Estruturas léxico-gramaticais do inglês para aviação: um

estudo vetorado pela Linguística de Corpus

Malila Prado
Orientadora Dra Stella Tagnin
01
Inglês para aviação

...o único objeto dos requerimentos de proficiência

linguística da ICAO é a comunicação da radiotelefonia
aeronáutica (...) que corresponde à porção limitada de
usos de linguagem de somente dois profissionais –
ATCOs e tripulação de voo. Inclui Fraseologia Padrão da
OACI e o uso de inglês de uso comum. (ICAO, 2010, p.3-
2)
Apêndice B Parte IV
Articles Adjectives
Adverbs of frequency Gradable and ungradable adjectives
Always, Generally, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never, etc. Fairly angry (gradable)
Comparison of adjectives Totally amazed (ungradable)
Discourse markers Prepositions after adjectives
Actually, Basically, Anyway, (and) yeah (more and more frequent), Angry about, afraid of, etc.
Listen, I mean, Let’s see/Let me see, Like, Oh, Now, Okay, So, Well, Adjectives + that clause or to + infinitive
You know, You see, You know what I mean, It is true, Of course, Enough, sufficiently, too + adjective
But, Still, (and) by the way, Besides, Another thing is, On top of The sooner the better, etc.
that, So, Then, First(ly), Second(ly), etc., First of all, In the • Adverbs and conjunctions
first/second place, Finally, In the end, In short Comment adverbs
Modal verbs apparently, frankly, rightly
Can, May, Must, Have Got to, Should, Ought to, Would, Could, Viewpoint adverbs
Might, Needn’t, Don’t have to, Mustn’t biologically, ideologically, morally
Adverbial clauses of time
before, until, after, as soon as, before, when, while, hardly, no
sooner, scarcely
Giving reasons
seeing that, since, in as much as, due to, owing to
Questões
✓ Quem é o falante e como determinar nível de
proficiência?

✓ Que problemas técnico-operacionais incluir?

✓ Como transcrever / representar a língua falada?

✓ Como separar Fraseologia Aeronáutica de “plain

English”?
O falante
Nativo x não-nativo

Preferência por voos internacionais

Proficiência: 2008 (ICAO, 2004)

Problemas técnico-operacionais
✤ Type / token ratio oscila entre 5-6%

✤ Representatividade:

✤ Estatísticas de quantos problemas acontecem por dia?

✤ Estatísticas de problemas por fase de voo?

✤ Ensaios mostrando tendências:

problemas com motor

ICAO - Occurence Category
Taxonomy Terms ) (2000)
Termo Sigla

Abnormal runway contact (contato anormal com a pista) ARC

Birdstrike (colisão com pássaro) BIRD

Collision with obstacle(s) during take-off and landing (colisão com obstáculo durante a corrida na pista) CTOL

Fire/smoke (non-impact) / (Fogo ou fumaça – impacto não é a causa) F-NI

Ground Collision (Colisão em solo entre aeronaves ou aeronave com veículos) GCOL

Loss of control – inflight (Perda de controle em voo) LOC-I

Airprox/ ACAS alert/ loss of separation/ (near) midair collisions (Quase-colisão em voo / Alerta de TCAS) MAC

Ground Handling (Serviços de solo) (a sigla RAMP se deve à área de movimentação de aeronaves, chamada de ramp, RAMP
ou apron – pátio, em português)
Runway excursion (Excursão de pista) RE

Runway incursion- wildlife presence (Incursão de pista por animais) RI-A

Primary (15)

Runway incursion - vehicle, aircraft or person (Incursão de pista) RI-VAP

System/component failure or malfunction [non-powerplant] (Pane de sistema que não o motor) SCF-NP

Powerplant failure or malfunction (Pane de motor) SCF-PP

Undershoot/overshoot (Não alcance à pista / ultrapassa o limite da pista) USOS

 ATM
Secondary (18)
ATM/CNS (Gerenciamento de Tráfego Aéreo, comunicações ou assistência à navegação)

Loss of control – ground (Perda de controle no solo) LOC-G

TURB
Turbulence encounter (Turbulência)
FUEL
Fuel related (Problemas de combustível)
ADRM
Aerodrome (Problemas com a estrutura aeroportuária)
LALT
Low altitude operations (Operações em baixa altitude)
F-POST
Fire/smoke (post-impact) / (Fogo ou fumaça pós-impacto)

WSTRW
Windshear or thunderstorm (Tesoura de vento ou tempestade)
ICE
Icing (Gelo)
EVAC
Evacuation (Evacuação)
SEC
Security related (Atos contra a segurança)
CABIN
Cabin safety events (Eventos de cabine)
AMAN
Abrupt manoeuvre (Manobras abruptas)
LOLI
Loss of lifting conditions en-route (Perda de sustentação em rota)
Unintended flight in IMC – instrument meteorological conditions (Voo IMC – condições meteorológicas por UIMC

instrument – não intencional)

GTOW
Glider towing related events (Eventos relacionados ao reboque de planador)
EXTL
External load related occurrences (Ocorrências com o procedimento de carga)
UNK
Unknown or undetermined (Desconhecido ou indeterminado)
Transcrições

