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Raz es e proporç es: razão de duas grandezas, proporção e suas propriedades, escala,
Aula 00
divisão em partes direta e inversamente proporcionais, regra de tr s simples e composta.
Sequ ncias numéricas: Lei de formação de uma sequ ncia. Progress es aritméticas e
Aula 02
geométricas: termo geral, soma dos termos e propriedades.
Polin mios (parte 1): Função polinomial; polin mio identicamente nulo; grau de um
polin mio; identidade de um polin mio, raiz de um polin mio; operaç es com polin mios;
Aula 07
valor numérico de um polin mio. Divisão de polin mios, Teorema do Resto, Teorema de
D Alembert, dispositivo de Briot-Ruini.
Polin mios (parte 2): Equaç es polinomiais: Deinição, ra zes e multiplicidade. Teorema
Aula 08
Fundamental da Álgebra. Relaç es entre coeicientes e ra zes. Ra zes reais e complexas.
Geometria anal tica: Ponto: o plano cartesiano, distância entre dois pontos, ponto médio
de um segmento, condição de alinhamento de tr s pontos. Estudo da reta: equação
Aula 10
geral e reduzida; interseção, paralelismo e perpendicularidade entre retas; distância de um
ponto a uma reta; área de um triângulo.
Estudo da circunfer ncia: equação geral e reduzida; posiç es relativas entre ponto e
Aula 11
circunfer ncia, reta e circunfer ncia e duas circunfer ncias; tang ncia.
Análise combinat ria: Fatorial: deinição e operaç es. Princ pio Fundamental da Conta-
Aula 12
gem. Arranjos, permutaç es e combinaç es.
Noç es de estat stica: População e amostra. Frequ ncia absoluta e frequ ncia relativa.
Aula 14 Medidas de tend ncia central: média aritmética, média aritmética ponderada, mediana e
moda.
ƋƵĂĕĆŽ ůŝŶĞĂƌ
EſƐ ĚŝnjĞŵŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƵŵĂ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ƐĞƌĄ ĚŝƚĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƋƵĂŶĚŽ ĞůĂ ƉƵĚĞƌ ƐĞƌ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĂ ĐŽŵ Ă
ƐĞŐƵŝŶƚĞ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂĕĆŽ͗
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + . . . + an xn = b.
3x + 4y = 7
−x − y + z = 0
√
3x + π − z = 1
3x1 1 + 4x2 − x3 = 4.0
√
x + 3y = 12
1
− y + z = 33
x
x2 + 3y − z = 1.
sĞũĂ ĞŶƚĆŽ ƋƵĞ ĂƐ ǀĂƌŝĄǀĞŝƐ͕ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ ƵŵĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ƐĞũĂ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ͕ ĚĞǀĞŵ ĞƐƚĂƌ ůŝǀƌĞƐ
ĚĞ ƋƵĂůƋƵĞƌ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ ĨƵŶĕĆŽ͗ ƌĂşnjĞƐ͕ ĞdžƉŽŶĞŶĐŝĂŝƐ͕ ƉŽƚġŶĐŝĂƐ͕ ŶĂĚĂ͘ ůĂƐ ƚġŵ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂƌ ƉƵƌĂƐ͕ ĂƉĞŶĂƐ
ŵƵůƟƉůŝĐĂŶĚŽ ŽƐ ƐĞƵƐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀŽƐ ĐŽĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ͘
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ
sĞũĂ ƋƵĞ ĂƐ ƚƌġƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞŵ ĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƐĆŽ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ͖ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽ͕ ƐĞ ƚƌĂƚĂ
ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ͘
ŽƌƵũĂ͕ ŶĆŽ ĞƐƚĂŵŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĂĚŽƐ ŶŽ ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ
Ğŵ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞƌ Ž ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘ ŝĚĞŝĂ ĂŐŽƌĂ Ġ ĞŶƚĞŶĚĞƌͲ
ŵŽƐ ĂƐ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĂƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂĚĂƐ ĂŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ůŝͲ
ŶĞĂƌĞƐ͕ Ğ ĂůŐƵŵĂƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝnjĂĕƁĞƐ ŝŵĞĚŝĂƚĂƐ ƋƵĞ
ƉŽĚĞŵŽƐ ŝŶĨĞƌŝƌ ĚĂƐ ĚĞĮŶŝĕƁĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĞƐƚĂŵŽƐ ĨĂͲ
njĞŶĚŽ͘ dĞŵŽƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĂůŐƵŵĂƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝnjĂĕƁĞƐ ĂŝŶĚĂ
Ă ĨĂnjĞƌ͕ ĞŶƚĆŽ͕ ŶĆŽ ƐĞ ƉƌĞŽĐƵƉĞ ƋƵĂŶƚŽ ă ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ
ĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƉŽƌ ĞŶƋƵĂŶƚŽ͘ ĂƋƵŝ Ă ƉŽƵĐŽ ĨĂůĂƌĞͲ
ŵŽƐ ŵĂŝƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ŽƐ ŵĠƚŽĚŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŶƐĞŐƵŝƌŵŽƐ Ă ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘
ƐĞŐƵŝƌ ǀĞŵŽƐ Ă ĨŽƌŵĂ ŐĞƌĂů ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƋƵĂůƋƵĞƌ͗
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + . . . + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + . . . + a2n xn = b2
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 + . . . + a3n xn = b3
a x + a x + a x + . . . + a x = b
m1 1 m2 2 m3 3 mn n m
E
U
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n x1 b1
a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n
x2 b2
a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n · x3 = b3 .
