46 5.56 5.63 5.72 5.79 5.91 6.00 6.09
.2000 4.81 5.02 5.27 5.46 5.60 5.74 5.87 5.96 6.09 6.17 6.34 6.46 6.57
.1600 10.82 5.07 5.37 5.59 5.75 5.92 6.07 6.18 6..33 6.43 6.62 6.76 6.89
.1200 1,.81, 5.14 5.51 5.78 5.99 6.19 6.38 6.51 6.70 6.81 7.04 7.21 7.37
.1000 4.85 5.19 5.61 5.92 6.16 6.39 6.60 6.75 6.96 7.09 7.35 7.53 7.71
.0800 1,.87 5.25 5.75 6.12 6.39 6.66 6.91 7.08 7.32 7.47 7.76 7.97 8.17
Cc .0600 4.89 5.34 5.95 6.40 6.73 7.06 7.35 7.56 1.81, 8.02 8.37 8.61 8.85
.0500 4.90 5.40 6.09 6.60 6.98 7.35 1.61 7.91 8.22 8.102 .80 9.07 9.33
.0400 4.91 5.48 6.27 6.81 7.31 7.74 8.11 8.37 8.73 8.95 9.38 9.68 9.91
.0300 4.92 5.57 6.53 1.26 7.79 8.30 8.74 9.05 9.47 9.73 10.23 10.58 10.92
.0250 4.93 5.64 6.72 7.54 8.14 8.70 9.19 9.54 10.00 10.29 10.83 11.22 11.59
.0200 4.91, 5.71 6.96 7.91 . 8.60 9.24 9.80 10.19 10.70 11.03 11.65 12.08 12.50
.0150 10.95 5.81 7.29 8.45 9.27 10.03 10.68 11.14 11.74 12.12 12.84 13.35 13.81,
.0100 10.97 5.93 7.83 9.34 10.38 11.310 12.16 12.73 13.48 13.96 14.86 15.51 16.13
.0050 4.98 6.11 8.94 11.29 12.81 14.30 15.53 16.39 17.54 18.28 -19.70 20.72 21. 71
-- ----
Flexão Composta com Compressão b I bw= 2

Secções em T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado heI d = 0.2
! b !
as = a C s- Ms
t8 I bd2
T X
d
1
+r I ac = - Cc- Ms
bd2
p ~ ASI
bd
I I as Cc
+ bw+ N I
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
d
1 l] -
+ Ya
t~
+
es/d
o( 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.3000 0.09 0.1,7 0.91, 1.31 1.60 1.90 2.18 2.1,0 2.70 2.90 3.32 3.63 3.91,
.2000 0.12 0.61, 1.31 1.81, 2.27 2.71 3.11, 3.1,6 3.92 1,.22 1,.85 5.32 5.79
.1600 0.13 0.75 1.56 2.22 2.75 3.30 3.83 1,.21, 1,.81 5.20 5.97 6.56 7.16
.1200 0.15 0.91 1.95 2.81 3.51 1,.26 1,.97 5.51 6.27 6.79 7.83 8.62 9.1,2
.1000 0.17 1.02 2.21, 3.27 1,.11 5.00 5.86 6.51 7.1,3 8.05 9.31 10.26 11.22
.ccoo 0.19 1.17 2.61, 3.92 1,.98 6.10 7.17 7.99 9.15 9.93 11.51 12.70 13.90
Cs .0500 0.21 1.37 3.27 1,.97 6.38 7.89 9.32 10.1,2 11.98 13.03 15.11, 16.71, 18.35
. 0500 0.22 1.51 3.71, 5.77 7.1,7 9.29 11.02 12.35 11,.23 15.1,9 18.03 19.96 21.89
.01,00 0.23 1.69 1,.39 6.91, 9.08 11.36 13.55 15.21 17.57 19.15 22.35 21,.76 27.17
.0300 0.25 1.93 5.1,0 8.81 11.69 11,.77 17.70 19.93 23.09 25.21 29.1,7 32.69 35.92
.0250 0.26 2.09 6.16 10.26 13.71, 17.1,5 20.99 23.67 27.1,7 30.01 35.13 38.99 1,2.86
.0200 0.27 2.28 7.23 12.39 16.77 21.1,3 25.86 29.23 33.97 37.15 1,3.51, 1,8.37 53.21
.0150 0.28 2.51, 8.89 15.82 21.71 27.96 33.87 3!!.35 1,1,.67 1,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0100 0.29 2.88 11.91 22.1,1 31.30 1,0.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82 101,.59
.0050 0.31 3.1,0 19.69 1,0.73 58.1,2 77.31, 95.31, 109.00 128.30 11,1.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.3000 1,.06 1,.21 1,.37 1,.50 1,.59 1,.68 1,.77 1,.83 1,.92 1,.98 5.09 5.17 5.25
.2000 1,.07 1,.27 1,.50 1,.67 1,.79 1,.92 5.01, 5.13 5.21, 5.32 5.1,7 5.58 5.68
.1600 1,.08 1,.30 1,.58 1,.78 1,.93 5.09 5.22 5.32 5.1,6 5.55 5.73 5.85 5.97
.1200 1,.09 1,.36 1,.70 1,.95 5.11, 5.33 5.50 5.62 5.79 5.90 6.11 6.26 6.1, 1
. 1000 1,.09 1,.1,0 1,.79 5.08 5.29 5.51 5.70 5.81, 6.03 6.15 6.39 6.56 6.72
.0800 1,.10 1,.1,5 1,.90 5.25 5.50 5.75 5.98 6.11, 6.36 6.50 6.77 6.96 7.15
Cc .0600 1,.11 1,.52 5.08 5.50 5.81 6.12 6.39 6.58 6.85 7.02 7.31, 7.58 7.80
. 0500 1,.11 1,.56 5.20 5.68 6.01, 6.38 6.69 6.91 7.20 7.39 7.76 8.02 8.28
.01,00 1,.12 1,.62 5.36 5.93 6.31, 6.71, 7.10 7.35 7.69 7.92 8.31, 8.65 8.91,
.0300 4.13 1,.69 5.60 6.29 6.80 7.29 7.71 8.02 8.44 8.70 9.22 9.59. 9.96
.0250 1,.13 4.74 5.77 6.56 7.13 7.68 8.16 8.51 8.98 9.28 9.87 10.30 10.71
.0200 1,.13 1,.80 5.99 6.91 7.58 8.22 8.78 9.19 9.71, 10.10 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 I,.11, 1,.87 6.31 7.1,1, 8.26 9.04 9.73 10.23 10.91 11.34 12.16 12.71, 13.29
.0100 I,. 11, 1,.97 6.83 8.35 9.43 10.48 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.44 11,.1,7 15.19 15.87
.0050 4.15 5.11 7.99 10.1,9 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21. 71
_u__ --- --------.--.--

129
Flexão Composta com Compressão b I bw = 2

Secções em T -Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hei d = 0.3
b Es
crs =a Cs
tx crc a=E;
As1
-+-
crc= - Cc
P=b"d
Cc
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
d
1 I] +
-
t-jE
Y(i
+
es I d
«,o 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 (X)
.3000 0.08 0.1, 7 0.91, 1.31 1.60 1.90 2.19 2.1, 1 2.72 2.92 3.31, 3.65 3.97
.2000 0.10 0.63 1.31 1.85 2.28 2.71, 3.17 3.1,9 3.95 1,.26 1,.89 5.36 5.81,
.1600 0.12 0.71, 1.57 2.21, 2.78 3.31, 3.88 1,.29 I,.86 5.25 6.01, 6.63 7.23
.1200 0.11, 0.90 1.97 2.85 3.57 1,.32 5.01, 5.59 6.36 6.88 7.93 8.72 9.51
. 1000 0.15 1.01 2.27 3.32 1,.18 5.09 5.95 6.61 7.51, 8.16 9.1,2 10.37 11.33
.0800 0.17 1.16 2.69 1,.01 5.08 6.22 7.30 8.12 9.29 10.07 11.61, 12.83 11,.02
.0600 0.18 1.38 3.35 5.10 6.51, 8.06 9.51 10.60 12.15 13.20 15.29 16.87 18.1,6
Cs
.0500 0.20 1.52 3.85 5.95 7.67 9.50 11.21, 12.55 110.1,1 15.66 18.17 20.07 21.98
.0400 0.21 1.71 1,.56 7.17 9.34 11. 62 13.79 15.1,3 17.74 19.30 22.45 24.83 27.23
.0300 0.22 1.97 5.65 9.14 12.02 15.06 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.72 35.93
.0250 0.23 2.15 6.48 10.65 14.10 17.72 21.17 23.81 27.55 30.07 35.15 38.99 42.86
.0200 0.24 2.37 7.65 12.84 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 34.00 37.16 43.54 48.37 53.21
.0150 0.25 2.65 9.46 16.31 21.98 28.08 33.91 38.36 44.67 48.91 57.45 63.91 70.39
.0100 0.26 3.06 12.70 22.77 31.40 40.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82 104.59
.0050 0.27 3.70 20.108 100.73 58.102 77.31, 95.310 109.00 128.30 1101.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.3000 3.65 3.79 3.96 1,.08 1,.17 1,.27 1,.35 1,.1,1 1,.50 1,.56 1,.67 1,.75 1,.83
.2000 3.66 3.85 4.08 1,.25 1,.38 1,.51 1,.63 1,.71 1,.83 1,.91 5.06 5.17 5.28
.1600 3.66 3.89 1,.16 1,.36 1,.52 1,.67 1,.81 1,.91 5.05 5.11, 5.32 5.1,5 5.58
.1200 3.67 3.91, 1,.26 1,.54 1,.73 4.92 5.09 5.22 5.39 5.50 5.72 5.88 6.04
.1000 3.68 3.98 1,.37 10.67 10.89 5.11 5.30 5.105 5.61, 5.77 6.02 6.20 6.38
.0800 3.68 1,.03 1,.49 1,.81, 5.10 5.36 5.59 5.76 5.99 6.14 6.44 6.65 6.86
5.43 5.75 6.53 6.71 7.08 7.34 7.60
Cc .0600 3.69 4.10 4.67 5.11 6.04 6.24
.0500 3.69 1,.15 4.80 5.30 5.67 6.04 6.36 6.60 6.93 7.14 7.55 7.85 8.11,
.0400 3.70 4.21 1,.98 5.57 6.00 6.43 6.82 7.10 7.48 7.73 8.20 8.54 8.87
.0300 3.70 4.29 5.24 5.96 6.50 7.04 7.51 7.86 8.31 8.61 9.17 9.56 9.94
.0250 3.71 4.34 5.42 6.25 6.87 7.48 8.02 8.40 8.91 9.23 9.85 10.29 10.71
.0200 3.71 4.40 5.67 6.65 7.38 8.09 8.70 9.14 9.72 10.09 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 3.71 4.108 6.03 7.25 8.11, 8.98 9.71 10.22 10.91 11.310 12.16 12.74 13.29
.0100 3.72 4.60 6.63 8.25 9.1,0 10.1,8 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.104 110.47 15.19 15.87
.0050 3.72 10.77 7. 91 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
- - - - ------
--- --
Flexão Composta com Compressão b / bw= 4

Secções em T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hr/ d =0.1
i b I Ms
O's =a Cs a=- Es
bd2 Ec
TC
d
!W
+ Ms ASI
O'c =- Cc p=- bd
bd2
1 O's CC Ms
+bw+ x= d es=- N
(Cc+ Cs)
rM t jTN
O ;::NYQ 01
d +
1 - +
Ya
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1. 75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
fJ
.2000 - 0.47 1.18 1.73 2.17 2.62 3.05 3.38 3.84 4.H 4.77 5.24 5.71
.1600 - 0.55 1.42 2.10 2.61, 3.20 3.73 4.14 4.71 5.10 5.87 6.46 7.06
.1200 - 0.68 1.79 2.67 3.38 4.13 4.84 5.38 6.14 6.66 7.70 8.49
.1000 - 0.78 2.06 3.11 3.96 4.85 5.70 6.35 7.27 7.89 9.14 10.09
9.28
11. 04
.0800 - 0.90 2.45 3.74 4.79 5.91 6.98 7.79 8.94 9.72 11.29 12.48 13.68
.0700 - 0.98 2.71 4.17 5.37 6.65 7.87 8.80 10.12 11.01 12.82 14.18 15.55
,...
\"s
. 0600 - 1.07 3.04 4.73 6.13 7.63 9.05 10.14 11.69 12.73 14.84 16.1,4 18.01,
.0500 - 1.19 3.47 5.49 7.17 8.97 10.69 12.00 13.87 15.13 17.67 19.59 21. 53
.0400 - 1.34 4.08 6.58 8.69 1O.95 13.11 14.77 17.12 18.70 21.89 21,.31 26.71,
.0300 - 1.54 5.00 8.32 11.15 lIt.19 17. 11 19.33 22.49 24.62 28.91 32.15 35.40
.0250 - 1.67 5.68 9.66 13.08 16.75 20.28 22.96 26.78 29.31, 34.51 38.1,1 1,2.32
.0200 - 1.83 6.63 11.61 15.92 20.56 25.00 28.39 33.18 36.40 1,2.89 1,7.78 52.69
.0150 - 2.04 8.07 11,.75 20.57 26.81, 32.83 37.38 43.82 48.11, 56.83 63.38 69.94
.0100 - 2.31 10.62 20.79 29.72 39.30 48.39 55.29 65.02 71. 54 81,.62 91,.47 104.32
.0050 - 2.69 16.99 38.14 56.65 76.22 94.64 108.54 128.07 141.11 167.25 186.88 206.55
.2000 - 6.76 6.97 7.12 7.24 7.35 7.46 7.54 7.65 7.72 7.86 7.96 8.05
.1600 - 6.78 7.03 7.22 7.36 7.50 7.62 7.72. 7.84 7.93 8.09 8.20 8.32
.1200 - 6.82 7.13 7.37 7.54 7.72 7.87 7.99 8.14 8.24 8.44 8.58 8.71
.1 000 - 6.85 7.21 7.47 7.68 7.88 8.05 8.18 8.36 1$.47 8.69 8.84 9.00
.0800 - 6.88 7.31 7.63 7.86 8.10 8.30 8.45 8.66 8.78 9.03 9.21 9.38
.0700 - 6.91 7.37 7.72 7.99 8.24 8.47 8.63 8.85 8.99 9.26 9.1,5 9.63
Cc
.0600 - 6.93 7.1,6 7.85 8.11, 8.42 8.67 8.85 9.09 9.25 9.51, 9.75 9.91,
.0500 - 6.97 7.56 8.01 8.31, 8.66 8.94 9.14 9.1,1 9.58 9.90 10.13 10.35
.0400 - 7.01 7.70 8.23 8.61 8.98 9.30 9.53 9.83 10.02 10.39 10.64 10.89
.0300 - 7.07 7.91 8.55 9.01 9.45 9.83 10.10 10.45 10.68 11.10 11.1,0 11.68
.0250 - 7.10 8.05 8.78 9.30 9.79 10.21 10.50 10.89 11.11, 11.61 11.94 12.25
.0200 - 7.15 8.21, 9.08 9.68 10.24 10.71 11.05 11.49 11.77 12.30 12.67 13.03
.0150 - 7.20 8.50 9.53 10.21, 10.90 11.46 11.85 12.37 12.70 13.32 13.77 14.20
.0100 - 7.27 8.93 10.26 11.17 12.01 12.72 13.22 13.88 11,.30 15.12 15.71 16.28
.0050 - 7.37 9.82 11.91 13.31 14.60 15.72 16.52 17.61 18.32 19.70 20.72 21.71
Grupo de BelAo Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
131

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hr/d=O.2
b Es
tx crc (X=~
-+- As1
crc= - Cc
P =b"d
Cc
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
d + Ya
t~
1 I] - +
es/d
f1 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.2000 - 0.34 1.06 1.62 2.07 2.53 2.97 3.30 3.77 4.09 4.72 5.20 5.68
.1600 - 0.40 1.28 1.97 2.53 3.11 3.65 1,.07 1,.66 5.05 5.85 6.1,5 7.05
.1200 - 0.50 1.62 2.53 3.27 1,.01, 1,.77 5.33 6.11 6.61, 7.70 8.51 9.31
.1000 - 0.57 1.88 2.96 3..85 1,.77 5.65 6.32 1.27 1.90 9.18 10.15 11.12
.0800 - 0.65 2.21, 3.59 1,.69 5.86 6.96 7.80 8.99 9.78 11.39 12.60 13.81
.0700 - 0.71 2.49 I, .03 5.29 6.62 7.89 8.85 10.21 11.12 12.96 11,.31,15.73
.0600 - 0.78
Cs 2.81 1,.60 6.08 7.61, 9.12 10.24 11.83 12.90 15.01, 16.66 18.28
.0500 - 0.87 3.24 5.39 7.16 9.04 10.82 12.18 11,.09 15.37 17.95 19.89 21.84
.0400 - 0.97 3.85 6.53 8.76 11.13 13.36 15.06 17.45 19.06 22.28 24.71 27.14
.0300 - 1.12 4.80 8.39 11.39 11,.56 17.55 19.82 23.01 25.15 29.45 32.68 35.91
.0250 - 1.21 5.51 9.85 13.1,6 17.27 20.87 23.59 27.1,2 29.98 35.12 38.99 42.86
.0200 - 1.33 6.54 11.99 16.52 21.30 25.79 29.18 33.95 37.15 43.51, 1,8.37 53.21
.0150 - 1.47 8.16 15.47 21.53 27.89 33.85 38.35 41,.67 1,8.91 57.45 63.91 70.39
.0100 - 1.67 11.16 22.19 31.21, 1,0.66 49.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 94.82 104.59
.0050 - 1.94 19.12 40.73 58.42 77.34 95.34 109.00 128.30 141.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.2000 - 4.96 5.15 5.28 5.39 5.49 5.59

