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18. Ácido fluorídrico (HF) não pode ser estocado em garrafas de vidro devido
aos silicatos presentes no vidro serem atacados pelo HF. Por exemplo, o
silicato de sódio reage da seguinte maneira:
Na2SiO3 + HF → H2SiF6 + NaF + H2O
a) Quantos mols de HF são necessários para dissolver 1,50 mols de silicato de
sódio nesta reação?
b) Quantos gramas de fluoreto de sódio se formam quando 3,00 mols de HF
reagem?
c) Quantos gramas de silicato de sódio podem ser dissolvidos por 3,00 g de
HF?
20. Por que em uma reação, normalmente o rendimento real é menor do que o
rendimento teórico?
24. O etanol, C2H6O, pode ser obtido a partir da sacarose, C12H22O11, contida
em matérias-primas como a cana-de-açúcar, segundo a reação abaixo:
C12H22O11(s) + H2O(l) → 4C2H6O(l) + 4CO2(g)
A cana-de-açúcar contém 20% em massa de sacarose. Para a produção de
etanol foram utilizados 2.190 kg de cana-de-açúcar e 30 L de água.
(a) Defina reagente limitante e indique o reagente limitante da reação
nas condições acima descritas.
(b) Qual é a quantidade máxima de etanol (em mol) que pode ser
produzida?
(c) Defina rendimento percentual da reação e calcule-o para a reação do
problema quando são produzidos 167 kg de etanol.
Dado: densidade da água = 1,0 g mL-1.
3 8
will produce 4.80 grams of water when burned in excess
oxygen, O2.
025. What mass of pentane, C5H12, produces 4.52 " 1022 CO2
which reaction uses molecules when burned in excess oxygen, O2?
de are produced by
dine?
OBr
66.89 g ofgethanol,
66.89 C2HC52OH,
of ethanol, H5OH,is burned in 55.21
is burned in 55.21 of oxy- 039.039.
g ofgoxy- Tin(IV) chloride
Tin(IV) is produced
chloride in 85.0%
is produced in 85.0%yieldyield
by the reac-
by the re
gen.gen. tiontion
of tin
of with chlorine.
tin with How
chlorine. much
How tin istinrequired
much to pro-
is required to p
030.030.
What massmass
What of potassium can can
of potassium be produced by the
be produced reaction
by the reaction duceduce
a kilogram
a kilogramof tin(IV) chloride?
of tin(IV) chloride?
of 125.0 g ofgNa
of 125.0 withwith
of Na 125.0 g ofgKCl?
125.0 of KCl? 040.040.
Ethylene oxide,
Ethylene C2HC42O,
oxide, H4aO,
fumigant sometimes
a fumigant sometimes usedused
by ex-
by
terminators,
terminators,is synthesized
is synthesizedin 88.1% yieldyield
in 88.1% by reaction of
by reaction
heatheat
Na Na
! KCl 8888n
! KCl 8888n NaCl ! K! K
NaCl ethylene bromohydrin,
ethylene bromohydrin, C2HC52OBr, withwith
H5OBr, sodiumsodiumhydroxide:
hydroxi
031.031.
Silicon carbide,
Silicon an abrasive,
carbide, is made
an abrasive, by the
is made reaction
by the of sil-
reaction of sil- C2HC52OBr ! NaOH
H5OBr ! NaOH C2HC42O
88n88n H! NaBr ! H2O
4O ! NaBr ! H2O
iconicon
dioxide withwith
dioxide graphite.
graphite. How Howmany manygrams gramsof ethylene
of ethylenebromohydrin
bromohydrin are consumed
are consum
heatheat in the production of 353 g of
in the production of 353 g of ethylene oxide,ethylene oxide, at 88.1%
at 88.1
SiOSiO2 ! 2C!8888n C 8888n SiCSiC ! CO ! CO (balanced?) (balanced?) yield?
yield?
We Wemixmix 452452g ofgSiO 041.041.