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn xn bm
| {z } | {z } | {z }
M A M X M B
E É
D
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n x1
a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n x2
V a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n x3
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn xn
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + . . . + a1n xn b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + . . . + a2n xn b2
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 + . . . + a3n xn b3
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + am3 x3 + . . . + amn xn bm
A · X = B.
á A X
B
V
QUESTÃO
C
4x − 5y + z = 19
−2x − y + z = −1 .
x+y−z=0
P
4 −5 1 19x
−2 −1 1 −1 y
1 1 −1 0 z
4 −5 1 19 x 19
−2 −1 1 −1 y −1
1 1 −1 0 z 0
4 −5 1 x 19
−2 −1 1 y −1
1 1 −1 z 0
4 −5 1 19 19 x
−2 −1 1 −1 −1 y
1 1 −1 0 0 z
R
Q D
4x − 5y + z = 19
−2x − y + z = −1
x+y−z=0
4 −5 1
A=
−2 −1 1
1 1 −1
x
X=
y
z
19
ŝŐƵĂůĚĂĚĞ͗ B =
−1͘
0
'ĂďĂƌŝƚŽ͗
hŵ ƷůƟŵŽ ĚĞƚĂůŚĞ ĂŶƚĞƐ ĚĞ ƉƌŽƐƐĞŐƵŝƌŵŽƐ Ġ Ž ĞŶƚĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ ĚŽ ƋƵĞ ǀĞŵ Ă ƐĞƌ ƵŵĂ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĐŽŵͲ
ƉůĞƚĂ͘ ŚĂŵĂŵŽƐ ĚĞ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ ă ŵĂƚƌŝnj ŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ ĐŽŵ ƵŵĂ ƷůƟŵĂ ĐŽůƵŶĂ ĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂů ĐƵũŽƐ
ƚĞƌŵŽƐ ƐĆŽ ŽƐ ƚĞƌŵŽƐ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞƐ ĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘
EŽ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ ĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ ơŶŚĂŵŽƐ Ž ƐĞŐƵŝŶƚĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͗
4x − 5y + z = 19
−2x − y + z = −1 .
x+y−z=0
4 −5 1
ƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƉŽƐƐƵŝ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ A = ͘ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ ƐĞƌĄ͕ ĞŶƚĆŽ͗
−2 −1 1
1 1 −1
4 −5 1 19
͘ sĞũĂ ƋƵĞ ĨŽŝ ĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂĚĂ ƵŵĂ ĐŽůƵŶĂ ĞdžƚƌĂ ĂŽ ĮŶĂů͕ ƋƵĞ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞ
A′ =
−2 −1 1 −1
1 1 −1 0
ũƵƐƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ă ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĚŽƐ ƚĞƌŵŽƐ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞƐ͘ ƐƐĂ Ġ Ă ĐŚĂŵĂĚĂ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ ĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ
ĂĐŝŵĂ ĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĚŽ͘ ĞůĞnjĂ͕ ĞƐƚƵĚĂŶƚĞ͍ ƐƚĂŵŽƐ ŝŶĚŽ ĂƚĠ ĂƋƵŝ͍
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽƐ
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽƐ ƐĆŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ĐƵũĂ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ĚŽƐ ƚĞƌŵŽƐ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞƐ Ġ ƵŵĂ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ŶƵůĂ͘
sĞũĂ ĂďĂŝdžŽ ĂůŐƵŶƐ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽƐ ĚĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽƐ͗
−3x1 + 7x2 + 4x3 − x4 = 0
{ {
2x + 3y = 0 −x + 7y − 4z = 0 4x1 + 11x2 − 15x3 + x4 = 0
−5x + 7y = 0 −x + z = 0
11x1 − 7x2 − 15x3 − x4 = 0
−3x1 + +7x2 − 3x3 − 3x4 = 0
S
P
S
S
á
C C
x + y = 15.
C (x, y)
P x=7 y=8 (7, 8)
7 + 8 = 15 O (0, 15), (1, 14), (−4, 19), (26, −11)
V
á C
{
2x + y = 11
.
x−y=4
É 2x + y = 11
x−y = 3 M
T x=2 y=7 E F V
2x + y = 11
2 · 2 + 7 = 11
4 + 7 = 11
11 = 11.
KƉĂ͕ ŽďƟǀĞŵŽƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽ ǀĞƌĚĂĚĞŝƌŽ ƉĂƌĂ ƵŵĂ ĚĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ͕ ŽƵ ƐĞũĂ͕ (2, 7) Ġ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂ
ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ůŝŶĞĂƌ 2x + y = 11͘ ŐŽƌĂ͕ ǀĞƌŝĮƋƵĞŵŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ Ă ŽƵƚƌĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ͗
x−y=4
2−7=4
−5 = 4.
KďƟǀĞŵŽƐ Ƶŵ ƉĂƌ ƋƵĞ EK Ġ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂ ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ Ğ͕ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽ͕ ĞƐƐĞ ƉĂƌ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ ŶĆŽ Ġ
ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ;ƉŽŝƐ Ġ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂ ƉƌŝŵĞŝƌĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ŵĂƐ ŶĆŽ Ž Ġ ĚĂ ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽͿ͘
ŐŽƌĂ͕ ƚĞŶƚĞ Ž ƉĂƌ (5, 1)͘ ^ĞƌŝĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͍ sĞũĂŵŽƐ͗
2x + y = 11
2 · 5 + 1 = 11
10 + 1 = 11
11 = 11.
KƉĂ͕ ŶŽǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŽďƟǀĞŵŽƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽ ǀĞƌĚĂĚĞŝƌŽ ƉĂƌĂ ƵŵĂ ĚĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ͕ ŽƵ ƐĞũĂ͕ (5, 1) Ġ ƵŵĂ
ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ůŝŶĞĂƌ 2x + y = 11͘ ŐŽƌĂ͕ ǀĞƌŝĮƋƵĞŵŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ Ă ŽƵƚƌĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ͗
x−y=4
5−1=4
4 = 4.
ĞƐƐĂ ǀĞnj Ž ƉĂƌ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ ĨŽŝ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂƐ ĚƵĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ͘ ŽŵŽ ĞƐƐĂƐ ĚƵĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ
ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ ƐĆŽ dK^ ĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͕ ĞƐƐĞ ƉĂƌ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ ƉŽĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĚŝƚŽ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ
ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ͘
^ŝŵ͕ Ɛŝŵ͕ ĐŽƌƵũĂ͘ džĂƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͘ ^Ğ ŶĆŽ ĨŽƌ ƐŽůƵͲ
ĕĆŽ ĚĞ ƚŽĚĂƐ ĂƐ ĞƋƵĂĕƁĞƐ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ŶĆŽ ƐĞƌĄ
ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘ EĆŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞũĂ ĂƉĞͲ
ŶĂƐ ƵŵĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ͕ ŶĆŽ ƐĞƌĄ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͘ sŝŵŽƐ ŚĄ
ƉŽƵĐŽ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ͕ ƋƵĞ Ž ƉĂƌ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ (2, 7)
ŶĆŽ Ġ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂƋƵĞůĞ ĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͕ ƉŽŝƐ ŶĆŽ
ĨŽŝ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĂ ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂ ĞƋƵĂĕĆŽ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƐƟͲ
ƚƵŝ ĂƋƵĞůĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘ WŽƌĠŵ (5, 1) Ž ĨŽŝ͕ ƉŽŝƐ ƐĂƟƐĨĞnj
Ă ĂŵďĂƐ͘ ĞůĞnjĂ͍ ^ŝŐĂŵŽƐ͊
sĞũĂ ƋƵĞ ĂŝŶĚĂ ŶĆŽ Ġ Ž ĐĂƐŽ ĂƋƵŝ ĚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƟƌŵŽƐ KDK ƉŽĚĞŵŽƐ ĐŽŶƐĞŐƵŝƌ ĞƐƐĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͘ ŵ ďƌĞǀĞ
ǀĞƌĞŵŽƐ ŝƐƐŽ͘ ƋƵŝ ŶŽƐƐŽ ŽďũĞƟǀŽ ĨŽŝ ƐŝŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ ĞŶƚĞŶĚĞƌŵŽƐ Ž ƋƵĞ ǀĞŵ Ă ƐĞƌ Ă ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞ
Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ͘ ĞůĞnjĂ͕ ũŽǀĞŵ Ğ ĨƵƚƵƌŽ ĂƉƌŽǀĂĚŽ͍
hŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƉŽĚĞƌĄ ǀŝƌ Ă ƚĞƌ͕ ƐĞŵƉƌĞ͗ ƵŵĂ͕ ŶĞŶŚƵŵĂ ŽƵ ŝŶĮŶŝƚĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ͘ ŶƚĞŶĚĞƌĞŵŽƐ
ŵĞůŚŽƌ ƐŽďƌĞ ĞƐƐĂƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŐĞŶƐ ŶŽ ƉƌſdžŝŵŽ ĐĂƉşƚƵůŽ͕ ƋƵĂŶĚŽ ĨŽƌŵŽƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƟƌ ĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ůŝŶĞĂƌ͘
Žŵ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ǀŝŵŽƐ ŚĄ ƉŽƵĐŽ͕ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽ ƐĞƌĄ ĂƋƵĞůĞƐ Ğŵ ƋƵĞ ƚŽĚŽƐ ŽƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽƐ
ƐĆŽ ŶƵůŽƐ͕ ŝƐƚŽ Ġ͕ ƚŽĚŽƐ ŽƐ ƚĞƌŵŽƐ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĞƐ ƐĆŽ ŶƵůŽƐ͘ hŵ ĨĂƚŽ ŵƵŝƚŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ĚŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ
ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽƐ Ġ Ž ƐĞŐƵŝŶƚĞ͗
dŽĚŽ Ğ ƋƵĂůƋƵĞƌ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽ ƉŽƐƐƵŝ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ (0, 0, 0, . . . , 0).
ƐƐĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ Ġ ĐŚĂŵĂĚĂ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ƚƌŝǀŝĂů ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ;ăƐ ǀĞnjĞƐ ĂůŐƵŶƐ ƚĞdžƚŽƐ ĐŚĂŵĂŵ ĞƐƐĂ
ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ŝŵƉƌſƉƌŝĂͿ͘ sĞũĂ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ͕ Ž ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĂďĂŝdžŽ͗
2x + 5y + 2z = 0
x + 6y + 3z = 0 .
x−y−z=0
sĞũĂ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĨĂƚŽ (0, 0, 0) Ġ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ;ĐůĂƌŽ ƋƵĞ ĂƋƵŝ ŶĆŽ ƐĞ ƚƌĂƚĂ ŵĂŝƐ ĚĞ Ƶŵ
ƉĂƌ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ ŵĂƐ Ɛŝŵ Ƶŵ ƚƌŝŽ ŽƵ ƚĞƌŶŽ ŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽͿ͘ dƌĂƚĂͲƐĞ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽ ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ƚƌŝǀŝĂů ĚĞƐƐĞ
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘ sĞũĂ ƚĂŵďĠŵ ƋƵĞ (3, −4, 7) ƚĂŵďĠŵ Ġ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ;ǀĞƌŝĮƋƵĞ ĞƐƐĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂͲ
ĕĆŽͿ͘ ŽŵŽ ƐĞ ƚƌĂƚĂ ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞ ĚĂƋƵĞůĂ ƚŽƚĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ŶƵůĂ͕ Ă ĐŚĂŵĂŵŽƐ ĚĞ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ
ŶĆŽͲƚƌŝǀŝĂů ĚĞƐƐĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘
ϭ͘ϯ Z¦Ù ÙÃÙ
ƌĞŐƌĂ ĚĞ ƌĂŵĞƌ Ġ ƵŵĂ ƌĞŐƌĂ ƉƌĄƟĐĂ ƉĂƌĂ ŽďƚĞƌŵŽƐ ĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ͘ ŝŵͲ
ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ŶŽƚĂƌŵŽƐ ƋƵĞ Ă ƌĞŐƌĂ ĚĞ ƌĂŵĞƌ ƐŽŵĞŶƚĞ ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂ ƋƵĂŶĚŽ Ž ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƚĞŵ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ƷŶŝĐĂ͘
sĞƌĞŵŽƐ ŵĂŝƐ ă ĨƌĞŶƚĞ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ũĄ ĚŝƐƐĞ͕ ƋƵĂŶƚŽ ĂŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ƋƵĞ ŶĆŽ ƉŽƐƐƵĞŵ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ƷŶŝĐĂ ŽƵ ƋƵĞ
ƐŝŵƉůĞƐŵĞŶƚĞ ŶĆŽ ƉŽƐƐƵĞŵ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͘ Žŵ͕ ǀĂŵŽƐ ůĄ͘
ŵĞůŚŽƌ ĨŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ĞŶƚĞŶĚĞƌŵŽƐ Ă ƌĞŐƌĂ ĚĞ ƌĂŵĞƌ Ġ ƵƟůŝnjĂƌŵŽƐ Ƶŵ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ͘ ^ƵƉŽŶŚĂ ƋƵĞ ƋƵĞŝͲ
ƌĂŵŽƐ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ͕ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌ Ă ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ĚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĂďĂŝdžŽ͗
3x + 2y − 4z = −2
−x + 3y − 4z = −21 .
x − 5y + 4z = 23
É
M
C
P
V
3 2 −4 3 2 −4 3 2
D = −1 3 −4 = −1 3 −4 −1 3
1 −5 4 1 −5 4 1 −5
= 36 − 8 − 20 + 12 − 60 + 8
= −32.
E C D
á D = −32
á F
C x
y z V
O x
D
−2 2 −4 −2 2 −4 −2 2
Dx = −21 3 −4 = −21 3 −4 −21 3
23 −5 4 23 −5 4 23 −5
á
Dy :
3 −2 −4 3 −2 −4 3 −2
Dy = −1 −21 −4 = −1 −21 −4 −1 −21
1 23 4 1 23 4 1 23
= −252 + 8 + 92 − 84 + 276 − 8
= 32.
3 2 −2 3 2 −2 3 2
Dz = −1 3 −21 = −1 3 −21 −1 3
1 −5 23 1 −5 23 1 −5
= 207 − 42 − 10 + 6 − 315 + 46
= −108.
D x y z
Dx Dy Dz
x= y= z=
D D D
−144 32 −108
x= y= z=
−32 −32 −32
9 27
x= y = −1 z= .