5.66 5.75 5.82 5.94 6.03 6.°12
.1600 - 4.98 5.20 5.37 5.49 5.62 5.73
5.81 5.93 6.00 6.11, 6.25 6.35
.1200 - 5.00 5.28 5.1,9 5.65 5.81 5.95
6.05 6.19 6.28 6.46 6.59 6.71
.1000 - 5.02 5.34 5.59 5.77 5.95 6.11
6.23 6.39 6.49 6.69 6.84 6.98
.0800 . - 5.04 5.43 5.72 5.93 6.15 6.34 6.1,1 6.66 6.78 1.02 7.19 7.35
.0700 - 5.06 5.48 5.81 6.04 6.28 6.49 6.64 6.85 6.98 7.24 7.42 7.61
- 7.73
Cc .0600 5.08 5.55 5.92 6.19 6.45 6.68 6.85 1.08 7.23 7.52 1.93
.0500 - 5.10 5.64 6.06 6.37 6.61 6.94 7.13 7.39 7.56 1.89 8.13 8.37
..
.0400 - 5.12 5.17 6.26 6.63 6.98 7.29 7.52 7.83 8.03 8.42 8.71 8.99
.0300 - 5.16 5.95 6.57 7.02 7.1,5 7.81, 8.12 8.51 8.76 9.25 9.61 9.97
.0250 - 5.18 6.09 6.79 1.31 7.81 8.25 8.58 9.02 9.31 9.88 _ 10.30 10.71
.0200 - 5.21 6.27 7.10 7.71 8.30 8.83 9.22 9.75 10.10 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 - 5.25 6.53 7.57 8.33 9.07 9.74 10.23 10.91 11.34 12.16 12.74 13.29
.0100 - 5.29 6.98 8.41 9.1,5 10.48 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.1,4 14.1,1 15.19 15.87
.0050 - 5.36 8.04 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
- -- - - --- - -

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hrl d = 0.3
I Ms
f b crc
~ tc=7 I crs = a Cs bd2
hr x
T Ms
p-- bd
d + -+- r ac = - Cc bd'
~
I
1 s Cc
As crs d
+bw+- N I
I
I x = (Cc+ c.)
M
r
d + YGt~
1 I]- +
es/d
0.15 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.15 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
o(fJ
.2000 - 0.39 1.12 1.69 2.15 2.62 3.06 3.1,0 3.81 1,.19 1,.83 5.31 5.19
.1600 - 0.1,6 1.36 2.01 2.63 3.22 3.18 1,.19 1,.19 5.18 5.98 6.58 1.19
.1200 - 0.51 1.13 2.61 3.1,2 1,.20 1,.91, 5.50 6.29 6.82 1.88 8.69 9.1,9
.1000 - 0.65 2.01 3.11, 1,.01, 1,.98 5.86 6.51, 1.1,8 8.12 9.39 10.35 11.31
.0800 - 0.76 2.1,2 3.82 1,.91, 6.12 1.23 8.01 9.25 10.01, 11.63 12.82 11,.02
.0700 - 0.83 2.10 1,.30 5.58 6.92 8.19 9.11, 10.1,9 11.39 13.21 11,.57 15.93
.0600 - 0.91 3.01 1,.92 6.1,2 7.98 9.1,6 10.57 12.11, 13.19 15.29 16.87 18.1,6
Cs .0500 - 1.02 3.56 5.78 1.57 9.1,1, 11.20 12.53 11,.1,1 15.66 18.11 20.07 21.98
.01,00 - 1.16 1,.26 1.03 9.26 11.59 13.77 15.1,2 17.71, 19.30 22.1,5 21,.83 21.23
.0300 - 1.35 5.38 9.01, 11.98 15.05 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.12 35.93
.0250 - 1.1,8 6.22 10.58 11,.09 11.72 21.11 23.81 27.55 30.07 35.15 38.99 1,2.86
.0200 - 1.65 1.1,3' 12.81 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 34.00 37.16 43.51, 1,8.31 53.21
.0150 - 1.86 9.30 16.31 21.98 28.08 33.91 38.36 44.67 1,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0100 - 2.17 12.61, 22.71 31.40 1,0.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82101,.59
.0050 - 2.66 20.48 1,0.73 58.42 71.31, 95.31, 109.00 128.30 141.25 161.21 186.88 206.55
.2000 - 1,.15 1,.31, 1,.49 1,.60 4.71 4.81 4.89 4.99 5.06 5.19 5.29 5.38
.1600 - 4.17 4.1,0 4.58 4.71 4.85 4.97 5.06 5.18 5.26 5.1,2 5.51, 5.65
.1200 - 4.20 4.50 4.72 4.89 5.06 5.21 5.33 5.48 5.58 5.78 5.93 6.08
.1000 - 4.22 1,.51 1,.83 5.02 5.22 5.40 5.53 5.71 5.83 6.06 6.23 6.1,0
.0800 - 4.25 4.66 4.98 5.21 5.1,5 5.66 5.82 6.03 6.18 6.1,5 6.66 6.86
.0700 - 4.26 1,.73 5.08 5.31, 5.60 5.81, 6.02 6.26 6.41 6.13 6.96 1.18
- 6.54 6.72 7.08 7.31, 7.60
Cc .0600 4.29 1,.81 5.21 5.51 5.80 6.01 6.27
.0500 - 4.32 1,.92 5.38 5.73 6.07 6.38 6.61 6.93 7.11, 7.55 7.85 8.11,
.01,00 - 1,.35 5.07 5.62 6.04 6.1,5 6.82 7.10 7.1,8 1.73 8.20 8.54 8.81
.030Ó - 4.40 5.30 6.00 6.52 1.04 7.51 7.86 8.31 8.61 9.11 9.56 9.94
.0250 - 4.1,3 5.1,7 6.27 6.88 7.48 8.02 8.1,0 8.91 9.23 9.85 10.29 10.71
.0200 - 4.1,8 5.70 6.66 1.38 8.09 8.70 9.14 9.72 10.09 10.79 11.28 11.16
.0150 - 4.53 6.01, 7.25 8.11, 8.98 9.71 10.22 10.91 11.31, 12.16 12.71, 13.29
.0100 - 4.60 6.63 8.25 9.40 10.48 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.1,1,11,.47 15.19 15.87
.005o - 4.72 1.91 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.1,2 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.11
- -.- .. - .

133

Secções em T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hrl d = 0.1
b
tx O"c
+ O"c = - Cc p _ ASl
bd
Cc
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
d + Ya
t~
1 I]- +
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
",.o
.1600 - 0.32 1.22 1.93 2.1,8 3.06 3.60 1,.01 1,.59 1,.98 5.77 6.36 6.96
.1200 - 0.1,0 1.56 2.47 3.20 3.96 1,.68 5.23 6.01 6.53 7.58 8.37 9.17
.1000 - 0.1,6 1.81 2.89 3.76 1,.67 5.51, 6.19 7.12 7.75 9.01 9.97 10.93
.0800 - 0.53 2.16 3.49 4.57 5.71 6.79 7.62 8.78 9.57 11.15 12.35 13.56
.0600 - 0.64 2.70 4.1,5 5.88 7.40 8.85 9.95 11.52 12.57 11,.70 16.30 17.92
.0500 - 0.72 3.10 5.18 6.90 8.73 10.47 11.80 13.69 11,.96 17.52 19.1,5 21.1,0
.0450 - 0.76 3.35 5.65 7.56 9.60 11.51, 13.03 15.13 16.51, 19.1,0 21.55 23.72
Cs -
.01,00 0.81 3.66 6.21, 8.39 10.69 12.88 11,.55 16.93 18.52 21.7t, 21,.17 26.61
.0350 - 0.87 1,.04 6.97 9.43 12.07 14.59 16.51 19.23 21.06 21,.75 27.53 30.33
.0300 - 0.91, 1,.52 7.93 10.81 13.90 1 6 19.11 22.30 21,.1,1,
. 86 28.76 32.01 35.28
.0250 - 1.02 5.15 9.23 12.72 16.45 20.02 22.71, 26.58 29.16 31,.36 38.28 1,2.21
.0200 - 1.12 6.03 11.14 15.53 20.25 21,.71,28.16 32.99 36.23 1,2.75 1,7.66 52.59
.0150 - 1.25 7.38 11,.23 20.16 26.52 32.57 37.17 43.65 1,7.99 56.72 63.28 69.86
.0100 - 1.1,1 9.78 20.21 29.30 39.00 48.17 55.11 64.89 71.43 81,.55 91, .1, 1 1 04 . 29
.0050 - 1.64 15.84 37.55 56.32 76.04 94.51,108.1,7128.01,11,1.10167.25 186.88 206.55
.1600 - 7.72 7.94 8.09 8.22 8.34 8.1,5

8.53 8.61, 8.71 8.85 8.95 9.05
.1200 - 7.71, 8.01 8.21 8.37 8.52 8.65
8.75 8.89 8.98 9.15 9.27 9.39
.1000 - 7.75 8.07 8.30 8.48 8.65 8.81
8.92 9.08 9.17 9.36 9.50 9.63
.0800 - 7.77 8.15 8.1,2 8.63 8.84 9.02 9.15 9.33 9.1,1, 9.66 9.82 9.97
.0600 - 7.80 8.26 8.61 8.87 9.12 9.31, 9.50 9.71 9.85 10.10 10.29 10.1,6
.0500 - 7.82 8.31, 8.71, 9.01, 9.32 9.57 9.75 9.98 10.11, 10.1,2 10.62 10.82
- 10.31 10.62 10.83 11.01,
Cc .01,50 7.83 8.40 8.83 9.11, 9.45 9.71 9.90 10.16
.01,00 - 7.81, 8.46 8.93 9.27 9.60 9.89 10.09 10.36 10.53 10.85 11.08 11.30
.0350 - 7.85 8.53 . 9.05 9.1,3 9.78 10.09 10.31 10.60 10.79 11.13 11.38 11.62
.0300 - 7.87 8.62 9.20 9.62 10.01 10.35 10.59 10.91 11.11 11.1,9 11.76 12.01
.0250 - 7.89 8.7t, 9.1,0 9.86 10.30 10.68 10.95 11.30 11.52 11.91, 12.21, 12.53
.0200 - 7.91 8.89 9.66 10.20 10.70 11.13 11.1,3 11.83 12.09 12.57 12.92 13.25
.0150 - 7.91, 9.12 10.05 10.70 11.29 11.80 12.16 12.63 12.94 13.52 13.91, 14.31,
.0100 - 7.98 9.1,8 10.70 11.53 12.30 12.95 13.1,1 11,.01, 11,.1,1, 15.21 15.78 16.33
.0050 - 8.03 10.24 12.19 13.1,9 11,.71 15.79 16.57 17.63 18.33 19.71 20.72 21.71
- - - -

Secções em T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hf/d=O.2
_
Ms Es
f b j tc=7
Gc I as = a Cs d2b a=~
r~ x
Ms As1
d + -+- r I ac= -CCb"d2 P =bd"
1
-
+bw+
~As
N
Ms
I
· as
I x= (c.+C,)
Cc
d
M
r
VTN
d + Y(jt~
1 I] - -+ lJl
es/d
075 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 .OO 5.00 10.00 00
á/J
.1600 - 0.22 1.13 1.85 3.01
2.1,2 3.57 3.99 1,.59 1,.99 5.79 6.39 7.00
.1200 - 0.27 1.1,5 2.39 3.15
3.91, 1,.68 5.25 6.01, 6.57 7.65 8.1,6 9.27
.1000 - 0.-31 1.69 2.81 1,.67 5.56
3.72 6.21, 7.20 7.81, 9.13 10.10 11.08
.0800 - 0.36 2.03 3.1,3 1,.56
5.75 6.87 7.72 8.92 9.72 11.31, 12.55 13.78
.0600 - 0.1,3 2.57 1,.1,3 5... 7.53 9.03 10.16 11.77 12.81, 15.00 16.62 18.25
.0500 - 0.1,8 2.98 5.20 7.02 8.93 10.71, 12.11 11,.03 15.32 17.91 19.86 21.82
-
Cs .01,50 0.51 3.21, 5.71 7.71, 9.87 11.87 13.39 15.51, 16.97 19.85 22.01 21,.18
.01,00 -- 0.55 3.56 6.31, 8.63 11.03 13.29 15.00 17.1,1 19.02 22.26 21,.69 27.13
.0350 - 0.59 3.97 7.15 9.76 12.51 15.10 17.05 19.81 21.65 25.35 28.12 30.91
.0300 - 0.63 1,.1,9 8.20 11.26 11,.10717.1,9 19.78 22.99 25.13 29.1,1, 32.67 3591
.0250 - 0.69 5.19 9.66 13.35 17.20 20.82 23.56 27.1,0 29.97 35.12 38.99 1,2.86
.0200 - 0.76 6.20 11.82 16.1,3 21.21, 25.76 29.17 33.95 37.11, 1,3.51, 1,8.37 53.21
.0150 - O.SI, 7.81 15.33 21.1,7 27.86 33.81, 38.35 1,1,.67 1,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0100 - 0.95 10.82 22.10 31.22 1,0.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82 101,.59
.0050 - 1.10 18.88 1,0.72 58.1,2 77.31, 95.31, 109.00 128.30 11,1.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.1600 - 5.28 5.1,8 5.62 5.71, 5.85 5.95 6.02 6.12 6.19 6.32 6.1,1 6.51
.1200 - 5.29 5.51, 5.73 5.87 6.01 6.11, 6.23 6.36 6.1,1, 6.60 6.72 6.83
.1000 - 5.30 5.59 5.81 5.97 6.11, 6.28 6.39 6.51, 6.63 6. SI 6.95 7.08
.0800 - 5.31 5.66 5.92 6.12 6.31- 6.1,9 6.61 6.78 6.90 7.12 7.27 7.1,3
.0600 - 5.33 5.76 6.10 6.31, 6.58 6.80 6.96 7.17 7.31 7.58 7.78 7.98
.0500 - 5.31, 5.81, 6.23 6.51 6.79 7.01, 7.22 7.1,6 7.62 7.91, 8.17 8.1,0
Cc .01,50 - 5.35 5.89 6.31 6.62 6.92 7.19 7.38 7.65 7.83 8.17 8.1,2 8.67
.01,00 - 5.35 5.95 6.1,1 6.71, 7.07 7.37 7.58 7.8S 8.07 8.1,5 8.73 9.00
.0350 - 5.36 6.02 6.53 6.90 7.27 7.60 7.81, 8.17 8.38 8.80 9.11 9.1,2
.0300 - 5.37 6.11 6.68 7.11 7.52 7.89 8.16 8.53 8.78 9.26 9.62 9.97
.0250 - 5.38 6.22 6.89 7.38 7.85 8.28 8.60 9.03 9.32 9.88 10.30 10.71
0200 - 5.1,0 6.38 7.1S- 7.76 S.33 8.85 9.23 9.76 10.10 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 - 5.1,2 6.63 7.63 8.36 9.09 9.71, 10.23 10.91 11.31, 12.16 12.71, 13.29
.0100 - 5.1.1, 7.05 8.1,3 9.1,6 10.1,8 11.1,0 12.05 12.90 13.1,1,11,.1.7 15.19 15.87
.0050 - 5.1,
7 8.06 10.1,9 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.1,2 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71

Secçõesem T - Tensõesem Estado Fendilhado h rI d = 0.3
b
tx ac
-+-
ac = - Cc p _ As1
bd
Cc Ms
x= d
eS=N
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
1
d
~ +
-
t~
Yr;
+
es/d
áp 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.1600 - 0.33 1.26 1.99 2.57 3.17 3.73 4.16 4.76 5.16 5.96 6.57 7.17
.1200 - 0.41 1.62 2.59 3.36 4.16 4.91 5.47 6.27 6.80 7.87 8.67 9.108
.1000 - 0.107 1.90 3.06 3.98 10.93 5.83 6.51 7.106 8.10 9.38 10.34 11.31
.0800 - 0.55 2.30 3.74 10.89 6.08 7.20 8.010 9.23 10.03 11.62 12.82 14.02
.0600 - 0.67 2.94 4.85 6.37 7.95 9.104 10.56 12.13 13.18 15.29 16.87 18.46
.0500 - 0.76 3.43 5.71 7.53 9.42 11.19 12.53 14.100 15.66 18.17 20.07 21.98
Cs .01050 - 0.81 3.75 6.28 8.29 10.39 12.35 13.82 15.90 17.28 20.08 22.19 210.32
.01000 - 0.87 4.14 6.97 9.23 11.58 13.77 15.102 17.74 19.30 22.105 210.83 27.23
.0350 - 0.910 4.63 7.85 10.102 13.08 15.57 17.45 20.10 21.88 25.109 28.22 30.96
.0300 - 1.02 5.26 9.00 11.97 15.05 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.72 35.93
.0250 - 1.13 6.11 10.56 110.08 17.72 21.17 23.81 27.55 30.07 35.15 38.99 102.86
.0200 - 1.26 7.33 12.80 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 34.00 37.16 43.54 48.37 53.21
.0150 - 1.1010 9.23 16.31 21.98 28.08 33.91 38.36 1010.67 108.91 57.105 63.91 70.39
.0100 - 1.69 12.61 22.77 31.40 100.66 49.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 910.82 1010.59
.0050 - 2.10 20.108 100.73 58.102 77.310 95.310 109.00 128.30 1101.25167.27 186.88 206.55
.1600 . - lo..28 10.50 10.66 10.79 10.91 5.03 5.11 5.23 5.31 5.106 5.57 5.68
.1200 - 10.30 4.58 10.79 10.95 5.11 5.26 5.37 5.51 5.61 5.81 5.95 6.09
. 1000 - 10.31 4.64 10.89 5.08 5.26 5.43 5.56 5.73 5.85 6.07 6.24 6.101
.0800 - 10.33 10.73 5.03 5.25 5.108 5.69 5.810 6.05 6.19 6.46 6.66 6.87
.0600 - 10.36 10.87 5.25 5.53 5.82 6.08 6.28 6.55 6.73 7.08 7.310 7.60
.0500 - 10.38 4.97 5.101 5.75 6.08 6.39 6.62 6.93 7.110 7.55 7.85 8.110
Cc .01050 - 10.39 5.03 5.52 5.88 6.25 6.58 6.83 7.18 7.41 7.85 8.17 8.107
.01000 - 10.101 5.11 5.610 6.05 6.105 6.82 7.10 7.108 7.73 8.20 8.510 8.87
.0350 - 10.103 5.20 5.80 6.25 6.71 7.12 7.43 7.85 8.12 8.63 9.00 9.35
.0300 - 10.105 5.33 6.01 6.52 7.04 7.51 7.86 8.31 8.61 9.17 9.56 9.910
.0250 - 4.107 549 6.28 6.88 7.108 8.02 8.100 8.91 9.23 9.85 10.29 10.71
.0200 - 10.50 5.71 6.66 7.36 6.09 8.70 9.14 9.72 10.09 10.79 11.26 11.76
.0150 - 10.510 6.05 7.25 8.110 8.98 9.71 10.22 10.91 11.310 12.16 12.710 13.29
.0100 - 4.60 6.63 8.25 9.100 10.108 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.104 110.107 15.19 15.87
.0050 - 4.69 7.91 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.102 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
------
- - ----

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hf/d=O.l
t b t Ms
crc
tc=7 I crs =a. Cs bd2
x
T1
d Ms
p ~ As1
+r I crc =- Cc b d2 bd
1
+bw+
As
I I crs Cc
d
I
x-- (Cc + Cs )
M
r
d + t~
YG
1 [G - 4=
es/d
otp 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
.0800 - 0.05 1.78 3.18 4.29 5.47 6.57 7.1,1 8.60 9.40 11. 00 12.21 13.1,3
.0600 - 0.06 2.26 4.08 5.57 7.13 8.61 9.73 11.32 12.39 11,.51, .16.16 17.79
. 0500 - 0.07 2.61 4.78 6.56 8.44 10.22 11.57 13.1,9 14.77 17.36 19.31 21.27
.0450 - 0.07 2.81, 5.24 7.2.1 9.30 11.29 12.79 11,.92 16.36 19.24 21.41 23.59
.0400 - 0.08 3.11 5.80 8.02 10.38 12.62 14.32 16.72 18.33 21.58 24.03 26.1,9
.0350 - 0.09 3.45 6.51" 9.06 11.76 11,.32 16.27 19.02 20.87 21,.59 27.40 30.21
Cs .0300
- 0.09 3.88 7.44 10.42 13.58 16.59 18.87 22.09 24.26 28.60 31.88 35.17
.0250 - 0.10 1,.1,6 8.72 12.30 16.12 19.75 22.50 26.38 28.98 34.22 38.16 42.11
.0200 - 0.11 5.26 10.58 15.10 19.91 24.47 27.93 32.80 36.07 42.62 47.56 52.50
.0175 - 0.12 5.81 11.90 17.09 22.61 27.81, 31.80 37.38 41.12 48.62 54.27 59.92
.0150 - 0.13 6.50 13.63 19.72 26.20 32.32 36.96 1,3.48 1,7.85 56.61 63.20 69.79
.0125 - 0.13 7.1,3 16.02 23.39 31.21 38.59 41,.16 52.01 57.26 67.78 75.69 83.60
.0100 - 0.14 8.74 19.57 28.88 38.70 1,7.96 51,.95 61,.77 71.31, 84.1,9 94.37 101,.26
.0050 - 0.16 14.1,8 36.95 56.01 75.87 91,.1,5 108.42 128.01 141.08 167.25 186.88 206.55
.0025 - 0.18 21,.37 70.88 109.11 148.51, 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 330.36 369.80 409.31
.0800 - 873 9.04 9.27 9.1,4 9.61 9.77 9.87 10.02 10.12 10.30 10.43 10.56
.0600 - 8.73 9.12 9.41 9.63 9.84 10.02 10.16 10.33 10.45 10.67 10.82 10.97
.0500 - 8. 'I, 9.18 9.52 9.76 10.00 10.21 10.36 10.56 10.69 10.93 11.11 11.27
.0450 - 8.7.. 9.22 9.58 9.85 10.11 10.33 10.49 10.70 10.84 11.10 11.29 11.46
. 0400 .- 8 . ioif
,. 9.26 9.66 9.95 10.23 10.47 10.64 10.87 11.02 11.30 11.50 11.69
.0350 - 8.74 9.31 9.76 10.08 10.38 10.65 10.83 11.08 11.21, 11. 54 11.76 11.97
Cc .0300 - 8.74 9.38 9.88 10.23 10.57 10.86 11.07 11.34 11.52 11.85 12.09 12.32
.0250 - 8.71, 9.1,7 10.04 10.44 10.82 11.11, 11.38 11.68 11.88
.. 12.25 12.52 12.79
.0200 - 8.71, 9.59 10.25 10.72 11.16 11.53 11.80 12.16 12.38 12.82 13.13 13.1,1,
.0175 - 8.75 9.66 10.40 10.91 11.38 11.79 12.08 12.47 12.72 13.20 13.55 13.89
.0150 - 8.75 9.76 10.58 11.14 11.67 12.12 12.1,4 12.88 13.15 13.69 14.08 11,.47
.0125 - 8.75 9.88 10.81 11.45 12.01, 12.55 12.92 13.41 13.73 14.35 14.80 15.25
.0100 - 8.75 10.01, 11.13 11.87 12.56 13.16 13.59 14.17 11,.55 15.30 15.84 16.38
. 005o - 8.75 10.66 12.44 13.66 14.81 15.85 16.60 17.65 18.34 19.71 20.72 21.71
.0025 - 8.76 11.53 14.53 16.64 18.73 20.64 22.02 23.83 24.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
- - ___ - ___uo _ou_
Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado- 1ST 137
Flexão Composta com Compressão -

b I bw =10
-
Secções em T Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hr/d=0.2
I b I Ms
crc
t!:::7 I crs = a Cs bd2
x
T
d Ms
p = ASI
+r I crc= - Cc bd2 bd
1 -As I I crs
Cc
+bw+ I
d
x-- (Cc + Cs)
M
r
d
1 l] +
-
t~
Ya
4=
es I d
0<1' 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 . 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 CX>
.0800 - 0.03 1.81 3.27 1,.1,3 5.61, 6.78 7.61, 8.8S 9.66 11.29 12.52 13.71,
.0600 - 0.03 2.32 1,.25 5.80 7.1,2 8.91, 10.09 11.71 12.79 JI,.96 16.60 18.23
.0500 - 0.01, 2.71 5.02 6.89 8.83 10.66 12.01, 13.98 15.28 17.59 19.81, 21.80
.01,50 - 0.01, 2.96 5.53 7.61 9.77 11.80 13.31, 15.1,9 16.93 19.82 22.00 21,.17
.01,00 - 0.01, 3.27 6.16 8.50 10.93 13.22 11,.95 17.37 18.99 22.21, 21,.68 27.12
.0350 - 0.05 3.66 6.97 9.61, 12.42 15.04 17.01 19.78 21.63 25.33 28.11 30.90
Cs .0300 - 0.05 1,.17 8.03 11.15 11,.1,0 17.1,1, 19.71, 22.96 25.12 29.1,3 32.67 35.91
.0250 - 0.06 1,.86 9.1,9 13.21, 17.14 20.79 23.53 42.8627.39 29.96 35.12 38.99
.0200 - 0.06 5.86 11.66 16.31, 21.20 25.71, 29.15 33.91, 37.11, 1,3.51, 1,8.37 53.21
.0175 - 0.07 6.55 13.19 18.53 21,.06 29.23 33.12 38.57 1,2.21 49.52 55.01, 60.58
.0150 - 0.07 7.46 15.20 21.1,1 27.81, 33.81, 38.31, 1,1,.67 1,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0125 - 0.07 8.69 17.97 25.38 33.01, 1,0.18 1,5.55 53.11, 58.25 68.53 76.30 81,.10
.0100 - 0.08 10.1,9 22.02 31.20 1,0.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.0S 910.82101,.59
.0050 - 0.09 18.67 1,0.72 58.102 77.310 95.34 109.00 128.30 1101.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.0025 - 0.10 32.17 73.99 110.21 148.76 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 330.36 369.80 409.31
.0800' - 5.57 5.88 6.11 6.29

6.46 6.62 6.710 6.89 7.00 7.20 7.35 7.50
.0600 - 5.57 5.96 6.26 6.49
6.71 6.91 7.05 7.25 7.38 7.610 7.83 8.02
.0500 - 5.57 6.03 6.37 6.63
6.89 7.12 7.29 7.53 7.68 7.98 8.21 8.43
.0450 - 5.57 6.07 6.45 7.01
6.73 7.26 7.45 7.70 7.87 8.20 8.45 8.69
.0400 - 5.57 6.11 6.54 6.85
7.16 7.44 7.64 7.92 8.11 8.108 8.75 9.02
.0350 - 5.57 6.17 6.65 6.99
7.34 7.65 7.88 8.20 8.41 8.82 9.13 9.43
.0300 - 5.57 6.25 6.79 7.18
7.58 7.93 8.19 8.56 8.80 9.27 9.62 9.97
Cc
.0250 - 5.57 6.35 6.98 7.1.,4 7.90 8.31 8.62 9.05 9.33 9.89 10.30 10.71
.0200 - 5.57 6.49 7.25 1.80 8.36 8.86 9.24 9.76 10.10 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0175 - 5.58 6.59 7.43 8.06 8.68 9.25 9.67 10.26 10.65 11.40 11.93 °12.44
.0150 - 5.58 6.71 7.67 8.38 9.09 9.75 10.23 10.91 11.34 12.16 12.74 1329
.0125 - 5.58 6.87 7.99 8.82 9.66 10.43 11.00 11.75 12.23 13.14 13.78 14.39
.0100 - 5.58 7.10 8.1,5 9.1,6 10.1.,8 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.44 14.47 15.19 15.87
.0050 - 5.58 8.07 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
.0025 - 5.58 9.57 13.59 16.26 18.65 20.64 22.02 23.83 24.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
---------------------
- -- --- - --
Flexão Composta com Compressão b I bw :; 10

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hf/d=O.3
I b I
as = a Cs- Ms
t"8 I bd2
x
T
d
+r I ac = - Cc- Ms
bd2
p _ As1
bd
1 I · as
x=
cc
d
+bw+ N I
(Cc+ Cs)
I]
T
d + YG
t~
1 - +
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
c<p
.0800 - 0.31, 2.193.67 1,.81, 6.05 7.18 8.03 9.22 10.02 11.62 12.82 11,.02
.0600 - 0.1,2 2.821,.78 6.33 7.93 9.1,2 10.55 12.13 13.18 15.29 16.87 18.1,6
.0500 - 0.1,8 3.315.65 7.50 9.1,0 11.18 12.52 lI, .1,0 15.66 18.17 20.07 21.98
.01,50 - 0.51 3.636.22 8.26 10.37 12.31, 13.82 15.90 17.28 20.08 22.19 21,.32
.01,00 - 0.55 1,.02
6.92 9.21 11.57 13.77 15.1,2 17.71, 19.30 22.1,5 24.93 7.23
.0350 - 0.60 1,.52 7.81 10.1,0 13.08 15.57 17.1,5 20.10 21.86 25.1,9 28.22 30.96
.0300 - 0.66 5.15 8.96 11.96 15.05 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.72 35.93
Cs
.0250 - 0.71, 6.02 10.53 11,.08 17.72 21.17 23.81 27.55 30.07 35.15 38.99 1,2.86
.0200 - 0.83 7.26 12.79 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 31,.00 37.16 1,3.51, 48.37 53.21
.0175 - 0.89 8.10 11,.33 19.22 21, .1,2 29.1,0 33.20 38.58 1,2.21 1,9.52 55.01, 60.58
.Q150 - 0.96 9.18 16.31 21.98 28.08 33.91 38.36 1,1,.671,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0125 - 1.05 10.61 18.91, 25.79 33.15 1,0.18 1,5.55 53.11, 58.25 68.53 76.30 81,.10
.0100 - 1.15 12.60 22.77 31.1,0 1,0.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82 101,.59
.0050 - 1.41, 20.1,8 1,0.73 58.42 77.31, 95.34 109.00 128.30 141.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.0025 - 1.68 32.65 73.99 110.21 148.76 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 330.36 369.80 409.31
.0800 - I, .41. 5.07

1,.79 5.29 5.51 5.71 5.85 6.06
6.20 6.1,7 6.67 6.87
.0600 - 4.43 1,.91 5.28 5.56 5.81, 6.09 6.29 6.55
6.73 7.08 7.31, 7.60
.0500 - 1,.44 5.01 5.44 5.76 6.09 6.39 6.62 6.93
7.14 7.55 7.85 8.11,
.01,50 - 1,.1,5 5.07 5.51, 5.!= 6.26 6.59 6.34 7.18
7.1,1 7.85 8.17 8.1,7
.010
00 - 4...6 5.110 5.66 6.... 6.46 6.83 7.10 7.1,8 7.73 8.20 8.54 8.87
.0350 - 1,.107 5.23 5.82 6.26 6.71 7.13 7.1,3 7.85 8.12 8.6 9.00 9.35
- 9.56 9.910
Cc .0300 10.108 5.35 6.02 6.52 7.04 7.51 7.86 8.31 8.61 9.17
.0250 - 10.50 5.50 6.28 6.88 7.108 8.02 8.100 8.91 9.23 9.85 10.29 10.71
.0200 - 1,.52 5.72 6.66 7.38 8.09 8.70 9.14 9.72 10.09 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0175 - 1,.53 5.87 6.92 7.72 8.49 9.15 9.62 10.25 10.64 11.40 11.93 12.1,4
.0150 - 1,.54 6.05 7.25 8.14 8.98 9.71 10.22 10.91 11.34 12.16 12.74 13.29
.012 - 10.56 6.30 7.67 8.67 9.62 10.42 11.00 11.75 12.23 13.14 13.78 14.39
.0100 - 4.58 6.63 8.25 9.40 10.48 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.41, 14.47 15.19 15.87
.0050 - 4.64 7.91 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
.0025 - 10.69 9.56 13.59 16.26 18.65 20.64 22.02 23.83 24.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
139
Flexão Composta com Compressão b / bw = 20

Secçõesem T - TensõesemEstadoFendilhado hr/d=O.l
Ms
as =a Cs -
~ t
h{
b I tx ac
!::::7 I b d2
T Ms
p-- bd
d + -+- r I ac = - Cc bd2
1
+bw+As
-
~ Ms
N I
r as
I x = (Cc + C.)
C
c d
M
r
d
1 I:]
-
+ t-jE
~G
-r
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
dp
.01,00 - - 2.1,5 5.31 7.63 10.06 12.35 11,.08 16.52 18.15 21.1,3 23.90 26.37
.0300 - - 3.11 6.90 10.00 13.25 16.32 18.63 21.90 21,.08 28.1,7 31.76 35.07
.0200 - - 1,.32 9.98 11,.66 19.59 21,.22 27.72 32.63 35.92 1,2.51 1,7.1,7 52.1,3
.0150 - - 5.1,1, 12.99 19.29 25.89 32.09 36.77 1,3.31, 1,7.73 56.53 63.13 69.71,
.0125 - - 6.28 15.38 22.97 30.92 38.38 1,1,.0051.89 57.16 67.71 75.63 83.56
.0100 - - 7.1,8 18.93 26.1,8 38.1,5 1,7.79 51,.81 61,.68 71.26 81,.1,1,
91,.33101,.23
.0075 - - 9.38 21,.79 37.62 50.91, 63.1,0 72.77 85.90 91,.66 112.20 125.36 138.53
Cs - -
.0050 12.91 36.1,1 55.75 75.74 91,.38 108.38 127.99 11,1.07 167.25 186.88 20b.55
.001,0 - - 15.1,3 1,5.05 69.21, 91,.17 117.39 131,.82 159.25 175.53 208.16 232.71 257.31,
.0035 - - 17.19 51.18 78.80 107.21, 133.71 153.58 181.1,1 199.98 237.30 265.1,0 293.57
.0030 - - 19.1,8 59.30 91.1,7 121,.51,155.31 178.1,0 210.81 232.51 276.11 308.93 31,1.82
.0025 - - 22.63 70.58 109.03 11,8.53 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 330.36 369.80 1,09.31
.0020 - - 27.21, 87.26 135.02 181,.01 229.81 26.1,8 313.30 31,5.99 1,11.61 1,60.97 510.1,3
.0015 - - 31,.71 111,.1,8177.38 21,2.38303.73 350.11 1,15.1,11,59.1051,6.76612.69 678.72
.0012 - - 1,1.98 11,0.96 218.82 300.1,2377.35 1,35.1,8
517.26 571.97 681.70 761,.2081,6.83
.01,00 - - 10.06 10.37 10.60 10.82 11.02 11.16 11.31, 11.1,6 11.70 11.87 12.03
.0300 - - 10.13 10.53 10.82 11.09 11.33 11.50 11.73 11.88 12.17 12.38 12.58
.0200 - - 10.27 10.81 11.20 11.57 11.89 12.12 12.1,3 12.63 13.03 13.32 13.60
.0150 - - 10.38 11.07 11.55 12.00 12.1,0 12.69 13.08 13.33 13.83 11,.20 11,.56
.0125 - - 10.1,
7 11.26 11.80 12.32 12.78 13.12 13.57 13.87 11,.1,511,.89 15.31
.0100 - - 10.59 11.52 12.17 12.79 13.31, 13.71, 11,.29 11,.65 15.36 15.89 16.1,2
- - 15.91 lG.81o 17.53 18.22
Cc .0075 10.76 11.93 12.7l, 13.52 11,.22 llt.73 15.1,1,
.0050 - - 11.06 12.66 13.79 11,.89 15.89 16.61, 17.67 18.35 19.71 20.72 21.71
.001,0 - - 11.26 13.18 11,.51,15.88 17.11 18.02 19.29 20.11,..21.79 22.96 21,.07
.0035 - - 11.39 13.53 15.06 16.58 17.96 19.00 20.44 21.39 23.17 24.1,2 25.61
.0030 - - 11.56 13.99 15.74 17.1,9 19.09 20.29 21.92 22.95 24.88 26.21, 27.52
.0025 - - 11.78 14.61 16.67 18.74 20.64 22.02 23.83 21,.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
.0020 - - 12.09 15.51 18.03 20.58 22.82 21,.38 26.1,1 27.68 30.06 31.13 33.32
.0015 - - 12.56 16.96 20.23 23.1,0 26.03 27.81, 30.20 31.67 36.37 38.21
31,.1,1,
.0012 - - 13.00 18.31, 22.31 25.89 28.85 30.88 33.53 35.19 38.29 1,0.1,61,2.51
-- - --------
------

Secções em T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hr/d=O.2
i b I Ms
(Jc
t!:::7 I (Js =a Cs b d2
x
T$
d Ms
p-- bd
+r I (Jc = - Cc b d2
1 -As I . (Js Cc
d
+bw+ I
x-- (Cc+ Cs )
r
M
d + Ya
t~
1~ - +
es I d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
tXfJ
.0400 - - 2.99 6.00 8.39 10.86 13.17 }l,.90 17.34 18.97 22.22 24.67 27.12
.0300 - - 3.86 7.87 11.05 14.34 17.41 19.71 22.94 25.10 29.1,2 32.66 35.91
.0200 - - 5.53 11.53 16.28 21.16 25.72 29.11, 33.91, 37.11, 1,3.51, 48.37 53.21
.0150 - - 7.14 15.09 21.37 27.82 33.83 38.34 44.67 1.8.91 57.1.5 63.91 70.39
.0125 - - 8.38 17.88 25.36 33.03 1.0.18 45.55 53.14 58.25 68.53 76.30 81..10
.0100 - - 10.20 21.97 3L19 40.66 1.9.51 56.25 65.i8 i2.19 85.09 94.82 104.59
.0075 - - 13.10
Cs 28.51 40.55 53.02 64.90 73.91,. 86.72 95.30 112.57 125.59 138.66
.0050 - - 18.50 40.72 58.42 77.34 95.31, 109.00 128.30 141.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.0040 - - 22.210 49.28 71 .56 95.36 117.96 135.11 159.32 175.54 208.16 232.71 257.31,
.0035 - - 21,.77 55.27 80.85 108.15 131,.05 153.70 181.41 199.98 237.30 265.1,0293.57
.0030 - - 27.96 63.15 93.11. 125.12 155.1.3 178.1.1 210.81 232.51 276.11 308.93 31.82
.0025 - - 32.13 73.99 110.21 148.76 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 33036 369.80 1.09.31
.0020 - - 37.80 89.97 135.58 181..01 229.81 264.1.8 313.30 345.99 411.61 1.60.91 510.1,3
.0015 - - 1.5.99 116.04 177.39 242.38 303.73 350.11 415.41 459.10 51.6.76612.69 678.72
.0012 - - 53.1.0141.62 218.82 300.42 377.35 435.48 517.26 571.97 681.70 764.20 846.83
. 0400 - - 6.26 6.64 6.93 1.22 7.49 7.68 7.96 8.11. 8.49 8.76 9.03
.0300 - - 6.37 6.87 7.25 7.62 7.96 8.22 8.57 8.81 9.28 9.62 9.97
.0200 - - 6.59 1.30 7.84 8.38 8.88 9.25 9.76 10.10 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 - - 6.78 7.71 8.1.0 9.10 9.75 10.23 10.91 11.34 12.16 12.74 13.29
.0125 - - 6.93 8.02 8.84 9.66 10.43 11.00 11.75 12.23 13.14 13.78 14.39
.0100 - - 7.15 8.47 9.47 10.1.8 11.40 12.05 12.90 13.41. 14.1.7 15.19 15.87
Cc .0075 - - 7.48 9.18 10.1.7 11.71. 12.83 13.59 11..59 15.22 16.41 17.25 18.05
.0050 - - 8.08 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.42 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
.001.0 ..
- - 8.50 11.38 13.39 15.23 16.77 17.8 19.25 20.13 21.79 22.96 24.07
.0035 - - 8.77 11.96 14.14 16.12 17.78 18.93 20.41. 21.39 23.17 24.42 25.61
.0030 - - 9.12 12.67 15.07 17.22 19.03 20.28 21.92 22.95 . 24.88 26.21. 27.52
.0025 - - 9.57 13.59 16.26 18.65 20.64 22.02 23.83 24.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
.0020 - - 10.17 14.83 17.87 20.58 22.82 24.38 26.41 27.68 30.06 31.73 33.32
.0015 - - 11.04 16.64 20.23 23.1.0 26.03 27.84 30.20 31.67 34.44 36.37 38.21
.0012 - - 11.78 18.23 22.31 25.89 28.85 30.88 33.53 35.19 38.29 40.46 42.51
Flexão Composta com Compressão b / bw = 20

Secçõesem T - Tensões em Estado Fendilhado hr/d=0.3
i b f
as = a. C5- Ms
tx I bd2
T1
d
1
+r I ac = - C c- Ms
bd2
p--
bd
Cc
+ bw+ N I
x= d
(Cc+ Cs)
M
r
d + YG
t~
1 I] - +
es/d
0.75 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.75 2.00 . 2.50 3.00 5.00 10.00 00
c{f
.01,00 - 0.23 3.93 6.88 9.19 11.56 13.77 15.1,2 17.71, 19.30 22.1,5 21,.83 27.23
.0300 - 0.28 5.07 8.94 11.95 15.05 17.93 20.11 23.21 25.30 29.52 32.72 35.93
.0200 - 0.36 7.19 12.78 17.12 21.65 25.99 29.30 31,.00 37.16 43.51, 48.37 53.21
.0150 - 0.43 9.li, 16.30 21.98 28.08 33.91 38.36 1,1,.671,8.91 57.1,5 63.91 70.39
.0125 - 0.1,7 10.58 18.91, 25.79 33.15 40.18 1,5.55 53.li, 58.25 68.53 76.30 81,.10
.0100 - 0.52 12.58 22.77 31.1,0 40.66 1,9.51 56.25 65.78 72.19 85.09 91,.82101,.59
!r- .0075 - 0.58 15.51, 28.91, 40.55 53.02 61,.90 73.91, 86.72 95.30 112.57 125.59 138.66
I'-S
.0050 - 0.67 20.1,8 1,0.73 58.1,2 77.31, 95.31, 109.00 128.30 11,1.25 167.27 186.88 206.55
.001,0 - 0.71 23.80 1,9.28 71.56 95.36 117.96 135.11 159.32 175.51, 208.16 232.71 257.34
.0035 - 0.74 26.01, 55.27 80.85 108.15 134.05 153.70 181.1,1199.98 237.30 265.40 293.57
.0030 - 0.76 28.89 63.15 93.11, 125.12 155.1,3178.1,1210.81 232.51 276.11 308.93 31,1.82
.0025 - 0.79 32.65 73.99 110.21 11,8.76 185.26 212.90 251.87 277.96 330.36 369.80 1,09.31
.0020 - 0.82 37.93 89.97 135.58 181,.01 229.81 261,.1,8313.30 31,5.99 411.61 1,60.97 510.43
.0015 - 0.85 1,5.99 116.04 177.39 242.38 303.73 350.11 1,15.1,11,59.10 51,6.76 612.69 678.72
.0012 - 0.88 53.1,0 11,1.62 218.82 300.42 377.35 1,35.1,8517.26 571.97 681.70 761,.20 81,6.83
.01,00 - 1,.1,9 5.17 5.68 6.07 6.1,6

6.83 7.10 7.1,8
7.73 . 8.20 8.54 8.87
.0300 - 1,.50 5.36 6.02 6.53 7.047.51 7.86 8.31
8.61 9.17 9.56 9.91,
.0200 - 1,.52 5.73 6.66 7.38 8.09 6.70 9.14 9.72 1o .09 10.79 11.28 11.76
.0150 - 1,.53 6.06 7.25 8.14 8.98 9.71 10.22 10.91 11.31, 12.16 12.71, 13.29
.0125 - 1,.51, 6.30 7.67 8.67 9.62 10.1,2 11.00 11.75 12.23 13.11, 13.78 11,.39
.0100 - 1,.55 6.63 8.25 9.1,0 10.1,8 11.1,0 12.05 12.90 13.44 14.47 15.19 15.87
.0075 - 1,.56 7.12 9.09 10.47 11.74 12.83 13.59 11,.59 15.22 16.1,1 17.25 18.05
Cc
.0050 - 1,.58 7.91 10.49 12.25 13.86 15.22 16.17 17.1,2 18.21 19.69 20.72 21.71
.001,0 - 4.58 8.1,0 11.38 13.39 15.23 16.77 17.81, 19.25 20.13 21.79 22.96 21,.07
.0035 - 1,.59 8.71 11.96 14.11, 16.12 17.78 18.93 20.41, 21.39 23.17 21,.42 25.61
.0030 - 1,.59 9.08 12.67 15.07 17.22 19.03 20.28 21.92 22.95 24.88 26.24 27.52
.0025 .- 1,.60 9.56 13.59 16.26 18.65 20.64 22.02 23.83 21,.96 27.08 28.57 29.98
.0020 - 1,.60 10.17 14.83 17.87 20.58 22.82 21,.38 26.41 27.68 30.06 31.73 33.32
.0015 - 1,.61 11.01, 16.64 20.23 23.40 26.03 27.81, 30.20 31.67 34.44 36.37 38.21
.0012 - 4.61 11.78 18.23 22.31 25.89 28.85 30.88 33.53 35.19 38.29 40.46 1,2.51
- ---
Peso de revestimentos e coberturas

Valores usualmente considerados no dimensionamento (kN/m2)
Pavimento em alcatifa incluindo até 3 cm de camada de regularização (implica
a não colocaçãode quaisquercanalizaçõesnessacamada)e estuqueno tecto 1.0
Revestimentos usuais de pavimentos - tacos, alcatifa ou mosaicos cerâmicos
(incluindo até 5 cm de camada de regularização e assentamento) e estuque ou
tecto falsona faceinferiorda laje 1.5
Revestimentosde pedra (até 3 cm) ou mosaicoshidráulicos(incluindoaté
5 cm de camadade regularizaçãoe assentamento)e esblqueou tectofalso 2.0
Revestimentos de terraços, incluindo camada de forma em betão leve
(até 8 cm), telas impermeabilizantese protecções 2.0
Revestimentosde terraços, incluindo camada de forma em betão normal
Coberturasde telhaapoiadaemripadode madeiIa 1.0
Coberturasde telhaapoiadaemripadode betão 1.5
Coberturasde telhacom ripadode betãoapoiadoem muretesde alvenaria 2.0
Coberturasde chapasde fibrocimentoapoiadasemmuretesde alvenaria 1.0
Elementos de revestimento de pavimentos, tectos e paredes (kN/m2)
Ladrilhohidráulico,incluindoargamassade assentamento 0:90

Ladrilho cerâmico,incluindo argamassade assentamento 0.70
Azulejos cerâmicos,incluiO(~o
argamassade assentamento 0.60
Reboco de cimento (por em de espessura) 0.20
Reboco de calou estuque (por em de espessura) 0.16
Pedra (3 cm de espessura),incluindoargamassade assentamento 1.20
Tacosde madeiIaassentescomcola 0.20
Estuqueem tectossob laje de betão armado,incluindochapinhadoe esboço 0.25
Forrode tectoem madeira 0.20
Tecto falso 0.20
Divisóriasleves 0.50
Elementos de revestimento de coberturas (kN/m2)
TelhaMarselha,incluindoripase varasde madeiIa 0.65

TelhaLusa,incluindoripase varasde madeiIa 0.70
Telhas de betão com ripado de madeira ..... ..................... .... 0.90
Chapas de fibra-cimento 0.35
146 Grupo de Betão AnDado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Elementos de enchimento
Argamassascelulares. ............ 6-8

Betão simples 24
Betãolevecomargilaexpandida 12
Betãolevecom granuladode cortiça 10
Betonilha 20
Solovegetal(canteiros) 20
Peso específico de alguns materiais
~ .................................... 78
Alumínio ......... 27
Areia
Areia seca.. ............. 16
Areiahúmida ................................ 18
Argamassa
Argamassade cimento ................................ 21
Argamassade calhidráulica. ......... 18
Argamassabastarda(cale cimento) ........... 19

Betão
Betãoannado ................... 25
Betãosimples(nonnal) .............................. 24
Betão sem finos... ...... 18
Betão leve com argila expandida............................................................... 12
Betão leve com granulado de cortiça ......................................................... 10
Betão celular autoclavado (tipo Ytong).. .................... 5.5

Brita .. 15
Fibrocimento .................................. 20
Madeiras .......... 10
Solos
Argilasmoles ................................. 17 - 19
Argilasduras ............ 19 - 20
Areias soltas ........................ 19 - 20
Areias compac tas.................................................................................. 20 - 21

Vidro ............................. 25
Peso de paredes divisórias de alvenaria

Tipo Dimensões dos Tijolos Espessura (m) Peso (kN/m2)
Tijolo furado
30 x 20 x 7 0.11 1.4
Paredes Simples
30 x 20 x 11 0.15 1.8
0.02
*'
30 x 20 x 15 0.19 2.1
30 x 20 x 22 0.24 2.5
1ft
.
+-e
.
30 x 20 x 22 0.26 2.6
Tijolo furado
30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 7 0.09 + 0.09 + t 2.2
Paredes Duplas
0.02 30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 11 0.09 + 0.13 + t 2.4
*' +t+
:: :.
30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 15 0.09 + 0.17 + t 2.7
mOI
;;
+-- e--+
.1 30 x 20 x 11+ 30 x 20 x 11 0.13 + 0.13+ t 2.6
30x20x 11 +30x20x 15 0.13 + 0.17+ t 3.0
30 x 20 x 15+ 30 x 20 x 15 0.17 + 0.17+ t 3.3
Tijolo perfurado
22 x 11 x 7 0.11 1.9
m
-
22 x 11 x 7 0.15 2.3
Tijolo maciço
22 x 11 x 7 0.11 2.2
22 x 11 x 7 0.15 2.6
Blocos de Betão 40 x 20 x 7 0.11 2.1

40 x 20 x 10 0.14 2.1
40 x 20 x 15 0.19 2.3
40 x 20 x 20 0.24 3.0
40 x 20 x 25 0.29 3.3
40 x 20 x 30 0.34 3.5
Blocos de Betão Celular 60 x 20 x 10 0.12 1.0

..
60 x 20 x 15 0.17 1.3
60 x 20 x 20 0.22 1.6
CV 60 x 20 x 24 0.26 1.9
...
~
00
' Viga
IA B1 IA
B A
.
B
f L f t L f I
Carga L f
2 2
pI! + pI! pI!
DIIID P MA = Mo = -12; = 24 MA = -- ; M+ = M+ -
Mmáx 8 máx 14.2 máx-8
-+--1.. --+ VA--V 0--_ pL VA-_ 0--
_ pL
2 VA= 8 ; Vo = 3 p8L 2
fI.j
I! I! I! 2 2 õ'
P MA=- O ; Mo=- 7 pI! M+ _ PL + _ PL ..,
O ; M:áx= 4.64 MA= - 120 ; máx- 23.65 Mmáx- o ~
-+--L --+ 'V _ 3 P L .
A-2ü ' Vo = 720
PL V _ 27 P L
A- 120 '
. = 33PL
o 120 VA=6;Vo=3
pL pL --
fI.j
fI.j
'8
Q.
~
o
I
I
-.
n g. I
2 2
I! I! I! 8 I! ofI.j
P M-
A--20'
P . Mo--'- P . 1\1+máx--
- 46.64
P MA =- 120 '.
M+ _ P L
máx- 33.54
M+ = Q. ~ I
-+--L --+ V _ 7 PL
A-2ü '
. Vo = 3 p L
20
V =48pL.
A 120'
_ 12PL
o - 120
máx
pL
VA=3 ;Vo= 6
16
pL -
=
(fQ
=
~
o
~
I
I
= !lt I
MA-
-M 0---'
- P
J!
. _ PL+
2
_ 5 P L2. = p I!
+ _ PL
+
2
--.
fI.j
19.2 Mmáx- 32 MA-- ,Mmáx 14.2 Mmáx- 12 "'C

ofI.j ~ I
8" I
-+--L --+ Q.
VA-- V0--- pL
4 VA P L ; Vo = 1164P L
2164 VA--V 0--_ pL
4 -I
ti)
-.
-< ..,
Pall Pa2b + 2 P a2b2
M - P a b (L + b) .' M+máx= P a2 b (3L a) - M+ = Pab
(JQ
=
MA=- ; Mo=-; Mmáx=
-L r.;
2 2
r.; I! A- - 2 IJ
2 2 2
2L3 máx
Pb
.L
Pa
fI.j
+-a-+-b-+ V _ P ti (3a + b) . V _ P a (a + 3b) P b (3L - b ) P a (3L- a)

A- VA=-;L Vo=- L
I.;3 ,0- 3
1.; VA = 2O ; Vo = 2 L3
PL + PL M 3 PL + 5 PL + PL
MA= Mo = - 8 ; Mmáx = 8 A =-16 ; Mmáx= 32 Mmáx= 4
+O.SL +O.SL + P llP 5P . P
VA= Vo = - 2 VA= - 16 ; Vo = -16 VA= Vo= -2
B A B
~IA B1~ IA
-6); -6);
Carga t L t f L
-6);
t , L ,
MA= Mo= _-L MA= - -L [0 _.a2(2 L - a)]
12L [0 -a2(2L-a)]
+a -+-b +a + 8L I M+ = L ( 3 L2 _ 4 a2)
ma\x 24
~p M+ = L ( L3 - 2 a3)
máx 24 L 8
VA= -L[IJ(5b+6a)-a2(2L-a)] I I
-+-L --+ 40(')
VA = Vo = l 2 (a+b) Vo = -L [ ( 3 b + 2 a ) + a2 ( 2 L -a ) ] 2
oI'IJ
-- f
Q.
8 I VA = Vo = ..L (a + b) o
t:xI
Cfj o
-.
/") g
pb 2 2 oI'IJ
MA= - ~12L [ 12 d e + b (L - 3 e) ] Q.
-+a+-b -+-c +
Mo =--
Pb 2 2
[ 12 d e + b (L - 3 d) ]
MA =- 8I! ( 2a + b )[ 2r: - b2- 2a ( a + b )] I
VA=pb(2c+b)
2L -=
C)
(JQ
o!.
o
~ 1213 = I
+-d-+-e-+ Vo= 8L
pb3 {4IJ[a(2a+b)+(a+b)2]- --.
I'IJ
õ'
Vo =2L
-+-L --+ V A=- Pb3[4cr;+2br;+4de(d-e)+
4L .
-(2a+b)[a2+(a+b)
2
n
p b (2 a + b ) "CI
oCfj iI
2
+ b (d - e)]
Q.
-
(I)
--i
-.
MA= Mb(2a-b) . Mo = M a ( a - 2 b ) M ( L2- 3 b2 ) Ma Mb (JQ
Mesq=-L ; Mctlr
2 I'IJ
nM I..; , L2 MA= 2
21..;
=T
+a-+-b-+ Vo--_6Mab
M M
VA=-6Mab
r: .' C
V =3Ma(a-2L)
A 2 L3
.~ =_3Ma(a-2L)
, o 2 L3
VA =--L ; Vo =-L
+t
MA-_ 3atEI
~h .,. MA = Mo = 2a tEI
h h M = O (em todo o vão)
t L t 3atEI
VA = Vo = O V - - 3a t E I. VO= VA= Vo = O
a - Coef. dil. ténn. A- Lh ' Lh
-
J>,
\O
- - - - --- -
ISO Grupo de Betão Arm3do e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
Esforços em vigas contínuas de dois tramos [5]
Momentos flectores
Re1açao Ar:t;:JD Sobrecarga variável no Ac1;ãD Sobrecarga variável no

dosvãos Permanente tIltramo 'P tramo Pennanente tIl tramo 211tramo
+ + + +
M2 M2 M2 maxMil maxMI2 maxMI1 max MI2
2 -2 2 2
12/ 11 g li qlll q211 g li g li q111 q211
1.00 -0.125 -0.063 -0.063 0.070 0.070 0.096 0.096
1.10 -0.139 -0.060 -0.079 0.065 0.090 0.097 0.114
1.20 -0.155 -0.057 -0.098 0.060 0.111 0.098 0.134
1.30 -0.174 -0.054 -0.119 0.053 0.133 0.099 0.156
1.40 -0.195 -0.052 -0.143 0.047 0.157 0.100 0.179
1.50 -0.219 -0.050 -0.169 0.040 0.183 0.101 0.203
1.60 -0.245 -0.048 -0.197 0.033 0.209 0.102 0.229
1.70 -0.274 -0.046 -0.228 0.026 0.237 0.103 0.256
1.80 -0.305 -0.045 -0.260 0.019 0.267 0.104 0.285
1.90 -0.339 -0.043 -0.296 0.013 0.298 0.104 0.316
2.00 -0.375 -0.042 -0.333 0.008 0.330 0.105 0.347
2.25 -0.477 -0.039 -0.438 0.003 0.417 0.107 0.433
2.50 -0.594 -0.036 -0.558 - 0.513 0.108 0.527
Esforços transversos e reacções de apoio

Relação Sobrecarga variável no
dos vãos AcçAo Pennanente 111e 211
1"tramo 2" tramo tramos
12/11 Vllf'Rl V2E V2D VR3 maxVl V2E V2D max V3 max R2
g 11 g 11 g 11 g 11 ql11 ql11 '12 11 q211 q 11
1.00 0.375 0.625 0.625 0.375 0.438 0.563 0.563 0.438 1.250
1.10 0.361 0.639 0.676 0.424 0.441 0.560 0.622 0.478 1.315
1.20 0.345 0.655 0.729 0.471 0.443 0.557 0.682 0.518 1.384
1.30 0.326 0.674 0.784 0.516 0.446 0.554 0.742 0.558 1.457
1.40 0.305 0.695 0.839 0.561 0.448 0.552 0.802 0.598 1.534
1.50 0.281 0.719 0.896 0.604 0.450 0.550 0.863 0.638 1.615
1.60 0.255 0.745 0.953 0.647 0.452 0.548 0.923 0.677 1.698
1.70 0.226 0.774 1.011 0.689 0.454 0.546 0.984 0.716 1.785
1.80 0.195 0.805 1.069 0.731 0.455 0.545 1.045 0.755 1.875
1.90 0.161 0.839 1.128 0.772 0.457 0.543 1.106 0.794 1.967
2.00 0.125 0.875 1.188 0.813 0.458 0.542 1.167 0.833 2.063
2.25 0.023 0.977 1.337 0.913 0.462 0.539 1.320 0.930 - 2.313
2.50 -0.094 1.094 1.488 1.013 0.464 0.536 1.473 1.027 2.58i
Esforços em vigas contínuas de três tramos [5]

Momentos flectores
Relação Acção Sobrecarga no Acção Sobrecarga no
de vãos perma- I° tramo 2° tramo 1° e 2° Permanente 1° tramo 1° e 3° 2° tramo
nente tramo tramo
+ +
12 /11
M-2 M2 M-2
max M2 MI1 Mi; Mh max Mh max MI?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
g II qlll q2 II q II g II g II ql II ql II qlll
0.40 -0.083 -0.091 -0.005 -0.096 0.087 .0.063 0.084 0.089 0.015
0.50 -0.080 -0.086 -0.009 -0.095 0.088 .0.049 0.086 0.092 0.022
0.60 -0.080 -0.081 -0.014 -0.095 0.088 -0.035 0.088 0.094 0.031
0.70 -0.082 -0.077 -0.021 -0.098 0.087 .0.021 0.087 0.096 0.040
0.80 -0.086 -0.073 -0.029 -0.102 0.086 -0.006 0.091 0.098 0.051
0.90 -0.092 -0.070 -0.039 -0.108 0.083 0.010 0.093 0.100 0.063
1.00 -0.100 -0.067 -0.050 -0.117 0.080 0.025 0.094 0.101 0.075
1.10 -0.11 O -0.064 -0.063 -0.127 0.076 0.041 0.095 0.103 0.089
1.20 -0.122 -0.061 -0.077 -0.139 0.072 0.058 0.096 0.104 0.103
1.25 -0.128 -0.060 -0.085 -0.145 0.069 0.067 0.097 0.104 0.110
1.30 -0.136 -0.059 -0.093 -0.152 0.066 0.076 0.097 0.105 0.118
1.40 -0.151 -0.057 -0.111 -0.168 0.061 0.094 0.098 0.106 0.134
1.50 -0.168 -0.055 -0.130 -0.185 0.055 0.113 0.099 0.107 0.151
1.60 -0.187 -0.053 -o.151 -0.204 0.049 0.133 0.100 0.107 0.169
1.70 -0.208 -0.051 -0.173 -0.224 0.043 0.153 0.101 0.108 0.188
1.80 -0.231 -0.050 -0.197 -0.247 0.036 0.174 0.101 0.109 0.208
1.90 -0.255 -0.048 -0.223 -0.271 0.030 0.196 0.102 0.109 0.229
2.00 -0.281 -0.047 -0.250 -0.297 0.024 0.219 0.103 0.110 0.250
2.25 -0.354 -0.044 -0.325 -0.369 0.011 0.264 0.110 0.111 0.307
2.50 -0.438 -0.041 -0.411 -0.452 0.002 0.329 0.113 0.113 0.370
3.00 -0.366 -0.036 -0.614 -0.650 - 0.489 0.114 0.119 0.511
qt qz I I , I I
'q3
I 4
2 3
-+-- 11 t 12 t II
I
dos vãos Acção Permanente ]° tramo 1° e 3° 1° tramo 1° e 2°
tramos tramos
12 /11 VI =Rl . V2-E V2-D V3-E Vl=Rl max VI V2,.E V2-D

g II g II g II g I] qlll q 11 qlll q II
0.40 0.417 0.583 0.200 0.200 0.409 0.422 0.596 0.461
0.50 0.420 0.580 0.250 0.250 0.414 0.429 0.595 0.450
0.60 0.420 0.580 0.300 0.300 0.419 0.434 0.595 0.460
0.70 0.418 0.582 0.350 0.350 0.423 0.439 0.598 0.483
0.80 0.414 0.586 0.400 0.400 0.427 0.443 0.602 0.512
0.90 0.408 0.592 0.450 0.450 0.430 0.447 0.608 0.546
1.00 0.4 00 0.600 0.500 0.500 0.433 0.450 0.617 0.583
1.10 0.390 0.610 0.550 0.550 0.436 0.453 0.627 0.623
1.20 0.378 0.622 0.600 0.600 0.439 0.455 0.639 0.665
1.25 0.372 0.628 0.625 0.625 0.440 0.457 0.645 0.668
1.30 0.365 0.636 0.650 0.650 0.44 ] 0.458 0.652 0.708
1.40 0.349 0.651 0.700 0.700 0.443 0.460 0.668 0.753
1.50 0.332 0.668 0.750 0.750 0.445 0.462 0.685 0.798
1.60 0.313 0.687 0.800 0.800 0.447 0.463 0.704 0.843
1.70 0.292 0.708 0.850 0.850 0.449 0.465 0.724 0.890
1.80 0.269 0.731 0.900 0.900 0.450 0.466 0.747 0.937
1.90 0.245 0.755 0.950 0.950 0.452 0.468 0.771 0.985
2.00 0.219 0.781 1. 00{) 1.000 0.453 0.469 0.797 1.031
2.25 0.146 0.854 1.125 1.125 0.456 0.471 0.869 1.151
2.50 0.063 0.938 1.250 ] .250 0.459 0.476 0.952 1.272
3.00 -0.136 1.136 1.500 ] .500 0.464 0.477 1.150 1.517
--- - - -
152
Coeficientes de rigidez de elementos de viga
. . .
12EI6-
T 3EI6- 3EI6-
L2 L3
6L -- iL6- j
. n.
e / _~_~ 11I I~e

Qe
L
y =6. C05(a.- 8>
não introduz esforços
. I
~I ~
2' Grau 21Grau
MJ MJ MJ 21Grau M 2' Grau M 2' Grau +x_, _ MJ
IJ]]]] ...-rl111 . J MJ
0J:0:DM·
-L- -L- -L- -L- -L- -L- -L- -L- --ri1J .d1JJI] J
-L- +--L-lMJ
Ir-,....
-L-
M, L L 2L L L 2L 2L
IJ]]]] M,M)L TM,M) TM,M) )'MaM) TMaM) TM,M) TMaM) TM,M) M, (M)+M.)
L
TM,M) M, (M)" M.)
+--L-
L . L L L L 5L L (L + x)
-L-
--rl1111M, )'M,M) 6"MIMJ )'M,M) TMaM) 12M,M) 12M,M) "4M,M) M, (MJ+2M.) M,M) Ma (MJ- 2M.)
L L L L L 5L (L + y)
-L-
M,l.
2'Grau
)'MaM) )'MaM) TIM.M) "4M,M) "4MaM) TIMIM) M, (2M)+M.) M1M) M, (2M)" M.)
.-<
o
2
'8
8L L L 7L 7L L xy . o-
-L- lM, M, (M)+M.) o
15MaM) SM,M) SM,M) 15M,M) 15 M,M) )'M.MJ(l+ -) M, (M)" M.) ti:!
I (':>
Ei.
2' Grau
---ri'!1M1
-L-
L
SMIM)
L 3L 2L
3oM,M) IOM,M) 15M,M) lM, (M)+3M.)
1
l2M,M)(3x+t)
y2
lM, (M)"3M.)
-
-<
O
..,
o
»...
3~
o-
(!)
ti)
o
2' Grau o
L 2L 3L 1 x2 Q. ::?
M,llh--.-. SM,M) 15M,M) IOM1M) lM, (3M)+M.) (!) (':>.
-L- : 12M,M)(3Y+T) lM, (3M)" M.)
~
2' Grau '--. õ'
8L llL MM <!
~
.d1JJI] 1M, 15M,M) 30 M,M) IM, (3M)+5M.) -L2.(5L-y_yI)
12 lM, (3M)- 5M.) o-
-L- I o
I
21Grau Q.
8L ;I< Vi
"-i
M'I 15M,M) IM, (5M)+3M.) M,M)
12 (5L-x-xI) IMa (5M3- 3M.)
-L-
M, M [M,(L+y)+
Dn:o:Jl k [M,(2M3+M.) + k [M,(2M)" M.) +
+--L- +MI(M)+2M.)] +MI(L+x)] +Mz(M)-2M.)]
+xr-'a- L
' [M)(L+y,)-
IM, 6"M,M)[2"x,y ]
-L- (para XI> X) -M.(L+x,)]
M,
I"h..... Mz k [M.(2M)- M.).
""""-J
+--L- " MI(M)-2M.)]
.-
VI
w'
- --
Flechas elásticas de alguns tipos de viga [4]
Carga concentrada Carga distribuída

3 4
õ= k PL Õ= k pL
EI EI
Coeficiente k
Condições
Carga
de apoio
-4 D. D..
H
JP
+L/2+L/2+
"""
-1 -3 -1
48 322 192
IP -1 ..... """ .....
I L I 3
mITO =1P -1 -5 -1 -1
-t-L I : 8 384 184.6 384
-11 -1 -1 -7
-t-L I 192 120 274 3840
=1P
I L I
-11
120
-3
460
-1
328.1
-1
764
$ -1 -3 -1 -1
-t-L I 30 460 419.3 764
155
Flechas elásticas de vigas contínuas
LI t--L02--+
Flecha elástica na extremidade da consola:
_~ -M + ...L
6 2 4
[ P LI ]
-t L t-
Flecha elástica a meio vão da viga:
I
Ô=EI
Nota: os momentos M, M1 e M2 entram nas expressões com o sinal de acordo com a

convenção de resistência de materiais
--- - --
Centro de Gravidade, Inércia e Largura equivalente de Secções em T [4]
+ b +- 3
I
I
I
I I
t 1= beq h
12
1$1 I I
h
I
I
I
I
X
G
I
I
I
I h-xG
r x G = ( 1 - CG) h
I I
1 L J beq = Cb b
+bw+
+-beq-+ **.
Na Tabela: §:Cb
CG
,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0,30 1,000 0,683 0,535 0,444 0,382 0,336 0,301. 0,273 0,250 0,232
0,500 .0,580 0,631 0,665 0,690 0,710 0,725 0,737 0,747 0,755
0,275 1,000 0,680 0,534 0,444 0,382 0,336 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0.578 0,628 0,663 0,689 0,709 0,726 0,739 0,749 0,758
0,25 1,000 0,677 0,531 0,443 0.381 0,336 0.301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0,575 0,625 0,660 0,687 0,708 0,724 0;739 0,750 0,760
0,225 1,000 0,671 0,527 0,440 0.380 0,335 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0.571 0,620 0,656 0,683 0,705 0,722 0,737 0,749 0,759
0,20 1,000 0.664 0,521 0,436 0,377 0,333 0,299 0,272 0,249 0,231
0,500 0,566 0,614 0.650 0.677 0.700 0,718 0,733 0,746 0,757
0,175 1,000 0,655 0,513 0,429 0.372 0.330 0,297 0,270 0.248 0,230
0,500 0,561 0,606 0,642 0,669 0,692 0,711 0,727 0,740 0,752
0,15 1,000 0,643 0,502 0,421 0.365 0,324 0.292 0,267 0,245 0,228
0,500 0,555 0,598 0,631 0,659 0,682 0,701 0,717 0,731 0,744
0,125 1,000 0,629 0,488 0,408 0,355 0,316 0,285 0,261 0.240 0,223
0,500 0,548 0,587 I 0,619 0,645 0,668 0,687 0,704 0,718 0,731
1,000 0,611 0,469 0,303 0.274 0,257 0,232. 0.216