If 15.0 g sodium
If 15.0 g sodium carbonate
carbonate is obtained fromfrom
is obtained the the
thermal
therm
2 and
of SiO 306 g of C. If the reaction pro-
2 and 306 g of C. If the reaction pro-
ceeds as far as possible, which reactant
ceeds as far as possible, which reactant is left over? Howis left over? How decomposition
decomposition of 75.0
of g
75.0 ofg sodium
of hydrogen
sodium hydrogen carbonate,
carbona
muchmuchof this reactant
of this reactant remains?
remains? 2NaHCO Na CO3 ! 3H!2O CO2 2
2NaHCO 3 88n3 88n 2Na2CO H! 2O ! CO
032.032.
Octane,
Octane, C8HC188H , is18a, component
is a component of gasoline.
of gasoline. A spark A spark is used
is used
to ignite
to ignite 1.563 grams
1.563 gramsof octane
of octane andand6.778 6.778grams grams of oxy-
of oxy- whatwhatis the percent
is the percentyield?
yield?
gengen
in ainsealed container. What mass of carbon
a sealed container. What mass of carbon dioxide is dioxide is 042. What is the percent
042. What is the percent yieldyield
if 112 mg mg
if 112 SO2SO is 2obtained fromfro
is obtained
produced?
produced? the the
combustion
combustion of 78.1 mg mg
of 78.1 of carbon
of carbondisulfide according
disulfide accordi
033.033.
WhatWhatmassmass of Ca(NO
of Ca(NO 3)2 can be prepared by the reaction
3)2 can be prepared by the reaction
to the reaction
to the reaction
of 18.9
of 18.9g ofgHNOof HNO 3 with3
7.4
with g
7.4 of gCa(OH)
of Ca(OH) 2? 2?
CS2CS ! 23O!23O 88n CO2 ! 22SO
2 88n CO ! 2SO2? 2?
2HNO 2HNO 3 ! 3
Ca(OH)
! Ca(OH) 2 88n2 88n Ca(NOCa(NO ) !
3 2 3 2 ) 2H! 2O
2H 2O
043.043.
From Froma 60.0-g
a 60.0-g sample
sampleof anof iron
an ironore ore
containing
containing Fe3OFe43, O
034.034.
WhatWhat is the maximum
is the maximum amountamount of Ca (PO
of3Ca 3 (PO
4 ) 2 that
)
4 2
can
that be
can be 2.09 g
2.09 of g Fe
of is
Fe obtained
is by
obtained the
by reaction
the reaction
prepared
prepared from 7.4 7.4
from g ofgCa(OH)
of Ca(OH) 2 and 9.8 g of H PO ?
2 and 9.8 g of3 H34PO4? Fe3O Fe43!O42C! 2C88n88n 3Fe3Fe! 2CO! 2CO2 2
3Ca(OH)
3Ca(OH) 2 ! 22H ! 32HPO34PO 88n
4 88nCa 3(PO
Ca 3 4)
(PO 2 ! )
4 2
6 ! H 6
2 OH 2 O
What is the percent of Fe O
What is the percent of3 Fe43O4 in the ore?in the ore?
035.035.
A reaction
A reaction mixture
mixture contains
contains11.011.0g ofgPCl 3 and
of PCl 7.00 g of
3 and 7.00 g of
044.044.
TheThe reaction
reaction of finely divided
of finely dividedaluminum
aluminum and andiron(III) ox- o
iron(III)
PbFPbF
2. What
2. Whatmass massof PbCl
of PbCl
2 can2
be
can obtained
be obtained from the
from fol-
the fol- ide, Fe
ide, O
Fe
2 32 3, Ois ,called
is the
called thermite
the thermitereaction.
reaction.It produces
It producea
lowing
lowingreaction?
reaction? tremendous
tremendous amount amountof heat,
of heat,making the the
making welding
weldingof rail-
of ra
roadroadtrack possible.
track TheThe
possible. reaction
reactionof 750.
of 750.grams of alu-
grams of a
3PbF 2 ! 22PCl
3PbF ! 2PCl3 88n 2PF3 ! 33PbCl
3 88n 2PF ! 3PbCl minum and and750.750. grams of iron(III) oxide produces 247.5
2 2 minum grams of iron(III) oxide produces 24
How How much of which
much of which reactant
reactantis left unchanged?
is left unchanged? gramsgramsof iron.
of iron.