4 8
V
ŽŶƟŶƵĞŵŽƐ ĞŶƚĆŽ͕ ũŽǀĞŵ͘ ƐƐĞ ĐĂƉşƚƵůŽ ƐĞƌĄ ŶĂ ǀĞƌĚĂĚĞ ďĞŵ ďƌĞǀĞ͘ ĂƐƚĂƌĄ ƋƵĞ ĂƉƌĞŶĚĂŵŽƐ Ƶŵ
ƉŽƵĐŽ ŵĂŝƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ĂƐ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂĕƁĞƐ ĚŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ůŝŶĞĂƌĞƐ͕ Ă Įŵ ĚĞ ƐĂďĞƌŵŽƐ ƵƟůŝnjĂƌ Ğ ŽƉŝŶĂƌ ŵĞůŚŽƌ
ƋƵĂŶƚŽ ĂŽƐ ĞdžĞƌĐşĐŝŽƐ͘ sĂŵŽƐ ůĄ ĞŶƚĆŽ͍
/ŶŝĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ Ġ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ĂƉƌĞŶĚĞƌŵŽƐ Ă ĚŝƐĐƵƟƌ ƐŽďƌĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͘
,ĂŚĂ͕ ƋƵĞ ŝŶŽĐġŶĐŝĂ͕ ĐŽƌƵũŝŶŚĂ͘ EĆŽ͕ ŶĆŽ͕ ĚŝƐͲ
ĐƵƟƌ ĂƋƵŝ ŶĆŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ ďƌŝŐĂƌ͘ ŝƐĐƵƟƌ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ ĚŝƐĐƵƌƐĂƌ ƐŽďƌĞ ĂƐ ƐƵĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ͗ ƐĞ
ƐĆŽ ŵƵŝƚĂƐ͕ ƐĞ Ġ ƷŶŝĐĂ͕ ƐĞ ŶĆŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ͕ ĞƐƐĂƐ ĐŽŝƐĂƐ͘
ŶƚĆŽ͕ ƐĞŵƉƌĞ ƋƵĞ ĨŽƌŵŽƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƟƌ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͕ Ž
ŽďũĞƟǀŽ ƐĞƌĄ ĞƐƐĞ͘ dƵĚŽ ďĞŵ͕ ĐŽƌƵũŝŶŚĂ͍ ŶƚĆŽ
ǀĂŵŽƐ ůĄ͘
Ϯ͘ϭ ^®ÝãÃÝ ÖÊÝÝ°ò®Ý
hŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƐĞƌĄ ĚŝƚŽ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞů ƋƵĂŶĚŽ ƟǀĞƌ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͕ ĂŽ ŵĞŶŽƐ ƵŵĂ͘ džŝƐƚĞŵ ĚŽŝƐ ƟƉŽƐ ĚĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ
ƉŽƐƐşǀĞŝƐ͗ ŽƐ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐ Ğ ŽƐ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐ͘ ŶĂůŝƐĞŵŽƐ ĐĂĚĂ Ƶŵ ĚĞůĞƐ͘
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐ
hŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƐĞƌĄ ĚŝƚŽ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞů ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ ƋƵĂŶĚŽ ƟǀĞƌ ĂƉĞŶĂƐ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͘
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ĚĞƐƐĞ ƟƉŽ ƐĆŽ ĂďƌĞǀŝĂĚŽƐ ĐŽŵŽ ^W ;ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞŝƐ Ğ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐͿ͘ ƐƐĞƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ
ƐĆŽ ŽƐ ŵĂŝƐ ĨĄĐĞŝƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƚĞĐƚĂƌ͘ ĚĞƚĞĐĕĆŽ ƉŽĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĨĞŝƚĂ ƵƟůŝnjĂŶĚŽͲƐĞ Ă ƌĞŐƌĂ ƉƌĄƟĐĂ ĂďĂŝdžŽ͗
hŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƐĞƌĄ ^W ƋƵĂŶĚŽ Ž ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚĞ ĚĞ ƐƵĂ ŵĂƚƌŝnj ŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ ĨŽƌ ŶĆŽͲŶƵůŽ͘
sĞũĂŵŽƐ Ƶŵ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽ͗
;^^ͲϮϬϭϬͿ Yh^dK Ϯ
kx + 2y − z = 2
2x − 8y + 2z = 0
2x + z = 4
O k
k ̸= −1/2
k = 1/2
k ̸= −1/6
k ̸= −3/2
k ̸= −7/2
R S
k 2 −1
T
A=
2 −8 2
2 0 1
P
y F
k 2 −1
2 −8 2 =
̸ 0
2 0 1
k 2 −1 k 2
2 −8 2 2 −8 ̸= 0
2 0 1 2 0
−8k + 8 + 0 − 16 − 0 − 4 ̸= 0
−8k − 12 ̸= 0
8k ̸= −12
12
k ̸= −
8
3
k ̸= − .
2
G D
^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐ
hŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƐĞƌĄ ĚŝƚŽ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞů Ğ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ ƋƵĂŶĚŽ ƟǀĞƌ ŝŶĮŶŝƚĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ͘ ^ŝŵ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ
ƋƵĞ ƉŽƐƐƵĞŵ ŝŶĮŶŝƚĂƐ ƐŽůƵĕƁĞƐ͘ ^ĞƌĆŽ ĚŝƚŽƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ^W/ ;ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ƉŽƐƐşǀĞŝƐ Ğ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽƐͿ͘
ŽƌƵũŝŶŚĂ͕ ĞŝƐ Ž ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ͘ WĂƌĂ ĐŽŶƐĞͲ
ŐƵŝƌŵŽƐ ĨĂnjĞƌ ŝƐƐŽ ĚĞ ŵŽĚŽ ƚĠĐŶŝĐŽ͕ ƉƌĞĐŝƐĂƌşĂŵŽƐ
ĂƉƌĞŶĚĞƌ ĂůŐŽ ĐŚĂŵĂĚŽ Ž dĞŽƌĞŵĂ ĚĞ ZŽƵĐŚĠͲ
ĂƉĞůůŝ ƋƵĞ͕ ƐŝŶĐĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĨŽŐĞ Ž ŶŽƐƐŽ ŽďũĞƟǀŽ
ĂƋƵŝ͘ Ăş͕ ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞĚƵnjŝƌŵŽƐ Ă ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĕĆŽ ĚĞ
Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ͕ ĐŽƌƵũĂ͕ ǀĂŵŽƐ ƵƟůŝnjĂƌ Ž ŵĠƚŽĚŽ ĚĂ
ƐƵďƐƟƚƵŝĕĆŽ ŵĞƐŵŽ͘ KƐ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐ ŝŵƉŽƐƐşǀĞŝƐ͕ ƋƵĞ
ǀĞƌĞŵŽƐ Ă ƐĞŐƵŝƌ͕ ƐŽĨƌĞŵ ĚŽ ŵĞƐŵŽ ŵĂů͘ EĆŽ ĚĄ
ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŶĐůƵŝƌ ĚŝƌĞƚŽ͕ Ɛſ ĨĂnjĞŶĚŽ ĂƐ ĐŽŶƚĂƐ͘ sĞũĂŵŽƐ ĂůŐƵŶƐ ĞdžĞŵƉůŽƐ͘
;ZͲϮϬϬϭͿ Yh^dK ϯ
x+y=0
K ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ůŝŶĞĂƌ y + z = 0 Ġ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ ƉĂƌĂ
y + mz = 0
Z͗ dƌĂƚĂͲƐĞ ĚĞ Ƶŵ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ŚŽŵŽŐġŶĞŽ͖ ƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽ͕ ƉĞůŽ ŵĞŶŽƐ Ă ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ ƚƌŝǀŝĂů ĚĞǀĞƌĄ ƚĞƌ͘ WĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ
ƐĞũĂ ŝŶĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ͕ ĚĞǀĞƌĞŵŽƐ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌ ƉĞůŽ ŵĞŶŽƐ ŵĂŝƐ ƵŵĂ ƐŽůƵĕĆŽ͘ sĂŵŽƐ ĨĂnjĞƌ ĂůŐƵŵĂƐ
ĐŽŶƚĂƐ Ă Įŵ ĚĞ ĐŚĞŐĂƌŵŽƐ Ă ĂůŐƵŵĂ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐĆŽ͘
x+y=0
y = −x.
á S
y+z=0
−x + z = 0
z = x.
y + mz = 0
−x + mx = 0
mx = x.
S x=0 m S x ̸= 0
mx = x
x
m=
x
m = 1.
S 6
S N
V
−3
−6
6
3
R I x
x−y=1
x = y + 1.
S
2x + kz = 2
2(y + 1) + kz = 2
2y + 2 + kz = 2
2y + kz = 0.
F
{
y + 3z = 1
2y + kz = 0
M −2
{
−2y − 6z = −2
2y + kz = 0
S
−6z + kz = −2 + 0
(−6 + k) · z = −2
−2
z= .
−6 + k
á z L
−6 + k = 0
k = 6.
G C
V J
ã L V F
G
U R 600, 00
49
N
10
19
20
21
29
R C u d
v C 49
49
u + d + v = 49.
á R 600, 00 C E
d − u = 9.
T
u + d + v = 49
1u + 10d + 20v = 600 .
d−u=9
Q v V
E d V
d−u=9
d = u + 9.
á d S
u + d + v = 49
u + u + 9 + v = 49
2u + v = 40.
T
{
2u + v = 40
.
11u + 20v = 510
M −11 2
{
−22u + −11v = −440
.
22u + 40v = 1020
S
H 20
G C
T á B C 555 S á
B 25 B C 10
D
250
365
275
325
300
R C á a B b
C c C 555
555
a + b + c = 555.
á á
B 25
a = 3b − 25.
B C 10
b = 2c + 10
T
a + b + c = 555
a = 3b − 25 .
b = 2c + 10
V E
b S
a + b + c = 555
a + 2c + 10 + c = 555
a + 3c = 545.
a = 3b − 25
a = 3 · (2c + 10) − 25
a = 6c + 30 − 25
a − 6c = 5.
T
{
a + 3c = 545
.
a − 6c = 5
M −1
{
a + 3c = 545
.
−a + 6c = −5
S
3c + 6c = 545 − 5
9c = 540
c = 60.
C 60 á á
a − 6c = 5
a − 6 · 60 = 5
a − 360 = 5
a = 365.
N B
á E 365
G B
E TV R 500, 00 P
R 200, 00 R 150, 00 S
25 R 600, 00
14
9
10
11
12
R C c e
C 25
c + e = 25.
P 200 L
200 · c P 150 150 · e
C 600 500
100 L
4c − 3e = 2.
F
{
c + e = 25
4c − 3e = 2.
M 3
{
3c + 3e = 75
4c − 3e = 2.
S
3c + 4c = 75 + 2
7c = 77
c = 11.
E 11
G D
k = ±2
k = ±1
k ̸= ±4
k = ±4
k ̸= ±2
R N E
S V
P SPD P
k2 −4
≠ 0
4 −1
k2 −4
̸= 0
4 −1
−k2 + 16 ̸= 0
k2 ̸= 16
k ̸= ±4.
G C
m
m
m=0
m=1
R T P
V
x+y=0
y = −x.
á S
y+z=0
−x + z = 0
z = x.
y + mz = 0
−x + mx = 0
mx = x.
S x=0 m S x ̸= 0
mx = x
x
m=
x
m = 1.
G D
R R
{
3x − 2y = −4
x + 4y = −6
M 2
{
6x − 4y = −8
x + 4y = −6
S
6x + x = −8 − 6
7x = −14
x = −2.
á y
x + 4y = −6
−2 + 4y = −6
4y = −4
y = −1.
2x − 3y = m
m = 2 · (−2) − 3 · (−1)
m = −4 + 3
m = −1.
G C
R D
x+y=0
y = −x.
S N
3x + 4y − z = 0
3x + 4(−x) − z = 0
3x − 4x − z = 0
−x − z = 0
z = −x.
2x − y + 3z = 0
2x − (−x) + 3(−x) = 0
3x − 3x = 0
0 = 0.
C x
G B
k ̸= 0 k ̸= −1
k ̸= 1 k ̸= −1
k = 0 k = −1
k ̸= 1 k ̸= −2
R T P
1 1 2
1 −k 1 ̸= 0
k −1 −1
1 1 2 1 1
1 −k 1 1 −k ̸= 0
k −1 −1 k −1
k + k − 2 + 2k2 + 1 + 1 ̸= 0
2k2 + 2k ̸= 0
k2 + k ̸= 0
k(k + 1) ̸= 0.
D k ̸= 0
k + 1 ̸= 0
k ̸= −1.
R k ̸= 0 k ̸= −1
G A
R P
F D
x + 3y = 0
x = −3y.
3x + my = 0
3 · (−3y) + my = 0
−9y + my = 0
my = 9y
m = 9.
V y
y ̸= 0
G A
da bd
c c
bd da
c c
ab d
c c
d ab
c c
R á abcd ̸= 0 V
R V
P y
ax + by = c
by = −ax + c
a c
y=− x+ .
b b
a
F O −
b
c
F
b
px + qy = d
qy = −px + d
p d
y=− x+ .
q q
P
F
c d
=
b q
cq = bd
bd
q= .
c
á
a p
− =−
b q
a p
=
b q
aq = bp
bd
a· = bp
c
abd = cbp
ad = cp
da
p= .
c
G A
32
36
40
44
R C 56 h
m
h + m = 56.
O
m
= 3h
2
m = 6h.
S
h + 6h = 56
7h = 56
h = 8.
L
h + m = 56
8 + m = 56
m = 56 − 8
m = 48.
á 48 − 8 = 40
G C
−12
−18
−24
−30
R H x V
x − y − 2z + x + 2y + z = 1 + 4
2x + y − z = 5
y − z = 5 − 2x.
x+y−z=0
| {z }
5−2x
x + 5 − 2x = 0
−x = −5
x = 5.
S y − z = 5 − 2x
y − z = 5 − 2x
y−z=5−2·5
y − z = −5
y = z − 5.
x − y − 2z = 1
5 − (z − 5) − 2z = 1
5 − z + 5 − 2z = 1
−3z = −9
z = 3.
D y
y=z−5
y=3−5
y = −2.
E 5 · (−2) · 3 = −30
E P
C V
P
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1
D = 1 −1 −2 = 1 −1 −2 1 −1
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
= −1 − 2 − 2 − 1 + 4 − 1
= −3.
C Dx
0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
Dx = 1 −1 −2 = 1 −1 −2 1 −1
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2
=0−8−2−4−0−1
= −15.
C Dy
1 0 −1 1 0 −1 1 0
Dy = 1 1 −2 = 1 1 −2 1 1
1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4
=1+0−4+1+8+0
= 6.
C Dz
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
Dz = 1 −1 1 = 1 −1 1 1 −1
1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2
= −4 + 1 + 0 − 0 − 2 − 4
= −9.
D Dx
Dx
x=
D
−15
=
−3
= 5.
P Dy
Dy
y=
D
6
=
−3
= −2.
P Dz
Dz
z=
D
−9
=
−3
= 3.
G D
m=2
m ̸= 2
m = −2
m ̸= −2
R P V P
−2
{
−2x − 2y = −6
.
2x − my = 6
S
−2y − my = −6 + 6
−2y − my = 0
my = −2y
m = −2.
C m y
G C
R P E
2×2 V
M −4
{
−4x − 4my = −4
.
4x + 5y = 2
S
−4my + 5y = −4 + 2
(−4m + 5)y = −2.
á −4m + 5 = 0 R
−4m + 5 = 0
4m = 5
5
m= .
4
G A
á 4
C P
1 2
3
3 1
2
2 3
1
1 1
1
5, 00
5, 10
5, 40
5, 50
R C s h p
D
s + 2h + 3p = 11, 1
3s + h + 2p = 10 .
2s + 3h + p = 11, 9
V
s + 3s + 2s + 2h + h + 3h + 3p + 2p + p = 11, 1 + 10 + 11, 9
6s + 6h + 6p = 33
6(s + h + p) = 33
s + h + p = 5, 5.
P
s + h + p = 5, 5
G D
11
9
−5
−7
R S R
{
2x + y = 1
.
x − y = −4
S
2x + x = 1 − 4
3x = −3
x = −1.
E y
x − y = −4
−1 − y = −4
1+y=4
y = 3.
O {(−1, 3)} S
{
ax + 2y = −1
.
3x + by = 3
P
ax + 2y = −1
a · (−1) + 2 · 3 = −1
−a + 6 = −1
a = 7.
3x + by = 3
3 · (−1) + b · 3 = 3
−3 + 3b = 3
3b = 6
b = 2.
L a+b=9
G B
9
k ̸=
8
2
k ̸=
5
7
k=
6
1
k=
3
R P
V
k −1 1
2 −4 −1 ̸= 0
−3 4 −1
k −1 1 k −1
2 −4 −1 2 −4 ̸= 0
−3 4 −1 −3 4
4k − 3 + 8 − 12 + 4k − 2 ̸= 0
8k − 9 ̸= 0
8k ̸= 9
9
k ̸= .