✤ Diferenças entre língua falada x escrita (McCARTHY; O´KEEFE, 2009;

LEECH, 2000; MONEGLIA;CRESTI, 2006; RASO, 2012)

✤ Áreas gramaticais e lexicais contempladas

✤ Áreas prosódicas, fonológicas, entre outras, não são investigadas

✤ Na fala, 30% das unidades autônomas não contém verbos

✤ TLA – unidade de referência (entidades mínimas interpretada

pragmaticamente)
<Tower> Delta ten sixty-three / fly runway heading one eight five / contact
departure / good day //
<Pilot> uh Delta ten sixty-three has had an engine failure on the right engine /
declaring an emergency due to a bird strike //
<pilot> sir / Delta ten sixty-three? //
<tower> heading straight ahead / contact Departure one three five point niner
/ we´ll get you straight back in //
<pilot> okay / heading straight ahead / Delta ten sixty-three //
<pilot> all right // Departure / Delta ten sixty-three / we have declared an
emergency / engine failure on the right engine / request visual return back to
one three right //
<departure> Delta ten sixty-three / all right / just maintain two thousand and
turn right heading two seven zero //
 Fraseologia Aeronáutica

a) HOLD (direction) OF (position, runway number, etc.);

b) HOLD POSITION;

c) HOLD (distance) FROM (position);

d) HOLD SHORT OF (position);

e) HOLDING

f) HOLDING SHORT

*ICAO - DOC4444
 Short no corpus
N Concordance
1 nto position or you wanna hold short and want me to get a ve
2 ing four right / we´re holding short four left / here at kil
3 short of four right // Holding short of four right // And fo
4 continue via fox bravo / hold short of runway two two right
5 llowing company three twenty short final / Wind zero six z
6 / Car nine nine / roger / hold short of four right // Holdin
7 continue via fox bravo / hold short of runway two two right
8 remain this frequency and hold short of runway two two right
9 ort of runway two two right // Short of two two right / stay
10 this frequency // Fox bravo / short of two two right / stay
N Word Freq.
16 LEAVE 430
1 BE 1,798
17 OF 373
2 YOU 1,412
18 WILL 337
3 THE 1,389
19 IT 335
4 TO 1,218
20 OKAY 328
5 WE 958
21 DO 314
6 AND 753
22 JUST 300
7 UH 662
23 AT 299
8 ON 639
24 HEAVY 295
9 RIGHT 638
25 GO 269
10 A 606
26 IN 268
11 I 536
27 TURN 264
12 RUNWAY 489
28 CLEAR 263
13 THAT 473
29 HEAD 263
14 FOR 452
30 GET 256
15 HAVE 430
Lista de palavras lematizadas
N Key word Freq.
1 RUNWAY 489 16 AIR 144
2 BE 1,798 17 WE 958
3 LEAVE 430 18 HOLD
4 HEAVY 295 179
5 TURN 264 19 SHORT 142
6 CLEAR 263 20 EMERGENCY 96
7 HEAD 263 21 TAXI 83
8 LAND 195 22 ENGINE 93
9 SIR 151 23 DEPARTURE 82
10 AH 198 24 WILL 337
11 AIRPORT 129 25 RIGHT 638
12 AIRCRAFT 117 26 FUEL 85
13 MAINTAIN 137 27 DESCEND 66
14 APPROACH 172 28 FLY 83
15 THANK 220 29 TRAFFIC 75
30 REQUEST 59
Lista de palavras-chave (corpus de referência MICASE)
Palavras de conteúdo
N Key word Freq.
1 RUNWAY 489 11 FIRE 48
2 AIRPORT 129 12 PILOT 24
3 AIRCRAFT 117 13 TRUCK 23
4 AIR 144 14 ASSISTANCE 17
5 EMERGENCY 96 15 EQUIPMENT 23
6 ENGINE 93 16 INSPECTION 16
7 FUEL 85 17 INDICATION 22
8 VEHICLE 60 18 SMOKE 23
9 GEAR 48 19 TURBULENCE 16
10 RESCUE 45 20 PASSENGER 20
Colocados da palavra runway
1 able / we´ll give you whatever runway you want but uh if two
2 ixty-three / when you exit the runway you can change to Grou
3 twelve I need you to exit the runway can you do that? … Cal
4 ic issue / you can land at any runway you want at this point
5 cend at two thirty … …. On the runway do you think you’ll be
6 rass … if you like to stick to runway two seven right you’re
7 unway two niner / you may have runway two niner after three
8 brake area you can proceed to runway two two right and befo
9 wo seven right I can offer you runway two seven left as well
10 they´re asking is if you think runway two seven will be acce
11 ch and if you don't give us to runway 31 right, we're gonna
12 n the ground / you might want a runway sweep JetBlue seventy-

Linhas de concordância runway + colocado you

Co-ocorrências: engine
shut down the ...

the ... is out /

shut down
engine
lose the ...

have an ... failure

/ fire / shut down
01
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