0,100
0,500 0,540 0,575 0,603
0,391 I
0,628
0,340 0,650 I 0,668 0,686 0,700 0,713
1,000 0,590 0,445 0,368 0,319 0,284 0,257 0,236 0,218 0,204
0,075
0,500 0,532 0,560 0,584 0,606 0,626 0,643 0,659 0,673 0,686
1,000 0,565 0,415 0,338 0,290 0,257 0.232 0,213 0,197 0,184
0,05 0,635 0,647
0,500 0,522 0.543 0,561 0,579 0,595 0,609 0,623
1,000 0,535 0,378 0,300 0,252 0,219 0,191 0,178 0.164 0,152
0,025 0.589
0,500 0,511 0,523 0,534 0,544 0,554 0,563 0,672 0,581
..- - -.- -.....-....--
Centros de gravidade e momentos de inércia de secções planas
Rectângulo I Triângulo I
y=h/3
y=h/2
A=bh/2
vI 81-
I
b I
A=bh
Ix= b h 112
3
ytA} I I
bl2 bl2
I x'
Ix =b h33136
Ix.=bh/12
Círculo Semi-círculo
. I I
y= 31t
4r
i t 4Y
c
A=1tr2f2
G A =1t r2
I=1tr
4
14
v:tc;QJ Ix= 0.1098 r4
Iy=1tT
4
18
Quano de círculo I Sector circular I
-.y=-4r
31t x= 2rsena
3a
y t@:j- x
A =1t r2/4
4 I I
A =a r2
Ix=1tr/16
x
Parábola I
Parábola I
x =3 a/8
y=3b/5 y=2b/5
vtlb A=4ab/3 vtlb A=2ab/3
I a I I a I
Parábola ! Elipse I
A=1tab
x=3a/4 1Y 3
Ix=1tab/4
vi'}I
a I
y=3b/1O
A=ab/3 :f8-, I a I a I
3
Iy= 1t a b /4
Semi-Elipse I Quano de Elipse I

x=4a/31t
A=1tab/2 h
3 y=4b/31t
h
Ix = 0.110 a b t4 A=1tab/4
3
-T-Ib
y x 3
+--a-t Iy= 0.393 a b ytx}
I I
Ix= 0.0549 a b
a Iy= 0.0549 a3 b I
- - - - --------- - - -
Volumes e momentos de inércia de sólidos
Esfera Cilindro
v =7tr2 h
2 2
Ix =m (3 r + h ) /12
2
Iz =mr 12
Placa rectangular fina Disco fino
2
Iz =m r 12
Cone I I Pirâmide I
tz y=h/4
V =7tr2h /3
y=h/4
Y ! &lb
--.- Iz =3 m r2/1O
Y! /A!' .:....... .........
lb V=Ah/3
Barra fina r IPrismarectangular

' Ix= (a2+ b2) m /12
-f- Iy= I x= m L2/12 W I y= (b2 + c2 ) m /12
L I
b r I 'x
a
V/c Iz= (a2+ c2) m /12
Obelisco de bases rectangulares

m - massa total do corpo
~F..~
~ v= t~)~:~+
Grupo de Betão Armado c Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
159
Rigidez Elástica de Torção [6]
3 h4
J = bh
16
[_
3
3.36 l!.- (1 _
b. 12 b4
)]
3 2
b J=a; bh 'tmáx=MtI (b h )
h
a;
1.0 0.141 0.208
1.2 0.166 0.219
fi I! 1.5
2.0
0.196 0.231
b 0.229 0.246
-1 t- 2.5 0.249 0.258
3.0 0.263 0.267 .
;
4.0 0.281 0.282

5.0 0.291 0.291
10.0 0.312 0.312
00 0.333 0.333
G J =1t ...L24 't máx = Mt f

J
=1L2 = ---Mt fe
@) fe
J (f4_ f)
e I
't máx T
J
G '...' t
J =2 1t f t 't= Mt fm
J
\.:..........--.......FI- Am
4A2 Mt
U'.........
\-............. l' ..
J=
1t
m
ds
't=
2 Am t
----------------
Pré-dimensionamento de fundações directas
i. f'
. Valores da tensão de segurança do solo [9]
Tensão de
Tipo de Terreno Segurança
( IcN/m2)
.,
Rochas duras e sãs 10000
Rochas Rochas pouco duras ou medianamente alteradas 3000
Rochas brandas ou muito alteradas 1000

Solo Solo
seco submerso
Areias e misturas areia-seixo. bem graduadas e compactas 400 - 600 200 300 -
Solos Areias e misturas areia-seixo.bem graduadas mas soltas -
200 400 -
100 200
incoerentes Areias uniformescompactas 200 -400 100 -200
Areias uniformes soltas 100 -200 50 - 100
Solos coerentesrijos -
400 600
Solos Solos coerentes muito duros 200 -400
coerentes Solos coerentes duros 100 - 200
Solos coerentes de consistência média 50 - 100

-- -.. ....
Grupo de Belão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST 161
Resistência e Deformabilidade de solos

em função dos resultados do SPT [8]
'I SII JIO YIO~" Yl'DS
4( 11I11ua ..
.. .... ...... o
...
11I nu.!
It _ C)
4( JmI1I1Y11 ! o
o
oo O
..
-'8JJG )11 ~ ~ ~ c
I
sn...~§fu
I
+
+
.L T
I I ..
f + T
à I ! o
.,. + ..
-- I I
I
~
I i
.,.
- I
- +
I
-'
~ I
../...
~
..,.
... I -!
---
.e .z..
::>
.... ~ !
m
:E-
...~ i
.,r-
e~
-' .,. :
-~...
e-
...--
. +
I'
.~ -..-o: ~
.,.'" l I Q;
~~
1iI!-
...,= T
I
I
I
I cri 1 .,;
...- I
---
-... I I
...
c-
-::;~
i
:
\-
+
.J..
I
I
:-< I
s=
:E-
: t
I
~
3
~- :: r:._
- ...
:-
--
...- ~
I
J
T
I
.
...- .. Z
I ã
-...
...=
O
L
.. o .
I
.-
-- ...
...in " ...
*
I
--e
c... - ..
~
u
Z ..
>- .: . _.1..
e .. .
I
Ü
<i
.~
.,. ..
c
I
I -....
in I
....
...
-.
- tI
~
! I
...
c I
; I -.. ...
.~ I
I
~ I
to
-e...
c I
.. ; +
I
I
.L lf\
I
o r,
I
I
.
I
I .
I
'-
Jlftl1lnN -e o
o..
o
C)
C)
2
C)
...
...
..
-."1 JI:i
.. SltIU" ~ I
-
j
SJ1nIS
-
-.
~ ~1i8J .:~
..a 1IIIJI :::.
\.'~oo 01101'1 v>too 31H3.lSISNO:> "ONV~9
162
Pré-dimensionamento de estacas [7]
QUADRO DE VALORES A ADOPTAR NA ELABORAÇÃO DE ANTE-PROJECTOS

(a corrigir após conhecimento das caracterrsticas do terreno e outras condições focais)
Srmbolo
N!!. Denominação e Tipos de estacas normais
unidade
1 Di.imetro 305 355 406 450 520 600

(mm)
S 1295 1590 2124 2827
2 Secção 731 990
",
(cm2)
, V
3 lume, por metro 0,08 0,10 0,13 0,16 0,22 0,29
(m3)
L 128 141 188
4 Perímetro 96 112 163
(cm)
I 358908
5 Momento de inércia 42403 : 77 823 133 137 201289 636172
(cm4) -;
P
6 Peso, por metro 0,18 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,53 0,70
(ton)
7 Armadura 16 516 516

12 12 6JJ16
- J,.,.5
='oa
mlÍlima
8 'g.a Área de Cerro Aa

S- 4,52 4,52 8,04 10,00 10,00 . 12,.10
(cm2)
-
9
<6 -
J,.,bD
Peso por
metro
Pa
3,56 3,56 6,32 7,90 7,90 9,48
(kg)
COCIJ.
'lQ.oas N!!. de metros, c 9 11 12
10 6 8 10
- Sou
ClJU)o
::r:3N
por metro (m)
7:! Do Peso. por Pc

11 -oU')
() - metro (kg)
1,34 1,78 2,00 2,22 2,44 2,66
Carga de serviço máx. N 70

12 35 50 90 120 160
axial de compressão (ton)
Solicitação m:'ix. axial N'

13 8 10 14 17 22 3U
de tracção (ton)
Momento fiector M
14 (ton. 01) 0,8 1, O 1,7 2,3 3,0 6,7
resistente (N = O)
Solicitação, máx. normal, T

15 0,4 0,5 1, O 1,5 2,0 3,0
horizontal na cabeça (ton)
Afastamento mfu. entre e
16 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,40 1,50 1,80
eixos de estacas (m)
17 H 25 35
Profundidades máximas 12 16 22 35
(01)
COlllprimento elástico de estacas [8]
L
equ.
=0.388 0 V -E betão I
E solo
Grupo de Belão Annado c Pré-Esforçado - 1ST
163
Sapatas Rectangulares - Cálculo de tensões no solo [3]

Flexão Composta Desviada - Secção não resistente à tracção
ZONAS A, B e C (tensões nos cantos) ZONA D (tensão no pomo interno 5)

N+P 4
0'1 = s;- O'adm
À1 a b 3
0'4 =- À4 0'1 (fictícia) N+P

O's = S;O'adm
sena Às a b
0'2 = 0'1 - (O' 1 - 0'4) sen a+ cos a
. 1 cos a
0'3 = b} c.(O'} - 0'4)
sena+ cos a
1
I
I
T
I
0.200
+
i
I
1
I
iI
'Ix
- --
-----
164 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado- 1ST
Resistência ao esforço transverso de secções circulares [10]
de =0.450+0.64(d- ~ )
be = 0.9 0
.
I
rd
0m
1
<=>
DI-: bme
+
de=0.785 0m
bme=0.785 0m
+""2
t
Grupo de betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado
Tabelas Diversas
Referências:
[4] - CEB, "Manual on Cracking and Deformations", Bulletin

D'lnformation n2 158-E, Construction Press, 1985.
[5] - "Tabelas Técnicas", J. S. Brazão Farinha e A. Correia dos Reis, edição

P. O. B., 1992.
[6] - "Folhas de Resistência de Materiais", Arantes e Oliveira, Edição

AEIST,IST, 1969.
[7] - "Fundações Franki", 1967.
[8] - "Acerca do Projecto de Fundações em Estacas de Betão Armado", Guy

de Castro, Memória n2743, LNEC, 1989.
[9] - "Fundações Directas Correntes - Recomendações", LNEC, E217, Julho

de 1968.
---
Peso de revestimentos e coberturas

Valores usualmente considerados no dimensionamento {kN/m2)
Pavimento em alcatifa incluindo até 3 cm de camada de regularização (implica
a nãocolocaçãode quaisquercanalizaçõesnessacamada)e estuqueno tecto 1.0
Revestimentos usuais de pavimentos - tacos, alcatifa ou mosaicos cerâmicos
(incluindo até 5 cm de camada de regularização e assentamento) e estuque ou
tectofalsona faceinferiorda laje 1.5
Revestimentosde pedra (até 3 cm) ou mosaicoshidráulicos(incluindoaté
5 cm de camadade regularizaçãoe assentamento)e estuqueou tectofalso 2.0
Revestimentos de terraços, incluindo camada de forma em betão leve
Revestimentosde terraços, incluindo camada de forma em betão normal
Coberturasde telhaapoiadaemripadode madeira 1.0
Coberturasde telhaapoiadaemripadodebetão 1.5
Coberturasde telhacomripadode betãoapoiadoem muretesde alvenaria 2.0
Coberturasde chapasde fibrocimentoapoiadasemmuretesde alvenaria 1.0
Elementos de revestimento de pavimentos, tectos e paredes {kN/m2)
Ladrilhohidráulico,incluindoargamassade assentamento 0.90

Ladrilho cerâmico,incluindoargamassade assentamento 0.70
Azulejos cerâmicos,incluindoargamassade assentamento 0.60
Reboco de cimento (por em de espessura) 0.20
Reboco de cal ou estuque (por em de espessura) 0.16
Pedra (3 cm de espessura),incluindoargamassade assentamento 1.20
Tacosde madeiraassentescomcola 0.20
Estuqueem tectossoblajede betãoarmado,incluindochapinhadoe esboço 0.25
Forrode tectoemmadeira 0.20
Tecto falso 0.20
Divisóriasleves 0.50
Elementos de revestimento de coberturas {kN/m2)
TelhaMarselha,incluindoripase varasde madeira 0.65

TelhaLusa,incluindoripase varasde madeira 0.70
Telhasde betãocomripadode madeira 0.90
Chapas de fibro-cimento ... 0.35
----
Elementos de enchimento
Argamassascelulares.................................................................................... 6-8
Betão simples 24
Betão leve com argila expandida. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . 12
Betãolevecomgranuladode cortiça 10
Betonilha 20
Solovegetal(canteiros) 20
Peso específico de alguns materiais
Aço .............................. 78
Alumínio .. 27
Areia
Areia seca ................................. 16
Areia húmida....................................................................................... 18
Argamassa
Argamassade cimento ...................................................... 21
Argamassade calhidráulica. .. ....... 18
Argamassabastarda(cale cimento).......................................................... 19
Betao
Betao armado....................................................................................... 25
Betãosimples(normal) .................................... 24
Betão sem finos ................................................. 18
Betão leve com argila expandida ................. 12
Betão leve com granulado de cortiça ......................................................... 10
Betão celular autoclavado (tipo Y tong) .. .. .... ... .... .... ... .. .... .... .. ... .... .... .. ... 5.5
Brita .... ........... 15
Fibrocimento ................................................. 20
Madeiras ................................... 10
Solos
Argilas moles...................................................................................... 17 - 19
Argilas duras ..................................................... 19 - 20
Areias soltas ... 19 - 20
Areias compactas.................................................................................. 20 - 21
Vidro .. 25
Peso de paredes divisórias de alvenaria

Tipo Dimensões dos Tijolos Espessura (m) Peso (kN/m2)
Tijolo furado 0.11 1.4

30 x 20 x 7
Paredes Simples 0.15 1.8
30 x 20 x 11
0.02
-++-
30 x 20 x 15 0.19 2.1
til
.
+-e
.
30 x 20 x 22
30 x 20 x 22
0.24
0.26
2.5
2.6
Tijolo furado
30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 7 0.09 + 0.09 + t 2.2
Paredes Duplas
30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 11 0.09 + 0.13 + t 2.4
0.02
-++- +t+
30 x 20 x 7 + 30 x 20 x 15 0.09 + 0.17 + t 2.7
m
+-- e---+-
30 x 20 x 11 + 30 x 20 x 11
30 x 20 x 11 + 30 x 20 x 15
0.13 + 0.13 + t
0.13 + 0.17 + t
2.6
3.0
30 x 20 x 15 + 30 x 20 x 15 0.17 + 0.17 + t 3.3
Tijolo perfurado 22 x 11 x 7 0.11 1.9

ED
-
22 x 11x 7 0.15 2.3
Tijolo maciço 22 x 11x 7 0.11 2.2

22 x 11 x 7 0.15 2.6
."
40 x 20 x 7 0.11 2.1
Blocos de Betão
40 x 20 x 10 0.14 2.1
40 x 20 x 15 0.19 2.3
40 x 20 x 20 0.24 3.0
40 x 20 x 25 0.29 3.3
40 x 20 x 30 0.34 3.5
Blocos de Betão Celular 60 x 20 x 10 0.12 1.0

60 x 20 x 15 0.17 1.3
60 x 20 x 20 0.22 1.6
LSJ 60 x 20 x 24 0.26 1.9
A B
Viga
IA B1 IA B
-!);;
Carga
I
L I I L I I L I
2 2 2 2
pl.: + pl.:
M - Pr: M+.= + PL
DJIIJJ P MA = Mo = -12; Mmáx = 24 A--8'
.
max 14.2 Mmáx= ---g-

+-L-+ pL V A-
-V 0--
_ pL
VA = Vo = -2 VA-
-. Vo = 3pL
-- 8 ,
8 2
VI
2 2 2 õ'
r: r: L2
M =-. M --. M+ = M _ 7pl.:. M+. = M+. = .., o.,
30' 0- 20' máx 46.64
I.f"':)
-d:I11J P A A--l2ü ' max 23.65 max 16 o c:

VI "O
o
+-L-+ V _ 3p L V _ 27 P L V _ 33 p L pL pL Q.
~
.
= 7 p L .
;:
A - 120 o- ;Vu= 3
Vo
A - 20 ' 20 ' 120 VA=6 VI tJ:j
~
-
-. s.
2 2 2 2 2 2 t") o
M =-'M =-'M+. = M =-. o
VI ~
P A 20' o 30' max 46.64 A 120'
M+, =
max 33.54
M+. =
Q.
.,
3
max 16 ~
Q.
o
+-L-+ V _ 7 P L . V _ 48 P L V - 12 P L _ pL pL e:. ~
Vu = 3 p L .
A-W' 20 A-12O' 0-120 VA-6 ;Vn=3 (JQ

c
"1::1
.,
('1"
::3
2 2 2 2 VI W
r: - õ'
M=M=-' + _ pl.: 5pL + _ M+.= -. .,
-n
A o 19.2' Mmáx- 32 MA=-64 ; Mmáx- 14.2 max 12 "O ~
Q.
o
VI o
+-L-+ VA-
-V 0--
- pL V - 21P L V_lI PL pL Q. I
4 A- 64
.
' n-64 VA=Vn=- 4 u;

-. -I
P ab2 P a2b + 2 P a2b2
P a b (L + b) + P a2 b (3L - a)
(JQ
MA=-; Mo=-; Mmáx= MA=- M+ . = P ab VI
--L L
2
L
2
I! 2 L2 ; Mmáx= 2 L3 max L
+-a+-b-+ 2 2 2 Pb Pa
VA-
- P ti (3a + b) . V0-
,
_ P a (a + 3b) P b (3L - b ) P a (3L - a) VA=-;L Vn=- L
I! L3 VA = 2L3 Vo= 2L3 ;
_ _ PL. + _ PL
MA - Mo - --8 ' M.max-- 8 M =_ 3PL. + = 5PL M+ = PL
,
A 16' Mmáx 32 max 4
+O.SL +O.SL + P llP 5P P
VA = Vo = -2 VA = -16 ; Vo = -16 VA = Vu = -2
A B
~IA B1~ ~A
"I ~B ~- ~
I
Carga , L I L + + L +
P 3 2
= Mo = - ~. MA = - - 8L [~ - a (2 L - a) ]
MA
12 L [r} - a2( 2 L - a) ]
+a+-b+a+ M:"áx = L ( 3 L2 - 4 a2)
24 .
M+ . = ~ (L3 - 2 a3) VA = ~ [l! (5 b + 6 a) - a2 (2 L - a)] CIJ
~p max 24 L 8 L2
+--L -+
'"'I a..,
C
-,
'1:1
VA = Vo = l 2 ( a + b ) Vo = ~ [ l! ( 3 b + 2 a ) + a2 ( 2 L - a ) ] VA= V8 = 2p (a + b) I t'I)
&; o
o-
8 L2 tx:J
CIJ
--.
(') E;.
o
Pb o
2 2 CIJ ..,
MA = - ~ [ 12d e + b (L - 3 e) ] Pb 2 2 3
12I: MA = - ~ ( 2a + b )[ 2I..:- b - 2a ( a + b ) ] pb o..
o
-+a~b-+-c+
Pb 2 2
8I: VA=-
2L
(2c+b)
I(JQ '"
..,.
= - ~12 I: [ 12 d - 3 d) ] c
~ Mo e + b (L ::I
CIJ W
~d~e-+ Vo= pb3 {2l![L+3(c-a)]d+ pb
õ'
..,
-0
+--L -+ 8 I.:
VA=- Pb3[4C~+2b~+4de(d-e)+
4L + (2 a + b) [a2+ (a + b )2])
V8 = -
2L
(2a+b)
I CIJ o-
o
2 Q. I
+ b (d - e)] t'I) U;
-. >-i
MA= Mb(2a-b) . Mo = M a ( a - 2 b )
M (L2 - 3 b2 ) Ma Mbl(JQ
nM
2
I..: ' L2 MA= 2
2 I..:
Mesq=- L; Mdir= L
+-a+-b-+ M M
VA=- 6Mab Vo = 6 M a b V _3Ma(a-2L) V =_3Ma(a-2L) VA = - -L ; Vn = -L
ê ; C A- 2 L3 ; o 2 L3
+t
3a.tEI
---+- h
.,..
MA= Mo = 2 a.ht E I MA= h M = O (em todo o vão)
I L , 3a.tEI 3a.tEI
; Vo = Lh = Vo = O
Ct - Coef. di!. lénn. VA = Vo = O VA=- Lh
VA
- -
Esforços em vigas contínuas de dois tramos [5]
Momentos flectores
Relação Acçao Sobrecarga variável no Acçao Sobrecarga variável no

dos vãos Pennanente 1°ttamo '].Ottamo Pennanente 1° ttamo 2° ttamo
M-2 M-2 + + + +
M2 maxMil maxM12 maxMil maxMI2
2 2 2 2
12/ 11 g li q111 q211 g li g li q111 q211
1.00 -0.125 -0.063 -0.063 0.070 0.070 0.096 0.096
1.10 -0.139 -0.060 -0.079 0.065 0.090 0.097 0.114
1.20 -0.155 -0.057 -0.098 0.060 0.111 0.098 0.134
1.30 -0.174 -0.054 -0.119 0.053 0.133 0.099 0.156
1.40 -0.195 -0.052 -0.143 0.047 0.157 0.100 0.179
1.50 -0.219 -0.050 -0.169 0.040 0.183 0.101 0.203
1.60 -0.245 -0.048 -0.197 0.033 0.209 0.102 0.229
1.70 -0.274 -0.046 -0.228 0.026 0.237 0.103 0.256
1.80 -0.305 -0.045 -0.260 0.019 0.267 0.104 0.285
1.90 -0.339 -0.043 -0.296 0.013 0.298 0.104 0.316
2.00 -0.375 -0.042 -0.333 0.008 0.330 0.105 0.347
2.25 -0.477 -0.039 -0.438 0.003 0.417 0.107 0.433
2.50 -0.594 -0.036 -0.558 - 0.513 0.108 0.527
.. Esforços transversos e reacções de apoio

dosvãos Acçao Pennanente l° e 2°
l° ttamo 2° ttamo tramos
12/11 VI g=R1 V2E V2D VR3 maxV1 V2E V2D maxV3 maxR2
g 11 g 11 g 11 g 11 ql11 q111 Q211 q211 q 11
1.00 0.375 0.625 0.625 0.375 0.438 0.563 0.563 0.438 1.250
1.10 0.361 0.639 0.676 0.424 0.441 0.560 0.622 0.478 1.315
1.20 0.345 0.655 0.729 0.471 0.443 0.557 0.682 0.518 1.384
1.30 0.326 0674 0.784 0.516 0.446 0.554 0.742 0.558 1.457
1.40 0.305 0695 0.839 0.561 0.448 0.552 0.802 0.598 1.534
1.50 0.281 0.719 0.896 0.604 0.450 0.550 0.863 0.638 1.615
1.60 0.255 0.745 0.953 0.647 0.452 0.548 0.923 0.677 1.698
1.70 0.226 0.774 1.011 0.689 0.454 0.546 0.984 0.716 1.785
1.80 0.195 0.805 1.069 0.731 0.455 0.545 1.045 0.755 1.875
1.90 0.161 0.839 1.128 0.772 0.457 0.543 1.106 0.794 1.967
2.00 0.125 0.875 1.188 0.813 0.458 0.542 1.167 0.833 2.063
2.25 0.023 0.977 ;.337 0.913 0.462 0.539 1.320 0.930 2.313
2.50 -0.094 1.094 1.488 1.013 0.464 0.536 1.473 1.027 2.581
Esforços em vigas contínuas de três tramos [5]

Momentos nectores
Relação Acção Sobrecarga no Acção Sobrecarga no
penna- 12 tramo 22 tramo 12 e 22 Permanente 12 tramo 12 e 32 22 tramo
de vãos
nente tramo tramo
+ + + +
12 / 11
M-2 M-2 M-2 max Mi MJ, Mb MI, max MJ, max Mb
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
g II ql II q2I1 q II g II g II ql II ql II qlII
0.40 -0.083 -0.091 -0.005 -0.096 0.087 -0.063 0.084 0.089 0.015
0.50 -0.080 -0.086 -0.009 -0.095 0.088 .0.049 0.086 0.092 0.022
0.60 -0.080 -0.081 -0.014 -0.095 0.088 -0.035 0.088 0.094 0.031
0.70 -0.082 -0.077 -0.021 -0.098 0.087 -0.021 0.087 0.096 0.040
0.80 -0.086 -0.073 .0.029 -0.102 0.086 -0.006 0.091 0.098 0.051
0.90 -0.092 -0.070 -0.039 -0.108 0.083 0.010 0.093 0.100 0.063
1.00 -O.100 -0.067 -0.050 .0.117 0.080 0.025 0.094 0.101 0.075
1.10 -o.110 -0.064 -0.063 -0.127 0.076 0.041 0.095 0.103 0.089
1.20 -0.122 -0.061 -0.077 -0.139 0.072 0.058 0.096 0.104 0.103
1.25 .0.128 -0.060 -0.085 -0.145 0.069 0.067 0.097 0.104 0.110
1.30 -0.136 -0.059 -0.093 .0.152 0.066 0.076 0.097 0.105 0.118
1.40 -O.151 -0.057 -0.111 -0.168 0.061 0.094 0.098 0.106 0.134
1.50 .0.168 -0.055 -0.130 -0.185 0.055 0.113 0.099 0.107 0.151
1.60 -0.187 -0.053 -0.151 -0.204 0.049 0.133 0.100 0.107 0.169
1.70 -0.208 -0.051 -0.173 -0.224 0.043 0.153 0.101 0.108 0.188
1.80 -0.231 -0.050 -0.197 -0.247 0.036 0.174 0.101 0.109 0.208
1.90 -0.255 -0.048 -0.223 -0.271 0.030 0.196 0.102 0.109 0.229
2.00 -0.281 -0.047 -0.250 -0.297 0.024 0.219 0.103 0.110 0.250
2.25 -0.354 .0.044 .0.325 .0.369 0.011 0.264 0.110 0.111 0.307
2.50 -0.438 -0.041 .0.411 -0.452 0.002 0.329 0.113 0.113 0.370
3.00 -0.366 .0.036 -0.614 -0.650 - 0.489 0.114 0.119 0.511
q\ q2
--rrl ,
°2 °3 °4
I2 t 1\--+

dos vãos Acção Permanente 12 tramo 12 e 32 12 tramo 12 e 22
tramos tramos
12 / 11 Vl=Rl V2-E V2-D V3-E Vl=Rl max VI V2-E Vw

g li g 11 g 11 g 11 q\11 q li qll1 q li
0.40 0.417 0.583 0.200 0.200 0.409 0.422 0.596 0.461
0.50 0.420 0.580 0.250 0.250 0.414 0.429 0.595 0.450
0.60 0.420 0.580 0.300 0.300 0.419 0.434 0.595 0.460
0.70 0.418 0.582 0.350 0.350 0.423 0.439 0.598 0.483
0.80 0.414 0.586 0.400 0.400 0.427 0.443 0.602 0.512
0.90 0.408 0.592 0.450 0.450 0.430 0.447 0.608 0.546
1.00 0.400 0.600 0.500 0.500 0.433 0.450 0.617 0.583
1.10 0.390 0.610 0.550 0.550 0.436 0.453 0.627 0.623
1.20 0.378 0.622 0.600 0.600 0.439 0.455 0.639 0.665
1.25 0.372 0.628 0.625 0.625 0.440 0.457 0.645 0.668
1.30 0.365 0.636 0.650 0.650 0.441 0.458 0.652 0.708
1.40 0.349 0.651 0.700 0.700 0.443 0.460 0.668 0.753
1.50 0.332 0.668 0.750 0.750 0.445 0.462 0.685 0.798
1.60 0.313 0.687 0.800 0.800 0.447 0.463 0.704 0.843
1.70 0.292 0.708 0.850 0.850 0.449 0.465 0.724 0.890
1.80 0.269 0.731 0.900 0.900 0.450 0.466 0.747 0.937
1.90 0.245 0.755 0.950 0.950 0.452 0.468 0.771 0.985
2.00 0.219 0.781 1.000 1.000 0.453 0.469 0.797 1.031
2.25 0.146 0.854 1.125 1.125 0.456 0.471 0.869 1.151
2.50 0.063 0.938 1.250 1.250 0.459 0.476 0.952 1.272
3.00 -0.136 1.136 1.500 1.500 0.464 0.471 1.150 1.517
Coeficientes de rigidez de elementos de viga
. . .
. u.
..
a/ I
1.a
1
E
-Ia 11I 2
L
não introduz esforços
. I
~I 18
Flechas elásticas de alguns tipos de viga [4]
Carga concentrada Carga distribuída

3 4
PL pL
õ= k Õ= k
EI EI
Coeficiente k
Condições
de apoio
Carga
--t 6- 6- H
IP '"
-1 -3 -1
+L/2+Ll2+ 48 322 192
IP -1 '" '" '"
I L I 3
DJJJJJ tP -1 -5 -1 -1
I L I 8 384 184.6 384
- 11 -1 -1 -7
I L I
tP 192 120 274 3840
-11 -3 -1 -1
L-t- 120 460 328.1 764
-1 -3 -1 -1
tP 30 460 419.3 764
L-t-
---
Flechas elásticas de vigas contínuas
-I LI I L2--+
L4
Flecha elástica na extremidade da consola: 8 =11 ~ I I
_ J: ..M.. + .l
6 2 4
[ p LI ]
-t L f-
Flecha elástica a meio vão da viga:
_ ~ 5PL4 + L2 (MI + M2)

8 - EI [ 384 16
]
Nota: os momentos M, MI e M2 entram nas expressões com o sinal de acordo com a

convenção de resistência de materiais
-.
MJ
ITIIIII
MJ MJ 2' Grau
J 2'- Grau MJ
2' Grau
-
2' Grau M
.&:fJJJJJ
2' Grau
ollit
MJ
. +x+-Y -+
lMJ
MJ
I'h--..
"'-'J
+- L---+ +- L ---+ +- L---+ +- L ---+ +- L---+ +- L---+ +- L---+ +- L ---+ +- L---+ +-- L---+ +- L ---+
M1 L L 2L L L 2L 2L L
ITIIIII M,M3L TM,M3 TM,M3 )M.M3 )M.M3 TM.M3 TM.M3 TM,M3 M, (M3+M.) TM.M3 M. (M3- M4)
+-- L---+
L L L L L 5L L (L + x)
.-rl1111Ml )M,M3 6"M,M3 )M.M3 TM,M3 12M.M3 12M.M3 "4M,M3 M. (M3+2M4) M,M3 M1 (M3- 2M4)
+-- L---+
L L L L L 5L (L + y)
M1I )M.M3 TM,M3 12M,M3 TM,M3 "4MIM3 12 M,M3 M. (2M3+M4) M.M3 M1 (2M3- M4) o
+- L---+ 2
'O
21Grau o
8L L L 7L 7L L xy o-
C1>
L11Jh.1M, 15 M.M3 SM.M3 SM,M3 15 M.M3 15M,M3 M, (M3+M4) )M,M3(1+ -).; M. (M3- M4) t;Ij
(;)
+-- L ---+ I
s.
21Grau
--r111 IM1
L
SM.M3
L 3L 2L
30M,M3 IOMIM3 15M.M3 I;M. (M3+3M4)
1
TIM.M3(3x+-r)
y2
l;M. (M3-3M4)
-
O
..,
o
>
.....
3
~
+-- L---+
/'t) o-
o
21Grau CIJ C1>
L 2L 3L 1 x2 Q. '"O
.....
M1II'h--- SM,M3 15M.M3 10M,M3 /'t) (;)-
I;M. (3M3+M4) TIM.M3(3y +T) IMI (3M3- M4)
+- L---+
21Grau
--. W
Õ'
.....
8L IIL MM 3: <)
~
.&:fJJJJ 1M, 15M.M3 30 MIM3 I;M, (3M3+5M4) -L-l.(5L-y
12 _y2) I;M. (3M3-5M4) o-
o
+-- L---+ 3:1
I
2' Grau Q. u:;
8L ...,
M'I 15M1M3 I;M. (5M3+3M4) -MIM3
12 ( 5L-x-x2) I;M. (5M3- 3M4)
+- L---+
M
M1 M [M.(2M3+M4) + [M.(2M3- M4) +
[lTrrri 2 -t [M.(L+y)+
+-- L---+ +MiM3+2M4)] +MiL+x)] +MiM3-2M4)]
+xfY,-+
M M [2- (x - X.)2] ' [M3(L+y.)-
IMl 6 '3 x,y
+-- L ---+ (para x. > x ) - M4(L+ x,)]
M1
[M.(2M3- M4)-
th.... M2
"""'J
+-- L ---+ -MiM3-2M4)]
--
Centro de Gravidade, Inércia e Largura equivalente de Secções em T [4]
+ b + 3
1= beq h
I I t
12
j$1
I
I I
h
I
I
I
I
X
G
I
I
I
I
r
h-xG
x G = ( 1 - CG) h
I I
1 L .J beq = C b b
+bw+
-+-b eq-+ NaTabela: ... CG
§:Cb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0,30 1,000 0,683 0,535 0,444 0,382 0,336 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,232
0,500 0,580 0,631 0,665 0,690 0,710 O,i25 0,737 0,747 0,755
0,275 1,000 0,680 0,534 0,444 0,382 0,336 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0,578 0,628 0,663 0,689 0,709 0,726 0,739 0,749 0,758
0,25 1,000 0,677 0,531 0,443 0,381 0,336 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0,575 0,625 0,660 0,687 0,708 0,724 0,739 0,750 0,760
0,225 1,000 0,671 0,527 0,440 0,380 0,335 0,301 0,273 0,250 0,231
0,500 0,571 0,620 0,656 0,683 0,705 0,722 0,737 0,749 0,759
0,20 1,000 0,664 0,377 0,333 0,299 0,272 0,249 0,231

0,500 0,566 0,521
0,614 I 0,436
0,650 0,677 0,700 0,718 0,733 0,746 0,757
0,175 1,000 0,655 0,513 0,429 0,372 0,330 0,297 0,270 0,248 0,230
0,500 0,561 0,606 0,642 0,669 0,692 0,711 0,727 0,740 0,752
,P
0,15 1,000 0,643 0,502 0,421 0,365 0,324 0,292 0,267 0,245 O,28
0,500 0,555 0,598 0,631 0,659 0,682 0,701 0,717 0,731 O,í44
0,125 1,000 0,629 0,488 0,408 0,355 0,316 0,285 0,261 0,240 0,223
0,500 0,548 0,587 I 0,619 0,645 0,668 0,687 0,704 0,718 0,731
0,100 1,000 0,611 0,469 0,303 0,274 0,257 0,232 0,216

0,500 0,540 0,575 0,603
0,391 I
0,628
0,340 0,650 I 0,668 0,686 0,700 0,713
0,075 1,000 0,590 0,445 0,368 0,319 0,284 0,257 0,236 0,218 0,204
0,500 0,532 0,560 0,584 0,606 0,626 0,643 0,659 0,673 0,686
0,05 1,000 0,565 0,415 0,338 0,290 0,257 0,232 0,213 0,197 0,184
0,500 0,522 0,543 0,561 0,579 0,595 0,609 0,623 0,635 0,647
0,025 1,000 0,535 0,378 0,300 0,252 0,219 0,191 0,178 0,164 0,152
0,500 0,511 0,523 0,534 0,544 0,554 0,563 0,672 0,581 0,589
Centrós de gravidade e momentos de inércia de secções planas
Rectângulo I Triângulo I
Y=h/2
y=h/3
A=bh/2
A=bh
y1 G+
I
b I
Ix =b h
3
/ 12 y!d}j t
b/2 b/2
t x'
Ix=bh3/36
Ix'
.
=b h
3
/ 12
Círculo r Semi -círculo I y=k 31t

4Y
A=1tr2/2
G A=1tr2
I=1tr/4
4
yt-2 Ix= 0.1098 r4
Iy= 1t r /8
4
Quartode círculo I Sectorcircular

-
I
y=k31t x= 2 r sen a
3a
y:t- x
A=1tr2/4
I I
A = a r2
4 x
Ix=1tr/16
Parábola I
Parábola I
..x.-
x=3a/8
y=3b/5 y=2b/5
ytIbj A=4ab/3 ytIb I A=2ab/3
a j I a
..
Parábola I Elipse I
A=1tab
x=3a/ 4 b 3
:f8
Ix=1tab /4
y=3b/1O
Yi'} j
a t A=ab/3 I a t a I
-x 3
Iy= 1t a b / 4
Semi-Elipse I Quartode Elipse I

x=4a/31t
A=1tab/2 h
3 y=4b/31t
h
Ix =0.11Oa b -t4 A=1tab/4
3
yt7Ib 3
I a I Iy= 0.393 a b ytx}
I a I
Ix= 0.0549 a b
Iy= 0.0549 a3b
-- -
Volumes e momentos de inércia de sólidos
Esfera Cilindro
v =7tr2 h
2 2
Ix = fi (3 r + h ) 1 12
2
Iz = fi r
Placa Rectangular Fina Disco Fino
2
Iz =fi r 12
Iz= 12
fi (a2+ b2)
a
Cone Pirâmide
y=h/4
y=h/4
V = 7tr2h 1 3
V=Ah/3
Rigidez Elástica de Torção [6]
3 h4
J = [- 3.36 (1 - )]
16 3 b 12 b4
3 2
J=a bh 't máx = M ti ( b h )
JL
h
a
1.0 0.141 0.208
1.2 0.166 0.219
I
11 1.5 0.196 0.231

+- b--+ 2.0 0.229 0.246
2.5 0.249 0.258
3.0 0.263 0.267
4.0 0.281 0.282
5.0 0.291 0.291
10.0 0.312 0.312
00 0.333 0.333
.'
G J =7t L
2
4
'tmáx=
Mt f
J
Mt fe
J =-7t2 4
- f.4 ) =
@) fe
(f
e 1
'tmáx
J
G
. ...
... .
Mt fm
:.. fm .: J = 2 7t f3 t 't =
.. .. J
. ..
.... '.. ...... t
--
Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado- 1ST
Pré-dimensionamento de fundações directas

Valores da tensão de segurança do solo [9]
Tensão de
Tipo de Terreno Segurança
( kN/m2)
Rochas duras e sãs 10000
Rochas Rochas pouco duras ou medianamente aIleradas 3000
Rochas brandas ou muito alteradas 1000

Solo Solo
seco submerso
Areias e misturas areia-seixo. bem graduadas e compaclaS 400 600- -
200 300
Solos Areias e misturas areia-seixo,bem graduadas mas sollaS 200 - 400 100 -200
incoerentes Areias uniformes compaclaS 200 400- 100 -200
Areias uniformes soltas 100 - 200 50 - 100

.. Solos coerentes rijos 400 - 600
Solos Solos coerentes muito duros 200 - 400
coerentes Solos coerentes duros -

100 200
Solos coerentes de consistência média 50 - 100

Resistência e Deformabilidade de solos

em função dos resultados do SPT [8]
III'fN
-IOHO )O
5 nll_O" .
"§ \. I
: I I
I I I I
I I i I
..
vi
o
... o [\1
I I
I
I
.:
: I
:I
o
ti)
o
'" 1l
o...
- , I I 11
~.....
::>
'"
g
o
:!!
I I
I
I
I - o
...
-
....
o
I ; I
'" :! I I
o
... o \J I I
s
..o
....
!:!
f\ : I
:z:
::>
... -
o
o
í
I
I
I
I
1
I ......
Zo ~
~S'"
&
i
I
I
I\. !
I
!
I
-
Z
:;
;:;....
...
c'"
:! ! " I
I
.l-
I
I ...:
"'....
..z
- ...
I
I
I'I I
I
a;
~-
c:;& I I
I
I I
I
-n
...
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--
Pré-dimensionamento de estacas [7]
QUADRO DE VALORES A ADOPTAR NA ELABORAÇÃO DE ANTE-PROJECTOS

(a corrigir após conhecimento das caracterfsticas do terreno e outras condições locais)
Sfmbolo
N9. Denominação e Tipos de estacas normais
unidade
1 Diâmetro fj 305 355 406 450 520 600

(0101)
S 731
2 Secção 990 1295 1590 2124 2827
(cm2)
V
3 Volume, por metro 0,08 0,10 0,13 0,16 0,22 0,29
(013)
L
4 Perímetro 96 112 128 141 163 188
(cm)
5 I
Momento de inércia 42 403 77 823 133 137 201289 358908 636172
(cm4)
P
6 Peso, por metro 0,18 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,53 0,70
(ton)
7 Armadura
m(nima 4.012 4.012 4.016 5.016 5.016 6.016
I-- eu<;i
;; .s
"0"0
li eu ::I Area de ferro Aa
S:::: (cm2) 4,52 4,52 8,04 10,00 10,00 12,10
I-- ...bD
9
<5 - Peso por Pa
metro 3,56 3,56 6,32 7,90 7,90 9,48
(kg)
lO Q,I
10 '&"os N. de metros, c 6 8 9 10
- S. o
Q,ltI)o
:;fN
t)
por metro (01)
11 12
11 C C.eu Peso, por Pc

1,34 1,78 2,00 2,22 2,44
.- oU':) metro 2,66
Ueu- (kg)
12 Carga de serviço máx. N

35 50 70 90 120 160
.. axial de compressão (ton)
13 Solic itação m:'ix. axial N'

8 10 14 17 22 30
de tracção (ton)
14 Momento flector M
resistente (N = O) (ton.m) 0,8 1, O 1,7 2,3 3,0 6,7
15 Solicitação, m:1x.normal, T
(ton) 0,4 0,5 1, O 1,5 2,0 3,0
horizontal na cabeça
16 Afastamento mfn. entre e

eixos de estacas (01) 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,40 1,50 1,80
17 Profundidades máximas H
12 16 22 25 35 35
(01)
Sapatas Rectangulares - Cálculo de tensões no solo [3]

Flexão Composta Desviada - Secção não resistente à tracção
ZONAS A, B e C (tensões nos cantos) ZONA D (tensão no ponto interno 5)
N+P 4
a. =
3 O'adm
Â,1a b
0'4 =- Â,4 0'1 (fictícia) N+P

0'5= O'adm
sen a Â,5a b
0'2 = 0'1 - (a 1- 0'4)
sen a+ cos a
cos a
0'3 = 0'1- (a 1- 0'4) sen a+ cos a
O,300+-
-
0,200
I
-L
I
i
'Ix
0,300 0.400 O,~

- - - - -
Grupo de betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado
Referências
[1] - "Manual CEB / FIP on Bending and Compression", Bulletin nQ141,
[2] - "Betão Armado - Esforços Normais e de Flexão", J. D'Arga e Lima,

Vitor Monteiro, Mary Mun, LNEC, 1985.
[3] - "Hormigón Armado", P. J. Montoya, A. G. Mesenguer, F. Moran

Cabré, lI! Ed., 1981.
[4] - CEB, "Manual on Cracking and Deformations", Bulletin

D'Informationn2 158-E,ConstructionPress, 1985.
, [5] - "Tabelas Técnicas", J. S. Brazão Farinha e A. Correia dos Reis, edição

P. O. B., 1992.
[6] - "Folhas de Resistência de Materiais", Arantes e Oliveira, Edição

AEIST,IST, 1969.
[7] - "Fundações Franki", 1967.
[8] - "Acerca do Projecto de Fundações em Estacas de Betão Armado", Guy

de Castro, Memória n2743, LNEC, 1989.
[9] - "Fundações Directas Correntes - Recomendações", LNEC, E217, Julho

de 1968.
ELEVADOR.
NORMALIZADO
co fv9sMgroh _ 4 PESSOAS 300 Kg.
-
4N
1 .-
:~:::::~::::::::::::::::~::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::
N
. .. ...~....
::=: ...
-
~::
.'~ . ::::
.:.:
:;~ 1.000 :.:.
....
.... C8
,'i/!.
..- ....
.... ...
'.. .... .... !
,.~.' ...
,!)1'
~
.~.
-= . .:.:
~
::::
;
:.~
q
. :.:.
N
CI
. ...
.. I
:::~ ::::
.... ri ... I
.. ==- t== .... o
I
::::... .:.::J
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.::::: .. I
r;.-J'
....:. ,. . ..
1;:..:...........
I
950
-
-
1.35a .....
I"
As dimensões de construção civil
são as mínimas no limpo.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::
» »
::::
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-
950 ---1
2.750
VELOC. SINALIZAÇÃO PORTAS

TIPO COMAN.
m/s R I C PATAMAR CABINA PATAMAR
AUTOMÁTICO EMUSO
4 N1 BB o, GO
SIMPLES
POSIÇAO
SENT.MARCHA
EMUSO SEMPORTA BATEKTE
COLECTIVO REG.CHAMADA REGISTODE

4 N1 H B o,G O A DESCIDA POSIÇAO CHAMADA
SEM PORTA BATENTE
SEKT. MARCHA
AUTOMÁTICO EM USO .
4 N2 B B 1,OO POSlçAo EMUSO SEMPORTA BATENTE
SIMPlES SEUL MARCHA
COLECTIVO REG.CHAMADA REGISTODE
4N2HB 1, OO A DESCIDA FOSIÇAo
SENT.MARCHA
CHAMADA
SEM PORTA BATENTE
--
. - COMPORTEl ElEVADORNORMALIZADO8N
(Ç) DIVISÃOELEVADORES 8 PESSOAS 6 OO Kg.
....
.
. -
f. ...
-
...
- -4
Q
-'--
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... ;
. . ~.;.;
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J==M~
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1
NI I
; j
1.100 :
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-' -
.,_i-- -.-
1.650
As dimensões de construção civil

são as mínimas no limpo.
:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:;:;:::::;:;:;:~;:;:~;§~;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;=;::~~~~: '
--r
:~~~r:=:=:=: =: =:=:=:=:::=:=: =:=:=: =:: ::::::
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1.300
...'I
:~~~~~
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... 51
g ... I
i
:::~: N
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m~j
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:~~~~
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i
---::.:::
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:::::::::;:;:;:;' ..~...! !..
1.100 1.100
3.300
VELOC. SINALIZAÇÃO PORTAS

rlPo COMAN.
m/s R IC PATAMAR CABINA PATAMAR
EMuso
8N2BB 1,00 AUTOMATlCO
SIMPlES.
POSiÇÃO
SENT.MARCHA
EMUSO SEMPORTA BATENTE
COLECTIVO REG.CHAMADA REGISTO

DE
8N2HB f,oo . A DESCIDA POSiÇÃO. CHAMADA
SEMPORTA BATENTE
SENT.MARCHA
SElECTIVO REG.CHAMADA REGISTODE
8N2SB 1,00
.
COLECTIVO
POSiÇÃO
SEUI. MARCHA
CHAMADA
SEM PORTA BATENTE
-~._.,.-- .__.

54564454233estruturas de Betão I - Tabelas de Calculo575454545

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Instituto Superior Técnico

Departamento de Engenharia Civil e

1 - Áreas e pesos de armaduras e características do betão e do

3 - Estados limites de utilização de elementos de betão armado

As tabelas apresentadas foram elaboradas pelo Grupo de Betão Armado e

Ate.. de """_ _dos cm'hnl

«(I)Ç09'O - ) (I) =ri poIJ/""lpq(l)="v (""I Zp q)J"'W = ri

.d 0.5t O'tI; O.tt O'lt O'Ot O'6Z K

iSI - OPOIS3 e opelWVomes ep odru

Áreas de seccões de varões rcm21

Áreas de annaduras distribuídas rcm2/ml

C12115 C15120 C20/25 C25130 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60

A235 A400 A500

fyd 204 348 435 MPa

4 Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Rede Electro-soldada (Malhasol) ASOOEL

Algumas soluções usuais em varões

Redes Electrossoldadas (KARI ASOO ER . Heliaço)

ItQ Redes Quadradas

HQI06 150 150 4.5 4.5 n.00x2.45 1.64

HP Redes para Paredes

Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples de Secções Rectangulares

[1] - Manual CEB / FIP on Bending and Compression, Bulletin nQ141,

Flexão Simples de Secções Rectangulares - CEB [1]

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 / d = 0.05 A235

MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa

- 10.7 13.3 16.7

(3 = 0.0 (3 = 0.1 (3 = 0.2 (3 = 0.4 (3 = 0.6 (3 = 0.8 (3 = 1.0

12 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares dzI d =0.05 A235

MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa

J3 = 0.0 J3 = 0.1 J3 = 0.2 J3 = 0.4 J3 = 0.6 J3 = 0.8 J3 = 1.0

0.'66 - - - - - - 0.824 0.719 0.734 0.427 0.700 0.217 0.695 0.131

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 / d = 0.10 A235

= MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa

f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 f3= 0.8 = 1.0

14 Grupo de Betão Annado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d1/ d =0.10 A235

MSd Aço: f syd = 204 MPa

f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 f3 = 0.2 f3 = 0.4 f3 = 0.6 f3 = 0.8 f3 = 1.0

0;'66 - - - - - - 0-:852 0.743 0..762 0.443 0.;732 0.:224- 0.729 0;173

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 / d = 0.05 A400

= MSd Aço: f syd = 348 MPa

f3 = 0.0 f3 = 0.1 f3 = 0.2 f3 = 0.4 f3 = 0.6 f3 = 0.8 f3 = 1.0

16 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d2 I d = 0.05 A400

= MSd Aço: f syd = 348 MPa

= 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8 = 1.0

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 I d = 0.10 A400

MSd Aço: f syd = 348 MPa

= 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.2 =0.4 =0.6 = 0.8 = 1.0

18 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples SecçõesRectangulares d2 I d = 0.10 A400

MSd Aço: f syd = 348 MPa

~ = 0.0 ~ = 0.1 ~ = 0.2 ~ = 0.4 ~ = 0.6 ~ = 0.8 ~ = 1.0

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares d2 / d = 0.05 A500

MSd Aço: f syd = 435 MPa

=0.1 =0.2 =0.4 = 0.6 f3= 0.8 f3 = 1.0

20 Grupo de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado - 1ST

Flexão Simples Secções Rectangulares dz / d = 0.05 A500

MSd Aço: f syd = 435 MPa

J3 = 0.0 J3 = 0.1 . J3= 0.2 J3 = 0.4 J3 = 0.6 J3 = 0.8 J3 = 1.0