8
G A
R M −2
{
−2x + 4y = −2
2x − 3y =3
S
4y − 3y = −2 + 3
y = 1.
x−2·1=1
x−2=1
x = 3.
V x=3 B
G B
J M P P
60 D
J P 87
J M 123
M P 66
D
60
60
J M P
M
M J P
R C j J p P m M D
j + p = 87
j + m = 123
m + p = 66
R P
j + p + j + m + m + p = 87 + 123 + 66
2j + 2m + 2p = 276
j + m + p = 138
j + m + p = 138
| {z }
123
123 + p = 138
p = 15.
P 15 á J
j + p = 87
j + 15 = 87
j = 87 − 15
j = 72.
P
I C V J 72 M
P J m + p = 66
G C
N 2 3 40
98 P ==aa95b==
3
20
18
26
24
22
R C d t
P
{
d + t = 40
.
2d + 3t = 98
M −2
{
−2d − 2t = −80
.
2d + 3t = 98
S
−2t + 3t = −80 + 98
t = 18.
F 18
G B
á
30 á 3
S
120
18 × 48
20 × 50
17 × 47
15 × 45
16 × 46
R P M V
O C A
B
E A E B
P x x + 30
P 3y y
P 60 60
V
{
x + 3y = 60
x + 30 + y = 60
R
{
x + 3y = 60
x + y = 30
S
3y − y = 60 − 30
2y = 30
y = 15.
x + y = 30
x + 15 = 30
x = 15.
E x x + 30 15 × 45
G D
N B
T A 10 20 15 122
T B 15 10 20 114
T C 20 10 10 108
O
2, 60
2, 80
3, 00
3, 20
3, 40
R C d l e
á
10d + 20l + 15e = 122
15d + 10l + 20e = 114
20d + 10l + 10e = 108
I 10l
S S
O
{
20d + 25e = 106
.
5d − 10e = −6
M −4
{
20d + 25e = 106
−20d + 40e = 24
á d
S 10l
U R 3, 20
G D
1
a ̸=
2
1
a=−
2
1
a=
2
1
a=
2
R B
V T I z
y−z=2
z = y − 2.
á z
x + 2z = 0
x + 2 · (y − 2) = 0
x + 2y − 4 = 0
x + 2y = 4.
O
{
ax + y = −1
.
x + 2y = 4
M −1
{
−2ax − 2y = 2
.
x + 2y = 4
S
−2ax + x = 2 + 4
(−2a + 1)x = 6
6
x=
−2a + 1
P −2a + 1
R
−2a + 1 = 0
2a = 1
1
a= .
2
1
N a=
2
G E
N 16 8 4 96
5 4 3 38
16 4 1 78 Q
14 8 2
78
80
82
84
86
R C C s
g o
P
16s + 8g + 4o = 96
5s + 4g + 3o = 38 .
16s + 4g + o = 78
O 14s + 8g + 2o B V
4
4s + 2g + o = 24
5s + 4g + 3o = 38 .
16s + 4g + o = 78
I o
4s + 2g + o = 24
o = 24 − 4s − 2g.
5s + 4g + 3o = 38
5s + 4g + 3 · (24 − 4s − 2g) = 38
5s + 4g + 72 − 12s − 6g = 38
−7s − 2g = 38 − 72
7s + 2g = 34.
16s + 4g + o = 78
16s + 4g + 24 − 4s − 2g = 78
12s + 2g = 78 − 24
12s + 2g = 54.
F
{
7s + 2g = 34
.
12s + 2g = 54
S
5s = 54 − 34
5s = 20
s = 4.
á g
7s + 2g = 34
7 · 4 + 2g = 34
28 + 2g = 34
2g = 6
g = 3.
á o
o = 24 − 4s − 2g
o = 24 − 4 · 4 − 2 · 3
o = 24 − 16 − 6
o = 2.
14s + 8g + 2o = 14 · 4 + 8 · 3 + 2 · 2
= 56 + 24 + 4
= 84.
G D
E
2 28 á
D
20
22
24
26
28
R V a b c D
a + b − c = 2.
á
28
a + 2c = 28.
O
{
a+b−c=2
.
a + 2c = 28
I a
a + 2c = 28
a = 28 − 2c.
a+b−c=2
28 − 2c + b − c = 2
b − 3c = 2 − 28
b − 3c = −26
b = 3c − 26.
28 − 2c > 0
−2c > −28
2c < 28
c < 14.
V c 14 á b
R
3c − 26 > 0
3c > 26
26
c> ≈ 8, 6
3
c ≥ 9.
V
c = 11 c = 12 N c = 11
6 + 7 + 11 = 24.
N c = 12
4 + 10 + 12 = 26.
C 26
G D
E
x y z S
10 37
2x + 3y + z
21
19
15
10
8
á P J I 60 S J
P I 30
P J I 55 á J F P
M
10
15
20
25
30
U A B C á 3
R R
O
S
A B C
700
600
550
400
350
−1
4
9
14
19
á
S
24
á x−y·z
−2
−1
2
5
10
10
11
12
13
14
x − 3y + kz = 0
C 3x + ky + z = 0 k O
kx + y = 0
(−4, −2]
(−2, 1]
(1, 2]
(2, 4]
(4, 6]
Í R 6
M
M
M
M
M
R C
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S