(a) (a)
Calculate
Calculate the the massmass
of iron thatthat
of iron should
shouldbe released by
be released
this this
reaction.
reaction.
Percent
PercentYield Yieldfrom from Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions (b) (b)
What What is the percent
is the percentyieldyield
of iron?
of iron?
036.036.
TheThe
percent yieldyield
percent for for
the the
reaction
reaction Fe2O O32Al
Fe32! 2Fe2Fe
88n88n
! 2Al ! Al!2O O3heat
Al32! ! heat
PClPCl
3 ! 3Cl
!2 Cl PCl5 5
2 88n PCl
88n 045.045.
Lime, Ca(OH)
Lime, 2, can
Ca(OH) be used to neutralize an acid spill. A
2, can be used to neutralize an acid spill
is 83.2%. What massmass
of PCl 5.06-g sample
5.06-g of
sample Ca(OH)
of Ca(OH)2 reacts with an excess of hy-
2 reacts with an excess of h
is 83.2%. What 5 is 5expected
of PCl from
is expected the the
from reac-reac-
tiontion
of 73.7 g ofgPCl drochloric acid;
drochloric 6.74
acid; g
6.74ofg calcium
of chloride
calcium is collected.
chloride is collect
of 73.7 3 with
of PCl excess chlorine?
3 with excess chlorine?
037.037.
TheThepercent yieldyield
for the following reaction carried out out
in in What is
What the
is percent
the yield
percent of
yield this
of experiment?
this experiment?
percent for the following reaction carried
carbon tetrachloride
carbon solution
tetrachloride is 59.0%.
solution is 59.0%. Ca(OH)
Ca(OH)2 ! 22HCl
! 2HCl 88n88n CaCl 2 ! 22H
CaCl O 2O
! 22H
Br2 Br
! 2Cl
!2 Cl 2BrCl
2 88n 2BrCl
88n
(a) (a)
WhatWhatamount
amountof BrCl is formed
of BrCl is formedfrom the the
from reaction of ofSequential
reaction Sequential Reactions
Reactions
0.0250
0.0250molmol
Br2 Brwith
2
0.0250
with 0.0250mol Cl
mol 2?Cl 2? 046.046.
Consider the the
Consider two-step process
two-step for for
process the the
formation of tel-
formation of t
(b) (b)
WhatWhatamount of Br
amount is 2left
of2 Br unchanged?
is left unchanged? lurous acidacid
lurous described by the
described following
by the equations:
following equations:
038.038.
Solid silver
Solid nitrate
silver undergoes
nitrate undergoes thermal
thermaldecomposition to to
decomposition
TeOTeO 2" !
2 ! 22OH TeOTeO
! 2OH" 88n 2"H!O
form silver metal, nitrogen dioxide, andand
oxygen. Write the the 2 H2O
" 88n
form silver metal, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen. Write 3 3
chemical
chemicalequation
equationfor for
thisthis
reaction. A 0.443-g
reaction. sample
A 0.443-g sample TeOTeO 2" 2"2H ! H2TeO
3 3
! ! 2H88n ! 88n H2TeO
3 3
of silver metal
of silver is obtained
metal is obtainedfrom the the
from decomposition of aof a
decomposition
0.784-g sample
0.784-g of AgNO
sample of AgNO3. What is the percent yield of
3. What is the percent yield of
What massmass
What of Hof2TeO 3 is 3
H2TeO formed
is formedfromfrom
95.295.2
g ofgTeO 2, as-
of TeO 2,
the the
reaction?
reaction? suming 100%
suming 100%yield?
yield?
Exercises 115
in 55.21 g of oxy- 039. Tin(IV) chloride is produced in 85.0% yield by the reac-
tion of tin with chlorine. How much tin is required to pro-
ed by the reaction duce a kilogram of tin(IV) chloride?
040. Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, a fumigant sometimes used by ex-
terminators, is synthesized in 88.1% yield by reaction of
!K ethylene bromohydrin, C2H5OBr, with sodium hydroxide: